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One of the efforts that can be done to evaluate the performance of water injection in a field is by monitoring the injector wells. Observations can be made by looking at the flow rate and injection pressure at each injector well. The response given by each injection well will be able to represent the injection performance on a field scale. The EX structure is a structure that has been produced for more than 40 years. In addition, water injection has also been applied for approximately 16 years. There are four injection wells operating in this EX structure with an average injection flow rate of 3000-8000 bwipd per well. Evaluation of injection well performance is carried out by conducting a Hall Plot on each injection well from the start of the injection process to the last data obtained. Based on the evaluation results, it was found that there was plugging in the EA-IIS and EJ-IVS injection wells. Stimulation activity is needed in both wells to restore the well injection capability. Meanwhile, for the EA-IS and EB-IIL injection wells, there are no significant problems in those wells so they can still function properly as injection wells.

Suatu reservoir gas water-drive mempunyai nilai recovery factor yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan resevoir gas depletion-drive. Salah satu metode yang dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan faktor perolehan pada reservoir gas water-drive adalah dengan metode co-production. Metode ini memproduksikan air secara terencana untuk mengurangi pengaruh water influx pada kolom gas. Pada penelitian ini suatu konseptual single-well model reservoir gas depletion-drive serta water-drive dibangun, kemudian dilakukan analisis terhadap kelakuan model tersebut. Teknik co-production kemudian dilakukan dengan menambah satu tubing produksi air pada reservoir gas water-drive. Analisis dilakukan dengan membuat skenario produksi terhadap model reservoir gas apabila diterapkan metode optimasi co-production. Dari hasil penelitian paper ini, didapatkan bahwa penerapan teknik co-production mampu menambah kumulatif produksi sebanyak 5.2 BSCF pada reservoir gas water-drive.

Kebutuhan akan bahan bakar di Indonesia terus meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya populasi, sedangkan cadangan minyak bumi dan gas berkurang dan penggunaan sumber energi alternatif lain belum berkembang dengan baik. Untuk mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar minyak dan gas bumi perlu dicari sebuah energi alternatif yang mudah untuk diterapkan. Salah satu sumber energi tersebut adalah biomassa yang dibuat dalam bentuk briket arang. Briket arang dapat dibuat dari bermacam-macam bahan baku yang mengandung karbohidrat terutama selulosa, salah satunya adalah rumput-rumputan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan metode pembuatan briket arang dari bahan baku rumput. Briket arang rumput dibuat dengan perekat yaitu tepung terigu dan tepung beras. Briket yang dibuat berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 8.6 cm dan panjang 2.5 cm. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan briket tersebut mampu mendidihkan 1 liter air dalam waktu sekitar 10 menit.

Nevus sebaceous (NS) is a benign tumor with the potential to develop secondary benign and malignant neoplasms. It is a rare phenomenon to develop 2 or more skin tumors in a single NS lesion. We report a case of multiple secondary tumors, such as sebaceoma, sebaceous carcinoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, and trichoblastoma, in a single NS lesion.

