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Purpose. In order to consistently distinguish between violence, which is always primarily a destructive force, and the civilized use of force that involves constructive, creative goals, one should explore the main possible philosophical approaches to understand the nature of violence and try to give it a systematic outline. Methodology. This study uses a systematic approach to identify the internal relationship between different forms of violence and, accordingly, the counteraction against violence. Also, the author uses an axiology to identify the values that are the basis for distinguishing violence from its prototypes, as well as for the distinction between violence and coercion, as well as different types of coercion. Originality. This article presents significant clarifications on the classification of types of violence, in particular, it is clearly established that certain types of violence can not have ethical relevance, since they belong to the sphere of biology (expansion, aggression) or social anthropology (cultural, institutional coercion). Actually violence or violence in the narrow sense implies the existence of will, consciousness and destructive purpose. Accordingly, counteraction against violence should include the formation of a certain non-violent type of will, non-violent culture and creative, constructive goals. This requires both personal effort and institutional support and the availability of appropriate moral traditions. Ethical theory is intended to clarify and systematize these efforts. In this sense, ethics is the core of practical philosophy. To the extent that the influence of ethics on changes in human culture and sociality in the counterfactual regime is increasing, one should also speak of the anthropological significance of ethics. Conclusions. From the socio-philosophical point of view, it is necessary to specify exactly which social institutions and in which constellation generate violence. The ethical aspect of the study of violence involves categorizing the problem in terms of good and evil: violence is evil, as opposed to coercion, which can be justified, legitimated - but always from the point of view of promoting the development of society and the individual, encouraging the disclosure of his creative potential. Counterfactuality acts as an important ethical category, which reveals the transformation mechanism applied by human relative to himself and society while focusing on the values of goodness and other constructive and creative values.

This paper reflects on depictions of islands in two novels by the Austrian author Raoul Schrott (born 1964): his first novel, Finis Terrae: Manuscripts, from 1995, and the later Tristan da Cunha or Half of the Earth from 2003. I argue that Schrott’s concepts and explorations of islands strongly influence the presentation and organisation of his texts. Finis Terrae and Tristan da Cunha exhibit distinctly different concepts of the insular. Whereas the earlier text accentuates a frail, fragmented, and almost mythical condition, the later novel Tristan evokes a plethora of Western topoi about islands and heavily relies on dualities. In both cases, island concepts are also reflected in narrative gestures: oppositions are central to interpreting and analysing Tristan da Cunha, and Finis Terrae revolves around fragmentation, vagueness, and loss. Islands are thus not only objects in the texts—they also determine the design and structure of the texts.

Taking off from El prodigio de Alemania [The Wonder in Germany, 1634], a recently discovered collaborative play by Calderón and Coello about general Albrecht von Wallenstein, this article discusses the conception of factuality informing Golden Age dramatic representations of contemporaneous history. Vis-à-vis the recurrent critical disparagement of this type of drama as artistically inferior propaganda, I will demonstrate the dramatists' delicate handling of the breaking news about Wallenstein's death and their use of advanced aesthetic and performative devices to stimulate audience thinking about Wallenstein's destiny: Why did he become a traitor? Highlighting the subtle doublespeak informing especially the epilogue and the protagonist's great monologue, I will argue that the play is at once loyal and critical toward Habsburg policy: it follows the official explanation of the general's murder -- that he was planning high treason -- yet at the same time demonstrates an essentially interrogatory conception of factuality that invites reflection on what is historical "truth". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, works depicting a post-human world have become a popular non-fiction genre. This kind of disanthropy is an extreme form of apocalyptic thinking. In this article, I examine one such disanthropic narrative, Alan Weisman's bestselling non-fiction book The World Without Us (2007), using the theoretical framework of narrative fictionality studies. The World Without Us falls between the conventional oppositional pairing of factual and fictional narratives. The book bases its rhetoric heavily on scientific facts – or at least on scientific expectations – especially in its use of interviews with scientists. Nevertheless, the core idea of a world without humans is inevitably fictional since the presence of readers makes the book's premise manifestly counterfactual and paradoxical. In my analysis, I adopt a rhetorical approach to fictionality and factuality to ask how particular techniques and strategies connected to fictionality and factuality are employed in Weisman's text in order to discuss the anxieties, desires, hopes, and fears of the possibility of human extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a method for studying the factuality of narrative as a rhetoric. The need for such a method is apparent in the so-called post-truth climate, which sees us witnessing debates about semantic chimeras like "alternative facts" and "fake news." The article arrives at its method by tackling challenges arising both in narrative theory and in fictionality studies. This involves developing models that let