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Se aborda el binomio cadenas productivas y territorio, identificándose dos tipos de desarrollo: el "enclave" del Secano Interior y el de "encadenamiento potencial" entre dicho enclave y la Conurbación del Gran Concepción. Los beneficios de la cadena productiva forestal-celulosa, de importancia mundial, no llegan a su territorio, que permanece en la precariedad. El Gran Concepción, segunda conurbación industrial de importancia nacional, no logra conectarse virtuosamente con su entorno cercano mediante sus redes económicas, ni tampoco con la cadena forestal-celulosa del Secano Interior. El artículo se basa en datos de flujos económicos a partir de la matriz insumo-producto de 2008, en encuestas efectuadas en el contexto de un proyecto del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Regional (fndr, 2008), y en el estudio sobre Chile y sus tipos de desarrollo (Falabella, 2000 y 2002). Finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de generar una plataforma política territorial para el desarrollo económico que facilite la rearticulación productiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article formed part of a presentation made by the Chilean sociologist Gonzalo Falabella at the First Citizens' Forum for Tolerance and Non-discrimination, which took place in Santiago de Chile in March 1995. The subject arose out of the experiences and conversations of a group of professional men, who were searching for a new identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence implicates environmental factors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) risk. Prenatal exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the pesticide metabolite p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE) have been linked to lower cognitive ability, increased impulsivity, and attention related deficits in the offspring. However, information on the relationship of these exposures to the risk of clinically diagnosed ADHD is limited., Objectives: To determine whether prenatal maternal levels of PCBs or DDE are associated with ADHD diagnosis in the offspring., Methods: The investigation was conducted in the Finnish Prenatal Study of ADHD (FIPS-ADHD), a case-control study nested in a national birth cohort. Cases were born in 1998 or 1999 and diagnosed with ADHD (ICD-9 314x or ICD-10 F90. x) according to the national Care Register for Health Care. Each case was individually matched to a control on sex, date, and place of birth. PCB congeners (PCB 74, 99, 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183, 187) and DDE were quantified from archived prenatal maternal sera from 359 matched case-control pairs using gas chromatography - high triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Maternal total PCBs were quantified as the sum of concentrations of the measured congeners. Associations with ADHD were examined using conditional logistic regression., Results: Maternal PCB or DDE levels greater than the 75th percentiles of the control distributions showed no evidence of association with offspring ADHD (PCBs: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.63, 1.60), p = 0.98; DDE: aOR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.71, 1.81; p = 0.60). Maternal levels of either pollutant dichotomized at the 90th percentile or considered as a continuous variable also did not show evidence for association with offspring ADHD diagnosis., Discussion: This study did not find evidence for association of maternal prenatal levels of PCBs or DDE with clinical diagnosis of offspring ADHD; however, this does not rule out the possibility of an impact on subclinical phenotypes., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is an analog of the tryptophan degrading and immunomodulating enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). Although the role of IDO1 is largely understood, the function of IDO2 is not yet well-elucidated. IDO2 overexpression was documented in some human tumors, but the linkage between IDO2 expression and cancer progression is still unclear, in particular in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immunohistochemical expression and cellular localization of IDO2 was evaluated on 191 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded resected NSCLC. Correlations between IDO2 expression, clinical-pathological data, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), immunosuppressive tumor molecules (IDO1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 - PD-L1 -) and patients' prognosis were evaluated. IDO2 high expression is strictly related to high PD-L1 level among squamous cell carcinomas group ( p = 0.012), to either intratumoral or mixed localization of TILs ( p < 0.001) and to adenocarcinoma histotype ( p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant correlation between IDO2 high expression and poor non-small cell lung cancer prognosis was detected ( p = 0.011). The current study reaches interesting knowledge about IDO2 in non-small cell lung cancer. The close relationship between IDO2 expression, PD-L1 increased levels, TILs localization and NSCLC poor prognosis, assumed IDO2 as a potential prognostic biomarker to be exploited for optimizing innovative combined therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors., (Copyright © 2020 Mandarano, Bellezza, Belladonna, Vannucci, Gili, Ferri, Lupi, Ludovini, Falabella, Metro, Mondanelli, Chiari, Cagini, Stracci, Roila, Puma, Volpi and Sidoni.)

