97 results on '"F. Ian Woodward"'
Search Results
52. The New Phytologist Tansley medal
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Alistair M. Hetherington and F. Ian Woodward
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Medal ,Physiology ,Botany ,Awards and Prizes ,Art history ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Periodicals as Topic ,Cellular Reprogramming ,Protein Processing, Post-Translational ,Numismatics - Published
- 2010
53. The statistical mechanics of community assembly and species distribution
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Colleen K. Kelly, Stephen J. Blundell, Gordon A. Fox, Paul H. Harvey, F. Ian Woodward, Michael G. Bowler, and Mark R. Lomas
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Physiology ,Range (biology) ,Population Dynamics ,Species distribution ,Biodiversity ,Plant Development ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Introduced species ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Models, Biological ,Biomass ,Physics - Biological Physics ,Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution ,Plant Physiological Phenomena ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics ,Population Density ,Ecology ,Resistance (ecology) ,Community ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE) ,Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph) ,FOS: Biological sciences ,Species richness ,Global biodiversity - Abstract
Theoretically, communities at or near their equilibrium species number resist entry of new species. Such 'biotic resistance' recently has been questioned because of successful entry of alien species into diverse natural communities. Data on 10,409 naturalizations of 5350 plant species over 16 sites dispersed globally show exponential distributions for both species over sites and sites over number of species shared. These exponentials signal a statistical mechanics of species distribution, assuming two conditions. First, species and sites are equivalent, either identical ('neutral'), or so complex that the chance a species is in the right place at the right time is vanishingly small ('idiosyncratic'); the range of species and sites in our data disallows a neutral explanation. Secondly, the total number of naturalisations is fixed in any era by a 'regulator'. Previous correlation of species naturalization rates with net primary productivity over time suggests that regulator is related to productivity. We conclude that biotic resistance is a moving ceiling, with resistance controlled by productivity. The general observation that the majority of species occur naturally at only a few sites but only a few at many now has a quantitative [exponential] character, offering the study of species' distributions a previously unavailable rigor., 30 pages, including 4 figures, 1 table and 4 appendices
- Published
- 2010
54. Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate
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Keith W. Oleson, Christian Beer, Mark R. Lomas, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Alessandro Cescatti, Anders Lindroth, Philippe Ciais, Dario Papale, F. Ian Woodward, Gordon B. Bonan, Christian Rödenbeck, Elmar Veenendaal, Enrico Tomelleri, Olivier Roupsard, Hank A. Margolis, M. Altaf Arain, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais, Martin Jung, Nicolas Viovy, Gitta Lasslop, Alberte Bondeau, Christopher M. Williams, Systems Ecology, Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia = School of Science & Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Climate Change Unit [Ispra], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC)-European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Department of Animal and Plant Sciences [Sheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Universiteit Antwerpen = University of Antwerpen [Antwerpen], Centre d'Etude de la Forêt (Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, and Universiteit Antwerpen [Antwerpen]
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0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Climate ,Flux ,forêt tropicale ,Atmospheric sciences ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,FluxNet ,K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Photosynthesis ,Savane ,database ,Multidisciplinary ,Geography ,Ecology ,U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques ,Temperature ,Uncertainty ,Biosphere ,Vegetation ,Plants ,PE&RC ,products ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer ,P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières ,ecosystems ,Engineering sciences. Technology ,Écosystème ,biosphere ,P40 - Météorologie et climatologie ,Eddy covariance ,Climatic Processes ,Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Models, Biological ,Oxygen Consumption ,Artificial Intelligence ,vegetation ,fraction ,Ecosystem ,Precipitation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Changement climatique ,atmospheric co2 ,Models, Statistical ,WIMEK ,sulfide ,Atmosphere ,Primary production ,Water ,Modèle de simulation ,15. Life on land ,Carbon Dioxide ,Végétation ,Plant Leaves ,radiation ,13. Climate action ,network ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Cycle du carbone ,Dioxyde de carbone - Abstract
Terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) is the largest global CO2 °ux driving several ecosystem functions. We provide an observation- based estimate of this °ux at 123§8 PgCa¡1 using eddy covariance °ux data and various diagnostic models. Tropical forests and sa- vannahs account for 60%. GPP over 40% of the vegetated land is associated with precipitation. State-of-the-art process-oriented bio- sphere models used for climate predictions exhibit a large between- model variation of GPP's latitudinal patterns and show higher spa- tial correlations between GPP and precipitation, suggesting the ex- istence of missing processes or feedback mechanisms which attenu- ate the vegetation response to climate. Our estimates of spatially distributed GPP and its co-variation with climate can help improve coupled climate-carbon cycle process models., JRC.H.2-Air and Climate
- Published
- 2010
55. Effects of windspeed on the growth and biomass allocation of white mustard Sinapis alba L
- Author
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F. Ian Woodward and Rubén Retuerto
- Subjects
