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(R)-Amination mediated by (R)-specific ω-transaminases generally requires costly d-alanine in excess to obtain the desired chiral amines in high yield. Herein, a one-pot, trienzymatic cascade comprising an (R)-specific ω-transaminase, an amine dehydrogenase, and a formate dehydrogenase was developed for the economical and eco-friendly synthesis of (R)-chiral amines. Using inexpensive ammonium formate as the sole sacrificial agent, the established cascade system enabled efficient ω-transaminase-mediated (R)-amination of various ketones, with high conversions and excellent ee (>99%); water and CO2 were the only waste products.

Solar energy-driven water evaporation is a promising technique for clean water regeneration to tackle the world-wide water scarcity problem. Previous studies have revealed the important role of the bilayer structure in the solar energy-driven water evaporation, the top layer is the photothermal material, and the bottom porous material is used for water transportation and heat insulation. Herein, a new kind of the bilayer aerogel composed of hydrophilic ultralong hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanowire aergel and hydrophobic carbon nanotube (CNT) coating has been developed and demonstrated as a highly efficient self-floating evaporator for solar energy-driven photothermal water purification. The hydrophilic and highly porous HAP nanowire aerogel with a low thermal conductivity ensures excellent thermal management and high water evaporation rate, and the CNT coating layer enables highly efficient solar light absorption and energy conversion. With these structural merits, the as-prepared HAP/CNT bilayer aerogel has a high water evaporation rate of 1.34 kg m−2 h−1 and high water evaporation efficiency of 89.4% under solar light irradiation at a power density of 1 kW m−2. Additionally, the high-performance water purification function of the HAP/CNT bilayer aerogel is demonstrated by producing clean water from the actual seawater and simulated wastewater. The experimental results demonstrate the promising potential of the as-prepared HAP/CNT bilayer aerogel for high-performance solar energy-driven photothermal clean water regeneration.

Information protection is particularly important for secure communication between parties, avoiding the leakage of secret information to unknown parties. Among various strategies used for information protection in the previous reports in the literature, security inks made from photoluminescent materials are the most widely investigated. The security inks suffer from the drawbacks such as lack of universality on various substrates. In this work, we provide a promising new complement to the security ink-based protection techniques. We report a kind of portable photoluminescent chalk made from lanthanide-doped ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires, which can directly write the covert information at anytime and anyplace on arbitrary surfaces and substrates including paper sheets, metals, fabrics, plastics, woods, walls, foams, leaves, and even human body. The as-written original information cannot be recognized under the ambient light, but it is readable upon exposure to the ultraviolet light. In this work, the dual and triple encryption strategies are also provided for the high-level information protection. It is expected that the versatile, convenient, and user-friendly strategy demonstrated herein is promising for the on-site secret information protection.

Security inks based on photoluminescent materials are mostly investigated for security applications, such as information encryption and decryption, anti-counterfeiting, and data storage. Although they are invisible to the naked eye under ambient light, they can be detected under ultraviolet or near-infrared light. Herein, a new kind of secret paper made from network-structured ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires and cellulose fibers has been developed. White vinegar, a common cooking ingredient, is used as an invisible security ink. Covert information on the secret paper written with white vinegar is totally invisible under natural light, but it can be decrypted and clearly read after exposure to fire; the response time to fire is short (

Stimulus-responsive actuators that can respond to the external stimuli and convert external energy into dynamic movement behaviors are highly desired for many applications. Among various driving sc...

Accurate method to identify foot morphology would further contribute to understand foot mechanism. The aim of this study is to identify foot morphology feature between habitually barefoot and shod population with 3D technology of scan. Sixty subjects both 30 habitually barefoot and 30 habitually shod participated foot scanning test. A 3-dimension laser device was applied to execute foot scanning. The findings of this study showed that habitually barefoot group displayed the foot features of the large ball perimeters, large minimal distance between hallux and other toes and the smaller hallux angle than habitually shod group. To conclude, the significant differences of foot morphology between habitually barefoot and habitually shod was mainly in forefoot area, this morphological features would provide some sights for the exploration of barefoot locomotion.

An engineered epoxide hydrolase from Vigna radiate (VrEH2M263N) shows near-perfect enantioconvergence in single enzyme mediated hydrolysis of racemic p-nitrostyrene oxide (pNSO). To explore industrial potential of the promising biocatalyst, we tried to immobilize the VrEH2 variant by covalently linking onto a commercially available amino resin ECR8405F. Then a 5-mL packed bed reactor filled with the immobilized VrEH2M263N was connected with macroporous resin NKA-11 for in situ product adsorption, and the product (R)-p-nitrophenyl glycol (pNPG) was harvested by methanol elution, with 91% isolated yield and 97% ee. The continuous reactor was operated stably for more than 100 h with a space time yield of 20 g⋅L−1⋅h−1. Subsequently, the β-blocker (R)-Nifenalol was prepared by chemically synthesized from (R)-pNPG, affording the product in an overall yield of 61.3% (1.5 g) and an enantiopurity of 99.9% ee after recrystallization.

A 43-year-old Chinese man with a silicosis history was admitted to our hospital due to bilateral lower extremity edema for 1 year, exacerbating with hematuria for 2 months. He started working as a coal miner 30 years ago, and was diagnosed as silicosis 3 months ago. Lab tests revealed hematuria 3+, proteinuria 3+, and a serum creatinine value 2.47 mg/dl on routine check. He was diagnosed with focal proliferative IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis by renal biopsy. He was treated with corticosteroids and got a remission 4 months later. Immunohistochemical staining showed the deposition of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck (ASC), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 in both glomerular and tubulo-interstitial areas. We proposed that the silicon exposure could be related to his kidney disease in the patient and NLRP3 mediated inflammation might be involved in its pathogenesis which needs further explorations.