Field Z is a mature oil and gas field with several production facilities that have passed their service life design, re-assessment of service life for the critical equipment is needed to carry out. This study focuses on identifying the damage mechanism, determining the residual life assessment, and assessing the effect of pressure and temperature on the residual service life of four separators in field Z. The approach is to recalculate the maximum allowable pressure and the minimum thickness of the separator, estimates the corrosion rate using API 510 and API 581, and estimates the residual life assessment of the separator. The result shows that estimation of corrosion rate with API 581 provide lower value than API 510 due to different methodology. However, the result prove that the operating pressure and temperature of separator will affect to the residual life through minimum thickness and corrosion rate, respectively. The higher operating temperature, the higher corrosion rate. Both of these will reduce the residual life. The calculation estimates that at current operation condition, three of four separators in field Z still can be utilize d at least until next five years. While one separator needs to replace immediately considering to the negative remaining service life.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari potensi yang dimiliki oleh kulit udang sebagai bahan baku polimer kitosan. Penelitian ini diawali dengan proses pemisalahan kulit udang kitin dan proses kitin menjadi kitosan serta menguji karakteristiknya. Kulit udang dapat diolah menjadi kitosan karena kandungan kitin yang terdapat di dalamnya. Kitin merupakan bahan organik utama terdapat pada kelompok hewan crustacea, insekta, fungi, mollusca dan arthropoda. Cangkang kepiting, udang dan lobster juga merupakan sumber bahan dasar produksi kitin karena kandungan kitinnya cukup tinggi. Kitin merupakan biopolimer alam paling melimpah kedua setelah selulosa yang tidak beracun dan diproduksi dari limbah kulit udang. Kitosan diolah dari kulit udang melalui proses deproteinasi, demineralisasi dan deasetilasi. Reagen yang digunakan adalah NaOH dan KOH. Kemudian kitosan diuji sifat fisiknya melalui uji kadar air, kadar abu, kadar nitrogen, viskositas, derajat deasetilasi, analisis gugus fungsi dengan spektroskopi IR dan kristalinitas dengan difraksi sinar X. Sifat fisik kitosan dilihat dari bentuk fisik, analisis gugus fungsi dan kristalinitas. Potensi penerapan kitosan, sebagai turunan kitin yang terdeasetilasi, bersifat multidimensi, seperti dalam makanan dan gizi, bioteknologi, ilmu material, obat-obatan dan farmasi, pertanian dan perlindungan lingkungan. Isolasi kitin dari kulit udang dan sintesanya menjadi kitosan, menjadikan kulit udang lebih barmanfaat untuk bidang-bidang lain. Kulit udang yang diolah menjadi kitosan polimer dapat berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam bidang Enhanced Oil Recovery sebagai fluida injeksi kimiawi dalam upaya menaikkan produksi minyak.

Kebutuhan akan minyak bumi terus meningkat, namun disamping itu, produksi minyak bumi khusunya di sumur tua semakin menurun. Oleh karena itu, dikembangkanlah metode Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Pada penelitian kali ini, metode EOR yang digunakan adalah injeksi kimia yang berupa injeksi surfaktan. Penggunaan surfaktan ini dimaksudkan untuk menurunkan tegangan antarmuka (interfacial tension) antara minyak dan air sehingga mampu membawa minyak keluar dari pori-pori batuan reservoir. Dalam penelitian ini, akan dibahas tentang percobaan injeksi surfaktan, dilihat dari pengaruh salinitas, jenis surfaktan, dan konsentrasi surfaktan pada batuan karbonat, serta pengaruhnya terhadap recovery factor . Percobaan ini menggunakan surfaktan jenis Alpha Olefin Sul phonate (AOS) dan Tween 20 , di mana konsentrasi masing-masing jenis surfaktan adalah 0,1%; 0,25%; 0,5%; 0,75%; dan 1%. Salinitas brine water yang akan digunakan adalah sebesar 10.000 ppm, 15.000 ppm, 20.000 ppm, dan 25.000 ppm. Selanjutnya akan dilihat seberapa besar kemampuan surfaktan dalam mengikat minyak dari pori-pori batuan, sehingga akan didapat hasil recovery factor atau berapa persentase minyak yang terkandung dalam pori batuan yang dapat diproduksikan. Hasil dari penelitian ini akan diamati dari dua proses, yaitu proses imbibisi yang menggunakan Amott apparatus atau yang lebih dikenal dengan proses imbibisi (spontaneous imbibition) dan coreflooding. Dari percobaan yang telah dilakukan, pengaruh injeksi surfaktan pada batuan karbonat adalah hasil yang lebih optimal terdapat pada proses coreflooding dibandingkan dengan proses imbibisi, karena proses coreflooding menggunakan tenaga dorong dari luar, sehingga pendesakan minyak dengan surfaktan lebih merata dan optimal. Sementara dengan proses imbibisi pendesakan terjadi secara alami dengan mengandalkan gaya gravitasi.

