Search

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rosehip leaves (RL) supplementation on the production performances and egg quality of laying hens during the first stage of laying. For that, 90 Lohmann Brown Classic hens, aged 26 wk, were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments as follows: a control diet (RL0), an experimental diet containing 0.5% rosehip leaves (RL0.5), and an experimental diet containing 1% rosehip leaves (RL1). The laying hens were accommodated in an experimental hall with identical pens (3.96 m2), and controlled microclimate conditions. The dietary treatments were administered for a 6-wk experimental period (26–32 d of age). During this time, production performance of hens was recorded. To assess the impact of RL on egg weight and its components evolution, egg yolk and albumen color, and primary chemical composition of egg constituents were determined every 2 wk. The effect on egg yolk fatty acids profile was determined only at the end of the trial. The results showed that RL0.5 and RL1 dietary treatments significantly improved laying rate, feed conversion ratio and egg mass compared with RL0 group. A significant effect on egg weight and its components was observed only over time, showing that RL has no effect on these parameters. Significant changes in egg yolk coloration were observed over time, with significant increases in L*, a* and b* chromomeric parameters in both RL0.5 and RL1 compared to RL0. Significant alterations were obtained from the sum of egg yolk fatty acids. The RL1 egg yolk presented significantly higher n-3, and significantly lower n-6 fatty acids, compared with both RL0 and RL0.5. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term effects of rosehip leaf supplementation on laying hens performance and egg quality.

Microbiota in the digestive tract has become an interesting topic for researchers in recent years. The profile of chicken digestive tract microbiota and its relationship with health and production efficiency have become basic data for modulating the diversity and abundance of the digestive tract microbiota. This article reviews the techniques used to analyze the diversity, role, and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota and the mechanisms by which they are modulated. The gut microbiota plays an important role in animal production, especially during feed digestion and animal health, because it interacts with the host against pathogens. Feed modulation can be a strategy to modulate gut composition and diversity to increase production efficiency by improving growth conditions.

Nanotechnology (Nano) applications of feed additives can potentially improve feed-substrate efficiency to enhance livestock productivity. The utilization of Nano in feed in ruminants still tends to be under-explored and reviewed, particularly the application of Nano in trace minerals to enhance the reproductive performance and productivity of ruminants such as selenium. Trace minerals are essential for animal well-being and productivity, and the bioavailability of trace minerals is influenced by a complex matrix of interacting variables, including the chemical form of the min¬erals used and those found in the diet, the nature of the food ingested, the total composition of the diet, and the health and nutrition of the livestock. Nanominerals such as selenium (nano-Se) have shown impressive results when used as animal feed supplements in ruminants. Nano-Se can significantly boost wellness and immunity, gastrointestinal system function, microbiota homeo¬stasis, metabolism, and reproductive performance in ruminants. This review aims to present the current knowledge on the technology of nano-Se in ruminants, ranging from the nanomanufac¬turing procedures of nano-Se, the impact of supplementation on the ruminant digestive system, productivity, and reproductive performance in ruminants in some dosages to find the optimized dosage to be provided. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 782-795]

Escherichia coli phytase (AppA) is widely used as an exogenous enzyme in monogastric animal feed mainly because of its ability to degrade phytic acid or its salt (phytate), a natural source of phosphorus. Currently, successful recombinant production of soluble AppA has been achieved by gene overexpression using both bacterial and yeast systems. However, some methods for the biomembrane immobilization of phytases (including AppA), such as surface display on yeast cells and bacterial spores, have been investigated to avoid expensive enzyme purification processes. This study explored a homologous protein production approach for displaying AppA on the cell surface of E. coli by engineering its outer membrane (OM) for extracellular expression. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of total bacterial lysates and immunofluorescence microscopy of non-permeabilized cells revealed protein expression, whereas activity assays using whole cells or OM fractions indicated functional enzyme display, as evidenced by consistent hydrolytic rates on typical substrates (i.e., p-nitrophenyl phosphate and phytic acid). Furthermore, the in vitro results obtained using a simple method to simulate the gastrointestinal tract of poultry suggest that the whole-cell biocatalyst has potential as a feed additive. Overall, our findings support the notion that biomembrane-immobilized enzymes are reliable for the hydrolysis of poorly digestible substrates relevant to animal nutrition.

The effect of Gum Arabic (GA) on growth, carcass quality, blood parameters, gut morphometry, and organ histology of African catfish Clarias gariepinus was studied. Five isonitrogenous diets with inclusion levels of GA at 0 g/100 g (GA0; control), 5 g/100 g (GA5), 10 g/100 g (GA10), 15 g/100 g (GA15), and 20 g/100 g (GA20) were formulated in a 40% crude protein diet. Juveniles of C. gariepinus with average weight (7.35±0.48 g/fish) were stocked at 13 fish/25 L of water for 12 weeks in a completely randomized design and fed at 3% body weight daily. Growth indices showed GA10 improved the mean weight gain (69.88±8.89 g) and specific growth rate (2.76±0.14 %/day) while at (GA15); (GA20) growth was depressed. Carcass quality revealed dietary levels were superior to control with GA10 significantly different (p < 0.05) amongst treatments in protein and fat content. Hematological profile showed variations; erythrocyte indices compared to control, while plasma chemistry of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase showed no difference (p > 0.05). Gut morphometrics varied with no particular pattern. At inclusion above GA5 the gill, liver, and kidney were affected histologically with no changes in the intestines of all treatments. Diet supplemented with gum arabic at 10 g/100 g improved indices of performance of C. gariepinus juveniles in this study.

ABSTRACT: Fat in the form of cracked rapeseed and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP, market as Bovaer) were fed alone or in combination to 4 Danish Holstein multicannulated dairy cows, with the objective to investigate effects on gas exchange, dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestion, and nutrient metabolism. The study design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with 2 levels of fat supplementation; 33 g of crude fat per kg of dry matter (DM) or 64 g of crude fat per kg of DM for low and high fat diets, respectively, and 2 levels of 3-NOP; 0 mg/kg DM or 80 mg/kg DM. In total, 4 diets were formulated: low fat (LF), high fat (HF), 3-NOP and low fat (3LF), and 3-NOP and high fat (3HF). Cows were fed ad libitum and milked twice daily. The adaptation period lasted 11 d, followed by 5 d with 12 diurnal sampling times of digesta and ruminal fluid. Thereafter, gas exchange was measured for 5 d in respiration chambers. Chromic oxide and titanium dioxide were used as external flow markers to determine intestinal nutrient flow. No interactions between fat supplementation and 3-NOP were observed for methane yield (g/kg DM), total-tract digestibility of nutrients or total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in the rumen. Methane yield (g/kg DMI) was decreased by 24% when cows were fed 3-NOP. In addition, 3-NOP increased carbon dioxide and hydrogen yield (g/kg DM) by 6% and 3,500%, respectively. However, carbon dioxide production was decreased when expressed on a daily basis. Fat supplementation did not affect methane yield but tended to reduce methane in percent of gross energy intake. A decrease (11%) in DMI was observed, when cows were fed 3-NOP. Likely, the lower DMI mediated a lower passage rate causing the tendency to higher rumen and total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility, when the cows were fed 3-NOP. Total VFA concentrations in the rumen were negatively affected both by 3-NOP and fat supplementation. Furthermore, 3-NOP caused a shift in the VFA fermentation profile, with decreased acetate proportion and increased butyrate proportion, whereas propionate proportion was unaffected. Increased concentrations of the alcohols methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and 2-butanol were observed in the ruminal fluid when cows were fed 3-NOP. These changes in rumen metabolites indicate partial re-direction of hydrogen into other hydrogen sinks, when methanogenesis is inhibited by 3-NOP. In conclusion, fat supplementation did not reduce methane yield, whereas 3-NOP reduced methane yield, irrespective of fat level. However, the concentration of 3-NOP and diet composition and resulting desired mitigation effect must be considered before implementation. The observed reduction in DMI with 80 mg 3-NOP/kg DM was intriguing and may indicate that a lower dose should be applied in a Northern European context; however, the mechanism behind needs further investigation.