Spermatogenesis is a highly complicated biological process that occurs in the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. It is regulated by a complex network of endocrine and paracrine factors and by juxtacrine testicular cross-talk. Sertoli cells (SC) play a key role in spermatogenesis due to their production of trophic, differentiation and immune-modulating factors, but many of the molecular pathways of SC action remain controversial and unclear. Over the last two decades, research has focused on extracellular vesicles as an important mechanism of intercellular communication. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in SC and the modulation of their content in SC after FSH and testosterone stimulation. Highly purified porcine pre-pubertal Sertoli cells were isolated according to previously established methods. After 48 h of culture with FSH or FSH + testosterone stimulation, we identified sertolian EVs containing specific mRNAs. Proteomic analysis of EVs content identified 29 proteins under non-stimulatory conditions, most of which were related to receptor binding activity. FSH stimulation induced increases in inhibin-alpha, inhibin-beta, plakoglobin, haptoglobin, D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase in sertolian EVs. Testosterone stimulation enhanced the abundance of inhibin-alpha, inhibin-beta, tissue-type plasminogen activator, epidermal growth factor-like protein 8, elongating factor 1-gamma and D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. These results are likely to help determine the unknown molecular secretion of Sertoli cells., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Increased abdominal fat and chronic inflammation in the expanded adipose tissue of obesity contribute to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The emerging immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of Sertoli cells have prompted their application to experimental models of autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, including diabetes. The main goal of this work was to verify whether transplantation of microencapsulated prepubertal porcine Sertoli cells (MC-SC) in the subcutaneous abdominal fat depot of spontaneously diabetic and obese db/db mice (homozygous for the diabetes spontaneous mutation [Lepr db ]) would: (i) improve glucose homeostasis and (ii) modulate local and systemic immune response and adipokines profiles., Methods: Porcine prepubertal Sertoli cells were isolated, according to previously established methods and enveloped in Barium alginate microcapsules by a mono air-jet device. MC-SC were then injected in the subcutaneous abdominal fat depot of db/db mice., Results: We have preliminarily shown that graft of MC-SC restored glucose homeostasis, with normalization of glycated hemoglobin values with improvement of the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test in 60% of the treated animals. These results were associated with consistent increase, in the adipose tissue, of uncoupling protein 1 expression, regulatory B cells, anti-inflammatory macrophages and a concomitant decrease of proinflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, the treated animals showed a reduction in inducible NOS and proinflammatory molecules and a significant increase in an anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10 along with concomitant rise of circulating adiponectin levels. The anti-hyperglycemic graft effects also emerged from an increased expression of GLUT-4, in conjunction with downregulation of GLUT-2, in skeletal muscle and liver, respectively., Conclusions: Preliminarily, xenograft of MC-SC holds promises for an effective cell therapy approach for treatment of experimental T2D., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Immune dysfunction, promoted by pro-inflammatory cytokines, plays a pivotal role in neurodegeneration associated with Huntington's disease., Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the emerging immunoregulatory and antiinflammatory properties of Sertoli cells in Huntington's disease., Methods: The experimental R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease was treated by a single intraperitoneal injection of microencapsulated prepubertal porcine Sertoli cells and lifespan, motor performance and striatal inflammatory pattern have been evaluated., Results: The results of this study demonstrated that a single intraperitoneal injection of microencapsulated prepubertal porcine Sertoli cells uniquely improved performances and extended the life expectancy of R6/2 Huntington's disease mice, by immune dysfunction modulation in brain., Conclusions: This study highlights the immunomodulatory and trophic role of Sertoli cells that could be of help in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease characterized by progressive muscle degeneration leading to impaired locomotion, respiratory failure and premature death. In DMD patients, inflammatory events secondary to dystrophin mutation play a major role in the progression of the pathology. Sertoli cells (SeC) have been largely used to protect xenogeneic engraftments or induce trophic effects thanks to their ability to secrete trophic, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory factors. Here we have purified SeC from specific pathogen-free (SPF)-certified neonatal pigs, and embedded them into clinical grade alginate microcapsules. We show that a single intraperitoneal injection of microencapsulated SPF SeC (SeC-MC) in an experimental model of DMD can rescue muscle morphology and performance in the absence of pharmacologic immunosuppressive treatments. Once i.p. injected, SeC-MC act as a drug delivery system that modulates the inflammatory response in muscle tissue, and upregulates the expression of the dystrophin paralogue, utrophin in muscles through systemic release of heregulin-β1, thus promoting sarcolemma stability. Analyses performed five months after single injection show high biocompatibility and long-term efficacy of SeC-MC. Our results might open new avenues for the treatment of patients with DMD and related diseases., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We report data about the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of specific pathogen-free (SPF) porcine Sertoli cells (SeC) encapsulated into clinical grade alginate-based microcapsules (SeC-MC) on muscles of chronic and presymptomatic dystrophic, mdx mice. Mdx mouse is the best characterized animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked lethal myopathy due to mutation in the gene of dystrophin, which is crucial for myofiber integrity during muscle contraction. Our data show that three weeks after i.p. injection of SeC-MC significantly reduced adipose and fibrous tissue deposition, reduced macrophage infiltrate, and reduced numbers of damaged myofibers are found in muscles of 12-month-old mdx mice, which reproduce chronic DMD conditions. Compared with muscles of mock-treated mdx mice muscles of SeC-MC-treated mice show upregulation of the dystrophin paralogue, utrophin which is localized to the periphery of myofibers. Moreover, our data show that i.p. injection of SeC-MC into presymptomatic, 2-week-old mdx mice, although not fully preventing myofiber degeneration, results in protection against myofiber necrosis and muscle inflammation. Extensive discussion of these data can be found in Ref. [1].