Stomatal conductance ,Biomass (ecology) ,integumentary system ,Specific leaf area ,biology ,fungi ,Sinapis ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Wind speed ,Horticulture ,Botany ,Shoot ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,White mustard ,Transpiration - Abstract
We examined how different wind speeds and interactions between plant age and wind affect growth and biomass allocation of Sinapis alba L. (white mustard). Physiological and growth measurements were made on individuals of white mustard grown in controlled-environment wind tunnels at windspeeds of 0.3, 2.2 and 6.0 ms−1 for 42 days. Plants were harvested at four different dates. Increasing wind speed slightly increased transpiration and stomatal conductance. We did not observe a significant decline in the photosynthetic rate per unit of leaf area. Number of leaves, stem length, leaf area and dry weights of total biomass and plant parts were significantly lower in plants exposed at high wind speed conditions. There were no significant differences in the unit leaf rate nor relative growth rates, although these were always lower in plants grown at high wind speed. Allocation and architectural parameters were also examined. After 42 days of exposure to wind, plants showed higher leaf area ratio, root and leaf weight ratios and root/shoot ratio than those grown at control treatment. Only specific leaf area declined significantly with wind speed, but stem and reproductive parts also decreased. The responses of plants to each wind speed treatment depended on the age of the plant for most of the variables. It is suggested that wind operates in logarithmic manner, with relatively small or no effect at lower wind speeds and a much greater effect at higher speeds. Since there is no evidence of a significant reduction in photosynthetic rate of Sinapis with increasing wind speed it is suggested that the effect of wind on plant growth was due to mechanical effects leading to changes in allocation and developmental patterns.
- Published
- 1992
56. References
- Author
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David Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Published
- 2009
57. The Jurassic
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David Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Published
- 2009
58. Climate and terrestrial vegetation of the present
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F. Ian Woodward and David J. Beerling
- Subjects
Environmental science ,Terrestrial vegetation ,Physical geography - Published
- 2009
59. Introduction
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David Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
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- 2009
60. The Cretaceous
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David Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Published
- 2009
61. Climate and terrestrial vegetation
- Author
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David J. Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere ,Ecology ,Litter ,medicine ,Weathering ,Physical geography ,Precipitation ,Soil carbon ,Biology ,Albedo ,medicine.symptom ,Vegetation (pathology) ,Carbon cycle - Published
- 2009
62. The Eocene
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David Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Published
- 2009
63. Preface
- Author
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David Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Published
- 2009
64. Endview
- Author
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David Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Published
- 2009
65. Climate and terrestrial vegetation in the future
- Author
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David J. Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
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Environmental science ,Physical geography ,Terrestrial vegetation - Published
- 2009
66. Investigating the past from the present
- Author
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David J. Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Published
- 2009
67. The Quaternary
- Author
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David Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Published
- 2009
68. Ecophysiological traits in C3 and C4 grasses: a phylogenetically controlled screening experiment
- Author
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Colin P. Osborne, Brad S. Ripley, Samuel H. Taylor, Mark Rees, Stephen P. Hulme, and F. Ian Woodward
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Ecophysiology ,Stomatal conductance ,Biomass (ecology) ,Phylogenetic tree ,biology ,Physiology ,Nitrogen ,food and beverages ,Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ,Water ,Plant Science ,Paniceae ,biology.organism_classification ,Poaceae ,Carbon ,Plant Leaves ,Phylogenetic diversity ,Quantitative Trait, Heritable ,Genetic Techniques ,Phylogenetics ,Botany ,Biomass partitioning ,Biomass ,Photosynthesis ,Phylogeny - Abstract
Experimental evidence demonstrates a higher efficiency of water and nitrogen use in C(4) compared with C(3) plants, which is hypothesized to drive differences in biomass allocation between C(3) and C(4) species. However, recent work shows that contrasts between C(3) and C(4) grasses may be misinterpreted without phylogenetic control. Here, we compared leaf physiology and growth in multiple lineages of C(3) and C(4) grasses sampled from a monophyletic clade, and asked the following question: which ecophysiological traits differ consistently between photosynthetic types, and which vary among lineages? C(4) species had lower stomatal conductance and water potential deficits, and higher water-use efficiency than C(3) species. Photosynthesis and nitrogen-use efficiency were also greater in C(4) species, varying markedly between clades. Contrary to previous studies, leaf nitrogen concentration was similar in C(4) and C(3) types. Canopy mass and area were greater, and root mass smaller, in the tribe Paniceae than in most other lineages. The size of this phylogenetic effect on biomass partitioning was greater in the C(4) NADP-me species than in species of other types. Our results show that the phylogenetic diversity underlying C(4) photosynthesis is critical to understanding its functional consequences. Phylogenetic bias is therefore a crucial factor to be considered when comparing the ecophysiology of C(3) and C(4) species.