The research aim to determine Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb encapsulated as a feed additive and its implementation on broiler production performance. The method used was a field experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of 6 treatments and 4 replicates, namely; (P0-) negative control (commercial feed), (P1+) positive control (antibiotic 0.1%), P2 (C. xanthorrhiza encapsulation 0.25%), P3 (C. xanthorrhiza encapsulation 0.50%), P4 (C. xanthorrhiza encapsulation 0.75%) and P5 (C. xanthorrhiza encapsulation 1%). The results showed that the addition of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) encapsulation in broiler feed can have a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on IOFC, a significant effect (P < 0.05) on body weight, feed conversion, and gives no significant effect (P>0.05) on feed consumption and carcass percentage. The use of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) encapsulation at the level of 0.50% in broiler feed, numerically showed positive results on feed consumption, body weight gain, carcass percentage, IOFC and feed conversion. In conclusion, the addition of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) encapsulated at the level of 0.50% in broiler feed is recommended as a feed additive to replace antibiotics because it tends to increase broiler production performance

Objectives: This research aimed to determine the optimum type of solvent and extraction time to produce secondary metabolites (phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidants) from mangosteen leaves (Garcinia mangostana L.) as feed additive candidates for poultry. Materials and Methods: This research used a completely randomized design with a 2 × 5 factorial design with three replications. Factor A used two types of distilled water as a solvent (ordinary distilled water and distilled water heated at 100°C), while Factor B encompassed various extraction times (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min). The parameters assessed included total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), and overall antioxidant activity. Results: The TPC, TFC, TTC, and total antioxidant activity all showed a highly significant interaction (p < 0.01) with the type of solvent and extraction duration. Conclusion: The best solvent and time for mangosteen leaf extract to produce secondary metabolites, which can be candidates for feed additives in poultry, is ordinary distilled water for 45 min. In this research, the phenol content was 81.03%, flavonoids 11.07%, tannins 1.01%, and antioxidants 77.61%. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 139-145]

The global trend towards raising broiler chickens without the use of in-feed antibiotics (IFAs) means that there is an ongoing need to develop alternative treatments capable of delivering the benefits that IFAs previously provided. IFAs supported the productivity performance of chickens and played a key role in maintaining their health. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important disease of broilers that affects health, productivity, and welfare, and was previously well controlled by IFAs. However, with the reduction in IFA use, NE is resurgent in some countries. Vaccines and various feed additives, including pre-, pro-, and postbiotics, phytobiotics, fatty acids, and phage therapies have been introduced as alternative methods of NE control. While some of these feed additives have specific activity against the NE pathogen, Clostridium perfringens, most have the more general goal of reinforcing gut health. Extensive reviews of the effects of many of these feed additives on gut health have been published recently. Hence, rather than cover previously well reviewed areas of research this review focuses on the challenges and pitfalls in undertaking experimental assessment of alternative NE treatments and translating laboratory research to real world commercial production settings. The review is based on the author's particular experience, reading, thoughts, and analysis of the available information and inevitably presents a particular understanding that is likely to be at odds with others thinking on these issues. It is put forward to stimulate thinking and discussion on the issues covered.

ABSTRACT: Live vaccines containing Eimeria oocysts are commercially available to protect against avian coccidiosis. Additionally, probiotics (PRO) and prebiotics (PRE) improve the poultry productivity and health and can be used as anticoccidial substitutes. However, the impact of PRO and PRE on reproductive potential, lesion score, intestinal health, and immunization outcomes of the live coccidia vaccines has not received adequate attention. Five groups of unsexed 1-day-old broiler chicks were used as follows: negative control (NC); challenged control (CC); vaccinated and challenged (VC); vaccinated, PRO-treated, and challenged (V-PRO); and vaccinated, PRE-treated, and challenged (V-PRE). At 21 d post-vaccination (pv), the vaccine increased the count of cecal anaerobes (P ≤ 0.05) and coliforms (P > 0.05) as well as harmed body weight gain (WG) (P ≤ 0.05), cecal lactic acid bacteria (P ≤ 0.05), and plasma carotenoid level (P > 0.05). None of the additives decreased oocyst shedding after vaccination, although they lowered the middle intestine and cecal lesion scores (P > 0.05). Compared to VC (2.68 ± 0.12) and V-PRE (2.66 ± 0.05), the V-PRO group showed an improved carotenoid level pv (2.96 ± 0.05) (P ≤ 0.05). V-PRE exhibited higher WG (822.95 ± 18.25) (P > 0.05) and FI (1153.01 ± 10.02) (P ≤ 0.05) than VC (781.86 ± 25.16 and 1109.85 ± 33.68) and V-PRO pv (787.61 ± 19.92 and 1077.43 ± 15.99). Following the homologous coccidia challenge, coccidia-vaccinated broilers adminstered the PRO or PRE continued to exhibit protection levels comparable to those received the vaccine alone. During 2 weeks post-challenge, VC, V-PRO and V-PRE improved bird performance and reduced oocyst shedding and lesion scores compared to CC. Ultimately, PRO and PRE treatments did not significantly reverse the reduction in growth performance in broiler chickens vaccinated against coccidia during the 1st three weeks of age.

SUMMARY: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pure benzoic acid (PBA) or enteric-released benzoic acid (EBA) on performance, intestinal histology, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), cecal coliform and enterococci abundance, and litter moisture of broilers raised on used litter. Day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to control (Con), nontreated diet; positive control (BMD), Con + 50 ppm bacitracin methylene disalicylate; PBA, Con +1,000 ppm of PBA; EBA, Con +330 ppm of EBA. From 0 to 28 and 0 to 42 d, BMD outperformed the Con in either BW gain (BWG) or mortality corrected FCR (FCRm) (P ≤ 0.05). Over 0 to 28 d, EBA and PBA improved BWG and FCRm compared to the Con (P ≤ 0.05). When the entire 0 to 42 d period was considered, EBA improved both BWG and FCRm in comparison to Con (P ≤ 0.05). Supplementation with EBA and PBA resulted in inconsistent responses in duodenum and jejunum morphology; specifically, PBA decreased 28 d duodenal crypt depth and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio, while EBA decreased 28 d jejunum crypt depth (P ≤ 0.05). There were no differences in AID or cecal coliform counts (P > 0.05) due to treatment. However, PBA significantly reduced enterococcus counts at 42 d by 0.48 Log10 CFU/g compared to CON. These results suggest that EBA can increase BWG and decrease FCRm, while PBA performance was similar to CON. Additionally, benzoic acid decreased crypt depth, with the response being tissue-specific depending on the form of benzoic used.

SUMMARY: An experiment was conducted to verify the effectiveness of butyrate (BA) in diets of broiler chickens raised without antibiotics and exposed to used litter. Dietary treatments included: negative control (NC), a nonsupplemented diet on fresh shavings; positive control (PC), the same nonsupplemented diet on used litter; 500 BA, similar diet with 500 ppm BA on used litter; 1,000 BA, similar diet with 1,000 ppm BA on used litter; 500/250 BA, similar diet with 500 ppm BA from 0 to 8 d and 250 ppm BA from 8 to 42 d on used litter; 1,000/250 BA, similar diet with 1,000 ppm BA from 0 to 8 d and 250 ppm BA from 8 to 42 d on used litter. From 0 to 8 d, the PC resulted in a 6.8 g decrease in BW gain (BWG) compared to NC, but this response was lost from 0 to 25 d or 0 to 42 d. There were no differences in mortality corrected, FCR (FCRm) between PC and NC. All BA treatments increased BWG in comparison to PC from 0 to 8 d, with no differences from NC. Butyrate improved 0 to 8 d FCRm compared to both PC and NC (P ≤ 0.05), but these responses were lost over time (P > 0.05). Butyrate increased apparent ileal digestibility of energy and DM (P > 0.05). Butyrate had no effect on oocyst shedding compared to PC (P > 0.05). Butyrate was able to ameliorate the negative performance effects with reused litter over the 8-d starter period and was able to increase ileal digestibility of energy and DM.