Cellulose fiber (CF) paper is a low-cost, sustainable, and flexible substrate, which has gained increasing interest recently. Before practical usage, the functionalization of the pristine CF paper is indispensable to meet requirements of specific applications. Different from conventional surface modification or physical mixing methods, we report

To observe the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on venous thrombosis and quality of life after lung cancer surgery, basing on the conventional nursing and early functional exercise.A total of 120 patients diagnosed as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and received radical resection of lung cancer surgery for the first time were randomized into a conventional nursing group, a rehabilitation training group and a TEAS group, 40 cases in each group. Conventional nursing was adopted in the conventional nursing group. Conventional nursing combined with early functional exercise were adopted in the rehabilitation training group, the exercise was taken 20 min each time, once in both morning and afternoon for 5 days. On the basis of the treatment in the rehabilitation training group, TEAS was applied at Zusanli (ST 36), Xuehai (SP 10), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), etc. in the TEAS group, with disperse-dense wave in frequency of 30 Hz/100 Hz and tolerable intensity, 30 min each time, once in both morning and afternoon for 5 days. The incidence of venous thrombosis in each group was observed at the 5th day after surgery. Before surgery and at the 5th day after surgery, the Caprini thrombus risk assessment was performed, the Karnofsky performance status (KPS) scale and the functional assessment of cancer therapy-lung (FACT-L) were used to evaluate the quality of life.At the 5th day after surgery, no thrombosis was found in the TEAS group, the incidence of venous thrombosis in the TEAS group was lower than 15.0% (6/40) in the conventional nursing group (On the basis of the conventional nursing and early functional exercise, TEAS can reduce the incidence of venous thrombosis, effectively prevent thrombosis and improve quality of life.

Purpose. To assess the clinical efficiency of a novel ophthalmic viscosurgical device-free (OVD-free) method for intraocular collamer lens (EVO-ICL) implantation in myopic eyes. Methods. In this study, 40 patients underwent ICL implantation for both eyes: one eye underwent traditional ICL implantation, and the other eye underwent OVD-free (pure) ICL implantation. Preoperative and postoperative UDVA, BCVA, equivalent spherical degree (SE), IOP, visual quality index, subjective visual quality scale, corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), operation time, and complications were compared between and within the traditional and pure ICL implantation groups. Results. Increased IOP >22 mmHg 2 h after surgery was noted in 8 eyes (20%) in the traditional group, but not in the pure group (0%, P < 0.001 ). Increased IOP relative to baseline was significantly higher at 2 h after surgery for the traditional group compared with the pure group ( P < 0.001 ). UDVA, BCVA, and SE were significantly improved in the pure group compared with those in the traditional group 1 day ( P < 0.001 , P = 0.003 ) after implantation, but not 1 week or 3 months after. Modulation transfer function cut-off frequency (MTF cut-off), Strehl ratio (SR), and OV20% were significantly better in the pure group than in the traditional group 1 day after implantation ( P = 0.013 , P = 0.009 , and P = 0.004 ). No significant difference in ECD changes within or between groups was observed ( P > 0.05 ). The operation time for the pure group (2.897 ± 0.346 min) was significantly shorter than that for the traditional group (4.444 ± 0.656 min; P < 0.001 ). No complications were reported for either group during the observation period, except early IOP elevation in the traditional group. Conclusions. The pure ICL implantation method was associated with faster visual acuity recovery, shorter operation time, and more stable intraocular pressure. Pure ICL represents a safe and convenient method for ICL implantation compared with the traditional method, completely eliminating OVD-related complications without causing additional complications.

Carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) have emerged as the promising photocatalysts for CO2 conversion. However, they suffer from inefficient charge transfer and a lack of metal sites. Herein, the p-type CoNiO2 nanosheets are anchored on the n-type g-C3N4 microtubes to construct p–n heterojunction photocatalysts. The CoNiO2 nanosheets provide metal sites to bind and activate CO2 molecules, and the configuration of p–n heterojunction impels electron–hole separation. The CoNiO2 nanosheets that are vertically aligned on the surfaces of g-C3N4 microtubes build a hierarchical hollow structure and an intimate contact interface, which also contributes to the CO2 adsorption and rapid migration of charged carriers. As a result, the g-C3N4@CoNiO2 p–n heterojunction photocatalysts exhibit outstanding yields (3645 μmol h−1 g−1 of CO and 943 μmol h−1 g−1 of H2) from CO2 reduction under visible light irradiation, much higher than that of pure CoNiO2 nanosheets and g-C3N4 microtubes. In situ DRIFT spectra are performed to monitor the intermediates of CO2 reduction on the surfaces of g-C3N4@CoNiO2, the results of which confirm the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules. It is expected that this work would provide a feasible strategy for designing high-efficiency g-C3N4-based heterojunction photocatalysts.

BACKGROUND Selenium (Se) status is closely related to skeletal muscle physiological status. However, its influence on skeletal muscle growth has not been well studied. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyze the impacts of overall Se status (deficient, adequate, and high) on skeletal muscle growth using a growing zebrafish model. METHODS Zebrafish (1.5-mo-old) were fed graded levels of Se (deficient: 0.10 mg Se/kg; marginally deficient: 0.22 mg Se/kg; adequate: 0.34 mg Se/kg; high: 0.44, 0.57, and 0.69 mg Se/kg) as Se-enriched yeast for 30 d. Zebrafish growth, and Se accumulation, selenoenzyme activity, selenotranscriptome profiles, and oxidative status in the whole body, and selenotranscriptome profiles, histological characteristics, biochemicals, and gene and protein expression profiles related to muscle growth in the skeletal muscle were analyzed by model fitting and/or 1-factor ANOVA. RESULTS Se status biomarkers within the whole body and skeletal muscle indicated that 0.34 mg Se/kg was adequate for growing zebrafish. For biomarkers related to skeletal muscle growth, compared with 0.34 mg Se/kg, 0.10 mg Se/kg decreased the white muscle cross-sectional area (WMCSA) and the mean diameter of white muscle fibers (MDWMF) by 14.4%-15.1%, inhibited protein kinase B-target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling by 63.7%-68.5%, and stimulated the autophagy-lysosome pathway by 1.07 times and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) by 96.0% (P