- Published
- 2009
69. Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide
- Author
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James T. Randerson, Guido R. van der Werf, Scott C. Doney, Corinne Le Quéré, Steven W. Running, Nicolas Metzl, Thomas J. Conway, Pierre Friedlingstein, Ute Schuster, Laurent Bopp, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Gregg Marland, Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud Ometto, Joseph D. Majkut, Taro Takahashi, Richard A. Houghton, Glen P. Peters, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Kevin R. Gurney, I. Colin Prentice, Peter Levy, Josep G. Canadell, Michael R. Raupach, Joanna Isobel House, Pru N Foster, Stephen Sitch, Mark R. Lomas, Richard A. Feely, F. Ian Woodward, Chris Huntingford, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,[SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Climate change ,chemistry.chemical_element ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,010501 environmental sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Atmosphere ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Goods and services ,11. Sustainability ,Coal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,business.industry ,Fossil fuel ,Carbon sink ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,Carbon dioxide ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,business ,Carbon - Abstract
International audience; Efforts to control climate change require the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This can only be achieved through a drastic reduction of global CO2 emissions. Yet fossil fuel emissions increased by 29% between 2000 and 2008, in conjunction with increased contributions from emerging economies, from the production and international trade of goods and services, and from the use of coal as a fuel source. In contrast, emissions from land-use changes were nearly constant. Between 1959 and 2008, 43% of each year's CO2 emissions remained in the atmosphere on average; the rest was absorbed by carbon sinks on land and in the oceans. In the past 50 years, the fraction of CO2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere each year has likely increased, from about 40% to 45%, and models suggest that this trend was caused by a decrease in the uptake of CO2 by the carbon sinks in response to climate change and variability. Changes in the CO2 sinks are highly uncertain, but they could have a significant influence on future atmospheric CO2 levels. It is therefore crucial to reduce the uncertainties.
- Published
- 2009
70. Genome size as a predictor of guard cell length in Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of environmental conditions
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F. Ian Woodward, Janice A. Lake, Charles A. Knight, Barry H. Lomax, and Ilia J. Leitch
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Environmental change ,Physiology ,fungi ,Adaptation, Biological ,Arabidopsis ,food and beverages ,Predictive capability ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Environment ,Genome ,Light intensity ,Guard cell ,Botany ,Plant Stomata ,Linear Models ,Positive relationship ,Genome size ,Ultraviolet radiation ,Genome, Plant - Abstract
The recent discovery of a strong positive relationship between angiosperm genome size and stomatal guard cell length (GCL) opens the possibility of using plant fossil guard cell size as a proxy for changes in angiosperm genome size over periods of environmental change. The responses of GCL to environmental stimuli are currently unknown and may obscure this predictive relationship. Here, we investigated the effects of environmental variables (atmospheric CO2, drought, relative humidity, irradiance, ultraviolet radiation and pathogen attack) on GCL in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to quantify environmentally induced variation. GCL responded to all variables tested, but the changes incurred did not significantly impinge on the predictive capability of the relationship.
