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[ESP] El fruto del melón (Cucumis melo L.) es muy apreciado por los consumidores por su sabor dulce y aroma agradable y su cultivo es de gran importancia en España y en particular en la Región de Murcia. C. melo L. se caracteriza por su gran diversidad genética y de comportamiento fisiológico lo que lo convierte en un modelo ideal para el estudio del metabolismo y la maduración en frutos carnosos. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue identificar los Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) asociados a parámetros de calidad del melón y caracterizar algunos de sus efectos, especialmente relacionados a la producción de compuestos volátiles aromáticos y textura del fruto del melón. También se estableció la relación entre el comportamiento fisiológico de los frutos y algunas de sus características. Se utilizaron líneas casi-isogénicas o NILs de melón con distinto comportamiento fisiológico y obtenidas del cruzamiento entres dos parentales no climatéricos, el cultivar español ‘Piel de Sapo’ (PS) tipo inodorus y la accesión exótica coreana tipo conomon PI 161375 ‘Shongwan Charmi’ (SC). Las NILs contenían una introgresión homocigótica casi única del parental SC en el fondo genético del parental PS. Los análisis realizados en los frutos de melón han permitido comparar las NILs con respecto del parental PS y así detectar diferencias mediante diversas técnicas estadísticas univariante y multivariantes con el fin de poder identificar QTLs de interés en el mapa genético del melón y localizar aromas discriminantes. El comportamiento climatérico de la NIL 6M1 y del cultivar ‘Védrantais’ (leve y moderado, respectivamente) estuvo asociado a una mayor producción de ésteres (acetato y no acetato) y compuestos derivados del azufre, mostrando una dependencia al menos parcial del etileno para su síntesis. Aldehídos, alcoholes y cetonas estuvieron asociados al comportamiento no climatérico del control PS, cultivar ‘Nicolás’ y de las NILs SC10- 2 y SC7-1, mostrado su carácter etileno-independiente

El melón (Cucumis melo L.), se ha convertido en un sistema modelo debido a que presenta cultivares con comportamiento fisiológico climatérico o no climatérico, lo que lo hace ideal para estudios genéticos relacionados con calidad de fruto. Este trabajo busca encontrar los aromas diferenciales de un parental no climatérico tipo “Piel de sapo” –PS‐ y la línea casi isogénica climatérica SC3‐5‐1, así como su agrupamiento en clústers mediante un análisis jerárquico. El método de cromatografía de gases‐masas tras micro‐extracción de la fase sólida en espacio de cabeza identificó en zumo de melón un total de 129 y 111 compuestos volátiles individuales en dos campañas sucesivas, la mayoría de ellos ésteres acetato o no acetato, aldehídos, alcoholes, y derivados azufrados Un total de 56 compuestos volátiles individuales diferenciaron a la línea casi isogénica SC3‐5‐1 de su parental ‘Piel de Sapo’. Tras el análisis jerárquico de los aromas se localizaron un total de 5 y 4 clústers para la primera y segunda campaña, respectivamente, con una agrupación jerárquica asociada a la correlación que presentan los compuestos característicos y diferenciadores de SC3‐5‐1 y el parental PS para cada año, que parecen ser éster acetato o no acetato derivados de distintos amino ácidos y ésteres azufrados con metionina de precursor (predominantes en la línea climatérica) y aldehídos simples C7 ‐C9 y otros (para la no climatérica).