To investigate the effect of Baixiao moxibustion at meridian sinew nodal points combined with routine rehabilitation on upper limb motor function in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy.A total of 50 children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy were divided into control group and treatment group using a random number table, with 25 children in each group. The children in the control group were given routine rehabilitation training of the ipsilateral upper and lower limbs, and those in the treatment group were given Baixiao moxibustion at the meridian sinew nodal points of the ipsilateral upper limb in addition to the treatment in the control group, once a day and five times a week. Each course of treatment was 4 consecutive weeks, and both groups were treated for 3 courses. Before treatment and at weeks 4 and 12 of treatment, modified Ashworth score was used to evaluate muscle tension of the ipsilateral upper limb, and 88-item version of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) and Carroll upper extremities functional test (UEFT) were used to assess the motor function of the ipsilateral upper limb.At weeks 4 and 12 of treatment, both groups had a significant reduction in modified Ashworth score (Baixiao moxibustion at meridian sinew nodal points can significantly improve the muscle tension and motor function of the ipsilateral upper limb in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and the improvement becomes more apparent as the treatment lasts longer.

The development of multifunctional dental-restorative biomaterials with antibacterial activity and remineralization effect for damaged tooth repair is urgent since dental caries is still one of the most common tooth diseases in human beings. Herein, we report a facile strategy for the synthesis of gluey silver-calcium phosphate (GSCP) composites using the rapid microwave-assisted solvothermal method. The as-prepared GSCP composite is an organic-inorganic hybrid, and Ag+ ions display a significant influence on the formation of GSCP by interacting with adenosine triphosphate biomolecules. The as-prepared GSCP composite shows good antibacterial properties, in addition, it exhibits a great effect on sheltering dentinal canaliculi and improving the remineralization of dentine in the simulated saliva. The as-prepared GSCP composite is promising for various applications such as oral healthcare, especially, remineralization of dentine, and antibacterial applications.

A series of coordination polymers, {[LnZn(2,3-pydc)(1,3-bdc)(OH)(H2O)m]·H2O}n, (Ln = Sm 1, Eu 2, Gd 3, Tb 4, Dy 5, Er 6, Yb 7, Pr 8, Nd 9), (1–7, m = 1; 8, 9, m = 2), (2,3-H2pydc = pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1,3-H2bdc = isophthalic acid), are synthesized by the hydrothermal method and their crystal structures are determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural analysis shows that coordination polymers 1–9 present two-dimensional layered structures and all of them are crystalized in triclinic system with space group Pī. Hereinto polymers 1–7 are isomorphous, while polymers 8 and 9 are also isomorphous and each of them includes one more coordinated water molecule than others. All coordination polymers are characterized by IR, UV–Vis–NIR and fluorescent spectra, and the luminescent properties are the research emphasis. In addition, except for polymer 3, the other eight Zn-Ln polymers exhibit the characteristic luminescence of corresponding Ln(III) ions, which should be owing to the sensitization of the Zn-Ligand moiety. With the influence of the crystal field and the introduction of Zn(II) ion, the internal energy levels of the system are tuned, which is reflected by shift and split of the partial characteristic bands of Ln(III) ions in their UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectra and NIR emission spectra, and both can corroborate each other.

The frequent occurrence of oil spilling and industrial oily wastewater have serious negative effects on the marine ecosystem and human health. For this reason, high performance, effective, and cont...

Biocatalytic C–H amination is one of the most challenging tasks. C-H amination reaction can hardly be driven efficiently by solely one enzyme so far. Thus, enzymatic synergy represents an alternative strategy. Herein, we report an “Artificially Bioamination Pathway” for C–H amination of cyclohexane as a model substrate. Three enzymes, a monooxygenase P450BM3 mutant, an alcohol dehydrogenase ScCR from Streptomyces coelicolor and an amine dehydrogenase EsLeuDH from Exiguobacterium sibiricum, constituted a clean cascade reaction system with easy product isolation. Two independent cofactor regeneration systems were optimized to avoid interference from the endogenous NADH oxidases in the host E. coli cells. Based on a stepwise pH adjustment and ammonium supplement strategy, and using an in vitro mixture of cell-free extracts of the three enzymes, cyclohexylamine was produced in a titer of 14.9 mM, with a product content of up to 92.5%. Furthermore, designer cells coexpressing the three required enzymes were constructed and their capability of alkane bio-amination was examined. This artificially designed bioamination paves an attractive approach for enzymatic synthesis of amines from accessible and cheap alkanes.

Wallpaper with multiple functions, such as fire resistance and an automatic alarm in fire disasters, will be attractive for the interior decoration of houses. Herein, we report a smart fire alarm wallpaper prepared using fire-resistant inorganic paper based on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires (HNs) and graphene oxide (GO) thermosensitive sensors. At room temperature, the GO thermosensitive sensor is in a state of electrical insulation; however, it becomes electrically conductive at high temperatures. In a fire disaster, high temperature will rapidly remove the oxygen-containing groups of GO, leading to the transformation process of GO from an electrically insulated state into an electrically conductive one. In this way, the alarm lamp and alarm buzzer connected with the GO thermosensitive sensor will send out the alerts to people immediately for taking emergency actions. After the surface modification with polydopamine of GO (PGO), the sensitivity and flame retardancy of the GO thermosensitive sensor are further improved, resulting in a low responsive temperature (126.9 °C), fast response (2 s), and sustained working time in the flame (at least 5 min). Compared with combustible commercial wallpaper, the smart fire alarm wallpaper based on HNs and GO (or PGO) is superior owing to excellent nonflammability and high-temperature resistance of HNs, which can protect the GO (or PGO) thermosensitive sensor from the flames. The smart fire alarm wallpaper can be processed into various shapes, dyed with different colors, and printed with the commercial printer and thus has promising applications in high-safety interior decoration of houses.