- Published
- 2008
71. The impact of low temperatures in controlling the geographical distribution of plants
- Author
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F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,biology ,business.industry ,Phenology ,Tilia cordata ,Population ,Verbena officinalis ,Distribution (economics) ,biology.organism_classification ,Horticulture ,Germination ,Botany ,Umbilicus rupestris ,Ovule ,education ,business - Abstract
The distribution limits of three species, in the British Isles are discussed. For Verbena officinalis and Tilia cordata low temperatures are shown to influence distribution, by limiting the capacity either to flower or to fertilize ovules, respectively. In the case of Umbilicus rupestris , a long-term transplant population beyond the natural geographical limit of the species has evolved new low-temperature responses of seed germination and winter survival. The effect is a marked change of phenology, compared with populations of the species within its natural range, which enhances the capacity of the population to survive in a colder environment.
- Published
- 1990
72. Plant research in space and time
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F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
Spacetime ,Physiology ,Research ,MEDLINE ,Plant Science ,Scientific publishing ,Biology ,Periodicals as Topic ,Plants ,Data science ,Editorial Policies - Published
- 2007
73. FLUXNET and modelling the global carbon cycle
- Author
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F. Ian Woodward, Jean-Diego Santaren, Almut Arneth, Jérôme Ogée, Christian Rödenbeck, Andrew D. Friend, Stephen Sitch, Nicolas Viovy, Mark R. Lomas, Nancy Y. Kiang, Sönke Zaehle, Steven W. Running, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Lund University [Lund], NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Montana, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,EDDY COVARIANCE ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,FLUXNET ,Eddy covariance ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Carbon cycle ,Data assimilation ,FluxNet ,Latent heat ,Environmental Chemistry ,INVERSION ,RELATION SOURCE-PUITS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Primary production ,Biosphere ,15. Life on land ,Dynamic global vegetation model ,GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,Environmental science - Abstract
International audience; Measurements of the net CO2 flux between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere using the eddy covariance technique have the potential to underpin our interpretation of regional CO2 source-sink patterns, CO2 flux responses to forcings, and predictions of the future terrestrial C balance. Information contained in FLUXNET eddy covariance data has multiple uses for the development and application of global carbon models, including evaluation/validation, calibration, process parameterization, and data assimilation. This paper reviews examples of these uses, compares global estimates of the dynamics of the global carbon cycle, and suggests ways of improving the utility of such data for global carbon modelling. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) predicted by different terrestrial biosphere models compares favourably with FLUXNET observations at diurnal and seasonal timescales. However, complete model validation, particularly over the full annual cycle, requires information on the balance between assimilation and decomposition processes, information not readily available for most FLUXNET sites. Site history, when known, can greatly help constrain the model-data comparison. Flux measurements made over four vegetation types were used to calibrate the land-surface scheme of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies global climate model, significantly improving simulated climate and demonstrating the utility of diurnal FLUXNET data for climate modelling. Land-surface temperatures in many regions cool due to higher canopy conductances and latent heat fluxes, and the spatial distribution of CO2 uptake provides a significant additional constraint on the realism of simulated surface fluxes. FLUXNET data are used to calibrate a global production efficiency model (PEM). This model is forced by satellite-measured absorbed radiation and suggests that global net primary production (NPP) increased 6.2% over 1982-1999. Good agreement is found between global trends in NPP estimated by the PEM and a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM), and between the DGVM and estimates of global NEE derived from a global inversion of atmospheric CO2 measurements. Combining the PEM, DGVM, and inversion results suggests that CO2 fertilization is playing a major role in current increases in NPP, with lesser impacts from increasing N deposition and growing season length. Both the PEM and the inversion identify the Amazon basin as a key region for the current net terrestrial CO2 uptake (i.e. 33% of global NEE), as well as its interannual variability. The inversion's global NEE estimate of -1.2 Pg [C] yr(-1) for 1982-1995 is compatible with the PEM- and DGVM-predicted trends in NPP. There is, thus, a convergence in understanding derived from process-based models, remote-sensing-based observations, and inversion of atmospheric data. Future advances in field measurement techniques, including eddy covariance (particularly concerning the problem of night-time fluxes in dense canopies and of advection or flow distortion over complex terrain), will result in improved constraints on land-atmosphere CO2 fluxes and the rigorous attribution of mechanisms to the current terrestrial net CO2 uptake and its spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Global ecosystem models play a fundamental role in linking information derived from FLUXNET measurements to atmospheric CO2 variability. A number of recommendations concerning FLUXNET data are made, including a request for more comprehensive site data (particularly historical information), more measurements in undisturbed ecosystems, and the systematic provision of error estimates. The greatest value of current FLUXNET data for global carbon cycle modelling is in evaluating process representations, rather than in providing an unbiased estimate of net CO2 exchange.