Context: Adding organic and inorganic acids to the drinking water is a potential alternative to improve production results in nursery piglets, and a strategy for reducing the use of antimicrobials. Aims: To assess the effects of adding a blend of organic and inorganic acids to drinking water on the oxireduction potential (ORP) of water, and growth performance, biochemical, antioxidant and blood gas profiles, intestinal morphometry, biometry of organs, and intestinal microbiome of nursery piglets. Methods: Experiment involved 1080 female piglets assessed over 30 days (Landrace × Large White, weaned at 26 days of age, weighing 6.8 ± 0.29 kg), randomly assigned to the following three treatments: (1) piglets received drinking water of natural pH of 7.39 (pH7.39), (2) piglets received drinking water of pH of 5.31 (pH5.31), and (3) piglets received drinking water of pH of 3.40 (pH3.40), with eight replicates and 45 piglets/stall. Piglets had ad libitum access to diet and water throughout the experiment, and received different diets in each phase. Key results: Receiving drinking water of pH3.40 promoted a higher ORP, and a lower total water consumption was observed in Starter II piglets with pH5.31. There was no treatment effect on the performance, but mortality was lower in starter piglets in the pH3.40 treatment. Animals in the pH3.40 treatment had lower blood alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, differing from the result obtained for total cholesterol concentrations. Animals in the pH3.40 treatment showed a lower concentration of total protein than did piglets in the pH7.39 treatment. Piglets in the pH3.40 treatment had higher weights of empty stomach, spleen, and liver with gallbladder than did those in the pH7.39 treatment. Animals in the pH3.40 treatment showed a lower relative abundance of the Escherichia–Shigella genus and bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family than did those in the pH5.31 treatment. Conclusions: Acidification of drinking water to pH3.40 for nursery piglets can be used to partially increase the ORP of the water, and promote a greater weight of organs with metabolic and immune functions, while decreasing mortality. In addition, acidification of drinking water does not compromise performance or intestinal histology, but improves the profile of the intestinal microbiome in piglets. Implications: This research has provided new information on the effects of acidifiers in the drinking water for nursery piglets and has shown their potential use for bolstering general health. Post-weaning period causes drastic changes in piglets. Therefore, there is a need to investigate strategies to improve the general health of the animals. The administration of a blend of acidifiers to reduce the pH of the piglets' drinking water has shown interesting results, but still needs further investigation. Our results showed a reduction in mortality and an improvement in beneficial bacteria, which is reflected in animal welfare. These findings have provided information on farm conditions and scientific issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiota in the digestive tract has become an interesting topic for researchers in recent years. The profile of chicken digestive tract microbiota and its relationship with health and production efficiency have become basic data for modulating the diversity and abundance of the digestive tract microbiota. This article reviews the techniques used to analyze the diversity, role, and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota and the mechanisms by which they are modulated. The gut microbiota plays an important role in animal production, especially during feed digestion and animal health, because it interacts with the host against pathogens. Feed modulation can be a strategy to modulate gut composition and diversity to increase production efficiency by improving growth conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for the renewal of the authorisation of l‐cystine as nutritional feed additive. The additive is authorised for use in all animal species (3c391). The applicant has provided evidence that the additive currently in the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed concluded that the use of the feed additive in animal nutrition remains safe for the target species, the consumers and the environment. As regards the safety for the user, l‐cystine is not an irritant to skin or eyes and is not a skin sensitiser. Exposure by inhalation of persons handling the additive cannot be excluded. The present application for the renewal of the authorisation does not include any modification proposal that would have an impact on the efficacy of the additive and therefore there is no need for reassessing the efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Selenium and iodine are two microelements necessary for a normal thyroid hormone metabolism, and their deficiency in human diets can result in a significant health problem. Milk is a good vehicle for mineral enrichment and an available food for the general population. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the combined dietary intake of iodine and two chemical forms of selenium in dairy cows, at the maximum levels permitted in the European Union, in order to obtain milk, cheese, and yogurt naturally enriched in these microminerals. As a result, animal performance and the overall health status of cows were not negatively affected by the diets. However, selenium and iodine were successfully transferred to milk, increasing the level of both minerals in cheese and increasing the iodine level in yogurt, without harming the quality or acceptance. Therefore, the value-added products obtained could contribute in a realistic way to improve the current supply in the market to enhance the intake of selenium and iodine in the human population. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation in dairy cows with two Se forms (organic and inorganic) and I at the maximum levels permitted in the European Union, with the aim to obtain naturally enriched milk and derived products. A total of 20 Holstein Friesian cows in lactation were fed 2 diets for 64 days: a control diet with a supply of 0.57 mg of inorganic Se and 0.57 mg of I per kg of ration in dry matter (DM), and an experimental diet (SeI) with a supply of 0.34 mg of inorganic Se, 0.23 mg of organic Se, and 5.68 mg of I per kg of ration in DM. The SeI diet did not modify the performance or, in general, the metabolic profile of cows. Se and I levels in milk were affected by diet type and time of measurement (p < 0.01). Thus, a marked increase of both microminerals was evident between the beginning and the end of the test, when the SeI diet was administered. For Se, this increase ranged from 1.95 to 3.29 μg/100 g of milk; and for I, from 19.69 to 110.06 μg/100 g of milk. The SeI diet increased (p < 0.01) the Se and I content in the cheese, reaching levels of 16.4 μg/100 g for Se and 269.7 μg/100 g for I. An increase in I was observed in yogurt from the SeI diet (p < 0.001). The supplementation of two forms of Se and I in the cows' ration, at the levels evaluated, produced milk and dairy products enriched in these microelements without altering their quality parameters. However, a responsible intake of these products is necessary to avoid risks of deficiencies or excesses that could negatively affect the health of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytases, which perform the stepwise hydrolysis of phytic acid to myo-inositol and inorganic phosphate, are used worldwide to reduce phosphorus pollution and improve nutrition in monogastric animals and humans. Yeasts isolated from their natural environments represent rich and still underexplored sources of industrially valuable enzymes, including phytases; therefore, they are widely studied for the production of these enzymes. In this regard, thirteen yeast pure cultures were isolated from the microbial consortium of four types of sourdough obtained during the natural fermentation of different grain-based flours. Ten of the newly isolated yeast strains were selected as potential phytase producers based on their growth in liquid culture media with sodium phytate as the sole source of phosphorus. Using 18S rDNA and D1/D2 26S rDNA analyses, the species affiliation of the selected isolates was established. They referred to seven yeast species from 3 families, with the most significant representation of the family Saccharomycetaceae. Intracellular phytate-degrading activity was found in 8 isolates, the highest being in Nakaseomyces glabratus strain 7-4. The highest level of extracellular phytase was measured in Pichia membranifaciens strain 5-2. Both isolates showed significant antioxidant capacity higher than those of ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rearing of calves is an essential activity of a dairy system, as it impacts the future production of these animals. This study aims to evaluate the incidence of diarrhea, performance, and blood parameters of suckling calves that received mineral-vitamin supplementation in milk plus virginiamycin that was offered in milk (via the abomasum) or by esophageal tube (via the rumen). Twenty-seven calves were used, from the first week to 60 days of age, submitted to the following treatments: CONTROL, without supplementation; MILK, supplementation of 20 g of a mineral-vitamin complex with 100 mg of virginiamycin, diluted in milk; RUMEN, supplementation of 20 g of a mineral-vitamin complex diluted in milk and 100 mg of virginiamycin in gelatin capsules via an esophageal applicator. MILK and RUMEN calves had lower fecal consistency scoring, fewer days with scores 2 and 3 throughout the experimental period, and lower spending on medication compared to the CONTROL animals. Supplemented calves had higher fat and protein intake and reached feed intake of 600 g earlier than CONTROL animals, but did not differ in performance and hematological parameters. Supplementation with virginiamycin and vitamin-mineral complex for suckling calves reduced the incidence and days of diarrhea, and reduced medication costs, with no difference in performance, but the supplemented animals had higher initial protein and fat intake and reached targeted feed intake earlier to begin the weaning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burgeoning population of Indonesia has led to a heightened demand for animal protein, particularly within the broiler industry. However, the commercial broiler feed tends to be costly due to its reliance on imported ingredients. Therefore, the potential utilization of Nile tilapia gills as an additional protein source for broiler feed has been explored in this study. The primary objective was to investigate how tilapia gill powder affects the histological structure of the small intestine, pectoralis muscle, and overall growth performance of broilers. For the study, a total of 200 dayold male Cobb-500 broiler chicks were utilized, employing a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications. Each replication consisted of 8-day-old chicks. Tilapia gill powder was incorporated into the basal feed at varying concentrations: Control (basal feed), tilapia gill powder 1 (0.25% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed), tilapia gill powder 2 (0.5% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed), tilapia gill powder 3 (1% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed), and tilapia gill powder 4 (2% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed). Comprehensive histological analysis and growth performance assessments were carried out. The outcomes revealed that the tilapia gill powder 4 group, administered at an optimal concentration of 2% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed, exhibited significant enhancements in small intestine morphology, pectoralis muscle structure, and overall chicken growth performance when compared to the control group. The supplementation of tilapia gill powder at this optimal concentration (2% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed) showcased a favorable impact on broiler performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety and efficacy of probiotic Bacillus subtilis to raising animals in the livestock and poultry have been widely evaluated. Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) is a well-known economic rearing insect, and its artificial diet rearing is gaining interest. However, the effects of probiotic B. subtilis as feed additive on silkworms fed with an artificial diet remain unknown. In this study, we adopted multiple biological approaches (enzyme activity assay, quantitative PCR, transcriptome sequencing, and LC-MS) to explore the beneficial effects of B. subtilis SWL−19 on silkworm physiology. Results showed that the body weights of the silkworms significantly increased (P < 0.05) after feeding with SWL−19 strain. B. subtilis SWL−19 evidently enhanced the antioxidant property in the silkworms, and the gene expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (attacin, lysozyme, and cecropins) were affected by the SWL−19 strain. Moreover, the levels of riboflavin, nicotinamide, pyridoxine, and pyridoxal in the hemolymph of the silkworms remarkably increased after SWL−19 strain feeding. The results of transcriptomic analysis indicated that the response of intestinal tissues to B. subtilis SWL−19 focused mainly on the categories of external biotic stimulus, interspecies interaction between organisms, immune system process, and stress response. In conclusion, probiotic B. subtilis SWL−19 substantially enhanced the body weight and antioxidant property of silkworm and simultaneously regulated the intestinal immunity and promoted the metabolism of B vitamins. The present study provides a theoretical reference for the application of probiotic B. subtilis SWL−19 to improve silkworm physiology under artificial diet rearing condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a critical endocrine condition in horses, characterized by hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance, posing a significant threat to their health. This study investigates the efficacy of supplementing EMS-affected horses with Arthrospira platensis enriched with Cr (III), Mg(II), and Mn(II) ions using biosorption process in improving insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, reducing inflammation, and mitigating obesity-related fat accumulation. Our results demonstrate that Arthrospira supplementation reduces baseline insulin and glucose levels, contributing to decreased adipose tissue inflammation. Furthermore, Arthrospira supplementation results in a decrease in body weight and improvements in overall body condition scores and cresty neck scores. Additionally, administration of Arthrospira leads to reduced levels of triglycerides and aspartate aminotransferase, indicating a decrease in hepatic adiposity and inflammation. These findings suggest that Arthrospira, enriched with essential micro- and macroelements, can be an advanced feed additive to enhance insulin sensitivity, promote weight reduction, and alleviate inflammatory processes, thereby improving the overall condition of horses affected by EMS. The use of Arthrospira as a feed additive has the potential to complement conventional management strategies for EMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aquaculture is predicted to play a crucial role in providing nutritional and healthy food for people worldwide. Under the Blue Transformation concept, aquaculture should be sustainable and resilient, minimize environmental impacts, and improve biosecurity and disease control. The use of essential oils and extracts of various species of edible and medicinal plants, herbs, and spices is considered promising as options for aqua feed additives, paving a sustainable route of fish protection using safe, eco-friendly compounds in a more cost-effective way for treatment compared to antibiotics currently used. Our aim was the evaluation of the impact of Artemisia arborescens dietary supplementation on growth performance, biochemical and oxidative stress, and immunological parameters on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Our findings suggested that the use of A. arborescens as a feed supplement has a compromised positive effect on the above-mentioned parameters of gilthead seabream; therefore, plant-origin feed additives should be used in fish species with caution. Fish infectious diseases are one of the main constraints of the aquaculture sector. The use of medicinal plants provides a sustainable way of protection using safe, eco-friendly compounds in a more cost-effective way of treatment, compared to antibiotics. The aim of the present study is the assessment of Artemisia arborescens (AA) feed-supplementation effects on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish with an average initial body weight of 109.43 ± 3.81 g, were divided into two groups based on AA feed composition (A25 and A50). Following two months of ad libitum feeding, the effect of diets on fish weight and length were measured. Fish serum and mucus were analyzed for non-specific immune parameters (nitric oxide, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, protease-/anti-protease activity, and complement), antibody responses, oxidative stress (cytochrome P450 1A1, metallothionein), and metabolism markers (total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and glucose). Expression levels of antioxidants (sod1, gpx1), cytokines (il-1b, il-10, tfgb1, and tnfa), hepcidin, and heat shock protein grp75 genes were measured in spleen samples. A results analysis indicated that A. arborescens use as a feed supplement has a compromised positive effect on the growth performance, immune response, and blood parameters of gilthead seabream. Overall, the suitability of A. arborescens as an efficient food supplement for gilthead seabream health improvement was investigated, setting the basis for its application assessment in Mediterranean aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powered by consumer taste, value, and preferences, natural products including phytogenics and algae are increasingly and separately used in the food systems where they have been reported to improve growth performance in poultry and livestock. The present study aimed to determine the effects of a new feed additive, microencapsulated NUQO© NEX, which contains a combination of phytogenic and phycogenic, on broiler growth performance, blood chemistry, bone health, meat quality and sensory profile. Male Cobb500 chicks (n = 1,197) were fed a 3-phase feeding intervals; 1-14d starter, 15-28d grower, and 29-40d finisher. The dietary treatments included a corn-soy basal Control (CON), basal diet supplemented with NUQO© NEX at 100 g/ton from 1 to 28d then 75 g/ton from d 28 to 40 (NEX75), and basal diet supplemented with NUQO© NEX at 100 g/ton from 1 to 40d (NEX100). The NEX100 supplemented birds had 62 g more BWG increase and 2.1-point improvement in FCR compared with CON in the finisher and overall growth phase (p < 0.05), respectively. Day 40 processing body weights and carcass weights were heavier for the NEX100 supplemented birds (p < 0.05). The incidences of muscle myopathies were also higher in NEX treatments, which could be associated with the heavier weights, but the differences were not detected to be significant. The NEX75 breast filets had more yellowness than other dietary treatments (p = 0.003) and the NEX 100 treatment reduced the levels of breast filet TBARS at 7 days-post harvest (p = 0.053). Finally, both NEX treatments reduced the incidence of severe bone (tibia and femur) lesions. In conclusion, the supplementation of the phytogenic NUQO© NEX improved finisher performance parameters, whole phase FCR, processing carcass weights, and breast filet yellowness, at varying inclusion levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed additives such as monensin (MON) and virginiamycin (VM) are commonly utilized in feedlot diets to enhance rumen fermentation. Nevertheless, the precise effects of combining MON and VM during specific feedlot periods and the advantages of this combination remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of withdrawal of MON when associated with VM during the adaptation and finishing periods on ruminal metabolism, feeding behavior, and nutrient digestibility in Nellore cattle. The experimental design was a 5 × 5 Latin square, where each period lasted 28 days. Five rumen-cannulated Nellore yearling bulls were used (414,86 ± 21,71 kg of body weight), which were assigned to five treatments: (1) MON during the entire feeding period; (2) VM during the entire feeding period; (3) MON + VM during the adaptation period and only VM during the finishing period 1 and 2; (4) MON + VM during the entire feeding period; (5) MON + VM during the adaptation and finishing period 1 and only VM during the finishing period 2. For the finishing period 1, animals fed T3 had improved potential degradability of dry matter (p = 0.02). Cattle fed T3 and T5 had the highest crude protein degradability when compared to animals receiving T2 (p = 0.01). Animals fed T2 and T3 had reduced the time (p < 0.01) and area under pH 6.2 (p = 0.02). Moreover, animals fed T4 had greater population of protozoa from the genus Diplodinium (p = 0.04) when compared to those from animals fed T2, T3 and T5. For the finishing period 2, animals fed T3 had greater starch degradability when compared to animals receiving T4 and T5 (p = 0.04). Animals fed T3, T4 and T5 had increased the duration of time in which pH was below 5.6 (p = 0.03). The area under the curve for ruminal pH 5.2 and pH 5.6 was higher for the animals fed T3 (p = 0.01), and the area under pH 6.2 was higher for the animals fed T3 and T5 (p < 0.01) when compared to animals receiving T2. There is no substantial improvement on the rumen fermentation parameters by the concurrent utilization of MON and VM molecules, where the higher starch and protein degradability did not improve the rumen fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the efficacies of exogenous enzymes, derived from invertebrate gut-associated microbes, as feed additives, in reducing volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions using an in vitro pig intestine continuous fermentation system. An in vitro continuous fermentation model was used to simulate a comparable bionic digestion system by co-reacting feed, enzymatic additives (arazyme, mannanase, and xylanase, derived from the gut bacteria of Nephila clavata, Eisenia fetida, and Moechotypa diphysis, respectively), and gastrointestinal microbes, followed by an analysis of their correlations. A significant correlation was observed between exogenous enzyme supplementation and reduced VOC emissions in the fecal phase of continuous fermentation (p < 0.05). The concentration of VOCs decreased by 3.75 and 2.75 ppm in the treatment group following arazyme and multi-enzyme supplementation, respectively, compared to that in the control group (7.83 ppm). In addition, supplementation with arazyme and multiple enzymes significantly affected the microbial composition of each fermentation phase (p < 0.05). In particular, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus, which changed in abundance according to arazyme or multi-enzyme supplementation, exhibited a positive relationship with VOC emissions. These results suggest that exogenous enzymes derived from invertebrate gut-associated bacteria can be efficiently applied as feed additives, leading to a reduction in VOC emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a prebiotic and it can be used as a substitute for antibiotics in the breeding industry. However, the ability of FOS as an antibiotic alternative to protect fish