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Many rural residents are still married under the age specified in the Indonesian marriage law. There are many reasons why they are forced to do it in Pleret sub-district there is an increasing trend of people who marry at an early age. A qualitative case study research was then conducted to naturally describe the causes of the practice of underage marriage in the research location. The socio-juridical approach was carried out on the data that had been collected through observation, documentation and in-depth interviews with informants selected by purpossive sample. Most of them do early marriage because of economic and educational factors. The causes of intervention or the role of parents or cultural customs do not have as much influence as the first two factors. The age limit of marriage in the legislation has not been clearly and strictly understood for their own future interests so that it still provides opportunities for the practice of early marriage.

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.Mitos y Suposiciones sobre el Conflicto y la Coexistencia entre el Humano y la Fauna Resumen Casi todas las extinciones recientes han resultado de las represalias que los humanos han realizado en contra de la fauna que amenaza o que ha sido percibida como una amenaza para intereses humanos actuales o futuros. Hoy en día, la disciplina de conflicto y coexistencia humano - fauna (HWCC, en inglés), surgió de la original preocupación antropocéntrica por las amenazas reales o percibidas y después, a partir de mediados de la década de 1990, por la preocupación de proteger a las especies valoradas por el los humanos. Trabajos recientes de ética y leyes han modificado sus prioridades hacia la coexistencia entre las personas y la fauna silvestre. Para estimular el progreso científico y una práctica más efectiva, examinamos cuatro suposiciones generalizadas sobre el HWCC que necesitan ser evaluadas rigurosamente: los científicos son neutrales y objetivos con el HWCC; las decisiones participativas actuales basadas en consensos proporcionan medios justos y razonables para sobreponerse a los retos del HWCC; las amenazas de la fauna hacia los intereses humanos cada vez son peores; y el daño causado por la fauna a los intereses humanos es aditivo a otras fuentes de daño. Las primeras dos suposiciones son claramente evaluables, pero si se entrelazan, pueden convertirse en un serio problema y necesitarían ser desacreditadas como mitos si no se pueden desenlazar. Algunas suposiciones nunca o rara vez han sido evaluadas y aquellas que sí lo han sido parecen ser dudosas. A pesar de esto, el uso de las suposiciones continua en la práctica y en la academia del HWCC. La adhesión a los principios de integridad científica y la aplicación de estándares de evidencia pueden ayudar a promover nuestra petición. También hacemos un llamado a los practicantes y a los grupos de interés para que mejoren el proceso constitutivo previo a la toma de decisiones sobre la fauna. Pronosticamos que estos pasos a seguir apresurarán el progreso científico hacia intervenciones basadas en evidencia y mejorarán la imparcialidad, ética y legalidad de las estrategias de coexistencia.近代发生的物种灭绝许多是因为人类对威胁其利益, 或是主观认为会威胁其当下或未来利益的野生动物进行的报复。目前人兽冲突与共存 (human-wildlife conflict and coexistence, HWCC) 子领域起源于最初以人类为中心对这些真实或感知中的威胁的关注, 随后自二十世纪九十年代中期起, 开始考虑保护有价值的物种不受人类威胁。近期伦理学和法律方面的工作已将重点转向人与野生动物的共存。为了促进科学进步和更有效的实践, 我们检验了四个有关 HWCC 普遍流传但需要严格检验的假设: 科学家对 HWCC 持客观中立的态度; 目前参与性的、基于共识的决策为克服 HWCC 中的挑战提供了公正公平的手段; 野生动物对人类利益的威胁越来越严重; 野生动物对人类利益的损害可以与其它来源的损害累加。最后两个假设明显可以检验, 但它们如果相互关联就可能成为一个棘手难题, 不能彼此理清的话则会发展为谬见, 需要得到揭露。还有一些假设很少或从未被检验过, 而那些已经被检验过的假设也显得可疑, 但 HWCC 的实践和学术研究中仍然在使用这些假设。我们呼吁在 HWCC 的学术研究中检验假设、消除谬见。而坚持科学诚信的原则和证据标准的应用有助于推动我们的呼吁。我们还呼吁实践者和利益团体在改进流程后再进行有关野生动物的决策。我们预计这些做法将推动以证据为基础的干预措施的科学进展, 并提高共存策略的公平性、道德性和合法性。 【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.