- Published
- 2007
74. Coincident scales of forest feedback on climate and conservation in a diversity hot spot
- Author
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Lee Hannah, Kevin J. Gaston, F. Ian Woodward, and Thomas J. Webb
- Subjects
Conservation of Natural Resources ,Range (biology) ,Climate ,Biodiversity ,Distribution (economics) ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Trees ,Deforestation ,Animals ,Land use, land-use change and forestry ,Ecosystem ,Precipitation ,General Environmental Science ,Models, Statistical ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,Ecology ,General Medicine ,Vegetation ,Vertebrates ,Environmental science ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,business ,Brazil ,Research Article - Abstract
The dynamic relationship between vegetation and climate is now widely acknowledged. Climate influences the distribution of vegetation; and through a number of feedback mechanisms vegetation affects climate. This implies that land-use changes such as deforestation will have climatic consequences. However, the spatial scales at which such feedbacks occur remain largely unknown. Here, we use a large database of precipitation and tree cover records for an area of the biodiversity-rich Atlantic forest region in south eastern Brazil to investigate the forest–rainfall feedback at a range of spatial scales fromca101–104 km2. We show that the strength of the feedback increases up to scales of at least 103 km2, with the climate at a particular locality influenced by the pattern of landcover extending over a large area. Thus, smaller forest fragments, even if well protected, may suffer degradation due to the climate responding to land-use change in the surrounding area. Atlantic forest vertebrate taxa also require large areas of forest to support viable populations. Areas of forest ofca103 km2would be large enough to support such populations at the same time as minimizing the risk of climatic feedbacks resulting from deforestation.
- Published
- 2006
75. Plant functional types and climatic change: Introduction
- Author
-
F. Ian Woodward and Wolfgang Cramer
- Subjects
Structure (mathematical logic) ,Ecology ,Computer science ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Environmental resource management ,Biome ,Biodiversity ,Species diversity ,Climate change ,Plant Science ,Field (geography) ,business ,Function (engineering) ,media_common - Abstract
Plant functional types are a necessary device for reducing the complex and often uncharted characteristics of species diversity in function and structure when attempting to project the nature and function of species assemblages into future environments. A workshop was held to review the current methods commonly used for defining plant functional types, either globally or for particular biomes, and to compare them with the field experiences of specialists for specific biomes of the world. The methods fall into either an objective and inductive approach or a subjective and deductive approach. When the different methods were tested, it was generally found that the classification for one site or environment was not wholly applicable to a different site or environment. However, the degree of change which is necessary for adjustment between environments may not prove to be a major limitation in the use of functional types.
- Published
- 1996
76. Leaf to Landscape
- Author
-
David S. Ellsworth, Mathew Williams, Dennis D. Baldocchi, and F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
Specific leaf area ,ved/biology ,Terrestrial plant ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Botany ,Biodiversity ,Primary production ,Leaf size ,Biology ,Leaf area index ,Photosynthesis ,Photosynthetic capacity - Abstract
The capacity of terrestrial plant leaves for photosynthetic CO2 fixation per unit gram of leaf varies over 10-fold (Reich et al. 1997). The results of CO2 fixation, processing and subsequent accumulation of mass (Fig. 8.1) gives plants the most enormous variation in size of organisms on earth (Niklas and Enquist 2001). The variation in photosynthetic capacity and in leaf form among species of higher plants attests to strong adaptation to different environments, in combination with exaptation and ecological sorting, by selection for traits that enable plants to survive and thrive in even the earth’s extreme climates. Thus, diverse adaptations to permit photosynthetic carbon assimilation and utilization at the leaf and canopy level among different environments, as well as the synchronization of downstream metabolic processing of this carbon for growth and other functions, can be considered important drivers of biological diversity from a functional perspective.
