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A 60‐days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of formic acid, vitamin D3 and their synergism on the performance of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Four diets designating as D0,0, D2,0, D0,5000 and D2,5000 were formulated by incorporating formic acid (FA) (%) and vitamin D3 (IU/Kg) at the levels of 0,0; 2,0; 0,5000 and 2,5000, respectively. Results showed improved growth performance by the individual addition of both the supplements. Similarly, bone mineralization and intestinal enzyme activities were also affected significantly with the supplementation of both the additives separately. Furthermore, vitamin D3 supplementation improved the crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF) and decreased the moisture contents in the muscles of fish. However, muscle moisture and ash contents were not affected by dietary FA, although a significant increase in CP and a decrease in CF was observed. The combined addition of both the supplements substantially ameliorated the growth performance and protease activity. Moreover, a positive synergism between these two supplements was also recorded for bone P, Zn and Mn contents. In conclusion, the individual, as well as combination of vitamin D3 and FA improved the growth performance and other attributes of test fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present 2 × 2×3 factorial experiment with Labeo rohita fingerlings was designed to investigate the effect of citric acid (CA), phytase (PHY) and organic trace elements (TEs) supplementations in sunflower meal‐based diets. Twelve experimental diets based on levels of CA (0 and 30 g kg−1), PHY (0 and 1000 FTU kg−1) and TEs [(inorganic (1.5 g kg−1) and organic (1g kg−1 and 0.5 g kg−1)] were formulated. In vitro phytate hydrolysis was intensified with the addition of CA and PHY. The supplementation of CA, PHY and organic TEs (p < 0.05) improved the growth of fingerlings compared to the fish fed TEs from inorganic salts. Nutrient digestibility and mineral absorption w'ere significantly affected by all of the three supplements. Higher deposition (p < 0.05) of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in whole body was recorded by feeding organic TEs. Moreover, synergistically positive second and higher order interactions were observed for most of the studied parameters. In conclusion, supplementation of CA, PHY and organically chelated TEs alone as well as in combination, in sunflower meal‐based diets, improved the nutrient utilization in fingerlings leading to improved growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of organic acids (OA) and dicalcium phosphate (Pi) supplementation in the feed of Labeo rohita fingerlings was studied by formulating seven practical diets, designed as D1 with no feed additives {dicalcium phosphorus (Pi) and organic acid (OA) blend} while, D2, D3, D4 and D5 were supplemented with Pi at the graded levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg, respectively, whereas D6 and D7 contained blend of OA at 15 and 30 g/kg, respectively. The diet supplemented with OA blend exhibited increase (p <.05) in growth of L. rohita fingerlings compared with the diet supplemented with Pi. The OA supplementation at both levels showed significant improvement in nutrients digestibility and minerals absorption in fingerlings. Moreover, in case of muscle proximate composition, crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP) were increased (p <.05) with the inclusion of OA blend in the diet while crude ash (CA) was improved by Pi supplementation. Additionally, digestive enzyme activities were not affected (p ˃.05) by OA blend supplementation while increased activities were observed in the fingerlings fed with Pi diet. Consequently, supplementation of OA blend in the diet improved the growth performance and nutrient status while Pi enhanced digestive enzyme activities of L. rohita fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted on Labeo rohita fingerlings to evaluate the effect of dietary oxidized oil and vitamin E. Nine experimental diets were made, based on three degrees of oil oxidation (fresh oil, low oil oxidation and high oil oxidation), and each level of oxidation was further supplemented with three levels of vitamin E (0, 100 and 1,000 mg/kg). Weight gain% and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed fresh fish oil and low oil oxidation level were significantly higher than highly oxidized oil. Moreover, vitamin E supplemented fish also showed better growth performance. Oil oxidation caused a significant reduction in the concentrations of α‐tocopherol and increase in TBARS level and antioxidant enzyme activities in fish liver and muscles. However, increasing the dietary vitamin E abrogated these effects. Dietary vitamin E supplementation improved the fatty acid, more specifically polyunsaturated fatty acids profile of oxidized oil fed fish. In conclusion, dietary oxidized fish oil increased the oxidative stress condition of fish but supplementation of high dose of vitamin E prevented lipid oxidation, improved growth performance and fatty acid profile of L. rohita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was conducted to determine the effect of citric acid (CA), phytase (PHY) and their interaction effects on mineral content in scales of Labeo (L.) rohita juveniles fed sunflower meal (SFM) based diet. Four experimental diets were made containing CA (%) and PHY (FTUkg-1) at 0,0; 2,0; 0,1000 and 2,1000 levels, respectively. Fifteen fish (initial weight 3.15+0.03 g) were allocated to each experimental tank with two replicates for each experimental diet. The duration of the experiment was two months. Water quality parameters i.e. dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH were monitored and kept constant throughout the trial. Results showed that CA supplementation enhanced (P<0.05) the mineral content in scales of L. rohita juveniles. Similarly, PHY pre-treatment also increased (P<0.05) the