against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of FOS on the liver of fish infected with A. hydrophila by metabolomics. Three groups were set up including control group (G1), A. hydrophila group (G2), and A. hydrophila+FOS group (G3) in the experiment. LC-MS-based metabolomic method was used to study the changes of metabolites in the liver of Megalobrama amblycephala (M. amblycephala), and to identify different metabolites and related metabolic pathways. Metabolomic analysis indicated that fish infected with A. hydrophila caused alterations of metabolic profiles in liver. Specifically the A. hydrophila causes a significant reduction in lipid metabolism, led to oxidative stress, and energy expenditure. The specific metabolic pathways include taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, purine metabolism, and FoxO signaling pathway. The addition of FOS to the diet reversed the liver metabolic abnormalities caused by A. hydrophila. The expression of related metabolites acetyl phosphate, d-glyceric acid, 2′-deoxyinosine 5′-monophosphate, and adenosine 5′-monophosphate were significantly reversed by dietary FOS compared with A. hydrophila infection. These differential metabolites were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, inflammation. In conclusion, dietary FOS significantly improved liver metabolic abnormalities caused by A. hydrophila, our study provide new evidence supporting that FOS can be used to remit the abnormal metabolism of liver caused by A. hydrophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fat in the form of cracked rapeseed and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP, market as Bovaer) were fed alone or in combination to 4 Danish Holstein multicannulated dairy cows, with the objective to investigate effects on gas exchange, dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestion, and nutrient metabolism. The study design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with 2 levels of fat supplementation; 33 g of crude fat per kg of dry matter (DM) or 64 g of crude fat per kg of DM for low and high fat diets, respectively, and 2 levels of 3-NOP; 0 mg/kg DM or 80 mg/kg DM. In total, 4 diets were formulated: low fat (LF), high fat (HF), 3-NOP and low fat (3LF), and 3-NOP and high fat (3HF). Cows were fed ad libitum and milked twice daily. The adaptation period lasted 11 d, followed by 5 d with 12 diurnal sampling times of digesta and ruminal fluid. Thereafter, gas exchange was measured for 5 d in respiration chambers. Chromic oxide and titanium dioxide were used as external flow markers to determine intestinal nutrient flow. No interactions between fat supplementation and 3-NOP were observed for methane yield (g/kg DM), total-tract digestibility of nutrients or total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in the rumen. Methane yield (g/kg DMI) was decreased by 24% when cows were fed 3-NOP. In addition, 3-NOP increased carbon dioxide and hydrogen yield (g/kg DM) by 6% and 3,500%, respectively. However, carbon dioxide production was decreased when expressed on a daily basis. Fat supplementation did not affect methane yield but tended to reduce methane in percent of gross energy intake. A decrease (11%) in DMI was observed, when cows were fed 3-NOP. Likely, the lower DMI mediated a lower passage rate causing the tendency to higher rumen and total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility, when the cows were fed 3-NOP. Total VFA concentrations in the rumen were negatively affected both by 3-NOP and fat supplementation. Furthermore, 3-NOP caused a shift in the VFA fermentation profile, with decreased acetate proportion and increased butyrate proportion, whereas propionate proportion was unaffected. Increased concentrations of the alcohols methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and 2-butanol were observed in the ruminal fluid when cows were fed 3-NOP. These changes in rumen metabolites indicate partial re-direction of hydrogen into other hydrogen sinks, when methanogenesis is inhibited by 3-NOP. In conclusion, fat supplementation did not reduce methane yield, whereas 3-NOP reduced methane yield, irrespective of fat level. However, the concentration of 3-NOP and diet composition and resulting desired mitigation effect must be considered before implementation. The observed reduction in DMI with 80 mg 3-NOP/kg DM was intriguing and may indicate that a lower dose should be applied in a Northern European context; however, the mechanism behind needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of the selenised yeast (inactivated) Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCTCC M 2022402 (Plexomin® Se 3000, available in two forms: 'granules' and 'micro') as a nutritional feed additive for all animal species. Based on a tolerance–efficacy trial, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is safe for chickens for fattening at proposed conditions of use and this conclusion can be extrapolated to all animal species. In the absence of deposition data in all animal species and products, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the consumer. Plexomin® Se 3000 (granules) is dust‐free; therefore, the exposure through inhalation is unlikely. Plexomin® Se 3000 (micro) presents a risk by inhalation. Both forms of the additive (granules and micro) are considered as respiratory sensitisers. Due to the lack of data, no conclusions can be drawn on the dermal and eye irritation potential of Plexomin® Se 3000 (granules). Plexomin® Se 3000 (micro) is not irritant to the skin and the eyes. No conclusions can be drawn on the potential of both forms of the additive to be dermal sensitisers. The use of the additive in animal nutrition is considered safe for the environment. The additive is an efficacious source of selenium in feedingstuffs for all animal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin extract in simple and complex diets for weaned piglets on performance, faecal consistency and serum haptoglobin concentrations. Eighty-eight female and castrated male piglets were used, weaned at 28 ± 3 days old, with an initial body weight of 8.02 ± 1.21 kg, housed in same-sex pairs and distributed in four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design. The experimental treatments were simple diet (SD), simple diet + tannin (SD+T), complex diet (CD) and complex diet + tannin (CD+T). The simple diets contained lower concentrations of dairy ingredients, inclusion of barley and no addition of zinc oxide, palatant, acidifier and yeast. The diets with tannin were supplemented with 1,850 mg kg-1 of black wattle condensed tannin extract. The feed programme consisted of three diets: Pre-starter I (0–7 days), Pre-starter II (8–21 days) and Starter (22–28 days). Feed and water were available ad libitum. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate the average daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The faecal consistency score was measured daily to calculate the diarrhoea occurrence percentage. Blood samples for serum haptoglobin concentration were collected at 7 and 14 days after weaning. The addition of condensed tannin had no effect (P > 0.05) on evaluated performance variables for weaned piglets. The diet type also did not affect the piglets’ performance (P > 0.05). The inclusion of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin does not affect piglet performance, reduces the incidence of diarrhoea in the first week after weaning and decreases the haptoglobin inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined effect of Aloe vera gel (AVG) administered through drinking water and dietary red grape pomace powder (RGP) on growth performance, physiological traits, welfare indicators, and meat quality in densely stocked broilers was evaluated. A total of 750, two-week-old male Ross 308 broilers (317.7 ± 10.12 g live weight) were randomly assigned to 25 cages, with each cage as an experimental unit. The broilers were stocked at a density of 30 birds per cage with a floor space of 1.32 m2. Dietary treatments were a standard grower or finisher diet (CON); CON containing 30 g RGP /kg diet plus either 1 (GPA1), 2 (GPA2), 3 (GPA3), or 4% (GPA4) AVG in drinking water. Treatment GPA1 promoted higher (P < 0.05) overall weight gain and overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) than CON. Positive quadratic effects (P < 0.05) were noted for mean corpuscular hemoglobin, basophils, 24-hour breast meat yellowness, chroma, and hue angle. The GPA2 group had the lowest (P < 0.05) gait score while the CON group had the highest score. Concurrent supplementation with a 30 g RGP /kg diet plus 1% AVG in drinking water enhanced weight gain, FCR, and finisher weight of densely stocked broilers. However, AVG doses beyond 1% did not enhance performance and physiological traits in densely stocked broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CH) shows great potential as an immunostimulatory feed additive in aquaculture. This study evaluates the effects of varying dietary CH levels on the growth, immunity, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in a biofloc system. Tilapia fingerlings (mean weight 13.54 ± 0.05 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0 (CH0), 5 (CH5), 10 (CH10), 20 (CH20), and 40 (CH40) mL·kg−1 of CH for 8 weeks. Parameters were assessed after 4 and 8 weeks. Their final weight was not affected by CH supplementation, but CH at 10 mL·kg−1 significantly improved weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to the control (p < 0.05) at 8 weeks. Skin mucus lysozyme and peroxidase activities were lower in the chitosan-treated groups at weeks 4 and 8. Intestinal villi length and width were enhanced by 10 and 20 mL·kg−1 CH compared to the control. However, 40 mL·kg−1 CH caused detrimental impacts on the villi and muscular layer. CH supplementation, especially 5–10 mL·kg−1, increased liver and intestinal expressions of interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), LPS-binding protein (LBP), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST-α) compared to the control group. Overall, dietary CH at 10 mL·kg−1 can effectively promote growth, intestinal morphology, innate immunity, and antioxidant capacity in Nile tilapia fingerlings reared in biofloc systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Gum Arabic (GA) on growth, carcass quality, blood parameters, gut morphometry, and organ histology of African catfish Clarias gariepinus was studied. Five isonitrogenous diets with inclusion levels of GA at 0 g/100 g (GA0; control), 5 g/100 g (GA5), 10 g/100 g (GA10), 15 g/100 g (GA15), and 20 g/100 g (GA20) were formulated in a 40% crude protein diet. Juveniles of C. gariepinus with average weight (7.35±0.48 g/fish) were stocked at 13 fish/25 L of water for 12 weeks in a completely randomized design and fed at 3% body weight daily. Growth indices showed GA10 improved the mean weight gain (69.88±8.89 g) and specific growth rate (2.76±0.14 %/day) while at (GA15); (GA20) growth was depressed. Carcass quality revealed dietary levels were superior to control with GA10 significantly different (p < 0.05) amongst treatments in protein and fat content. Hematological profile showed variations; erythrocyte indices compared to control, while plasma chemistry of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase showed no difference (p > 0.05). Gut morphometrics varied with no particular pattern. At inclusion above GA5 the gill, liver, and kidney were affected histologically with no changes in the intestines of all treatments. Diet supplemented with gum arabic at 10 g/100 g improved indices of performance of C. gariepinus juveniles in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-fat diets (HFDs) enhance fish growth by optimizing nutrient utilization (i.e., protein-sparing effect); however, their potential negative effects have also encouraged the search for feed additives. This work has investigated the effects of an extract rich in a polyphenolic antioxidant, hydroxytyrosol (HT), supplemented (0.52 g HT/kg feed) in a HFD (24% lipid) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Fish received the diet at two ration levels, standard (3% of total fish weight) or restricted (40% reduction) for 8 weeks. Animals fed the supplemented diet at a standard ration had the lowest levels of plasma free fatty acids (4.28 ± 0.23 mg/dL versus 6.42 ± 0.47 in the non-supplemented group) and downregulated hepatic mRNA levels of lipid metabolism markers (ppara, pparb, lpl, fatp1, fabp1, acox1, lipe and lipa), supporting potential fat-lowering properties of this compound in the liver. Moreover, the same animals showed increased muscle lipid content and peroxidation (1.58- and 1.22-fold, respectively, compared to the fish without HT), suggesting the modulation of body adiposity distribution and an enhanced lipid oxidation rate in that tissue. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering this phytocompound as an optimal additive in HFDs for gilthead sea bream to improve overall fish health and condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Feeding technologies, such as probiotics, are widely used in the animal industry for purposes beyond nutritional needs. Probiotic bacteria have been shown to have multiple effects on sow physiology during gestation and lactation, making them a subject of great interest when it comes to animal behavior and welfare. In this study, the use of probiotics mitigated the apathetic state of gestating sows housed in individual cages, in addition to reducing fear and aversion towards humans during interaction tests. The influence was also observed in the progeny, as piglets from sows supplemented with probiotics were less resistant in fear assessments, which may indicate lower stress levels. The findings indicate that the use of probiotics during gestation and lactation can be used as a tool in enhancing animal welfare. The intensification of production systems has resulted in detrimental effects on sow welfare, which can have an adverse influence on their offspring. Considering the relevance of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, probiotics can mitigate such impacts. To investigate the effects of the dietary inclusion of probiotics on the welfare of sows and piglets, 147 multiparous sows were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group or a group supplemented with a multistrain probiotic from the beginning of pregnancy to the end of lactation. The human–animal relationship (HAR), stereotypic behavior, position changes, salivary cortisol, and plasma serotonin levels were assessed in the sows. The piglets' back test behavior and organ weight were analyzed. The probiotic-supplemented sows exhibited a better HAR index (p = 0.017), which indicated reduced aversion towards humans. The frequency of stereotypies was not influenced by the treatments. However, the supplemented sows spent more time standing (p = 0.054) and less time lying down (p = 0.008). The cortisol level of the supplemented sows was 50% lower (p = 0.047) and the serotonin levels were 11% higher (p = 0.034) than control animals. The multistrain piglets were more passive and less resistant (p = 0.076) in the back test. The organ weights were not influenced by treatments. In conclusion, the sows supplemented with probiotics showed less fear and more motivation indicators, while their piglets showed less aggression behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), also known as 3‐caffeioylquinic acid or coffee tannin, is a water‐soluble polyphenol phenylacrylate compound produced through the shikimate pathway by plants during aerobic respiration. CGA widely exists in higher dicotyledons, ferns and many Chinese medicinal materials, and enjoys the reputation of 'plant gold'. Here, we summarized the source, chemical structure, biological activity functions of CGA and its research progress in pigs, aiming to provide a more comprehensive understanding and theoretical basis for the prospect of CGA replacing antibiotics as a pig feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional quality of food can affect the health of animals. This study examined the effects of dietary supplementation with Lippia sidoides essential oil (LSEO) on the physiology of Danio rerio. Four hundred fourty‐eight fish were divided into 28 tanks and subjected to different dietary treatments: a control group with no supplementation, a group with grain alcohol supplementation and five groups with LSEO at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.25%. After 15 days, histological and enzymatic analyses were conducted. The 0.25% LSEO group exhibited lower glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity compared to the 1.00% group. Additionally, fish in the 0.25% LSEO group showed improved liver, kidney and splenic integrity indices. These findings support the inclusion of 0.25% LSEO in the diet of D. rerio, suggesting potential benefits for fish physiology and encouraging further research on phytotherapeutics in fish diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inappropriate use of antibiotics as growth promotor, treatment and prevention of diseases with excessive doses and not paying attention to drug withdrawal times, can cause antibiotic residues in muscles and their processed products. Antibiotic residues in food have a negative impact on public health. Feed additives based on herbal plants have many benefit because it is safer, cheaper, and easier to obtain. The purpose of this community service activity is to increase public insight, knowledge and understanding by providing information and materials regarding the use of Herbs in Poultry. The stages of activities carried out start from the stages of preparation, implementation, and follow-up. The counseling is carried out through the zoom meeting platform with participants consisting of breeders, students, and the general public. Based on the results of the discussion, there has been an increase in participants' insight regarding the types of herbs, the active ingredients of herbs and how to implement safe and halal herbal as feed additives in poultry and can compete in the animal-origin food industry. The follow-up to this activity is assistance from the service team to several poultry farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This research aimed to determine the optimum type of solvent and extraction time to produce secondary metabolites (phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidants) from mangosteen leaves (Garcinia mangostana L.) as feed additive candidates for poultry. Materials and Methods: This research used a completely randomized design with a 2 × 5 factorial design with three replications. Factor A used two types of distilled water as a solvent (ordinary distilled water and distilled water heated at 100°C), while Factor B encompassed various extraction times (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min). The parameters assessed included total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), and overall antioxidant activity. Results: The TPC, TFC, TTC, and total antioxidant activity all showed a highly significant interaction (p < 0.01) with the type of solvent and extraction duration. Conclusion: The best solvent and time for mangosteen leaf extract to produce secondary metabolites, which can be candidates for feed additives in poultry, is ordinary distilled water for 45 min. In this research, the phenol content was 81.03%, flavonoids 11.07%, tannins 1.01%, and antioxidants 77.61%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the well-being and productivity of poultry, researchers have conducted investigations into various botanical sources, including date palm kernel, and their bioactive components. The present investigation was conducted to assess the productive performance and certain biochemical characteristics of layer hens that were administered date palm kernel supplementation in their diet. To this end, 40 ISA Brown laying hens (48 weeks old) were used in the current study. The adaptation phase for the chickens lasted for 10 days before the initiation of the experiment. The study lasted 8 weeks. The chickens were then randomly assigned into two groups of 20, with 4 replications (5 chickens per replication). Chickens in the treatment group received 5% of dry matter ground date palm kernel (GDPK), as an additive to the basal diet, and the control group (CL) chickens were fed the basal diet. The eggs were collected daily during the study. At the end of weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 of the study, egg production percentage, egg weight, and the feed conversion ratio were measured. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected to measure the serum levels of glucose, total protein, cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid. The study findings revealed significant increases in the daily egg production percentage and egg weight during the experiment in the GDPK group, compared to the CL group. The feed conversion ratio recorded significant decreases in the GDPK group when compared to the CL group. Furthermore, the findings indicated significant increases in the serum total protein and significant decreases in the glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations in the GDPK group, compared to the CL group. In conclusion, the results indicated the positive effects of adding ground date palm kernel to the diet of layers on production performance, such as egg weight, conversion ratio, and some biochemical traits, including total protein, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: In the first study, an in vitro culture system was developed to investigate the effects of carnosine on macrophage proinflammatory cytokine response using an established chicken macrophage cell line (CMC), gut integrity using a chicken intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC), muscle differentiation in quail muscle cells (QMCs) and primary chicken embryonic muscle cells (PMCs), and direct anti-parasitic effect against Eimeria maxima sporozoites. Cells to be tested were seeded in 24-well plates and treated with carnosine at 4 different concentrations (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 µg). After 18 h of incubation, cells were harvested to measure gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in CMC, tight junction (TJ) proteins in IECs, and muscle cell growth markers in QMCs and PMCs. In vivo trials were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carnosine on disease parameters in broiler chickens challenged with E. maxima. One hundred and twenty male broiler chickens (0-day-old) were allocated into 4 treatment groups: 1) basal diet without infection (NC), 2) basal diet with E. maxima infection (PC), 3) carnosine at 10.0 mg/kg feed with PC (HCS), and 4) carnosine at 1.0 mg/kg feed with PC (LCS). All groups except NC were orally infected with E. maxima on d 14. Jejunal samples were collected for lesion scoring and jejunum gut tissues were used for transcriptomic analysis of cytokines and TJ proteins. In vitro, carnosine treatment significantly decreased IL-1β gene expression in CMC following LPS stimulation. In vivo feeding studies showed that dietary carnosine increased BW and ADG of chickens in E. maxima-infected groups and reduced the jejunal lesion score and fecal oocyst shedding in HCS group. Jejunal IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-γ expression were suppressed in the HCS group compared to PC. The expression levels of claudin-1 and occludin in IECs were also increased in HCS following carnosine treatment. In conclusion, these findings highlight the beneficial effects of dietary carnosine supplementation on intestinal immune responses and gut barrier function in broiler chickens exposed to E. maxima infection.