Two non-climacteric near-isogenic lines (NILs) of melon (Cucumis melo L.), SC10-2 and SC7-1, containing introgressions of the Korean cultivar \'\'Shongwan Charmi\'\' accession PI161375 (SC) into the Spanish cultivar \'\'Piel de Sapo\'\' (PS) were studied. Data were analysed by different supervised and unsupervised multivariate statistical techniques in order to determine the most discriminant aroma volatiles analyzed by constant flow gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry that could be associated with differences in ripening and flesh firmness in non-climacteric melons. The NILs and the parental showed non-climacteric behaviour during ripening. SC10-2 was harvested at least 7 days later than the control. At harvest, only the NIL SC10-2 showed 65% higher flesh firmness than PS. Whole fruit hardness of SC7-1 was 34% lower than PS. The results obtained by the partial-least square discriminant analysis showed that the aroma better discriminated SC10-2 than SC7-1 from the control, with scarce differences between SC7-1 and PS. The aldehydes (Propanal, 2-methyl-) and the ketones (2-3 Pentanedione) were the most discriminating volatile groups among the NILs studied and PS. Higher levels of several aldehydes (Propanal, 2-methyl-, Benzaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-/Benzaldehyde, 3,4-dimethyl-, Butanal, 2-methyl-), not present in PS line, discriminated the NIL SC10-2 from the control PS. Also, SC10-2 displayed lack of some ketones (Acetophenone) and very low presence of alcohols (as for example, Cyclohexanol, 3,5-dimethyl-) compared with PS. The NIL SC7-1 was highlighted by higher relative content in alcohols (1-Octanol, 3-Ethyl-2-heptanol) and one acetate ester (Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester) than PS and presence of ketones (2-3 Pentanedione, 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3,5,5-trimethyl-) that were absent in PS. The results are discussed in terms of the aroma biosynthesis pathways that could be affected by the introgressions.

Araza is a very perishable fruit with good nutritive and aromatic value. In the framework of a bilateral agreement between UPCT and SINCHI coordinated by Dr. Hernández -Amazonic Institute for Scientific Research SINCHI, Colombia- and Dr. Fernández-Trujillo -UPCT, Spain- we developed several postharvest treatments to extend araza shelf life and quality. We are looking for a European company with capabilities to introduce araza in the European postharvest system and able to support part of our cooperative research on this fruit (or other Fruit from the Amazonian Region).

Liophylization (freeze-drying) consist in freezing food below -30oC and later removing the ice formed by sublimation in a chamber with controlled temperature under vacuum, and the water vapor produced being removed by condensation at temperatures around -60oC. Different lyophilized products derived from vegetables have been developed that can be used to improved existing foods, to create new ones, or to extract compounds of interest in a food matrix almost free from water. The know-how on liophylization and the problems during the process have been acquired by using pilot equipment. The optimization of the process can be also addressed by calculating the curves of weight loss during drying and the electrical consumption. Quality and safety parameters in fresh and lyophilized product can be also determined compared with the fresh produce. Our main product are freeze-dried samples obtained from a near isogenic line collection of melon derived by classical plant breeding from the ´Piel de sapo´ parental line. This collection rendered products with different taste, flavor, color, etc.