The asymmetric reductive amination of ketones with ammonia using engineered amine dehydrogenases (AmDHs) is a particularly attractive and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of chiral amines. However, one major challenge for these engineered AmDHs is their limited range of accepted substrates. Herein, several engineered AmDHs were developed through the evolution of naturally occurring leucine dehydrogenases, which displayed good amination activity toward aliphatic ketones but restricted catalytic scope for short-chain substrates. Computational analysis helped identify two residues, located at the distal end of the substrate-binding cavity, that generate steric hindrance and prevent the binding of bulky aliphatic ketones. By fine-tuning these two key hotspots, the resulting AmDH mutants are able to accept previously inaccessible bulky substrates. More importantly, the mutations were also proved applicable for expanding the substrate scope of other homologous AmDHs with sequence identities as ...

Herein, we report a new kind of highly flexible hydroxyapatite nanowire (HAPNW)-based layered catalytic paper with a high thermal stability, excellent fire resistance, and high catalytic efficiency for continuous flow catalysis. A simple process has been developed for preparing and loading gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the fire-resistant HAPNW paper to obtain the HAPNW/AuNP layered catalytic paper. Oleic acid molecules adsorbed on the surface of HAPNWs can effectively reduce Au(III) ions to Au nanoparticles in situ in aqueous solution in the absence of an additional reducing reagent at room temperature. The size and weight percentage of AuNPs and surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the HAPNW/AuNP layered catalytic paper can be controlled. Benefiting from the nanoporous network and nanowire-based layered structure, the HAPNW/AuNP layered catalytic paper exhibits high catalytic activity for continuous flow reactions when the aqueous solution flows through the paper. Additionally, the HAPNW/AuNP layered catalytic paper can be easily recycled. Importantly, the HAPNW/AuNP layered catalytic paper shows excellent nonflammable properties and high catalytic stability after heat treatment. The HAPNW/AuNP layered catalytic paper has a high catalytic efficiency (100%), good recyclability, long-term stability, and high thermal stability in the continuous flow catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Furthermore, the catalytic degradation of organic dyes is also investigated. The HAPNW/AuNP layered catalytic paper is promising for applications in water treatment and high-temperature catalysis. In addition, the fire-resistant HAPNW-based paper can be used as an excellent support for various catalysts to prepare other kinds of catalytic paper for many applications.

Hydroxyapatite/collagen (HAP/Col) composite porous scaffolds have been extensively investigated in the field of bone tissue engineering due to their similar chemical composition to that of natural bone and good biocompatibility. However, the relatively poor mechanical properties of the HAP/Col composite porous scaffolds limit their application in bone regeneration. In order to overcome these limitations, the hierarchical porous ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires (UHANWs)/collagen (Col) composite scaffolds with excellent mechanical properties are synthesized by freeze-drying the suspension containing UHANWs and collagen. Compared with the HAP nanorods (HANRs), the highly flexible UHANWs can interweave with each other to construct a three-dimensional fabric-like structure in the collagen matrix of the UHANWs/Col scaffolds and significantly improve the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. The Young's modulus of the 70 wt% UHANWs/Col scaffold is about 4 times that of the pure collagen scaffold and 63 times that of the 70 wt% HANRs/Col scaffold. More importantly, in the absence of the collagen matrix, the pure UHANWs inorganic porous scaffold can be synthesized and exhibits relative good mechanical properties. However, the HANRs/Col scaffolds with HANRs weight fractions more than 70 wt% are easily cracked during the fabrication process. Furthermore, compared with the pure collagen and 70 wt% HANRs/Col scaffolds, the 70 wt% UHANWs/Col scaffold exhibits a superior biocompatibility and excellent ability to promote cell adhesion and spreading on the surface of the scaffold. In consideration of their outstanding mechanical properties and excellent cellular attachment performance, the as-prepared hierarchical porous UHANWs/Col scaffolds are promising for applications in various biomedical fields such as bone defect repair.

The graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is regarded as a powerful support for constructing heterojunction. How to rationally design high-performance g-C3N4-based heterojunction remains a great challenge. In this work, a kind of spatial distribution heterojunction is prepared by in situ growing ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) nanosheets on g-C3N4 microtubes (T-CN). To highlight the advantage of such a structure design, g-C3N4 bulk (B-CN) and g-C3N4 nanosheets (S-CN) are also used as the supports to obtain B-CN/ZIS bulk heterojunction and S-CN/ZIS 2D/2D heterojunction, respectively. T-CN/ZIS spatial distribution heterojunction combines the hierarchical core/shell structure of B-CN/ZIS and ultrathin structure of S-CN/ZIS, which is much favorable for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. It is found that the gas yield from CO2 reduction is highest over T-CN/ZIS, which is 3.5 and 1.5 times higher than B-CN/ZIS and S-CN/ZIS. The experimental results manifest that the spatial distribution of ZIS nanosheets on T-CN induces stronger photoabsorption, faster interfacial charge transfer, and larger CO2 adsorption, all of which are responsible for the best catalytic activity. It is expected that this work will provide an instructive guideline for designing g-C3N4-based heterojunction.

How to survive under various harsh working conditions is a key challenge for flexible electronic devices because their performances are always susceptible to environments. Herein, we demonstrate the novel design and fabrication of a new kind of the all-weather flexible electrically conductive paper based on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires (HNs) with unique combination of the superhydrophobic surface, electrothermal effect, and flame retardancy. The superhydrophobic surface with water repellency stabilizes the electrically conductive performance of the paper in water. For example, the electrical current through the superhydrophobic paper onto which water droplets are deposited shows a little change (0.38%), and the electrical performance is steady as well even when the paper is immersed in water for 120 s (just 3.65% change). In addition, the intrinsic electrothermal effect of the electrically conductive paper can efficiently heat the paper to reach a high temperature, for example, 224.25 °C, within 10 s. The synergistic effect between the electrothermal effect and superhydrophobic surface accelerates the melting and removal of ice on the heated electrically conductive paper. Deicing efficiency of the heated superhydrophobic electrically conductive paper is ∼4.5 times that of the unheated superhydrophobic electrically conductive paper and ∼10.4 times that of the heated superhydrophilic paper. More importantly, benefiting from fire-resistant ultralong HNs, thermally stable Ketjen black, and Si-O backbone of poly(dimethylsiloxane), we demonstrate the stable and continuous service of the as-prepared electrically conductive paper in the flame for as long as 7 min. The electrical performance of the electrically conductive paper after flame treatment can maintain as high as 90.60% of the original value. The rational design of the electrically conductive paper with suitable building materials and structure demonstrated here will give an inspiration for the development of new kinds of all-weather flexible electronic devices that can work under harsh conditions.