- Published
- 2004
77. The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change
- Author
-
Alistair M. Hetherington and F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Environmental change ,Ecology ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Acclimatization ,Plant Stomata ,Plant physiology ,Climate change ,Plant Transpiration ,Anion channel activity ,Environment ,Biological Evolution ,Plant Leaves ,Environmental science ,Adaptation ,Photosynthesis ,Transpiration ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Stomata, the small pores on the surfaces of leaves and stalks, regulate the flow of gases in and out of leaves and thus plants as a whole. They adapt to local and global changes on all timescales from minutes to millennia. Recent data from diverse fields are establishing their central importance to plant physiology, evolution and global ecology. Stomatal morphology, distribution and behaviour respond to a spectrum of signals, from intracellular signalling to global climatic change. Such concerted adaptation results from a web of control systems, reminiscent of a 'scale-free' network, whose untangling requires integrated approaches beyond those currently used.
- Published
- 2003
78. Isolation of polymorphic microsatellites in the stemless thistle (Cirsium acaule) and their utility in other Cirsium species
- Author
-
Alistair S. Jump, F. Ian Woodward, Terry Burke, Celia M. James, and Deborah A. Dawson
- Subjects
microsatellite ,food.ingredient ,Ecology ,biology ,Life Sciences ,Locus (genetics) ,Asteraceae ,Eriophorum ,biology.organism_classification ,Biochemistry ,Cirsium ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Plant breeding ,food ,Botany ,Thistle ,Microsatellite ,Cirsium acaule ,Weed ,cross-species amplification ,thistle ,weed - Abstract
The genus Cirsium includes species with both widespread and restricted geographical distributions, several of which are serious weeds. Nine polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from the stemless thistle Cirsium acaule. Eight were polymorphic in C. acaule, six in C. arvense and seven in C. heterophyllum. One locus monomorphic in C. acaule showed polymorphism in C. heterophyllum. The mean number of alleles per locus was 4.1 in C. acaule, 6.2 in C. arvense and 2.9 in C. heterophyllum. These nine loci were also amplified in C. eriophorum and C. vulgare, suggesting that these markers may be of use throughout the genus.
- Published
- 2002
79. Potential impacts of global elevated CO(2) concentrations on plants
- Author
-
F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Ecology ,Acclimatization ,Plant Development ,Plant Transpiration ,Plant Science ,Limiting ,Biology ,Carbon Dioxide ,Plants ,Photosynthesis ,Models, Biological ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Plant development ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Photosynthetic acclimation ,Carbon dioxide ,Respiration ,Stomatal aperture ,Plant Structures ,Plant Physiological Phenomena ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Early experiments investigating the effects of CO(2) enrichment on plants frequently showed photosynthetic stimulation and reduced stomatal aperture over short time periods. Work on the effects of elevated CO(2) has advanced in two major areas: by the extension of long-term and field experiments, and through investigations on the wide range of negative feedbacks affecting plant responses to CO(2). Downward photosynthetic acclimation in response to CO(2) enrichment is frequently observed over the short and long term, and indicates the activity of diverse feedback mechanisms. CO(2) is generally viewed as a limiting photosynthetic resource. However, recent work on stomatal development has shown that this view is simplistic: long- and short-distance signalling of CO(2) concentration are necessary components of normal plant development.
- Published
- 2002
80. Vegetation and the terrestrial carbon cycle:Modelling the first 400 million years
- Author
-
David J. Beerling and F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
Paleontology ,Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere ,Carboniferous ,Physical geography ,Climate state ,Soil carbon ,Vegetation ,Quaternary ,Geologic record ,Geology ,Carbon cycle - Abstract
Acknowledgements Preface 1. Introduction 2. Investigating the past from the present 3. Climate and terrestrial vegetation of the present 4. The global climate system and terrestrial carbon cycle 5. The late Carboniferous 6. The Jurassic 6. The Cretaceous 8. The Eocene 9. The late Quaternary 10. Climate and terrestrial vegetation in the future 11. Endview References Index.
- Published
- 2001
81. Predicting the Future Productivity and Distribution of Global Terrestrial Vegetation
- Author
-
Mark R. Lomas, F. Ian Woodward, and Susan E. Lee
- Subjects
Biogeochemical cycle ,Greenhouse gas ,Climatology ,Northern Hemisphere ,Environmental science ,Primary production ,Ecosystem ,Ecological succession ,Transient climate simulation ,Latitude - Abstract
The climatological community of scientists has provided predictions of how the global climate will change in a future of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. These predictions emerge from general circulation models (GCMs) that are now capable of providing predictions of the more realistic transient changes in climate that are expected as the concentrations of greenhouse gases steadily increase in the atmosphere. The ecological models that are necessary to interact with these transient climatic changes are those that can predict natural or dynamic changes in the distribution of vegetation. These dynamic global-vegetation models (DGVMs) must therefore be able to predict processes, such as vegetation disturbance and succession, in addition to processes that are now generally included in ecosystem models, such as biogeochemical cycling and carbon dioxide, and water fluxes. This chapter provides general detail and predictions from a DGVM, explains the Sheffield dynamic global-vegetation model (SDGVM) of terrestrial vegetation, and the responses to transient changes in climate over the next 100 years. Overall, net primary productivity (NPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) are predicted to increase, with the most marked increases in NEP (increasing sink capacity) seen at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere.
