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La présente étude s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet STRASA (Stress Tolerant Rice for Africa and South Asia) mis en œuvre par AfricaRice, en partenariat avec l’IRRI et dont l’une des composantes-phares est la recherche de variétés de riz tolérantes à la salinité. Les résultats présentés portent sur 5 essais de sélection variétale participative conduits en une année dans des conditions de salinité différentes au Mali, Sénégal et en Gambie. Le choix par les producteurs de variétés tolérantes à la salinité, soutenu par une analyse statistique des paramètres agronomiques, a permis de sélectionner les variétés présentant les meilleures performances agronomiques. L’analyse de la variance de l’interaction du génotype et de l’environnement a révélé un effet significatif sur le rendement en grains et la hauteur des variétés. Au niveau de chaque site, les performances agronomiques de quelques variétés choisies par les producteurs ont été confirmées par les analyses statistiques : il s’agit des variétés IR 72593-B-3-2-1-2-B ; IR 59418-7B-21-3 et WAS 73-B-B-231-4 au Sénégal ; IR 76346-B-B-10-1-1-1 et IR 65192-4B-11-3 et WAS 73-B-B-231-4 au Mali., Participatory Varietal Evaluation of Rice Varieties in the salt areas of Senegal, Mali and Gambia.This study is part of the STRASA project (Stress Tolerant Rice for Africa and South Asia) implemented by AfricaRice, in partnership with IRRI. One of its key components is the search of salinity tolerant rice varieties. The results are related to 5 participatory breeding trials conducted during one year in various salt conditions in Mali, Gambia and Senegal. The choice of the salt tolerant varieties by farmers confirmed by statistical analysis of agronomic parameters allowed to select the varieties with the best agronomic performances. The variance analysis of the interaction Genotype x Environment showed a significant effect on the grain yield and on the plant height. In each site, the agronomical performances of the varieties chosen by the farmers were confirmed by statistical analysis. These varieties are: IR 72593-B-3-2-1-2-B; IR 59418-7B-21-3 and WAS 73-B-B-231-4 in Senegal; IR 76346-B-B-10-1-1-1 and IR 65192-4B-11-3 in Gambia; and WAS 73-B-B-231-4 in Mali.

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l’objectif de notre étude était de décrire les dermatoses bulleuses de l’enfant à Bamako (Mali) en 2015. du 1er janvier 2015 au 31 décembre 2015 nous avons réalisé une étude transversale descriptive. Sur un total de 19 250 enfants vus en consultation dermatologique, 152 enfants (0,78 %) avaient une dermatose bulleuse et ont été inclus dans notre étude. les enfants étaient répartis en 85 garçons (55,92 %) et 67 filles (44,08 %), le sex-ratio était de 1,27. les différents de dermatoses bulleuses observées comprenaient les dermatoses bulleuses auto-immunes (11,19 %), les dermatoses bulleuses infectieuses (57,24 %), les toxidermies bulleuses (6,58 %), les dermatoses bulleuses héréditaires (9,87 %), les dermatoses bulleuses immunoallergiques (11,84 %), les dermatoses bulleuses d’origine nutritionnelle (1,97 %), les dermatoses bulleuses d’origine physique (1,32 %). les dermatoses bulleuses de l’enfant recensées étaient nombreuses et variées. l’impétigo occupait le premier rang de ces affections.Mots-clés : dermatoses bulleuses, enfants, dermatologie, Bamako-MaliChild’s Bullous dermatosis in dermatological department in Bamako (Mali)The aim of our study was to describe bullous dermatoses of children in Bamako (Mali) in 2015. From January 1st, 2015 to december 31, 2015 we published a descriptive cross-sectional study. of a total of 19250 children in dermatological consultation, 152 children (0.78%) had a bullous dermatitis and included in our study. The children were divided into 85 boys (55.92%) and 67 girls (44.08%), the sex ratio was 1.27. The various bullous dermatoses observed included autoimmune bullous dermatoses (11.19%), infectious bullous dermatoses (57.24%), bullous toxidermias (6.58%), hereditary bullous dermatoses (9.87%) immuneallergic bullosa dermatoses (11.84%), nutritional bullosa dermatoses (1.97%), physical dermatitis dermatoses (1.32%). Bullous dermatoses of the child were numerous and varied. impetigo is at the forefront of these conditions.Keywords: bullous dermatosis, child, dermatology, Bamako-Mali.