BACKGROUND There is a recognized association between synchronous and metachronous colorectal and gastric adenocarcinoma. This report describes a 66-year-old man presenting with port-site metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma 4 years after laparoscopic resection of a rectal adenocarcinoma. CASE REPORT A 66-year-old male rectal cancer survivor presented to the clinic with a painless mass at the previous laparoscopic anterior resection port site. Physical examination revealed a soft port-site mass measuring 5×4 cm. Abdominal CT revealed enlargement of the right rectus abdominis muscle and thickening of the gastric fundus. A biopsy of the right abdominal wall mass revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing was positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and CDx2 and negative for cytokeratin 20 (CK20). The possible primary malignancy was upper gastrointestinal, and it was less likely to be colorectal in origin. Subsequently, the upper endoscopy revealed a friable, erythematous gastric mucosa. Biopsy revealed an invasive moderately differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma with positive IHC for CK7 and CDx2 and negative for CK20. The rectal adenocarcinoma pathology slides were reviewed, and IHC testing showed negative CK7 and positive CK20. Patient was known to have multiple comorbidities with poor functional status. The tumor board decision was made to manage him palliatively with best supportive care for the diagnosis of metastatic gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS This report has presented a case of possible metachronous gastric adenocarcinoma with port-site metastasis following resection of a rectal adenocarcinoma. Clinicians should be aware of the association between synchronous and metachronous colorectal and gastric adenocarcinoma and the challenges associated with the diagnosis.

Tujuan akhir dari proses pembelajaran adalah untuk membentuk manusia yang berkualitas tinggi. Metode-metode pembelajaran dikembangkan bukan saja untuk mencapai pemahaman yang lebih baik namun juga untuk meningkatkan perkembangan intelektual, kemampuan bekerja sama, keingintahuan, berpikir secara sistematis. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut, dilakukan penerapan Metode PAKEM di SMK Migas Cibinong, dengan penyuluhan dan pelatihan menggunakan Metode Eksperimen. Penerapan metoda eksperimen ini berguna untuk dapat melihat kemampuan, keterampilan, dan keuletan masing-masing peserta. Pelatihan yang dilakukan menyebabkan siswa lebih aktif dan bersemangat dalam menyelesaikan tugasnya.

Hybrid bit is one of the innovations developed for very hard and abrasive formations such as in geothermal field. This bit eliminates the risk of losing cones, reduces tripping time, and increaseas ROP to reduce the well cost. The stage of data processing by calculating the UCS formation using D-BOS software and design optimization based on 9-7/8" bits simulations in granodiorite formations. The 1st phase was to determine the 4 best out of 7 hybrid bit designs that were selected from the highest ROP obtained, the most stable cutter cutting force, and the lowest vibration by comparing the results of FEA modeling of 1 ft drilling simulation. The 2nd phase is to choose 1 of the best from the 4 selected by doing 50 ft of drilling dynamics simulation which is assessed by directional capability, the durability, and the lowest MSE. In this study to improve drilling optimization in geothermal field, it was found that the Z616 hybrid bit design was the most optimal one. Based on 1st phase simulation, this bit was able to produce ROP of 6.38 mph, a stable cutter cutting force, very low average lateral 2.109 g and axial vibration 0.329 g. Furthermore, for the 2nd phase simulation of 50 ft, seen from the comparison of directional capability, this bit has a 0.91 deg/100 ft DLS in rotating mode, and 6.5 deg/100ft DLS in sliding mode means quite stable when drilling in rotary mode and easy to make some angle in slide mode. By its durability, the average value of lateral acceleration is 10 g, and the lateral force is 6 klbf. By MSE side, this bit also produces the lowest average MSE value of 769 psi. From the economic view, this bit can save USD 198,625 - USD 564,712 of a well cost.

The Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method aims to increase oil production. One of the EOR methods is CO2 injection. CO2 injection mechanism is by expanding the volume of oil, reducing viscosity, and reducing the mobility ratio. The purpose of the study was to compare the recovery factor gain in the waterflood, Miscible CO2 Continuous injection, and Miscible WAG CO2 injection methods with a three-dimensional simulation methodology using CMG Compositional software in the CW Field. From the CW field, a sectoral model was chosen to be studied, namely the area of the CW-A well and the CW-B well because the two areas have different reservoir conditions. The optimal injection well pattern for the CW-A Well area and the CW-B Well area is Inverted Five Spot. CO2 injection is said to be miscible because the injection pressure and reservoir pressure are above MMP (2800 psi) and mixing occurs between CO2 and oil to form a homogeneous phase. The optimal CW-A (Low Permeability) well area using the 4 PV CO2 Continues Injection scenario (injection rate 31.8 Mscf/d) produces an RF of 61.18%. Optimal CW-B (High Permeability) Well Area using CO2-WAG 2 PV injection scenario in 90 days (3 months) cycle, WAG Ratio 1:3 (injection water rate 20,036.84 bwpd and gas injection rate 33.75 Mscf/d) produces RF of 61.76%.

Backgrounds Treating asthmatic rheumatoid arthritis patients with abatacept has been shown to associate with better control of asthma symptoms. However, the mechanism behind that is not investigated. Methods Ovalbumin (OVA)- sensitized BALB/c female mice were treated intranasally (IN) or intraperitoneally (IP) with abatacept 4 hrs before the OVA challenge. The effects of abatacept IN or IP on the lungs and blood levels of Tregs and Bregs and their production of immunosuppressive cytokines, were determined using FACS analysis and ELISA assay. Results Treating OVA- sensitized asthmatic mice model with abatacept, IN or IP, reduced lung inflammation. IN treatment with abatacept increased the frequency of IL-35 and IL-10 producing Bregs in the lung tissues to a higher level compared to IP treatment. Moreover, the frequency of lungs LAG3+ Tregs was significantly increased following treatment. This was also associated with a reduction in lung tissue and serum IL-17 levels of treated mice. Conclusions These results suggest that abatacept by enhancing IL-35+IL-10+ Bregs and LAG3+ Tregs might reverse IL-17 induced lung inflammation during asthma.

Teratoma is a common neoplasm in prepubertal and post-pubertal periods. It consists of various types of tissues arising from different germinal layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Ectopic ocular tissue is a rare phenomenon, with only few reported cases in other locations.This is a 10-month-old boy who presented with a painless scrotal mass. Following orchidectomy, the excised mass confirmed the presence of uveal and retinal tissues originating in a benign testicular teratoma by histopathological examination.Choroidal and retinal tissue are the most frequently encountered ectopic ocular tissue, while the least observed tissue is the lens. Most of the reported cases of ectopic ocular tissue present in ovarian teratomas. The only 2 previously reported cases of ocular-like tissue in testicular teratoma lack well-defined medullary epithelium, uveal, and retinal tissue as in our case.To our knowledge, developing ocular tissue in a testicular teratoma is extremely rare. Herein we report a unique case with mature defined ocular tissue within a testicular teratoma in an infant, which should not be overlooked.

Microemulsion is the main parameter that determines the performance of a surfactant injection system. According to Myers, there are four main mechanisms in the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) surfactant injection process, namely interface tension between oil and surfactant, emulsification, decreased interfacial tension and wettability. In the EOR process, the three-phase regions can be classified as type I, upper-phase emulsion, type II, lower-phase emulsion and type III, middle-phase microemulsion. In the middle-phase emulsion, some of the surfactant grains blend with part of the oil phase so that the interfacial tension in the area is reduced. The decrease in interface tension results in the oil being more mobile to produce. Thus, microemulsion is an important parameter in the enhanced oil recovery process.

Field X is a marginal geothermal field located in the province of Maluku, Indonesia. An assessment of reservoir characteristics needs to be carried out to determine the appropriate field development method. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the electrical potential that can be generated from Field X. The Monte Carlo method is used to estimate the usable electric potential. The sensitivity of the parameters of generation time, initial temperature, and final temperature was carried out to get a wider picture. Based on the simulation results obtained a proportional relationship between reservoir temperature and electric potential. Higher reservoir temperatures can be obtained by drilling deeper wells. The most probable estimate (P50) of the electric potential of Field X is in the range of 0.141 – 0.248 MWe. An increase in the initial reservoir temperature of 15 oC causes an average increase of 16% MWe. Due to the relatively low reservoir temperature, low temperature geothermal binary power generation should be applied for field development.