- Published
- 2001
82. Flower power
- Author
-
F Ian, Woodward
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0303 health sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Physiology ,Flowers ,Plant Science ,Biological Evolution ,01 natural sciences ,030304 developmental biology ,010606 plant biology & botany - Published
- 2010
83. Global terrestrial productivity in the Mid-Cretaceous (100 Ma): Model simulations and data
- Author
-
Paul J. Valdes, David J. Beerling, and F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
Physical geography ,Productivity ,Cretaceous ,Geology - Published
- 1999
84. New Phytologist performance – times are a‐changing
- Author
-
Holly Slater, F. Ian Woodward, and Ian J. Alexander
- Subjects
Impact factor ,Physiology ,business.industry ,Electronic publishing ,Plant Science ,Biology ,business ,Telecommunications - Published
- 2008
85. The New Phytologist Tansley Medal 2010
- Author
-
Alistair M. Hetherington and F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
Medal ,Physiology ,Ecology ,Botany ,Plant Science ,Biology - Published
- 2011
86. A New Year in plant science
- Author
-
Holly Slater and F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
Plant science ,Physiology ,Metagenomics ,Botany ,Plant Science ,Epigenetics ,Computational biology ,Biology ,DNA sequencing - Published
- 2007
87. The Dynamics of Vegetation Change: Health Warnings for Equilibrium 'Dodo' Models
- Author
-
F. Ian Woodward and David J. Beerling
- Subjects
biology ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Climate change ,Ecological succession ,biology.organism_classification ,Vegetation dynamics ,Disturbance (ecology) ,Climatology ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Dodo ,medicine.symptom ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Vegetation (pathology) ,business - Abstract
Vegetation plays a part in controlling climate and in turn responds to climatic change. Therefore, projections of future climates must include the responses of vegetation, both in terms of function and distribution. Unfortunately, assessments of future climatic impacts on vegetation are still considered with equilibrium vegetation models-models which exclude processes involved in vegetation dynamics, such as succession and disturbance. The commonly held view that future spatial changes in temperature will outstrip the potential for species to migrate has no theoretical
- Published
- 1997
88. Variation at range margins across multiple spatial scales: environmental temperature, population genetics and metabolomic phenotype.
- Author
-
William E Kunin, Philippine Vergeer, Tanaka Kenta, Matthew P Davey, Terry Burke, F Ian Woodward, Paul Quick, Maria-Elena Mannarelli, Nathan S Watson-Haigh, and Roger Butlin
- Subjects
PLANT population genetics ,PHENOTYPES ,TEMPERATURE & the environment ,BIODIVERSITY ,ARABIDOPSIS - Abstract
Range margins are spatially complex, with environmental, genetic and phenotypic variations occurring across a range of spatial scales. We examine variation in temperature, genes and metabolomic profiles within and between populations of the subalpine perennial plant Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea from across its northwest European range. Our surveys cover a gradient of fragmentation from largely continuous populations in Iceland, through more fragmented Scandinavian populations, to increasingly widely scattered populations at the range margin in Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Temperature regimes vary substantially within some populations, but within-population variation represents a larger fraction of genetic and especially metabolomic variances. Both physical distance and temperature differences between sites are found to be associated with genetic profiles, but not metabolomic profiles, and no relationship was found between genetic and metabolomic population structures in any region. Genetic similarity between plants within populations is the highest in the fragmented populations at the range margin, but differentiation across space is the highest there as well, suggesting that regional patterns of genetic diversity may be scale dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