Background: Porcine Sertoli cells (pSCs) have been employed for cell therapy in pre-clinical studies for several chronic/immune diseases as they deliver molecules associated with trophic and anti-inflammatory effects. To be employed for human xenografts, pSCs products need to comply with safety and stability. To fulfill such requirements, we employed a microencapsulation technology to increase pre-transplant storage stability of specific pathogen-free pSCs (SPF-pSCs) and evaluated the in vivo long-term viability and safety of grafts., Methods: Specific pathogen free neonatal pigs underwent testis excision under sterility. pSCs were isolated, characterized by immunofluorescence (IF) and cytofluorimetric analysis (CA) and examined in terms of viability and function [namely, production of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B, and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TFGβ-1)]. After microencapsulation in barium alginate microcapsules (Ba-MC), long-term SPF-pSCs (Ba-MCpSCs) viability and barium concentrations were evaluated at 1, 24 throughout 40 h to establish pre-transplant storage conditions., Results: The purity of isolated pSCs was about 95% with negligible contaminating cells. Cultured pSCs monolayers, both prior to and after microencapsulation, maintained high function and full viability up to 24 h of storage. At 40 h post-encapsulation, pSCs viability decreased to 80%. Barium concentration in Ba-MCpSCs lagged below the normal maximum daily allowance and was stable for 4 months in mice with no evident side effects., Conclusions: Such results suggest that this protocol for the isolation and microencapsulation of pSCs is compatible with long-haul transportation and that Ba-MCpSCs could be potentially employable for xenotransplantation., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Occupational and environmental exposure to the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and its inhalation from cigarette smoke are associated with emphysema. Many growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) cell signaling molecules are directly involved in the epithelial bronchial cell pathway. This study investigated the direct effects of Cd on the production of several ECM components in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) that were exposed in vitro for 48 h to sub-toxic and toxic concentrations of Cd. Gene expression of collagens, metalloproteases (MMPs), integrins, tenascin and vitronectin were quantified by RT-PCR. To study apoptosis cascade, annexin assay and cellular cytotoxicity by MTT assay were performed. We also investigated whether an imbalance in the TGFβ/TGFβ receptor (TGFβR) expression mediated Cd effects. The results showed the sub-toxic Cd dose significantly increased tenascin, vitronectin, β1 and β5 integrin gene expression. The toxic Cd dose decreased type IV and V collagen, α1, α2 and β3 integrins. Both Cd doses down-regulated type I collagen and up-regulated metalloproteases. Each Cd dose caused a different imbalance in the complex pattern of TGFβ and its receptors. No alteration in classic apoptotic marker protein expression was observed in presence of the sub-toxic dose of Cd, suggesting this metal alters ECM production without apoptotic activation. In conclusion, all these data show even sub-toxic Cd dose exposure alters the specific gene expression of several ECM components that are crucially implicated in the mechanical properties of lung parenchyma supporting the hypothesis that the mechanism underlying Cd-induced lung disease may involve downstream changes in TGFβ/TGFβR signaling., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To restore testicular functional competence after traumatic avulsion of the scrotum, accompanied by penile decortication, by means of ad hoc surgery and post-surgical medical treatment., Materials and Methods: A 26 years old patient underwent a on the job perineal trauma that resulted in loss of one testis while the other one was rescued together with the deferential duct. The spared testis was buried in a subcutaneous thigh pocket after creating a tunnel from the inguinal area. Because of post-traumatic ensued hypogonadism, the patient was treated with corticosteroids, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors and anti-oxidizing agents., Results: Hypogonadism related clinical findings in terms of oligospermia, erectile dysfunction and alterations of the pituitary- testis axis, with low testosterone levels progressively improved along the post-traumatic months. Preservation of testis vascular supply associated with ad hoc medical therapy restored erectile dysfunction and spermatogenesis, and in the end at 6 months of the trauma the patients was able to regain fatherhood capability., Discussion: The obtained results demonstrate that an appropriate testis burying in the subcutaneous thigh region, upon traumatic scrotum avulsion, followed by an ad hoc medical therapy may rescue male fertility. This is unlikely to happen in the clinical routine and previous published reports negate restoration of the testis function, that completely vanishes within 1 year of the intervention., Conclusion: Full restoration of testis and penile functions resulted in induction of spontaneous pregnancy in the patient's female partner may occur only if good reconstructive surgery is coupled with an efficient medical therapy.