This research aims to evaluate the impact of an extract derived from the leaves of Himalayan nettle (Urtica ardens) leaf extract on common carp, Cyprinus carpio, growth, digestive enzymes, fish body carcass composition, antioxidant system, and water quality parameters. For a duration of 90 days, experimental diets containing nettle extract were given to 150 fish (12.38 ± 0.53 g) in 15 tanks (10 fish per tank). The five groups in triplicate were: control or T0 (untreated), T1 (fed 0.3% extract), T2 (0.6% extract), T3 (0.9% extract), and T4 (1.2% extract). Results revealed that nettle extract in the diet increases common carp growth up to 0.9% concentration of extract. Its feed conversion ratio decreases, while weight gain and specific growth rate rise significantly compared to the control diet. No mortality was observed during the 90-day experiment. Dietary nettle extract did not affect whole-body fibre and crude ash percentages (p > 0.05). Nettle-fed and control groups showed significant differences in crude protein, body fat, and total body moisture (p < 0.05). After a 90-day feeding trial, 0.9% nettle extract-fed fish had higher protease, amylase, lipase, and cellulase levels than the control group (p < 0.05). When nettle content reached 1.2%, enzyme activity decreased. Orthophosphate production peaked at 4 and 8 hours after feeding, while ammonia excretion peaked at 2 and 6 hours. The control group excreted the most ammonia and orthophosphate, while the 0.9% group excreted the least. Liver and kidney SOD levels were higher in common carp fed a 0.6% nettle extract diet. Feeding with a 0.9% nettle extract diet improved hepatic lipid peroxidation, gut and liver glutathione. Gut and kidney SOD, catalase, LPO, and GSH increased dramatically on the 1.2% diet. Statistically, the 0.9% nettle extract (T3) group showed the overall best results compared to the control diet. These findings demonstrate the potential of nettle extract as a dietary supplement in aquaculture.