[EN]: Postharvest disorders and rots can produce important economic losses in fruits stored for long time for exportation. The genetic and physiological basis of some disorders in melon (Cucumis melo L.) are unknown and particularly the possible relation with climacteric behavior. A collection of melon near-isogenic lines (NILs) (SC3-5 and seven more showing climacteric and two non-climacteric ripening pattern) were analyzed to study genetic and physiological aspects of fruit disorders and rots. Two non-climacteric (Nicolás; Inodorus Group; and Shongwan Charmi PI161375, Conomon Group) and two climacteric cultivars (Fado, Reticulatus Group; Védrantais, Cantaloupensis Group) were used as reference. The field was divided in eight blocks containing one three-plant replication for each NIL,two for the parental cultivar Piel de Sapo and one or two for the reference cultivars. Replications evaluated were more than six in the cultivars studied. Plant problems included aphids, powdery mildew, and leaf wind injury. Preharvest fruit disorders included whole fruit cracking in cultivar Védrantais and NIL 5M2, and stylar-end cracking in cultivar Fado. Climacteric NILs with yellow skin were particularly affected by over-ripening, stylar-end cracking, and sunburn during cultivation. At harvest, two NILs showed slight placental tissue necrosis which was inherited from SC and were also detected after storage. Other uncommon disorders seen at harvest or 30 days after storage at 8o C included warted skin (scarring), flesh discoloration (light brown or translucent areas), hollow flesh disorder, and deep furrow netting inherited from SC. Less common rots included grey mould, bacterial soft rot, Penicillium rot, cottony leak and internal Cladosporium rot. Stylar-end hardness below 20 N·mm-1 was associated with cracking and softening. The incidence of the disorders and rots was too low to confirm that the genetic component played a role in their development., [PT]: Analisaram-se frutos de melão (Cucumis melo L.) provenientes de uma coleção de linhas quase-isogénicas (NIL), SC3-5 e outras sete climatéricas e duas não-climatéricas, para avaliar a ocorrência de acidentes fisiológicos e a suscetibilidade a podridões. Como termo de comparação utilizou-se duas cultivares não-climatéricas (Nicolás, grupo Inodorus, e Shongwan Charmi ou acesso PI161375, grupo Conomon) e duas cultivares climatéricas (Fado, grupo Reticulatus, e Védrantais, grupo Cantaloupensis). O experimento foi dividido em oito blocos contendo três plantas por repetição para NIL, dois para a cultivar parental Piel de Sapo (PS), e um ou dois para a cultivar testemunha. As repetições avaliadas foram mais de seis para as cultivares em estudo. Durante a produção, as folhas foram afetadas por pulgão, oídio e acidentes meteorológicos. Os acidentes fisiológicos que ocorreram nos frutos durante a produção incluíram fendilhamento na cultivar Védrantais e na NIL 5M2 e fendilhamento da zona pistilar na cultivar Fado. As NIL climactéricas com casca amarela revelaram-se muito suscetíveis à sobre-maturação, fendilhamento pistilar e queimaduras solares durante a produção. Duas NIL exibiram uma ligeira necrose do tecido placentar, carater herdado da linha PI161375. Outros acidentes fisiológicos atípicos observados na colheita ou após 30 dias a 8ºC incluíram casca verrugosa, descolorações castanho-claras na polpa, translucência da polpa, cavidades na polpa e ornamentação profundamente sulcada na casca, herdada do PI161375. Observou-se a ocorrência de podridões pouco usuais em melão, nomeadamente podridão cinzenta, podridão bacteriana, Penicillium sp., Phytium sp. e cladosporiose interna. Uma dureza da região pistilar inferior a 20 N mm-1 estava associada ao fendilhamento e ao amolecimento excessivo. A ocorrência destes acidentes fisiológicos ou podridões foi baixa para assegurar o envolvimento de fatores genéticos no seu desenvolvimento.

In two consecutive seasons the firmness of 13–15 near-isogenic lines (NILs) of melons (Cucumis melo L.) was followed during storage at 21 °C. Firmness was measured using non-destructive compression of whole melon fruit to a predefined compression distance of 2 mm. The same individuals (about 6 per near-isogenic line) were repeatedly measured over time. Integral statistical analysis of all individuals using non-linear mixed effects regression analysis revealed that the rate constant of the exponential firmness decrease was the same for all NILs irrespective of their differences in introgression in linkage III or in the other two linkage groups. The only difference observed was found in the (asymptotic) end value of softening. That would imply that the process of softening is very similar, although over a different range for each melon. Melons from some NILs were firmer and showed a higher end value of softening than those of other NILs. The percentage variance accounted for (R2adj) was 94% (523 observations) for the 2005 season and 85% (829 observations) for the 2006 season. A small variation in asymptotic end value together with a low end value as to ascertain edibility could be a good indication of the usefulness of certain NILs for commercial application.