This material presented in 3rd International Conference Earth Science And Energy (ICESE 2021)

Surfactant is one of the injection fluids in the EOR process to increase the remaining oil production in the reservoir. One type of surfactant used is a lignosulfonate surfactant based on lignin. This lignin is found in bagasse, which is obtained by hydrolysis and sulfonation processes so that it becomes a lignosulfonate surfactant product, and is known as Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS). The injection of surfactant solutions into reservoirs has developed in recent years. Although field data is still lacking, most of the laboratory research has given birth to new theories. The performance of a surfactant can be influenced by the IFT value. The IFT value depends on the size and wettability characteristics of the reservoir matrix, gravity can play a role and the rock matrix. To determine the recovery factor of an oil, an imbibition test can be carried out using a particular reservoir of crude oil samples. Based on the literature review, surfactant injection in the reservoir can produce different recovery factor values. Based on the imbibition test, the qualitative wettability test (two-phase separation test and flotation test) showed that the injection of surfactin and STEOL CS-330 could produce different RF. Based on the results of the imbibition test with several rock samples that have fairly good porosity and permeability, it produces varying RF values, the highest value is 1 ml and the lowest is 0.05 ml. Good results as in samples number 23D, number 29D, and 32B, were obtained at different concentrations, possibly due to the swelling clay which resulted in the closure of the porosity and permeability of the rock, it could also be due to a less homogeneous solution.

Polymer flooding is an Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method using chemicals, such as xanthan gum and polyacrylamide which are widely used in the field. Polymer flooding can improve the mobility of the injection fluid, but in the reservoir the polymer has an interaction with sand known as adsorption which causes some of the polymer to be bound to the surface of the pore of sand, so that it has an impact on the ineffectiveness of the injection. The purpose of this study want to determine and compare the effect of sand grain on the adsorption of xanthan gum and polyacrylamide polymer solutions. Based on the experiment results, it was found that the increase in adsorption was proportional to the increase in polymer concentration. From two polymers used, xanthan gum showed lower adsorption than polyacrylamide. Based on the sand grain, the adsorption that occurs is greater in the grain size for large sand compare small.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a multisystem disease that may affect the vessels of multiple organ systems. It has clinical variants including single-organ disease and cutaneous-only PAN. To our knowledge, this is a unique case report describing the coexistence of PAN of the vulva and retina in a Behcet's disease (BD) patient. We report a case of a 31-year-old Lebanese woman with painful genital ulcers and multiple oral aphthae associated with arthralgia, light flashes, blurry vision, and photosensitivity. There were well-defined, punched-out erosions over the buccal and gingival mucosa; specifically, multiple punched-out, deep ulcers with unremarkable borders and black eschar involving two-thirds of both labia majora and minora sparing the clitoris with bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Dilated fundus examination showed a few cotton wool spots and intraretinal hemorrhage. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed multiple arteriolar infarctions involving the macula in both eyes, more so in the right eye. Vulvar biopsy was consistent with PAN due to the involvement of a medium-sized subcutaneous artery and showed neutrophilic infiltration of its wall. Stain for elastic lamina showed medium-sized subcutaneous artery involvement. After ruling out infectious aetiologies, she was managed by intravenous pulse methylprednisolone 1,000 mg for three days, followed by oral prednisolone 50 mg with a slow taper, oral colchicine 0.5 mg twice daily, and adalimumab 40 mg once every two weeks to stop the progression of the ocular insult and genital mutilation. There was significant improvement of the ulcer with no new cutaneous or systemic manifestations. This case report highlights the importance of considering PAN-like lesions in cases of Behcet's disease. We emphasized the addition of cutaneous PAN as one of the cutaneous manifestations of BD.