us take into account both the effects of local discursive features and the "macrogeneric" and "generic" frames guiding expectations about how communication is meant to work. The method is used in analysis of one of the controversial stories by the journalist Claas Relotius, who is currently being investigated in the forgery scandal of the magazine Der Spiegel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There are many reasons behind research on speculation and negation: there is a lot of irrelevant (nonfactual) information, and a huge changing with new discovering information may strengthen or weaken previous knowledge. Speculation and negation values are considered as one of the main factors which play an essential role to predict the factuality of event or sentence. Negation reverses the truth of a statement to give the opposition and speculation increase or decreases the uncertainty of statement. Recently, Deep Neural Networks (DNN) have proven better performance to distinguish factual from nonfactual information. Most previous approaches have been dedicated to the English language. To our knowledge, there is no previous developed research to identify the negative or speculative expression for biomedical texts in the Arabic language. This research will develop DNN-based Speculation and negation detection models that able to check claims (negated or speculated sentences) by considering syntactic paths between speculation or negation cues and the remaining words (candidates) in biomedical texts, using Stanford dependency parser. In this paper, the implemented models are evaluated based on the BIOARABIC corpus. Experiments on BIOARABIC corpus show that DNN models achieve a competitive performance and the Attention based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory model achieves the best F-scores of 73.55. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. The study investigates the semiotic and pragmatic limits of factuality from the perspective of the vulnerability of the "positive epistemic status" (described in contemporary epistemology through terms such as "knowledge", "guarantee" or "proof" of knowledge and "justified belief"). In contemporary epistemology this area of preoccupations is termed defeasibility. The analyses of this type (concerning defeasibility) approach the variety of opinions and especially, on the one hand, the situations in which the epistemic status of the opinions does not maintain over time (someone is justified to take as fact something at a certain moment, while at another comes to appreciate the same thing as less certain, or even as uncertain, by this the "fact" losing the factual status) or, on the other hand, the situations in which certain opinions undermine the chance at a positive epistemic status for other opinions (as it happens when new things are discovered and they sustain different views on the status of facts). I consider that the aspects correlated with defeasibility should be discussed in correlation with factualism, semiotics, pragmatism and fallibilism. In pragmatism and from the perspective opened by communicable knowledge, the facts and the theories are eventually just utterances found (sometimes in competition) within a relational universe as diverse as we might suppose - relating whatever is at a first glance imaginable or unimaginable, true or false, veridical or not etc. for as long as we can sustain, argue, prove, conceive, presuppose and communicate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject of counterfactuality is essential for ethics and philosophy of education, but despite this fact, still has not found a proper philosophical reflection in domestic science - rather philosophical texts meet philologists, in linguistics counterfactuality associated primarily with Plusquamperfekt, long-past time that also used increasingly to describe unreality of the situation and actions in the present and future time. Unreality of moral standards is relative – they are unreal only to the extent that they can not be implemented without any special effort – very this effort gives them the power and reality even more than ones having “realistic”, positivist standards. This temporal aspect recedes into the background, and to the foreground opposition steps – of traditionalism and modernity desire to change, to improve the world, ourselves, the others. With Plusquamperfekt one can identify different models as models of counterfactual subjective distancing from the flow of events through distancing from: inadequate (partially adequate) senses; inadequate (excessive, reduced or even false) emotional perception; inadequate action results intentions; values discrepancy of the object of perception. Values are always opposed to the counter-value or irrelevant value. Then and there appears actually a philosophical interest to the concept of counterfactuality that can be called a priori selected context. Thus, taking a counterfactual position, we choose a semantic context of our behavior – sensual, emotional, instrumentally rational, value, etc – and give it absolute value relatively to all other possible contexts – within our strategy of certain behavior. Not omly academic values should be considered after the model of counterfactuality –also other values of university education should be. And the same academic values should be deprived of a significant part of their idealization – a value that acquire a real education is regulatory, not absolute. Academic values become variability in the structure of value orientations of different university communities. If the version of each academic values considered as self-sufficient in its counterfactuality subsystem of values, then one gets pluralistic academic values picture in which different versions of their interpretation partially complementary, but may partially be contradict one another. And counterfactual academic values may be supplemented by other counterfactual university values, such as institutional. Counterfactuality may have different directions and different levels of modalities – both for different communities within the university and for different universities.