SUMMARY: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of essential oils (garlic and cinnamon extracts) and betaine on growth performance and oocyst shedding of 42-day-old male broilers raised on used litter seeded with coccidia oocysts. Treatments included: negative control (NC) a nonsupplemented diet with broilers raised on fresh shavings, positive control (PC) the same nonsupplemented diet with broilers raised on used litter, the same diet formulation with 50 ppm of active salinomycin sodium (Bio-Cox 60;PC+Sal) raised on used litter, or the same diet formulation with 500 ppm of essential oils and 250 ppm of betaine (PC+EO+B) raised on used litter. The PC worsened performance (BW gain; BWG or mortality corrected FCR; FCRm) in comparison to NC and PC+Sal over 0 to 16 and 0 to 29 d (P ≤ 0.05) and 0 to 42 d (P ≤ 0.10). The PC+EO+B increased BWG relative to PC over 0 to 16 and 0 to 29 d (P ≤ 0.05) and from 0 to 42 d (P = 0.07). The PC+EO+B improved FCRm in comparison to PC over 0 to 16 and 0 to 42 d (P ≤ 0.05). The PC+EO+B was similar to NC and PC+Sal for BWG and FCRm across all time periods (P > 0.05). Oocyst counts were lowest in NC, highest in PC, and intermediate in PC+Sal and PC+EO+B for all periods. In conclusion, the reduced performance and increased oocyst shedding in the PC validate a mild coccidiosis infection and the combination of essential oils and betaine were able to ameliorate the negative effects.