Salah satu fenomena yang biasa terjadi selama injeksi polimer adalah adsorpsi. Fenomena ini memainkan peran penting, karena mereka mempengaruhi sifat batuan dan fluida. Adanya lapisan polimer teradsorpsi akan diameter pori. Hal ini akan menghambat aliran fluida. Dalam kajian ini dilakukan pengamatan pengaruh konsentrasi dan salinitas terhadap adsorpsi xanthan pada butiran pasir dalam sistem statik (batch). Konsentrasi xanthan divariasikan dari 200 ppm hingga 2,000 ppm sedangkan salinitas divariasikan dari 10,000 ppm hingga 20,000 ppm. Butiran pasir yang digunakan berukuran pasir 100 mesh (0.149 mm). Percobaan dilakukan pada suhu ruang. Pengukuran absorben dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrophotometer pada panjang gelombang cahaya tampak sebesar 600 nm. Tiga model adsorpsi isothermal digunakan dalam kajian ini yaitu Langmuir, Freundlich, dan Simha-Frish-Eirich untuk membuat korelasi antara konsentrasi partikel teradsorpsi dan konsentrasi larutan xanthan dalam kesetimbangan. Berdasarkan hal pengamatan disimpulkan bahwa tingkat adsorpsi berkurang dengan bertambahnya salinitas. Dalam kajian ini secara umum penerapan model Freundlich memberikan hasil terbaik dalam menggambarkan proses adsorpsi xanthan.

Evaluasi reservoir merupakan kegiatan rutin yang tidak dapat diabaikan agar dapat menentukan strategi pengurasan yang paling menguntungkan. Skripsi yang berjudul “Evaluasi Performa Produksi Sumur pada Struktur NAD dengan Menggunakan Metode Chan’s Diagnostic Plot dan Decline Curve A nal y sis ” ini dibahas mengenai evaluasi performa produksi berdasarkan performa produksi sumur ND-05 agar mekanisme perilaku air yang terjadi pada tiap-tiap sumur dan ramalan penurunan produksi minyak keseluruhan pada struktur NAD. Metode Chan’s Diagnostic Plot adalah sebuah metode baru untuk menentukan mekanisme produksi air dan gas yang berlebihan dalam sumur produksi minyak bumi yang telah dikembangkan dan diverifikasi. Chan mengamati log-log plot WOR dan WOR’ vs waktu untuk mengetahui problema perilaku air di dalam sumur produksi. Metode Decline Curve Anal y sis dianalisa dari data produksi minyak dan air pada sumur di struktur NAD lapangan X untuk mengetahui kinerja laju produksi sumur pada periode waktu yang akan datang.

The pressure behaviour of a well can be easily measured and is useful in analysing and predicting reservoir performance or diagnosing the condition of a well. Since a well test and subsequent pressure transient analysis is the most powerful tool available to the reservoir engineer for determining reservoir characteristics, the subject of well test analysis has attracted considerable attention. A well test is the only method available to the reservoir engineer for examining the dynamic response in the reservoir and considerable information can be gained from a well test. A well test is the examination of the transient behaviour of a porous reservoir as the result of a temporary change in production conditions performed over a relatively short period of time in comparison to the producing life of field. The build up can be both the part of the test when the well is shut in and a value represented by the difference in the pressure measured at any time during the build up and the final flowing pressure. The most common megods of transient (time dependant) pressure analysis required that data points be selected such that they fell on a well-defined straight line on either semi-logarithmic or cartesian graph paper. The well test analyst must the insure that the proper straight line has been chosen if more than one line can be drawn through the plotted data. This aspect of interpretation of well test data requires the input of reservoir engineer. Equally important is the design of a well test to ensure that the duration and format of the test is such that it produces good quality data for analysis. The results obtained from transient pressure analysis are used to discover the formation damage by detemining skin. This experiment will be analyzed oil well which is NA-20 well in Senja field. The results from the analysis of the data obtained on NA-20 well is 4.84 mD permeability, skin +1.42, pressure changes due to skin (ΔPskin) 264.384 psi, and flow efficiency 0.842 with 851.61 ft radius of investigation. The result from the analysis of the well showed that NA-20 well in Senja field have formation damage.