Background and Purpose Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important target for diabetes therapy based on its key role in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis. This study was designed to investigate antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects of novel oleanolic acid derivative DKS26 in diabetic mice and elucidate its underlying GLP-1 related antidiabetic mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Experimental Approach The therapeutic effects of DKS26 were inspected in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced and db/db diabetic mouse models including levels of plasma glucose, glycosylated serum protein (GSP), lipid profiles, insulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), oral glucose tolerance (OGT), pancreatic islets and hepatic histopathological morphology, liver lipid levels and expression of pro-inflammation cytokines. The intestinal NCI-H716 cells and diabetic models were used to further validate its potential GLP-1 related antidiabetic mechanisms. Key Results Decreased levels of plasma glucose, GSP, ALT and AST, ameliorated OGT and plasma lipid profiles, augmented plasma insulin levels, alleviated islets and hepatic pathological morphology, and reduced liver lipid, inflammation and necrosis accumulation were observed after DKS26 treatment at a dose of 100 mg·kg-1·day-1 in vivo. Furthermore, DKS26 enhanced GLP-1 release and expression, accompanied by elevated levels of cAMP and phosphorylated PKA in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion and Implications DKS26 exerted hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and islets protective effects, which was associated with promoted GLP-1 release and expression mediated by the activated cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and mitigated hepatic damage through the reduction of liver lipid and inflammation. These findings firmly identified DKS26 as a new viable therapeutic option for diabetes control.

Hydroxyapatite is a kind of biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and versatile inorganic biomaterial. Herein, the preparation of ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires (HAPNWs)-based antibacterial paper co-loaded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and antibiotic is reported. HAPNWs are used to prepare AgNPs in situ using an aqueous solution containing AgNO3 under the sunlight without added reducing agent at room temperature. Subsequently, ciprofloxacin (CIP) as an antibiotic is loaded on the HAPNWs@AgNPs. The resultant HAPNWs@AgNPs-CIP paper possesses several unique properties, including high flexibility, high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area (47.9 m2 g–1), high drug loading capacity (447.4 mg g–1), good biocompatibility, sustained and pH-responsive drug release behavior (5.40–6.75% of Ag+ ions and 37.7–76.4% of CIP molecules at pH values of 7.4–4.5 at day 8, respectively), and reusable recycling. In the antibacterial tests against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the HAPNWs@Ag...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of purified Omphalia lapidescens protein (pPeOp) extracted by polyvinylpyrrolidone from the fungus Omphalia lapidescens Schroet on the proliferation and cell cycle progression of MC-4 human gastric tumor cells. Using polyvinylpyrrolidone, pPeOp was extracted from O. lapidescens Schroet. MC-4 cells were cultured with 30, 60 or 90 µg/ml pPeOp, with 5-fluorouracil used as a positive control. Survival rates of treated cells were significantly decreased compared with those of the untreated control group in a dose-dependent manner. Using flow cytometric analysis, cells treated with pPeOp were demonstrated to arrest in S phase and exhibit abnormal G0/G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle distribution. In addition, a wound healing assay demonstrated that pPeOp significantly inhibited the migration of MC-4 cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, cyclin B/CDK1, cyclin A/CDK2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blotting. The mRNA expression level of CDK4 and cyclin A was significantly increased compared with the untreated control; however, cyclin D1, CDK1, CDK2, cyclin B, MMP-2, and MMP-9 exhibited a significantly decreased mRNA expression level, indicating that there is a negative association between concentration and cyclin D1 expression levels. The expression of the cycle arrest-associated proteins and migration-associated proteins examined were similar to the observed mRNA expression levels. In conclusion, pPeOp was identified to inhibit migration of and cause S phase cell cycle arrest in MC-4 cells.

Objective: The study aims to explore the relationship between expressions of HER2 and JAK/STAT3-SOCS3 signaling pathway and clinicopathological features and prognosis of ovarian cancer (OC).Methods: A total of 136 OC patients were collected. Immunohistochemistry was applied to measure the expressions of STAT3, p-STAT3, SOCS3, HER2 and p-HER2 in the tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expressions of HER2, SOCS3 and STAT3 and western blotting was applied for protein expressions of HER2, p-HER2, SOCS3, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in the tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Flow cytometry was used for the cell apoptosis in the blank, afatinib (A), ruxolitinib (R) and afatinib + ruxolitinib (A + R) groups. Follow-up was performed to explore relationship of HER2, SOCS3, and STAT3 expressions with survival time of OC patients.Results: HER2, p-HER2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 expressions were higher while SOCS3 expression was lower in the tumor tissues. The positive expressions of STAT3, HER2, p-HER2 and p-STAT3 were lower while the positive expression of SOCS3 was higher in the adjacent normal tissues. The expressions of HER2, SOCS3, and p-STAT3 were associated with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis (LNM), and STAT3 expression has correlation with histological grade and LNM. The mRNA and protein expressions of HER2, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in the tumor tissues were higher than those in the adjacent normal tissues, but SOCS3 expression was significantly decreased. The positive expressions of HER2, p-HER2 and STAT3, the negative expression of SOCS3 and pathological stages were important risk factors for the prognosis of patients with OC.Conclusion: Our study showed that the expressions of HER2, STAT3, and SOCS3 are associated with the progression of OC, and higher expressions of HER2 and STAT3 and lower expression of SOCS3 predict poor prognosis of OC.