Background and Aim: Probiotics can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters because antibiotics are prohibited worldwide. This study investigated the potential combination of probiotics and acidifiers to improve feed intake, productive performance, egg mass, and egg yolk chemical composition of late-laying quail for the health of humans who consume quail products. Materials and Methods: One hundred laying quails were divided into 4 × 5 treatments, with each group consisting of five replications. The adaptation period was 2 weeks, and the treatment was continued for 4 weeks. Probiotics and acidifiers were added to drinking water and incorporated into the diet. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Treatment duration (1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks) and additional feed treatment (control, probiotic 2% + 0.5% acidifier, probiotic 2% + 1% acidifier, probiotic 4% + 0.5% acidifier, and probiotic 4% + 1% acidifier, respectively). Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in feed intake, quail day production, feed efficiency, egg mass in laying quails, and the chemical composition of egg yolk with probiotics and acidifiers in late-laying quails. Conclusion: The combination of probiotics and acidifiers can improve feed intake, production performance, egg mass, and egg yolk chemical composition in late-laying quails.

At present, secondary products of the main production in the form of cake, oil meal, bran and whey are widely used for feeding cattle. Despite the presence of protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and fiber in their composition, there is a problem of low assimilability of these nutrients. Moreover, secondary products are often unsafe in terms of microbiological parameters. To solve this problem, various physical and mechanical impacts are used. The paper presents the results of the study of an ultrasound effect on the feed mixture of sunflower cake and whey. Ultrasound is wave oscillations with frequencies higher than 20 kHz. Ultrasound waves propagate in solid, liquid and gas media, have a high mechanical energy and cause several physical, chemical and biological phenomena. When ultrasound impacts a mixture, bubbles are formed and large amounts of energy are emitted upon their collapse. This energy is expended on destruction of large particles of cake with particle sizes of 1370.8–2776.6 µm in the dry cake and up to 1.8–300.0 µm in the suspension. The overwhelming majority (60–75%) of particles have sizes of 11 to 30 µm when duration of the ultrasound treatment is 20–30 min. This can be seen in the photographs of the mixture under a microscope. With that, the homogeneous gel-like mass containing protein, fat, fiber and sugars is formed from a simple mixture of components, which significantly improves the process of assimilation of structured nutrients of cake by animals. A decrease in the protein content from 10.20% to 6.65% has been revealed in the suspension with a component ratio of 1:4 to 1:8. Temperature-time regimes for ratios of the cake/whey components have been established. The optimal temperature was 60–70°C, treatment time was 20 min. A temperature was lower in the mixture with a ratio of 1:8 for all time periods due to a decrease in viscosity of the formed suspension. Microbial inactivation occurs under the impact of ultrasound, which is important for animal health and productivity. As a result of the statistical processing of process indicators, a range was established for optimal values of variable factors at which a decrease in the microbiological contamination of the mixture takes place.