Copyright of Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural is the property of Sociedad Espanola para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In addition to expressing a position, interventions in public debates are presented as interpretations of reality. The analysis of this factual dimension is conducted by taking the example of the disagreement between two philosophers, Michel Seymour and Jocelyn Maclure, about a link between the national question and the debate on secularism in Quebec. After exposure of their views, are highlighted the factual aspects they involve. They are then characterized as part of an interpretation of social reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the evolution of television newscasts in Quebec since the 1960s. The aim is to show that television news, while anchoring its discourse in factuality, makes more and more room for an analytical and interpretative discourse, particularly through processes of contextualization and problematization of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on depictions of islands in two novels by the Austrian author Raoul Schrott (born 1964): his first novel, Finis Terrae: Manuscripts, from 1995, and the later Tristan da Cunha or Half of the Earth from 2003. I argue that Schrott's concepts and explorations of islands strongly influence the presentation and organisation of his texts. Finis Terrae and Tristan da Cunha exhibit distinctly different concepts of the insular. Whereas the earlier text accentuates a frail, fragmented, and almost mythical condition, the later novel Tristan evokes a plethora of Western topoi about islands and heavily relies on dualities. In both cases, island concepts are also reflected in narrative gestures: oppositions are central to interpreting and analysing Tristan da Cunha, and Finis Terrae revolves around fragmentation, vagueness, and loss. Islands are thus not only objects in the texts--they also determine the design and structure of the texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although narrative journalism has a long history in the Netherlands, it is in recent years being promoted as a ‘new’ genre. This study examines the motives underlying this promotional tactic. To that end, we analyze how narrative journalism is framed in (1) public expressions of the initiatives aimed at professionalization of the genre and (2) interviews with journalists and lecturers in journalism programs. Results indicate that in public discourse on narrative journalism, the genre is framed as moving, essential, and as high quality journalism. These frames indicate that the current promotion of narrative journalism as ‘new’ can be seen as a strategy that journalists apply to withstand the pressures they are facing in the competition with new media. These frames are deepened in the interviews with lecturers and practitioners, who frame narrative journalism as a dangerous game, a paradigm shift, and as the Holy Grail. These frames indicate that narrative journalism is regarded as the highest achievable goal for journalists, but that its practice comes with dangers and risks: it tempts journalists to abandon the traditional principles of objectivity and factuality, which can ultimately cause journalism to lose its credibility and authority. We discuss these findings in terms of boundary work and reflect on implications for narrative journalism’s societal function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Born in Braşov in 1974, the novelist Ursula Ackrill has graduated her studies in the Romanian "Andrei Saguna" Highschool in Sibiu, Romanian Orthodox Theology, as well as German Studies at the University in Bucharest. She lives in the United Kingdom where she has obtained in 2003 a PhD in philology from the University of Leicester with a thesis on Christa Wolf. She debuted with the novel Zeiden, im Januar [Codlea in January] in 2015, being shortlisted in the same year for the Prize of the Leipzig Book Fair. The theme of the novel is the relationship of the German community in Romania with the German Nazi party, but it also refers to the two extremist currents present in Romania in the interwar period: Emeuerungsbewegung (Renewal Movement) and the Legionary Movement. The present article focuses on the analysis of the novel in terms of the fictional and factual; and in my opinion, we have a type of postmodern narrative, the best concept describing it being metahistoriographicalJictionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of our paper is to check whether or not the news-coverage text displays conspicuous features. Namely, is this discourse self-sufficient, or does it rely on other formal language registers? The outcome of the above-mentioned debate is that, despite the media’ commitment to outspoken factuality, academic inquiry in the field proves that telling apart the hard-fact narrative from the fictional one is easier said than done, to the extent to which, sometimes, the rhetoric devices of story-telling account for truth-attribution in the language of reporting.