The 9th meeting of the African Society of Human Genetics, in partnership with the Senegalese Cancer Research and Study Group and the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) Consortium, was held in Dakar, Senegal. The theme was Strengthening Human Genetics Research in Africa. The 210 delegates came from 21 African countries and from France, Switzerland, UK, UAE, Canada and the USA. The goal was to highlight genetic and genomic science across the African continent with the ultimate goal of improving the health of Africans and those across the globe, and to promote the careers of young African scientists in the field. A session on the sustainability of genomic research in Africa brought to light innovative and practical approaches to supporting research in resource-limited settings and the importance of promoting genetics in academic, research funding, governmental and private sectors. This meeting led to the formation of the Senegalese Society for Human Genetics. Le 9ème congrès de la Société Africaine de Génétique Humaine, en partenariat avec le Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur le Cancer (GERC) et le Consortium H3Africa, s’est tenu à Dakar, au Sénégal. Le thème était «Renforcer la recherche en Génétique Humaine en Afrique». Les 210 participants sont venus de 21 pays africains et de six non africains. L’objectif était de valoriser la génétique et la génomique à travers l’Afrique avec comme but ultime d’améliorer la santé des populations, et de promouvoir les carrières des jeunes chercheurs Africains. Une session sur la pérennité de la recherche génomique a révélé des approches innovantes et pratiques supportant la recherche dans des contextes de ressources limitées et l’importance de promouvoir la formation universitaire en génétique, le financement de la recherche par les gouvernements et le privé. Ce congrès conduisit à la création de la Société Sénégalaise de Génétique Humaine.

This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license. BACKGROUND: Since late 2015, an epidemic of yellow fever has caused more than 7334 suspected cases in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including 393 deaths. We sought to understand the spatial spread of this outbreak to optimise the use of the limited available vaccine stock. METHODS: We jointly analysed datasets describing the epidemic of yellow fever, vector suitability, human demography, and mobility in central Africa to understand and predict the spread of yellow fever virus. We used a standard logistic model to infer the district-specific yellow fever virus infection risk during the course of the epidemic in the region. FINDINGS: The early spread of yellow fever virus was characterised by fast exponential growth (doubling time of 5-7 days) and fast spatial expansion (49 districts reported cases after only 3 months) from Luanda, the capital of Angola. Early invasion was positively correlated with high population density (Pearson's r 0·52, 95% CI 0·34-0·66). The further away locations were from Luanda, the later the date of invasion (Pearson's r 0·60, 95% CI 0·52-0·66). In a Cox model, we noted that districts with higher population densities also had higher risks of sustained transmission (the hazard ratio for cases ceasing was 0·74, 95% CI 0·13-0·92 per log-unit increase in the population size of a district). A model that captured human mobility and vector suitability successfully discriminated districts with high risk of invasion from others with a lower risk (area under the curve 0·94, 95% CI 0·92-0·97). If at the start of the epidemic, sufficient vaccines had been available to target 50 out of 313 districts in the area, our model would have correctly identified 27 (84%) of the 32 districts that were eventually affected. INTERPRETATION: Our findings show the contributions of ecological and demographic factors to the ongoing spread of the yellow fever outbreak and provide estimates of the areas that could be prioritised for vaccination, although other constraints such as vaccine supply and delivery need to be accounted for before such insights can be translated into policy. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Introduction: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal arbovirus with a high risk for nosocomial transmission. The goals of this study were to describe two cases of imported CCHF in Senegal and to evaluate health care worker exposure during the hospitalization of these two cases. Methodology: Exposed health care workers were identified, administered a questionnaire, and kept were under clinical surveillance for 9 days. The level of risk associated with exposure was determined using the French National Institute of Health Surveillance (InVS) classification system. Results: Two cases of CCHF transferred to Senegal from Mauritania, were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Service at Fann Teaching Hospital. The first case was admitted with diffuse hemorrhage and coma; the second case was admitted with febrile gastroenteritis. Both cases were fatal. The length of hospitalization was 06 hours and 07 days respectively. A total of 60 health care workers were exposed, including 11 doctors, 13 medical students, 14 nurses, 11 support staff, 09 nursing students, and 2 administrative staff. The majority of health care workers had a high-risk exposure (n=43, 65.2%). Moderate-risk exposure occurred among 21.2% (n=14) and low-risk exposure occurred among 13.6% (n=9). The high- risk was particularly prevalent among physicians (91,7%), support staff (91.7%) and nurses (66.7%). None of the contacts had clinical signs of CCHF during the monitoring period and none received prophylaxis with ribavirin. There were no known cases of nosocomial transmission. Conclusion: Despite high-risk exposure among the majority of health workers, no secondary cases were identified. Important strategies were identified to decrease the risk of nosocomial transmission for future cases of viral hemorrhagic fever in our hospital.