User preferences are dynamic and diverse in real world, while historical preference of a user may not be equally important as current preference when predicting future interests. As a result, learning the evolving user representation effectively becomes a critical problem in personalized recommendation. However, existing recommendation solutions often use a fixed user representation, which is not capable of modeling the complex interests of users. To this end, we propose a novel metric learning approach named Adaptive Collaborative Metric Learning (AdaCML) for recommendation. AdaCML employs a memory component and an attention mechanism to learn an adaptive user representation, which dynamically adapts to locally activated items. In this way, implicit relationships of user-item pairs can be better determined in the metric space and users’ interests can be modeled more accurately. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of AdaCML on two datasets, and show that AdaCML outperforms competitive baselines in terms of Precision, Recall, and Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG).

El objetivo de este artículo es proponer alternativas para la comercialización de bienes del sector artesanal colombiano en mercados internacionales, mediante la identificación del sector artesanal colombiano y su participación en dichos mercados. De esta manera, se pueden establecer las estrategias que potenciarían el sector artesanal. Se utilizó un diseño metodológico no experimental, de tipo descriptivo y de carácter documental. Como resultado se encontró que los artesanos cuentan con falencias tales como falta de recursos económicos para la implementación de nuevas tecnologías y de capacitaciones para conocer cómo está el mercado actualmente y lo que este busca. Se concluye que los artesanos, para tener más oportunidades de ingreso a mercados internacionales y potencializar el sector, deben innovar, participar en ferias con menores requisitos y crear empresa para tener mayores oportunidades.

Faced with intertemporal policy conflicts, democratic political systems tend to favour short-term interests over long-term interests. Such phenomena, variously described as political short-termism, democratic myopia and a presentist bias in policy-making, threaten the interests of future generations. Numerous proposals – constitutional, institutional, policy-oriented and analytical – have been advanced to counter short-termism and protect long-term interests. While differing significantly, such proposals all rest for their claimed effectiveness on at least one of six theories of change or intervention logics: 1) changing the values and goals of policy-makers so that they care more about future interests; 2) changing the political incentives facing policy-makers such that it is in their interests to give more weight to long-term considerations; 3) enhancing the capacity of policy-makers to exercise foresight, thereby improving their anticipatory governance; 4) constraining the formal decision-rights of policy-makers when long-term interests are at risk; 5) insulating policy-makers from short-term political pressures; and 6) enhancing the capacity for coordination across different tiers of government and/or policy domains. Drawing upon and scrutinizing these six intervention logics, this paper assesses the feasibility, effectiveness and overall desirability of a selection of the proposals for combatting short-termism. Based on this analysis, a reform agenda is proposed.

State-owned Enterprise PT.PLN (persero) App Bali made a tender on travo 150/20 jobs. The tender was won by PT. Global Twin Star, in it’s work there are disputes in the contract agreement. So from this dispute the author takes the formulation of the problem as follows. How to resolve disputes between the two sides. The second is how the implementation of the settlement results through negotiations. The purpose of the writer is to know and analyze how the results of the settlement through negotiations and also find out whether this implementation is very relevant for both parties each achieved. Agreement made and agreed by PT. PLN (Persero) with PT. Twin Star applies as a law for both parties or called the principle pacta sunt servanda. Settlement through Alternative Dispute Resolution is based on the spirit of win-win solution. Therefore, taking into account future interests, then from the parties to the dispute there must be a desire to maintain their good relationship. Implementation obtained is a continuous relationship of work between the two sides. Where the PT. Global twin star gets additional work from PLN to maintain existing transformer and owned PT.PLN. PLN's transformer is well maintained until the work is done. In a business dispute the parties prefer to avoid to resolve their dispute through the courts. setlement of specific defaults disputes and business disputes in general to be resolved through atlernative negotiated settlement disputes. This is because the company's good name is maintained, cost and time are also more efficient if through this path. The result of dispute resolution through alternative dispute resolution, able to merely render the objectives of the law itself, namely justice, certainty and benefit.Keywords: Dispute Settlement, Wanprestasi, Negotiation.