Cadmium (Cd), an ubiquitous environmental metal, mainly used for industrial purposes, may be toxic at level of the reproductive system. Testis tubular-based Sertoli cells (SC), play a major role in constituting the blood-testis barrier and provide a unique microenvironment for the genesis and differentiation of germ cells. Hence SC strictly control sperm qualitative and quantitative parameters. We aimed to assess whether exposure to Cd would adversely affect superior mammal SC viability and function. We isolated and purified SC from pre-pubertal pig testes according to our method and incubated the retrieved cells with three different Cadmium chloride concentrations (5-10-15 microM). Parameters of SC function such as inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) were depressed by Cd exposure, contrary to what observed in untreated controls. No impairment of the FSH receptor integrity on the SC, as assessed by 17-beta-estradiol production, upon stimulation with FSH, was observed in either 5 microM Cd-treated or untreated controls. Differences, on the contrary, were observed for higher Cd concentrations (10 and 15 mM), in terms of FSH receptor integrity, that was altered, as compared to untreated controls, in terms of lower production of 17-beta-estradiol. In addition, the apoptotic test showed a significant increase of early (ANNEXIN V-/Propidium Iodide+) (AV-/PI+) and late apoptotic cells (AV+/ PI+) in all Cd -treated SC conditions as compared to controls. In conclusion, the Cd -related toxicity on SC, clearly demonstrated by our study, even at low concentrations, is expected to damage spermatogenesis that directly is dependent upon retention of SC viability and function.

Recombinant human IGF-1 currently represents the only available treatment option for the Laron Syndrome, a rare human disorder caused by defects in the gene encoding growth hormone receptor, resulting in irreversibly retarded growth. Unfortunately, this treatment therapy, poorly impacts longitudinal growth (13% in females and 19% in males), while burdening the patients with severe side effects, including hypoglycemia, in association with the unfair chore of taking multiple daily injections that cause local intense pain. In this study, we have demonstrated that a single intraperitoneal graft of microencapsulated pig Sertoli cells, producing pig insulin-like growth factor-1, successfully promoted significant proportional growth in the Laron mouse, a unique animal model of the human Laron Syndrome. These findings indicate a novel, simply, safe and successful method for the cell therapy-based cure of the Laron Syndrome, potentially applicable to humans., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Skin rejection remains a major hurdle in skin reconstructive transplantation surgery. In fact, 85% of the grafted patients experience at least one episode of acute skin rejection in the first year. It has been observed that Sertoli cells (SC), when co-transplanted with allo- or xenogeneic cell/tissues, can induce graft acceptance in the absence of systemic immunosuppression. A method aimed at significantly prolonging skin allografts in rats transplanted with barium alginate-based microencapsulated xenogeneic porcine SC (SC-MCs) is described. Results demonstrated that intraperitoneal (IP) transplantation of SC-MCs with high cellular viability and function can significantly prolong allogeneic skin grafts when compared to transplantation controls receiving only empty alginate capsules (E-MCs). Lymphocytic infiltration at the skin graft site was not observed in 80% of the SC-MCs transplanted rats and these recipient animals showed a significant increased expression of T regulatory (Tregs) cells when compared to E-MCs transplantation controls. The findings of this report further substantiate the positive therapeutic effects of SC on transplantation technology mediated by Sertoli cell-induced alterations of the host's immune system and indicate new perspectives and new strategies for successful skin tissue allografts., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sertoli cells (SCs) provide an immunoprotective environment to pancreatic islet grafts for treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Aim of this work was to verify whether intraperitoneal graft of SCs, enveloped in barium alginate-based microcapsules, would reverse overt spontaneous diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice by eliciting generation of newly formed functional islets β-cells., Methods: Microcapsules were prepared, according to our method, by a mono air-jet device system and thereafter examined as far as (a) SC morphology by light microscopy; (b) SC viability by fluorescence microscopy; (c) SC in vitro function; and (d) SC in vivo function, as quoted by diabetes reversal in the NOD mice, were concerned., Results: SCs containing microcapsules exhibited excellent morphology, viability, and function, and when grafted into the NOD's, they induced stable reversion of the disease in 81% of the cases. The treated mice showed dramatic increase in regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) when compared with control diabetic NOD's treated with empty capsules only. Histologic examination of pancreata retrieved from the SC-transplanted animals showed total disappearance of insulitis, with appearance of new islets, as shown by immunocytochemistry; restored ability of the islets to produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin; and finally, increased expression of key transcriptional factors such as neurogenin 3., Conclusions: SCs, enveloped in barium alginate-based microcapsules, showed no long-term loss of their functional and morphological properties in vitro or in vivo. Xenograft of microencapsulated-SC-induced reversal of spontaneous diabetes in the majority of the treated NOD mice, based on SC-related powerful immunomodulatory and pro-β-cell regeneration properties.