This paper examines shifts in the genre of the novel within the magazine Seitō. In Seitō, authors’ personal experiences were written in the first person, thus highlighting factuality and bringing an emphasis on women’s issues to society. However, from the fifth year of publication, pen names and initials for characters’ names began to be used, and third person narratives or framed narratives that separated the “I” of the narrative from the author began to increase. These strategies were used to avoid bashing from conservative society. However, these formal changes also led to a sense of distance from women’s issues. The aims of novel writing thus shifted from emphasizing women’s issues or content, to displaying a sincere attitude in the act of writing.

Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study joins the long-running debate about the semantic- pragmatic distinction of the three domains of epistemic modality, evidentiality, and factuality. In particular, this work aims at providing both a theoretical and operational framework to investigate what type of speech act is at stake when a speaker/writer alternatively decides to mark a proposition as an epistemic modal, an evidential, or a factual construction. In fact, three basic types of illocutionary force will be shown to determine the modal marking of a constative speech act: evaluational (EvF(p)), presentative (PrF(p)), and assertive (AsF(p)) force. This classification is based on a set of tests that can effectively address either grammaticalized constructions or pragmatic strategies, independent from the specificity of the item under enquiry. This approach is first used to disentangle the controversial meaning of MUST-type predicates and then further theorized as a speech-act based framework of epistemic disambiguation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The idea of there being 'no fact of the matter' (NFM) features centrally in Quine's indeterminacy theses. Yet there has been little discussion of how exactly Quine understands this idea. In this paper I identify, develop and then critically evaluate Quine's conception of NFM. In Sects. 3-4 I consider a handful of intuitive semantic and ontological conceptions of NFM and argue that none is workable from within Quine's philosophy. I conclude that the failure of each of these proposals is due to the immanent status of truth and existence for Quine. In Sect. 5 I then present Quine's official conception of NFM. Briefly, Quine's idea is that there is NFM between two theories of (say) translation iff those theories are physically equivalent. I develop this idea in detail. Finally, I raise two independent problems for this conception of NFM. In Sect. 6 I argue that Quine's definition is too strong: given what he means by NFM, his arguments for indeterminacy-even granting all their premises and internal reasoning-simply cannot support his claim that there is NFM regarding translation; instead they establish a strictly weaker conclusion. In Sect. 7 I argue that Quine's conception of NFM is in significant tension with his thesis of physicalism, and that he must give up one or the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a gradient redefinition of the notion of factuality, here intended as a dynamic continuum unfolding through several epistemic levels. In this respect, the speaker/writer’s increasing certainty upon the realization of an event or situation is here as factualization. Factualization is a conceptual phenomenon determined by an embodied mechanism (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999; Lakoff, 1987, 2003; Grush, 2004; Gallese & Lakoff, 2005) of cyclic acquisition and control with respect to a new proposition P. Being a form of subjectification (Traugott, 1989, 1995, 2003, 2010, 2012; Traugott & Dasher, 2002), factualization occurs as the semasiological reanalysis of an epistemic construction. Drawing on Langacker’s (1991, 2008, 2009) notion of the ‘epistemic control cycle’ (see also Kan, Teubner-Rhodes, Drummey, Nutile, Krupa, & Novick, 2013, on cognitive control), I claim and demonstrate that epistemic predicates originally conveying weak certainty towards a proposition P diachronically develop an increasingly factual meaning conveying more and more frequently a subjected form of certainty. This phenomenon is first shown through a qualitative and quantitative corpus analysis from the BNC,1 which provides a measurable account of the various degrees of polysemy of the three epistemic predicates I think, I believe, and I reckon. In addition, I discuss the results of a diachronic corpus survey from the diaCoris on the factualization process of (Io) penso ‘I think’ in Modern Italian during the last 150 years, showing how the contemporary usage of (Io) penso is notably more oriented towards absolute factuality than it was 150 years earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In view of the different opinions of documentologists about documents we believe that the debate about this entity is not over yet. The document is a unique social phenomenon that deserves separate in-depth study. Attempts to combine it with the book in one object of scientific knowledge have not yet been successful: they have not been theoretically substantiated and practically justified. The purpose of this paper is to show the differences between the book and the document as different social phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]