INTRODUCTION The rights of children and adolescents are not guaranteed or respected as planned and prescribed in the legal system of Brazil. In particular, prevention policies fail. Among these, in places frequented by both children and adults, nothing ensures a friendly environment for youth development. Both children and adults in Brazil, as elsewhere, share almost the same public space and have access to the same content on the internet. This communal atmosphere should be considered in light of the best interests of the child. Allowing a child to be brought up in a permissive and consumerist environment, which may doubtless be less offensive to adults, is to encourage them to become comfortable with related values. Growing up in such an environment, he or she may easily become familiar with ‘adult behaviour’, especially as it refers to sexual activity. The child tends to adhere to adult behaviour, because he or she uses it as a model and learns from it by sensory stimulation and imitation. Behaviour, publicity and situations with undercurrents of sexuality make it easier for the child to become comfortable with sensuality, facilitating sexual exploitation, since it does not seem so foreign. That would go against public policies of protection vis-a-vis TV programming and forbidding access to places inappropriate to the child's development. Precedence must be given to the best interests of the child , along with absolute attention and priority and effective complete protection through involvement of civil society and the state in order to prepare the joint environment to protect future interests. This requires adult content restrictions in the living environment of children and adolescents. For better structuring this perspective of prevention, this chapter will defend the legal development of the concept of ‘goods of formation’ or ‘formative goods’, without which full protection derails into innocuous black letter law. Such goods should have priority over others in the social environment, when different interests co-exist in competing for what is best for the child. Formative goods are guaranteed if the environment where children dwell stays safe from the moral perspective appropriate for them.

In recent years, social network become more popular and influential on the online commerce. Many customers can find the detail of products and trends on the social network using it to make the decision whether to purchase the product or not. In addition, it is also commonly used to collect users' related data to predict their future actions. In this paper, we study the correlation of purchasing histories and the customer's interests on social network (Facebook) to predict the future interests of customers that would show through social network. In addition, we use the data to find more similar target group of customers who are also interested in the same category of product by text analysis with Facebook Pages Liked. We focus on the product categories aligned by the shopping online websites and find the customer cluster which is similar with the customer who purchased. The study results are beneficial to focus groups of customers for communication or suggestion about the products matching with the groups of customers who are interested in the same group of products and have high potential to buy them. This model can adept with many real-world businesses to identify the user's characteristics and find more similar group of customers who interest in the products by changing the user attribute to find the user's interest. In our study, we adapt this model with the prototype system to recommend the similar group of customers.

Where conservationists are dissatisfied with public measures of soil protection, property law may provide a vehicle for private action to meet soil protection goals. Specifically, this chapter explores how property law concepts could be used to conserve soil. One can always decide as a landowner to engage in soil protection measures, but landownership is a limited soil conservation strategy. Instead, this chapter explores how NGOs or interested parties could use future interests or partial property rights to constrain land use in a way that will be most protective of soils. Using the United States as an example (but detailing a worldwide pattern of developing partial property rights), this chapter shows how traditional servitude law may be able to protect some soils, but its reach is limited. Instead, jurisdictions are building on previous property law concepts to create new structures. The most popular of which is the conservation easement, a nonpossessory right in land with a conservation goal that can be enforced in perpetuity. This chapter explains the strengths and weaknesses of various property rights approaches and ends with a caution to tread carefully when using perpetual tools in a changing world.

The three main theories that explain earnings management suggest three main groups of motives for this phenomenon. According to contracting theory, contractual motives exist based on the conflicts in the contract terms between the firm and its stakeholders that are linked to firm performance. Bounded rationality theory implies the inefficiency of the market in reflecting firms’ intrinsic values and thus suggests the existence of capital market motives that influence firms’ stock values. Finally, external (third-party) motives arise from parties that have current or future interests in the firm and thus interfere in the way it communicates information to the stakeholders. The three groups of motives are not completely distinct because more than one theory may explain a specific motive. Such motives influence firm performance which, in turn, plays a mediating role in determining earnings management behaviour and thus can be identified as a distinct fourth group.