mineral content in scales of L. rohita juveniles. Moreover, both the supplements (CA and PHY) interacted significantly (P<0.05) to increase P, K, Cu and Fe contents in scales of L. rohita juveniles. In conclusion, CA and PHY pre-treatment of sunflower meal based diet improved mineral deposition in scales of L. rohita juveniles. Improved scale mineralization provides more strength to fish to safeguard from infectious diseases and to fight against predation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase, citric acid and their interaction on growth, muscle proximate composition and mineralization of whole body and bones in Labeo rohita juveniles. For this trial, 405 juveniles were used in a 3² factorial arrangement (0, 1.5 and 3% citric acid and 0, 750 and 1000 FTU/kg phytase) under completely randomized design. Triplicate groups of 15 fish per experimental units were fed experimental diets for 8 weeks. Fish fed citric acid and phytase supplemented diet showed improved (p<0.05) growth and body proximate of L. rohita either supplemented individually or mutually. Citric acid addition caused a significant (p<0.05) increment in the minerals deposition in the whole body and bones of juveniles. Similarly, phytase supplementation also improved (p<0.05) the mineralization in juveniles. Furthermore, a significant (p<0.05) interaction between both the supplements was observed to improve the minerals contents in the body and bones of fish. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that citric acid and phytase are very effective supplements to increase the bioavailability of minerals from soybean meal based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present research work was conducted at Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan during the year 2013 to investigate the effect of phytase and citric acid on scale mineralization in Rohu, Labeo rohita juveniles fed on soybean meal based diet. Three levels of each of phytase (0, 750 and 1000 FTU/kg) and citric acid (0, 1.5 and 3%) were supplemented in 33 factorial arrangement under CRD resulting in the formulation of nine experimental diets. Results indicated improved (P<0.05) contents of P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in scales of juveniles in response to phytase supplementation. Similarly, improved (P<0.05) deposition of these minerals was also recorded in juveniles having citric acid supplemented diet. However, a significant interaction among both the supplements (phytase and citric acid) was only observed for P and Ca deposition. In conclusion, phytase and citric acid supplementations in soybean meal based diet enhanced the bioavailability of minerals to L. rohita juveniles, resulting in improved scales mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of xylanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activities of mori, Cirrhinus mrigala. Mori with an initial body weight of 8.34 ± 0.23 g were fed seven experimental diets: a diet with high fish meal content (positive control, PC), a diet with high plant content (negative control, NC), and five other diets with increasing levels of xylanase (680, 1273, 1882, 2486 and 3091 U/kg). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 15 fish each for 60 days. After the trial termination, supplementation of xylanase significantly improved final weight (FW), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to NC diet. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed at 1882 U/kg of xylanase supplementation level which was non-significant (P > 0.05) to PC diet (high fish meal content). Whole body proximate composition and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC%) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and gross energy (GE) were significantly affected by xylanase supplementation. Activities of hepatopancreatic and intestinal amylase, protease and lipase showed an increasing trend with the increase in xylanase supplementation level, peaking at 1882 U/kg of xylanase (non-significant (P > 0.05) to PC diet) and declining thereafter (2486 U/kg-3091 U/kg). Quadratic regression analysis showed that 1948 U/kg of xylanase was the optimum value for supplementation of xylanase in plant-based diet. In conclusion, exogenous xylanase supplementation improved the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activities in juvenile mori fed plant-based diet. • First article to focus on xylanase supplementation on juvenile mori (Cirrhinus mrigala). • Exogenous xylanase improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activities. • Quadratic regression analysis for weight gain% (WG%) showed that 1886 U/kg of xylanase was the optimum value for supplementation of xylanase in plant meal based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted under the laboratory conditions in the Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2014 to investigate the effect of supplementation of lysine on nutrient digestibility in the juveniles of Labeo rohita. Seven experimental diets were formulated by supplementing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3% lysine and designated as D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 and D7, respectively. To test each diet, two replicates with 20 fish each (average weight 3.526±0.056g) were assigned. The experiment was performed within the time duration of 60 days. Water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen (5.8-7.3 mg/L), temperature (24.9-28.7°C) and pH (7.4-8.6) were maintained throughout this period. Results showed that lysine supplementation in fish diet increased the digestibility of crude protein and dry matter. Maximum digestibility of crude protein and dry matter was observed at lysine level of 1.5 and 2.5%, respectively. However, it was observed that digestibility of crude fat decreased in response to lysine supplementation. In conclusion, it was found that lysine supplementation improved the nutrient digestibility performance of juveniles of L. rohita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]