Layered materials with open interlayer channels enable various applications such as tissue engineering, ionic and molecular sieving, and electrochemical devices. However, most reports focus on the two-dimensional nanosheets-assembled layered materials, whose interlayer spacing is limited at the nanometer scale. Herein, we demonstrate that one-dimensional inorganic nanowires are the ideal building blocks for the construction of layered materials with open interlayer channels as well, which has not aroused much attention before. It is found that the relatively long inorganic nanowires are capable of assembling into free-standing layered paper with open interlayer channels during the filtration process. The spacings of interlayer channels between adjacent layers are up to tens of micrometers, which are much larger than those of the two-dimensional nanosheets-assembled layered materials. But the closed interlayer channels are observed when the relatively short inorganic nanowires are used as building blocks. The mechanism based on the relationship between the structural variation and the nanowires used is proposed, including the surface charge amplified effect, surface charge superimposed effect, and pillarlike supporting effect. According to the proposed mechanism, we have successfully fabricated a series of layered paper sheets whose architectures (including interlayer channels of cross section and pores on the surface) show gradient changes. The as-prepared layered paper sheets are employed as the valves for controlling water transportation. Tunable water transportation is achieved by the synergistic effect between in-plane interlayer channels (horizontal transportation) from the open to the closed states, and through-layer pores (vertical transportation) without surface modification or intercalation of any guest species.

Fine particulate matter (PM) air pollution has been attracting much attention due to its great threat to human health. Herein, we report a new kind of air filter paper with high removal efficiencies for PM2.5 and PM10 prepared using ultralong hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanowires and cotton (CT) fibers as building blocks through a simple vacuum filtration process. Flexible and biocompatible ultralong HAP nanowires with lengths over 200 μm and diameters of approximately 20 nm are employed for significant improvement of the air filtration performance of commercial CT fibers. The ultralong HAP nanowires intertwine with CT fibers and form the highly porous HAP/CT air filter paper. In addition, by optimizing the proportion of HAP and CT, the as-prepared HAP/CT air filter paper exhibits high removal efficiencies of over 95% for PM2.5 and PM10; more importantly, it shows a lower pressure drop and a smaller thickness than a commercial breathing mask. Moreover, the fabrication of a large-sized HAP/CT air filter paper with desirable properties through a commercial sheet former is demonstrated. As a proof-of-concept, a homemade breathing mask is fabricated by imbedding the HAP/CT air filter paper into a commercial breathing mask. Furthermore, benefiting from the unique characteristics of ultralong HAP nanowires, other functions such as antibacterial activity can be achieved by the immobilization of silver nanoparticles as the representative bactericide, enabling the fabrication of multifunctional air filter paper. The experimental results suggest that the ultralong HAP nanowire-based air filter paper is promising for various applications in the environmental field.

Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007 is a plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), that can promote the growth of poplar and other trees, and, production of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the reasons for this effect. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of the external environment on the synthesis of IAA by B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 and to perform a functional analysis of its IAA synthesis pathway. In this study, IAA and its synthetic intermediates indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), tryptamine (TAM), and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) were detected in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 fermentation broth by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and these indolic compounds were also found in the cell-free extraction of B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007, but the genomic analysis of B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 indicated that IAA biosynthesis was mainly through the IAM and TAM pathways. The effects of L-tryptophan (L-Trp), temperature and pH on the synthesis of IAA were investigated, and the results showed that L-Trp exerted a significant effect on IAA synthesis and that 37°C and pH 7 were the optimal conditions IAA production by B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007. In addition, the protein expression of tryptophan 2-monooxygenase and indoleacetamide hydrolase, which are the key enzymes of the indole acetamide-mediated IAA synthesis pathway, was analyzed, and their activity was verified by substrate feeding experiments. The results revealed the existence of an IAA synthesis pathway mediated by IAM and indicated that this pathway plays a role in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007. This study lays the foundation for further exploration of the specific pathway and mechanism of IAA synthesis in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007.

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Polluted water and exhaust gas released from industrial activities cause a series of environmental issues such as heavy metals accumulation and greenhouse effect. Here, we have proposed an “adsorbent-to-photocatalyst” conversion strategy to bridge water remediation with photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Harmful heavy metals in polluted water are removed and collected by adsorbents, which are converted into valuable photocatalysts for CO2 reduction without secondary treatment. Calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) nanosheets are prepared as an ideal “bridge”. Their ultrathin thickness (2.8 nm), ultrahigh surface area (637.2 m2 g−1), and abundant surface hydroxyls are much favorable for both heavy metals removal and photocatalysis processes. Four typical heavy metals including Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ are selected for studies. Interestingly enough, in the case of Ni2+ removal, CSH nanosheets undergo phase change and they are spontaneously converted into a new semiconductor nickel silicate hydroxide. The nickel silicate hydroxide has a suitable energy level for reducing CO2 into CO. And its strong CO2 adsorption and abundant exposed Ni2+ sites contribute to efficient and selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The CO yield is up to 1.71 × 104 μmol g−1 h−1 with 99.2% selectivity under visible light.

A methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) gene, bjmpd, was cloned from a newly isolated MP-degrading bacterial strain, Burkholderia jiangsuensis MP-1T and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Although the amino acid sequence of the bjmpd-encoded enzyme, named BjMPH, differed from that of MPH from Pseudomonas sp. WBC-3 (PsMPH) in only three residues, Ser132, Val247 and Ala267, a significantly higher specific activity towards MP was exhibited by BjMPH than PsMPH. Among them, Ala267 was identified as a key site affecting the catalytic efficiency, and it was rather conservative (Ala or Ser) in homologous proteins, suggesting that a simple substitution of the residue in conservative site with another conservative residue based on the consensus sequence approach might possibly enhance the catalytic efficiency of the MP-degrading enzyme. Inspired by such an observation, we identified a new mutant, BjMPHT64N, exhibiting 3.78-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) towards MP than its wild-type, reaching 4.20×106M-1s-1. The mutant BjMPHT64N also displayed enhanced reactivities (kcat/KM) towards other organophosphorus pesticides. Homology-modelling analysis indicates that enhanced polar contacts of the 64th residue in this mutant may contribute to stabilizing the structure of the enzyme and promote the interactions between enzyme and substrate. This study generated an efficient MP-degrading enzyme, and provides useful information for enhancing the catalytic efficiency of MPHs via conservative residue substitution based on the consensus approach.