Since the appearing of multi-user virtual environments, there were many attempts to use those in education. In the modern, 3D, multi-user environments, like the Second Life virtual world, users can move, communicate, create, and modify 3D objects using their avatars. Organizing online conferences and lectures is probably the most common usage of virtual worlds for educational purposes. However, except for this type of passive learning, the Second Life virtual world offers possibilities also for student-centered, active, creative, constructive, and collaborative learning. In this contribution, we introduce a virtual school that we developed in Second Life. While we created different areas of this school, we were focusing mainly on the possibilities of teaching the basics of 3D modeling and programming in Linden Scripting Language (LSL) - which are the two essential skills needed for developing user-created contents in this environment. Besides the educational tools for teaching and learning these subjects, we also created some interactive didactic games for practicing English as a second language (ESL). In this paper, we describe our observations, summarize the possibilities of using virtual worlds in computer science education, and we mention some of the pros and cons of using Second Life as an educational platform for teaching and learning 3D modeling and programming. Because the virtual area of the school is publicly available for every user of Second Life, we also wanted to know who visits our educational space. For this reason, we created a questionnaire, which is available 24/7 in the entrance hall of the school. The questionnaire asks for some demographic data, user’s activities in Second Life, experiences related to 3D modeling and programming, and future interests in online courses in this environment. The results showed that users have a positive attitude to learning in Second Life, many of the respondents are interested in 3D modeling and LSL scripting courses. The detailed results of the questionnaire are presented in the last part of the paper.

There can be no doubt that the great (foreign) powers have had a major hand in shaping the Muslim World since WWI, and especially in what is the heart of the Muslim World, the Middle East. In Chap. 7, we argued that the great powers, especially the United States since WWII, have pursued their own myopic interests but, in our opinion, at the expense of their future interests and to the detriment of reform and institution building in the Muslim World.

In this paper, we study the strategies of the most relevant stakeholders with regard to the development and commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs) and their recharging infrastructure. Building on the perspective of socio-technical transitions, we relate the strategies of stakeholders to their current and future interests, as well as to their expectations with regard to EVs. Our analysis is based on a series of 38 semi-structured interviews with representatives of a variety of stakeholders in the Netherlands. EVs pose both opportunities and threats to various stakeholders. They therefore participate in the development of the emerging EV system, primarily in order to learn about the potential positive and negative impacts of these systems on their interests and, ultimately, to be able to grasp the opportunities and mitigate the threats. In other words, the expectations, interests, and resulting strategies of stakeholders relate to and depend upon the specific configuration of the emerging socio-technical system for electric mobility. We identify six potential conflicts of interest: the division of tasks within a public recharging infrastructure; the allocation of charging spots; the ways in which charging behavior can be influenced; the role of fast-charging, technical standards for charging equipment; and supportive policies for full-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. In general, the stakeholders do not seem overly concerned about either short-term returns on investments or long-term negative impacts. In this regard, the early phase of the transition can be understood as a relatively carefree phase. In order to continue the development of the emerging EV system and to keep it on the right track, however, for the foreseeable future, supportive policies will be necessary in order to provide a stable and reliable basis for further market expansion.

The right of pregnant women to refuse obstetric interventions is an established tenet of obstetric ethics. However, that does not mean that fetal considerations are inconsequential. Although respect for negative autonomy is largely a settled issue, what is less clear is the degree to which a pregnant woman's affirmative autonomy (the right to demand) should be controlling. We discuss the ethical basis for deciding when a pregnant woman's affirmative autonomy should be decisive. We focus on the ethical consequences when a fetus is considered a "potential child" because of a woman's decision to continue a pregnancy. Her intention determines the relevance and nature of the interests of the future child. Although fetal interests may temporally approach those of a born child, they are, in all cases, still circumscribed by the de facto circumstance of the potential child, ie, the child cannot be treated without treating the mother. That treatment would implicate the pregnant woman's right to bodily integrity. This right is so fundamental to our conception of autonomy that its trespass should give serious pause to all who respect basic human dignity. Accordingly, the future interests of a child should not constrain a pregnant woman's right of negative autonomy (the right to refuse any intervention intended for the putative benefit of the fetus or herself). However, the interests of the potential child may factor into considerations of affirmative autonomy and, in parallel, on a physician's right to refuse a particular intervention or plan of care.