The soluble sugar and organic acid composition of melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit flesh has become a major focus of plant breeding worldwide in an attempt to improve taste. Thus, sugar and organic acid profiles were characterized using near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from the Spanish cultivar Piel de Sapo (PS) and the exotic Korean accession Shongwan Charmi (PI 161375). Fruits were cultivated in only one environment. These data were used to map 60 quantitative trait loci (QTLs): 18 for individual sugars, eight for sucrose equivalents, five for the glucose-to-fructose ratio, seven for the total sugar content and 21 for organic acids. Within the QTLs that were associated with the sugar profile, 27 defined the sugar content: eight for fructose, six for glucose, four for sucrose, and nine for sucrose equivalents. Although increased sweetness of selected NILs compared with the parental PS was achieved by an increased glucose or fructose content, only glucose heritability was above 0.5. A total of 21 QTLs (two with positive effects and nineteen with detrimental effects compared with the PS levels) controlled the organic acid profile: l-glutamic, ascorbic and succinic acids (the principal ones) and fumaric, citric, oxalacetic, and isocitric acids. The levels of sugars imparted by the PI 161375 introgression frequently decreased the score grades given to NILs by consumers. Within the 32 QTLs mapped for sensory traits, 27 were associated with lower scores in taste (nine QTLs), sweetness (eight QTLs) or global quality appreciation (nine QTLs); two with increased fruit sourness or sweetness and three with increased fruit bitterness. The QTLs defined herein may assist breeders to understand the overall organoleptic balance (sweetness, sourness, and umami taste) in melon fruit, particularly those located within linkage groups III, V, VI, and VIII to XI.

This paper characterizes the changes in aroma volatiles associated with fruit senescence based on the climacteric or non-climacteric behavior found in a collection of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate methodologies. In general, senescence led to a decrease in complexity of the aroma profile, but total area counts increased compared with harvest levels. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that induced climacteric behavior in the NILs strongly affected the aroma profile during senescence. In senescent climacteric fruit, the relative contributions of acetate and non-acetate esters to the overall aroma profile increased in relation to harvest levels, particularly propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, methyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl butanoate, hexyl acetate and benzyl acetate. In the senescent non-climacteric NILs, 15–17 volatiles of the profile were undetectable, particularly some aldehydes, while other aldehydes were reduced, esters did not change from harvest to senescence and sulfur-derived compounds increased. Methyl propanoate decreased with senescence irrespective of the climacteric behavior. The climacteric senescent fruit of the NILs could be discriminated from the non-climacteric fruit by 11 compounds of the profile, mainly benzyl acetate, hexanal and pentanal among others (ethyl acetate, propan-2-yl acetate, nonanal, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, methyldisulfanylmethane, acetone and 2-ethylfuran). The grouping of senescent climacteric NILs was mainly attributable to high relative values of ethyl acetate, methyl butyrate and propyl acetate. Finally, the physiological behavior of NILs also allowed to classify methyl propanoate, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, pentanal, acetone and 2-ethylfuran as ethylene-independent aroma compounds while isobutyl acetate was classified as ethylene-dependent.

[ESP] La respuesta al frío en las plantas se ha identificado como un proceso de aclimatación que requiere la activación y represión de genes que permiten una mejor supervivencia. Dicha respuesta se produce en tiempos cortos o muy cortos de veinte a treinta minutos, lo que implica que los sensores de frío se encuentran presentes en las células vegetales responsables de la respuesta. Durante el proceso de comercialización, muchas frutas y hortalizas se almacenan en cámaras frigoríficas que reducen la velocidad de maduración o senescencia, pero que provocan en algunos casos daños por frío. Hemos utilizado el fruto de tomate de la variedad Micro Tom para llevar a cabo un cribado exhaustivo de genes activados y reprimidos por el frío. Sorprendentemente, ninguno de los genes que aparecieron en el cribado han sido identificados como genes de respuesta al frío o de maduración lo que sugiere que los daños por frío se deben a una disrupción de la maquinaria de mantenimiento celular. El gen LeCBF1 es un factor de transcripción que activa una de las rutas de aclimatación al frío. Dicho gen es activado por frío en hojas de tomate, pero no fue activado por el frío en frutos, lo que sugiere que la enorme sensibilidad de los frutos de tomate al frío puede deberse a una falta de respuesta a dicho estrés abiótico. [ENG] Cold sensing in plants has been described as an acclimation process that requires activation and repression of several sets of genes that improve plant survival. This response happens in short or very short periods between twenty and thirty minutes, suggesting that cold sensors are present in plant cells responsible of cold sensing and responses. During shipping and marketing, many fruits and vegetables are stored in cold chambers in order to reduce ripening or senescence speed, causing in some cases the so called chilling injury syndrome. We have used tomato fruits of the Microtom cultivar in order to perform and exhaustive screen for genes activated and repressed by