Objectif : La réaction du riz à la salinité est un phénomène complexe qui dépend du niveau de salinité, de la variété et du stade de développement. Cette étude veut mettre en exergue les différents comportements de variétés de riz dans différents niveaux de salinité afin de sélectionner les variétés prometteuses.Méthodologie et résultats : Quatre essais de criblage de 23 variétés et 5 témoins de riz ont été installés dans la station de recherches de AfricaRice au Sénégal avec des niveaux de salinité contrôlés de 0 ; 3 ; 6 et 9 dS/m. Un dispositif en alpha lattice avec 3 répétitions de 7 blocs a été appliqué. Les incidents de la salinité sur ces variétés se sont traduits par une perte de panicules, un retard de la croissance, une diminution du cycle à la maturité et des rendements en biomasse et grains. La classification K-means illustre les performances de variétés prometteuses comme D14, IR 72593-B-3-2-3-8 et WAS 201-B-2.Conclusion et applications des résultats. Les comportements des variétés de riz dans différents niveaux de salinité manifestés sur les paramètres agronomiques traduisent différents mécanismes physiologiques de tolérance à la salinité. Les variétés D14, IKP, IR-1829-3R 89-1-1, IR 72593-B-3-2-3-8 et WAS 201-B-2 ont pu limiter les dégâts du sel à 6,33 dS/m ; elles sont des potentiels parents élites dans des schémas de croisement avec les meilleures variétés locales. Quant aux variétés D14, IR 59418-7B-21-3, IR 61920-3B-22-2-1 et WAS 73-B-B-231-4, elles ont confirmé leur performance avec des rendements supérieurs à 4 T/ha dans des conditions de salinité de 4,86 dS/m. Elles ont été choisies par les producteurs en première année de sélection variétale participative, et peuvent être proposées à l’homologation pour une production dans les zones de salinité moyenne dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Pour cela, des tests de caractérisation de DHS/VATE (Distinction Homogénéité Stabilité / Valeur Agronomique Technologique et Environnementale) devront être conduits.Mots clés : salinité, effets sel, riz, variétés, paramètres agronomiques