Within the school context substantial correlations between interests and grades are well documented, but the causal ordering still remains unclear. The paper examines how the relation between interests and grades over several measurement waves in elementary school age can be characterized, whether gender differences in the pattern of effects can be shown, and whether the effects are school-subject-specific. The present analysis follows N = 1.199 students in the 3rd Grade over a year and a half. It can be shown that grading determines the level of future interests but not vice versa. Thereby, the pattern of results concerning interests and grades is similar for boys and girls. The effects of grades on subsequent interests are mostly school-subject-specific.

As Justice Brennan succinctly explained in Department of Health and Community Services v JWB & SMB (Marion’s Case),[1] every person has a unique character and dignity that warrants respect and protection under the law. This extends to every member of society, whatever their race, gender, sexual orientation, sex characteristics or religion. If dignity is to be respected then the affected person should be at the centre of any enquiry, their preferences heard and their interests protected. Sadly however this ideal does not always translate into practice and a recent decision regarding surgical interventions on intersex children is an example of a situation in which the affected person’s rights and future interests were not afforded clear priority. The decision of Re: Carla (Medical Procedure) [2016] FamCA 7 (‘Re: Carla’) saw the Court handing full authority for decision-making to the parents and the medical fraternity. This withdrawal of the need for external scrutiny of an invasive and potentially non-therapeutic medical procedure signalled a retreat by the judiciary from any meaningful engagement with the child’s future preferences. In this article, we argue that this decision, whilst well intentioned is, quite simply, an error in judgment. [1] Ibid.

Fuller and Lipinska claim human potential is shackled by precautionary concerns to avoid harm, placing protection against negative potentials above benefits that might arise from admittedly risky experimentation. ‘The proactionary imperative’ rebalances opportunity over protection. With technological and scientific advancement central to human evolution, citizens have a ‘right’ to liberate science. Risk adverse science policy is supposedly detrimental to a population denied unknown opportunities. EU funding agencies believe removing barriers to innovation through challenge-led, interdisciplinary research undermines assertions that public funding policy is hampering scientific ambition. For Fuller and Lipinska, however, the research agenda should be open for everyone to steer through investment of economic and biological capital; regardless of the disparity in the information the population has to enable informed decisions about science. Public policy makers assert the importance of strategic approaches to harmonise current and future interests. At the European level, research funders seek to balance conflicting strategic priorities, national programmes and increasingly private sources with leverage potential. For the proactionary, big government’s claim to ‘know best’ when ‘protecting’ citizens from themselves jars with faith in knowing, risk taking entrepreneurs. However, this faith does not disprove the value of non-market expertise. Allegedly, up/down replaces left/right. Scientific ‘transfiguration’ (genetic or digital) …

The present study sets preference for biofuels (corn- and cellulose-based ethanol) vs. gasoline within a three-dimensional social dilemma framework recognizing a social conflict (individual vs. collective interests), a temporal conflict (immediate vs. future interests) and a biospheric conflict (human vs. biospheric interests). Using this framework, values (egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric) and time orientation (concern with immediate, and concern with future consequences) are hypothesized to relate to preference for biofuels. To test these hypotheses, a panel of U.S. consumers completed a brief inventory of values, the consideration of future consequences-14 scale, and made a series of choices in fueling scenarios. Results revealed that values and CFC overlap, and that preference for biofuels was inversely related to egoistic values and consideration of immediate consequences and positively related to biospheric values and consideration of future consequences, supporting the three-dimensional social dilemma framework.