A collection of melon (Cucumis melo L.) near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from the cross between the Spanish C. melo cultivar Piel de Sapo (PS) and the exotic Korean accession Shongwan Charmi [SC (PI161375)], was used to study the genetic control of a large number of melon fruit quality traits, including morphological, external appearance, texture, flavor, and the overall differences between NILs and PS that might be detected by consumers with a triangle test. Heritability was significant for all the traits, being >0.5 for the whole area of the longitudinal section of the fruit, flesh proportion, skin lightness color, hue angle coordinate of flesh color, and flesh-extractable juice. NILs were classified by principal-component analysis. The first principal component (22% of the variation) was affected mostly by morphological traits, the second component (10%) was influenced by internal and external morphology pattern and color, and the third component (9%) was controlled mainly by flavor traits. An average of 5.6 quantitative trait loci (QTL) per trait were identified (range, between 1 and 12 QTL; 134 QTL in total). In most cases, allele effects with opposite actions were detected. A substantial number of QTL may be good candidates to introduce new quality attributes in modern melon cultivars.

A set of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of melon (Cucumis melo L.) was used to test the relationship between the climacteric pattern and postharvest disorders at harvest and after 30 days at 8 °C. The NILs contained different chromosome introgressions in the linkage group III from the non-climacteric exotic Korean accession PI 161375 transferred into the genetic background of the non-climacteric Spanish cultivar ‘Piel de Sapo’ (PS). A quantitative trait locus (QTL) in this linkage group induced climacteric behavior in eight NILs accompanied by a peak of ethylene production and fruit dehiscence to different degrees. The cultivar ‘Nicolás’ and one NIL showed a non-climacteric pattern of respiration rate and ethylene production. The climacteric NILs were used to test the relationship between this pattern and postharvest disorders. The reference climacteric lines ‘Fado’ and ‘Védrantais’ were more sensitive to CI and associated Cladosporium rot than the NILs or PS. In general, a more intense climacteric behavior was accompanied by fruit dehiscence, and higher total losses and greater skin scald after storage, than in PS. A higher incidence of chilling injury (CI) in the climacteric NILs was found compared with the non-climacteric ones, although with exceptions (one NIL for CI in the form of scald; the same NIL and one more for pitting). The climacteric onset and netting scald were not related, and CI in the form of skin spots was only found in climacteric NILs and was positively correlated with the maximum peak of ethylene production. Some climacteric NILs did not follow the rule of a higher susceptibility to other disorders and decay after storage compared with PS, such as for example in fruit over-ripening (detected externally or internally), Cladosporium rot at the peduncle and Alternaria rot. Mealiness was independent of climacteric behavior. Three climacteric NILs obtained better flavor scores after storage than PS, although the maximum peak of ethylene production was p

Different factors affect the quality of melon fruit and among them long shelf life is critical from the consumer’s point of view. In melon, cultivars showing both climacteric and non-climacteric ripening types are found. In this study we have investigated climacteric ripening and fruit softening using a collection of near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from the non-climacteric melon parental lines PI 161375 (SC) and “Piel de Sapo” (PS). Surprisingly, we found that QTL eth3.5 in NIL SC3-5b induced a climacteric-ripening phenotype with increased respiration and ethylene levels. Data suggest that the non-climacteric phenotypes from PI 161375 and “Piel de Sapo” may be the result of mutations in different genes. Several QTLs for fruit flesh firmness were also detected. Candidate genes putatively involved in ethylene regulation, biosynthesis and perception and cell wall degradation were mapped and some colocations with QTLs were observed. These results may provide additional data towards understanding of non-climacteric ripening in melon.