New antimicrobial materials have drawn research and development attention due to antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance is expected to pose a significant challenge to life in the future. This review comprehensively elucidates the potential of Myrmecodia spp. as an antibacterial agent by systematically selecting and reviewing the majority of relevant studies published in the past 10 years and retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and related books. Myrmecodia spp. is a non-parasitic plant that grows as an epiphyte. These essential nutrients for the body, including flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and saponins, are found within plants. Myrmecodia spp.’s compound functions as an antibacterial agent. This review synthesizes information from multiple sources detailing Myrmecodia spp.’s antibacterial capacity through various testing methods.

ABSTRACT: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of individual and combined use of dietary fat, nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on dairy cows' enteric methane (CH4) emission and production performance. Twenty-four primiparous and 24 multiparous Danish Holstein cows (111 ± 44.6 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were included in an incomplete 8 × 8 Latin square design with six 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were organized in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement aiming for 2 levels of FAT (30 or 63 g of crude fat/kg of dry matter [DM]; LF or HF, respectively), 2 levels of NITRATE (0 or 10 g of nitrate/kg of DM; UREA or NIT, respectively), and 2 levels of 3-NOP (0 or 80 mg/kg DM; BLANK or NOP, respectively). Treatments were included in ad libitum-fed partial mixed rations in bins that automatically measured feed intake and eating behavior. Additional concentrate was offered as bait in GreenFeed units used for measurement of gas emission. For total DM intake (DMI), a FAT × NITRATE interaction showed that DMI, across parities and levels of 3-NOP, was unaffected by separate fat supplementation, but reduced by nitrate with 4.6% and synergistically decreased (significant 2-way interaction) with 13.0% when fat and nitrate were combined. Additionally, 3-NOP decreased DMI by 13.4% and the combination of 3-NOP with fat and nitrate decreased DMI in an additive way (no significant 3-way interaction). The decreasing effects on DMI were more pronounced in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows. For treatments with largest reductions in DMI, eating behavior was altered toward more frequent, but smaller meals, a slower eating rate and increased attempts to visit unassigned feed bins. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield increased by 6.3% with fat supplementation, whereas ECM yield did not differ among diets including nitrate (FAT × NITRATE interaction). Cows supplemented with 3-NOP had 9.0% lower ECM yield than cows fed no 3-NOP. Based on three 2-way interactions including FAT, NITRATE, and 3-NOP, the combined use of the additives resulted in antagonistic effects on CH4 reduction. A 6% to 7% reduction in CH4 yield (CH4/kg of DMI) could be ascribed to the effect of fat, a 12% to 13% reduction could be ascribed to the effect of nitrate and an 18% to 23% reduction could be ascribed to the effect of 3-NOP. Hence, no combinations of additives resulted in CH4 yield-reductions that were greater than what was obtained by separate supplementation of the most potent additive within the combination. The CH4 yield reduction potential of additives was similar between parities. Increased apparent total-tract digestibility of organic matter (OM) in cows fed combinations including nitrate or 3-NOP was a result of a NITRATE × 3-NOP interaction. Apparent total-tract digestibility of OM was also increased by fat supplementation. These increases reflected observed decreases in DMI. In conclusion, combined use of fat, nitrate, and 3-NOP in all combinations did not result in CH4 reductions that were greater than separate supplementation of the most potent additive within the combination (3-NOP > nitrate > fat). Additionally, separate supplementation of some additives and combined use of all additives reduced DMI.