In the wake of the recent outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in several African countries, the World Health Organization prioritized the evaluation of treatment with convalescent plasma derived from patients who have recovered from the disease. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma for the treatment of EVD in Guinea. : In this nonrandomized, comparative study, 99 patients of various ages (including pregnant women) with confirmed EVD received two consecutive transfusions of 200 to 250 ml of ABO-compatible convalescent plasma, with each unit of plasma obtained from a separate convalescent donor. The transfusions were initiated on the day of diagnosis or up to 2 days later. The level of neutralizing antibodies against Ebola virus in the plasma was unknown at the time of administration. The control group was 418 patients who had been treated at the same center during the previous 5 months. The primary outcome was the risk of death during the period from 3 to 16 days after diagnosis with adjustments for age and the baseline cycle-threshold value on polymerase-chain-reaction assay; patients who had died before day 3 were excluded. The clinically important difference was defined as an absolute reduction in mortality of 20 percentage points in the convalescent-plasma group as compared with the control group. : A total of 84 patients who were treated with plasma were included in the primary analysis. At baseline, the convalescent-plasma group had slightly higher cycle-threshold values and a shorter duration of symptoms than did the control group, along with a higher frequency of eye redness and difficulty in swallowing. From day 3 to day 16 after diagnosis, the risk of death was 31% in the convalescent-plasma group and 38% in the control group (risk difference, -7 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -18 to 4). The difference was reduced after adjustment for age and cycle-threshold value (adjusted risk difference, -3 percentage points; 95% CI, -13 to 8). No serious adverse reactions associated with the use of convalescent plasma were observed. : The transfusion of up to 500 ml of convalescent plasma with unknown levels of neutralizing antibodies in 84 patients with confirmed EVD was not associated with a significant improvement in survival. (Funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02342171.).

WWARN Artemisinin based Combination Therapy (ACT) Africa Baseline Study Group; International audience; Background: Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum has emerged in the Greater Mekong sub-region and poses a major global public health threat. Slow parasite clearance is a key clinical manifestation of reduced susceptibility to artemisinin. This study was designed to establish the baseline values for clearance in patients from Sub-Saharan African countries with uncomplicated malaria treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Methods: A literature review in PubMed was conducted in March 2013 to identify all prospective clinical trials (uncontrolled trials, controlled trials and randomized controlled trials), including ACTs conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, between 1960 and 2012. Individual patient data from these studies were shared with the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) and pooled using an a priori statistical analytical plan. Factors affecting early parasitological response were investigated using logistic regression with study sites fitted as a random effect. The risk of bias in included studies was evaluated based on study design, methodology and missing data. Results: In total, 29,493 patients from 84 clinical trials were included in the analysis, treated with artemether-lumefantrine (n = 13,664), artesunate-amodiaquine (n = 11,337) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (n = 4,492). The overall parasite clearance rate was rapid. The parasite positivity rate (PPR) decreased from 59.7 % (95 % CI: 54.5–64.9) on day 1 to 6.7 % (95 % CI: 4.8–8.7) on day 2 and 0.9 % (95 % CI: 0.5–1.2) on day 3. The 95th percentile of observed day 3 PPR was 5.3 %. Independent risk factors predictive of day 3 positivity were: high baseline parasitaemia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.16 (95 % CI: 1.08–1.25); per 2-fold increase in parasite density, P 37.5 °C) (AOR = 1.50 (95 % CI: 1.06–2.13), P = 0.022); severe anaemia (AOR = 2.04 (95 % CI: 1.21–3.44), P = 0.008); areas of low/moderate transmission setting (AOR = 2.71 (95 % CI: 1.38–5.36), P = 0.004); and treatment with the loose formulation of artesunate-amodiaquine (AOR = 2.27 (95 % CI: 1.14–4.51), P = 0.020, compared to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine). Conclusions: The three ACTs assessed in this analysis continue to achieve rapid early parasitological clearance across the sites assessed in Sub-Saharan Africa. A threshold of 5 % day 3 parasite positivity from a minimum sample size of 50 patients provides a more sensitive benchmark in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the current recommended threshold of 10 % to trigger further investigation of artemisinin susceptibility.

Die elektrischen Antriebe in den EU Projekten DiPoP, MEGAHIT und DEMOCRITOS werden beschrieben. Ebenfalls die MEGAHIT Roadmap und das DEMOCRITOS Projekt.

Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is a major vector of yellow fever, dengue, and chikungunya viruses throughout tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Although the southernmost part of Mauritania along the Senegal river has long been recognized at risk of yellow fever transmission, Aedes spp. mosquitoes had never been reported northwards in Mauritania. Here, we report the first observation of Aedes aegypti aegypti (L.) and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas, 1771) in the capital city, Nouakchott. We describe the development sites in which larvae of the two species were found, drawing attention to the risk for emergence of arbovirus transmission in the city.