A near-isogenic line (NIL) SC3-5 and a further nine NILs of melon contained introgressions of an exotic non-climacteric accession of Cucumis melo ‘Shongwan Charmi’ [SC (PI 161375), Conomon Group)] into the non-climacteric Spanish Inodorus type of melon cultivar ‘Piel de Sapo’ (PS). The NILs exhibited different climacteric behavior and aroma. Fruit from SC3-5 and seven NILs showed a climacteric pattern, while fruit from one NIL, both parentals and the cultivar ‘Nicolás’, were non-climacteric. The NILs were compared with the reference aromatic cultivars ‘Fado’ and ‘Védrantais’, which show climacteric behavior with high levels of respiration and ethylene production. The twenty-eight aromatic compounds common to the cultivars and NILs studied defined the aroma profile, which was composed of fifteen esters, six aldehydes, two alcohols, three derived sulfur compounds (methyldisulfanylmethane; methanethiolate; methyl 2-sulfanylacetate) and other three compounds (1,7,7-trimethylnorbornan-2-one; acetone; 2-ethylfuran). On the basis of the total ion count peak area, three compounds (isobutyl acetate; benzyl acetate; pentanal) allowed the climacteric to be distinguished from the non-climacteric NILs according to univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis of the aroma data on the basis of total ion count peak area separated the aromatic attributes of the climacteric ‘Védrantais’ and ‘Fado’ melons from the NILs that were closer to their inbred parentals when analyzed by partial least squares regression plus discriminant analysis. In the climacteric reference cultivars or NILs, esters were the predominant volatiles while aldehydes predominated in non-climacteric ones. These results support the hypothesis that at least one QTL in linkage group III boosts a series of maturation signals that are characteristic of climacteric fruit, including a different aroma profile.

[SPA] Frutos de albaricoque (Prunus armeniaca L., cv. Búlida) se recolectaron en tres estados de madurez (verde o preclimatérico, pintón, maduro) y pretrataron con 1000 ppb de 1- metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) a 18,6±1oC durante 0 (control durante 20 h en aire), 12 ó 20 h. Los frutos se conservaron envasados en polipropileno macroperforado a 20,6±1oC hasta 8 días. El objetivo fue comprobar la eficacia del 1-MCP para frenar o retrasar los cambios de calidad asociados a la maduración de este fruto climatérico. De los tiempos aplicados con 1- MCP el más idóneo para retrasar la maduración respecto al control fue 20 horas. En frutos verdes el 1-MCP redujo el ablandamiento. En frutos maduros y pintones redujo las pérdidas de peso. Los efectos sobre pH, sólidos solubles o acidez del 1-MCP fueron escasos con relación al tiempo de conservacion. En general el tratamiento retrasó el viraje a naranja de la epidermis hasta unos 3 días, pero su aplicación sin refrigeración posterior no es recomendable. [ENG] Apricot fruit (Prunas armeniaca L., cv. Búlida) harvested in three states of maturity (green, mature-green and mature) were treated with 1000 ppb of 1-methylcyclopropene (1- MCP) at 18,6±1oC during 12 or 20 hours) or in air for 20 h. The fruit were later stored up to 8 days at 20.6±1oC under macroperforated polypropylene films. The goal of this work was to assay the effectiveness of 1-MCP to arrest or delay the ripening process without the use of refrigeration. The best results were obtained by applying 1-MCP for 20 h due to several effects during storage compared with control fruit. In immature fruit, 1-MCP reduced softening. In mature-green and mature fruit reduced weight losses. The effects of 1-MCP on pH, soluble solids, or titratable acidity were scarce compared with storage time. The epidermal color changes from green to orange were delayed compared with control by about 3 days, without any effect thereafter. In general, 1-MCP alone is advisable as a coadjutant of refrigerat