A highly flexible and free-standing paper with high antibacterial activity made from silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-decorated ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires (HAPNWs) is reported. The HAPNWs@AgNPs nanocomposites were obtained from a facile one-step solvothermal process and utilized for the construction of highly flexible and free-standing inorganic paper through a simple vacuum-filtration procedure. The structure and properties of the HAPNWs@AgNPs paper were characterized in detail. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs show that AgNPs are highly dispersed and stabilized in the nanocomposite and exhibit a narrow particle size distribution. The effects of the concentration of silver nitrate, solvothermal temperature and time on the product were systematically investigated. This method is simple, convenient and reproducible. The as-prepared HAPNWs@AgNPs paper shows long-time sustained silver-ion release, high antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and good biocompatibility. Overall, this work provides a novel pathway for the preparation of a new type of highly flexible, free-standing and antibacterial inorganic paper made from silver nanoparticle-decorated hydroxyapatite nanowires for various applications, as a promising functional biomaterial.

A probe that can efficiently detect harmful Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at the same time is urgently needed. In aqueous solution, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are in the form of the cation (Cr3+) and anions (CrO42−, HCrO4−, or Cr2O72−), respectively. Owning to their opposite charge, it is a great challenge to develop a two-in-one probe for Cr detection. Here, we report an amino-functionalized YF3:Eu3+ fluorescent probe that can successfully detect both Cr3+ and Cr2O72− with good selectivity. The surface amino groups can enhance the adsorption affinity of both Cr3+ and Cr2O72− ions by forming coordination bonds and electrostatic attraction, respectively. As a result, the detection limits of Cr3+ and Cr2O72− ions are determined to be as low as 1.88 μM and 1.34 μM, respectively. Finally, the amino-functionalized YF3:Eu3+ is also successfully applied to detect Cr3+ and Cr2O72− in practical rain water and tap water samples.

A variety of biological materials in natural organisms supply a rich source of structural design guidelines and inspirations for the construction of advanced structural materials with excellent mechanical properties. In this work, inspired by the natural nacre and human bone, a kind of flexible macroscopic ribbon fiber made from highly ordered alignment of ultralong hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanowires and sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) with a "brick-and-mortar" layered structure has been developed by a scalable and convenient wet-spinning method. The quasi-long-range orderly liquid crystal of one-dimensional ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires is employed and spun into the continuous flexible macroscopic ribbon fiber. In this work, highly ordered ultralong HAP nanowires act as the hard "brick" and PAAS acts as the soft "mortar", and the nacre-mimetic layered architecture is obtained. The as-prepared flexible macroscopic HAP/PAAS ribbon fiber exhibits superior mechanical properties, and the maximum tensile strength and Young's modulus are as high as 203.58 ± 45.38 MPa and 24.56 ± 5.35 GPa, respectively. In addition, benefiting from the excellent flexibility and good knittability, the as-prepared macroscopic HAP/PAAS ribbon fiber can be woven into various flexible macroscopic architectures. Additionally, the as-prepared flexible macroscopic HAP/PAAS ribbon fiber can be further functionalized by incorporation of various functional components, such as magnetic and photoluminescent constituents. The as-prepared flexible macroscopic HAP/PAAS ribbon fiber has potential applications in various fields such as smart wearable devices, optical devices, magnetic devices, and biomedical engineering.

Two series of chalcogenide glasses in Ge-Sb-S ternary system were synthesized with melt-quenching method. The phycochemical properties and spectral characteristic of glasses with different content of Ge and Sb were obtained with a series of measurements, and the systematic analysis on the change of optical properties was conducted in terms of microstructure of glasses combined with the Raman spectra. With constraint theory based on mean coordination number (Z), we described the variation trend of network structure directly. It was found that as long as the value of Z reaches 2.6, new vibration peaks would be formed in the Raman spectra indicating the presence of threshold behavior as well as the change of the network structure of the Ge-Sb-S glasses which could be expressed in a specific varition in the number of metal bonds and the nonmetal bonds. The appearance of new functional groups in the network have changed the total bond energy of glasses, and then affected the energy band structure of glasses representing the corresponding threshold behavior of the value of optical band gap (Eopg).

With the growing popularity of electrical communication equipment, high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are widely used to deal with radiation pollution. However, the large thickness and poor mechanical properties of many EMI shielding materials usually limit their applications. In this study, ultrathin and highly flexible Ti3C2Tx (d-Ti3C2Tx, MXene)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite paper with a nacre-like lamellar structure is fabricated via a vacuum-filtration-induced self-assembly process. By the interaction between one-dimensional (1D) CNFs and two-dimensional (2D) d-Ti3C2Tx MXene, the binary strengthening and toughening of the nacre-like d-Ti3C2Tx/CNF composite paper has been successfully achieved, leading to high tensile strength (up to 135.4 MPa) and fracture strain (up to 16.7%), as well as excellent folding endurance (up to 14 260 times). Moreover, the d-Ti3C2Tx/CNF composite paper exhibits high electrical conductivity (up to 739.4 S m–1) and excellent specifi...

Creative industry, as an emerging industry, are full of vigor and vitality. China’s economic society is in need of comprehensive development of creative industries. The attention of all sectors of society makes the domestic creative industries flourish. Creative industries have a bright prospects for development in new situation, they play an increasingly important role in design art talent cultivation.