Micro-blogging is becoming an increasingly popular social media platform where users can discover interesting information about the real world and especially corporations are able to understand customers' demands. The fast diffusion of information and the convenience of micro-blogging have resulted in large audiences sharing their daily activities, exchanging opinions and establishing friendships with others. By analyzing the user-generated contents, one can explore users' potential interests, which helps micro-blogging provide users with better personalized information services. Users' behaviors are affected by opinions of their friends and changes in their interests over time. Based on these intuitions, in this paper we propose a temporal and social probabilistic matrix factorization model to predict users' potential interests in micro-blogging. By exploiting the matrix factorization technique to learn latent features of users and topics, our model analyzes the impacts of time information and users' activities, including posting of tweets and establishing friendships with others, on the latent feature space of users and topics of their interests. The proposed model provides a unified way to fuse the time information and the social network structure to predict users' future interests accurately. The experimental results on Sina-weibo, one of the most popular micro-blogging sites in China, demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed model. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Brenda Slavin (nee Stewart) was educated at Whalley Range High School, Manchester. Her family emigrated to South Africa in1948, cutting short her school certificate. Times were hard, and she was sent out to train and work as a secretary, but, in addition to shorthand and typing, she surreptitiously added Latin to her night school studies and, with this under her belt, was admitted to preclinical studies at Witwatersrand University. She was a good student and was stimulated by two teachers in particular, who shaped her future interests throughout life—Raymond Dart, of Australopithecus fame, and Sidney Brenner, a future Nobel laureate in biochemistry. She obtained an intercalated BSc in biochemistry in 1953. Her aim was that, with a bachelors degree, she could demonstrate and earn a little, to offset the costs of being a clinical student. A senior lecturer, an alumnus of her old school, recognised her talents, intervened, and advised her to go to Edinburgh for her clinical studies, lending her the initial money to make this change. In Edinburgh she met Gerry, a student in the same year, who was to become her husband of 57 years. They graduated in 1957, and, after house jobs in Edinburgh’s teaching hospitals, she accompanied him to the Bechuanaland protectorate for his national service. There, as a medical officer, she initially studied malnutrition among infants and schoolchildren in the Bamangwato reserve. She then undertook general duties in bush clinics and hospitals. …

‘Consent’ is one of the most important yet most contested notions in all of law and society. So much is done and so much is justified in its name: bargains, elections, sporting contests, medical procedures, personal relations and the like. Even if people act against what is thought to be their own best and future interests, their consent or agreement is often treated as being sufficient to confer legitimate approval on the decision or course of action chosen. A bad decision and its consequences are not set aside or mitigated by that fact alone if a person is adjudged to have consented to it. Not surprisingly, with so much riding on it, there is heated debate over what can count as adequate and endorsing consent in specific situations. For instance, while it is thought that consent must be freely given and not induced by threat or deception, there is widespread disagreement over the precise terms for evaluating the presence and quality of such contextual and vitiating conditions. Furthermore, the conditions for identifying sufficient consent will vary in relation to exactly what action is being excused or allowed. Of course, one of the most crucial areas in which consent plays a central role is the criminal law. If people are thought to have consented to certain interactions with others or interferences by them, then such activity is treated as beyond the reach or purview of criminal charges and sanctions. This is nowhere more significant than in the realm of sexual activity. However, apart from the difficult issues surrounding the question of what is to count as valid consent (e.g., must an alleged rapist simply have an honest belief as to consent being given or must it also be a reasonable belief as well?), the law has chosen to place important limits on what exactly can be consented to – if ‘no’ means ‘no’, what does ‘yes’ mean? In a relatively recent decision, English law had to grapple with the onerous and divisive issue of whether adults could consent to serious harm and injury in the course of controversial sexual encounters. The resulting court decisions managed not only to highlight the analytical complexity of such questions, but also to capture the fraught political, social, moral and psychological terrain that courts have to map and traverse in deciding such matters.

This essay considers moral and legal arguments concerning mothers who intentionally or negligently harm their fetuses. It focuses on some potentially problematic implications of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) theories. While the legal case for criminalizing women appears weak, it seems that sound arguments can be constructed for treating harm to fetuses as prima facie morally wrong, at least when prenatal conditions increase the exposure to health risk of future adult persons. These arguments are independent of recognizing any moral or juridical status to the fetus, since they are grounded in the future interests and rights of future persons.

Chapter 4 showed that the Categorical-Instrumental Imperative — a principle that I have argued solves the problem of possible future selves — can be restated as follows: The Kingdom of Human and Sentient Ends Formulation: voluntarily aim for its own sake, in every relevant action, to abstract away from the interests (or ends) of particular human or nonhuman sentient being(s), acting instead on interests (or ends) it is instrumentally rational for all human and nonhuman sentient beings to universally agree to share given their different voluntary, involuntary, and semivoluntary interests, where relevant actions are determined recursively as actions it is instrumentally rational for one’s present and possible future selves to universally agree upon as such in cases where one’s present self wants to know and advance their future interests — and then, when the future comes, voluntarily choose your having acted as such.