Se presenta una caracterización epidemiológica de los expendios de carnes, pescado y aves de Tunja en el año 2003, resultado del diagnóstico sanitario del municipio y las visitas adelantadas por la unidad de saneamiento. Al partir del compromiso que el sector salud tiene en el componente de ambiente, surge la necesidad de crear un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica ambiental, cuya metodología y estrategia esté orientada hacia el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo ambientales a que están expuestos los grupos humanos, con el fin de determinar prioridades y orientar los recursos de salud disponibles en el desarrollo de intervenciones; es por eso que se implantó en Tunja la vigilancia de factores de riesgo del consumo en esta estrategia, la cual, incluye la de expendios decarnes y derivados, aves huevos y pescado; entonces, se usaron las actas de inspección sanitaria y se tabuló en EPIINFO 2002 para su análisis con SPSS 11,5. Así se realizó un análisis descriptivo a 173 establecimientos y se encontró que existen condiciones diversas de sanidad respecto de la estructura física, los procesos productivos y el producto para la venta; también hay un incumplimiento de normas técnico-sanitarias, en diferentes sectores de la ciudad, que se priorizan para el control por parte de la autoridad sanitaria. Al 75% de los establecimientos no cumplen con las condiciones higiénico sanitarias en cárnicos; el 66,6% no cuenta con las condiciones en establecimiento de venta de pescados ý el 52,5% delos establecimientos de venta de aves y huevos, no cumplen con las condiciones higiénico sanitarias para tal fin.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a perishable fruit that requires refrigeration to extend its shelf life. Postharvest behavior differs substantially among melon varieties due to genetic differences. In this work, we use a collection of near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from a cross between the Spanish cultivar Piel de Sapo (PS) and an exotic Korean accession ‘Shongwan Charmi’ [SC (PI161375)], each of them with a single introgressed region from SC into the PS background, to detect and map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in postharvest life traits, such as total losses, water-soaking, necrosis of the placental tissue, chilling injury (CI), decay, fruit over-ripening, flesh browning, hollow flesh disorder, and flavor loss during storage. Fruit were examined at harvest and after 35 days at 8 °C. Three QTLs induced desirable quality traits: flv4.1 reduced the loss of fruit flavor after refrigeration, tl8.1 reduced total losses, and fus8.4 reduced the susceptibility to fusarium rot (Fusarium Link). Another 11 QTLs produced a detrimental effect on other quality traits. The NIL population was useful for dissecting complex, difficult-to-measure pre- and postharvest disorder traits of different degrees of development and for investigating flavor loss during storage. Further studies with the QTLs described herein will shed light on the genetic control of melon shelf life and help breeders who are interested in this fruit quality trait.

A melon (Cucumis melo L.) genomic library of near-isogenic lines derived from the cross between the Spanish cultivar Piel de Sapo and the exotic accession PI 161375 has been evaluated for fruit quality traits in four different locations. Traits evaluated were fruit weight, soluble solids content, maximum fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit shape index, ovary shape index, external color, and flesh color. Among these traits, soluble solids content showed the highest genotype × environment interaction, whereas genotype × environment interactions for fruit shape and fruit weight were low. Heritability was high for all traits except soluble solids content, with the highest value for fruit shape and ovary shape. Ten to 15 quantitative trait loci were detected for soluble solids content, fruit diameter, fruit length, and fruit shape; and four to five for ovary shape, external color, and flesh color. Depending on the trait, between 13% and 40% of the detected quantitative trait alleles from PI 161375 increased the trait, and between 60% and 87% of them decreased it, resulting in some PI 161375 alleles of interest for breeding. Most of the quantitative trait loci detected in previous experiments could be verified with the near-isogenic line population. Future studies with the melon near-isogenic line genomic library will provide a better understanding of the genetic control of melon fruit quality in a wider context related to agronomy, genetics, genomics and metabolomics studies.