Multienzyme cascade approaches for the synthesis of optically pure molecules from simple achiral compounds are desired. Herein, a cofactor self-sufficient cascade protocol for the asymmetric amination of racemic secondary alcohols to the corresponding chiral amines was successfully constructed by employing an alcohol dehydrogenase and a newly developed amine dehydrogenase. The compatibility and the identical cofactor dependence of the two enzymes led to an ingenious in situ cofactor recycling system in the one-pot synthesis. The artificial redox-neutral cascade process allowed the transformation of racemic secondary alcohols into enantiopure amines with considerable conversions (up to 94 %) and >99 % enantiomeric excess at the expense of only ammonia; this method thus represents a concise and efficient route for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amines.

Objective: To explore the application of molecular imprinting technique in the separation and detection of nimodipine. Methods: Methacrylic acid as functional monomer, pentaerythritol triacrylate as cross-linking agent were used to prepare molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with the feature of specific recognition performance on imprinting molecule nimodipine under condition of template molecule nimodipine. The preparation conditions, recognition performance of MIP on nimodipine, different proportions of template molecule and functional monomer, the selectivity to other substrate, and the relationship between adsorption quantity (Q) and time were observed. Results: MIP was prepared successfully bynimodipine as template and pentaerythritol triacrylate as cross-linking agent, with the feature of specific recognition performance on nimodipine. The static adsorption distribution coefficient (KD) was 0.2264. The equation of Q and the concentration of substrate of template MIP was y = -0.21x+0.2204. Combining capacity of template molecule at the same concentration enhanced with the increasing proportion of functional monomer.Conclusion: Nimodipine MIP based on molecular imprinting technique may become a new approach to chiral separation for nimodipine.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most devastating diseases without early detection, effective screening biomarkers and therapeutic treatments. In the past decades, genetic studies have indicated various genes related to this malignancy. Summary: Genetic alterations have been involved in the initiation, progression and invasion of pancreatic cancer, which might indicate promising targets for early screening, diagnosis and future intervention. Here we will review genetic changes in pancreatic cancer and analyze their correlations with several common precursors and familial syndromes. Key Message: Genetic analysis for pancreatic cancer or its precursors might help us to characterize patients into subtype individuals in the future and have significant implications for individualized treatments. Practical Implications: At present, pancreatic cancer is regarded as a disease with a wide range of genetic alterations, including germline and somatic mutations. Some genetic alterations such as KRAS, p16CDKN2A, TP53 and SMAD4 were specifically correlated with different types of histological precursors of pancreatic cancer and some familial syndromes highly related to pancreatic cancer. Moreover, genetic changes also predict drug sensitivity and implicate novel therapeutic targets.

There is continuous debate regarding the effectiveness of thymectomy in the treatment of non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis (MG). This systematic review was undertaken to determine whether thymectomy was effective in non-thymomatous MG. We retrieved articles published between January 1980 and September 2013. Sixteen cohort studies were included. Given the considerable heterogeneity, we used a descriptive method instead of statistical synthesis. The median relative rates (RRs) and their interquartile ranges were used to estimate the magnitude of benefit. Compared to conservatively treated MG patients, thymectomized patients had higher survival, clinical remission, pharmacologic remission and improvement rates, and RRs were 1.07 (1.01-1.17), 1.83 (0.82-2.99), 1.55 (1.22-1.95) and 1 (1.00-1.09), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that patients with moderate to severe generalized MG benefited more from thymectomy, with RRs of survival and pharmacologic remission increasing to 1.35 (1.24-1.49) and 2.68 (1.73-4.17), respectively. These results suggested that thymectomy might be an effective procedure in non-thymomatous MG patients. The patients with moderate to severe generalized MG might benefit more. Taking into account the poor methodological quality of present studies, more well-designed prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are still required to reach unequivocal conclusion.

Up to date, the scaled-up production and large-area applications of the superhydrophobic coatings are limited because the complicated procedures, environmentally harmful fluorinated compounds, restrictive substrates, expensive equipments and raw materials are usually involved in the fabrication process. Herein, we report the facile, low-cost and green production of the superhydrophobic coatings based on hydroxyapatite nanowire bundles (HNBs). Hydrophobic HNBs are synthesized by one-step solvothermal method using oleic acid as the structure-directing and hydrophobic agent. During the reaction process, highly hydrophobic C-H groups of oleic acid molecules can be in-situ attached to the surface of HNBs by the chelate interaction between Ca2+ ions and carboxylic groups. This facile synthesis method allows the scaled-up production of HNBs up to ~8 litres, which is the largest production scale of the superhydrophobic paint based on HNBs ever reported. In addition, we also show the design of the 100-litre reaction system. The HNBs can be coated on any substrate with an arbitrary shape by the spray coating technique. The self-cleaning ability in air and oil, high-temperature stability, and excellent mechanical durability of the as-prepared superhydrophobic coatings are demonstrated. More importantly, The HNBs are coated on the large-sized practical objects to form large-area superhydrophobic coatings.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is an effective drug for the treatment of hepatitis. In this study, 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as 7β-HSDH and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), were co-immobilized onto an epoxy-functionalized resin (ES-103) for catalyzing the synthesis of UDCA from chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Through optimizing the immobilization pH, time and the loading ratio of enzymes to resin, the specific activities of immobilized LDH-7αHSDH@ES-103 and 7βHSDH-GDH@ES-103 were 43.2 U g-1 and 25.8 U g-1, respectively, which are 12- and 516-fold higher than that under the initial immobilization conditions. Continuous production of UDCA from CDCA was subsequently achieved by using immobilized LDH-7αHSDH@ES-103 and 7βHSDH-GDH@ES-103 in two serial packed bed reactors. The yield of UDCA reached nearly 100% and lasted for at least 12 h in the packed bed reactors, which is superior to the batch-wise reaction. This efficient continuous approach developed in this study may provide a feasible route for large-scale biotransformation of CDCA into UDCA.