89. Coincident scales of forest feedback on climate and conservation in a diversity hot spot.
- Author
-
Thomas J. Webb, Kevin J. Gaston, Lee Hannah, and F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
VEGETATION & climate ,DEFORESTATION ,EXTINCTION of plants ,BIODIVERSITY - Abstract
The dynamic relationship between vegetation and climate is now widely acknowledged. Climate influences the distribution of vegetation; and through a number of feedback mechanisms vegetation affects climate. This implies that land-use changes such as deforestation will have climatic consequences. However, the spatial scales at which such feedbacks occur remain largely unknown. Here, we use a large database of precipitation and tree cover records for an area of the biodiversity-rich Atlantic forest region in south eastern Brazil to investigate the forest–rainfall feedback at a range of spatial scales from ca 101–104km2. We show that the strength of the feedback increases up to scales of at least 103km2, with the climate at a particular locality influenced by the pattern of landcover extending over a large area. Thus, smaller forest fragments, even if well protected, may suffer degradation due to the climate responding to land-use change in the surrounding area. Atlantic forest vertebrate taxa also require large areas of forest to support viable populations. Areas of forest of ca 103km2 would be large enough to support such populations at the same time as minimizing the risk of climatic feedbacks resulting from deforestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
90. Vegetation and the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle : The First 400 Million Years
- Author
-
David Beerling, F. Ian Woodward, David Beerling, and F. Ian Woodward
- Subjects
- Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry)--Mathematical models, Plant ecology--Mathematical models, Paleoclimatology--Mathematical models
- Abstract
Plants have colonised and modified the World's surface for the last 400 million years. In this book the authors demonstrate that an understanding of the role of vegetation in the terrestrial carbon cycle during this time can be gained by linking the key mechanistic elements of present day vegetation processes to models of the global climate during different geological eras. The resulting interactive simulations of climate and vegetation processes tie in with observable geological data, such as the distributions of coals and evaporites, supporting the validity of the authors'approach. Simulation of possible conditions in future centuries are also presented, providing valuable predictions of the status of the Earth's vegetation and carbon cycle at a time of global warming.
- Published
- 2001
91. Theory in plant science.
- Author
-
Ian Woodward F
- Subjects
- Biological Evolution, Environment, Botany, Plant Physiological Phenomena
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
92. The statistical mechanics of community assembly and species distribution.
- Author
-
Kelly CK, Blundell SJ, Bowler MG, Fox GA, Harvey PH, Lomas MR, and Ian Woodward F
- Subjects
- Ecology, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Population Density, Biodiversity, Biomass, Models, Biological, Plant Development, Population Dynamics
- Abstract
• Theoretically, communities at or near their equilibrium species number resist entry of new species. Such 'biotic resistance' recently has been questioned because of successful entry of alien species into diverse natural communities. • Data on 10,409 naturalizations of 5350 plant species over 16 sites dispersed globally show exponential distributions both for species over sites and for sites over number of species shared. These exponentials signal a statistical mechanics of species distribution, assuming two conditions. First, species and sites are equivalent, either identical ('neutral') or so complex that the chance a species is in the right place at the right time is vanishingly small ('idiosyncratic'); the range of species and sites in our data disallows a neutral explanation. Secondly, the total number of naturalizations is fixed in any era by a 'regulator'. • Previous correlation of species naturalization rates with net primary productivity over time suggests that the regulator is related to productivity. • We conclude that biotic resistance is a moving ceiling, with resistance controlled by productivity. The general observation that the majority of species occur naturally at only a few sites, and only a few species occur at many sites, now has a quantitative (exponential) character, offering the study of species' distributions a previously unavailable rigor., (© 2011 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2011 New Phytologist Trust.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
93. Biogeography and variability of eleven mineral elements in plant leaves across gradients of climate, soil and plant functional type in China.
- Author
-
Han WX, Fang JY, Reich PB, Ian Woodward F, and Wang ZH
- Subjects
- China, Plant Development, Rain, Snow, Climate, Minerals chemistry, Plant Leaves chemistry, Soil chemistry
- Abstract
Understanding variation of plant nutrients is largely limited to nitrogen and to a lesser extent phosphorus. Here we analyse patterns of variation in 11 elements (nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium/calcium/magnesium/sulphur/silicon/iron/sodium/manganese/aluminium) in leaves of 1900 plant species across China. The concentrations of these elements show significant latitudinal and longitudinal trends, driven by significant influences of climate, soil and plant functional type. Precipitation explains more variation than temperature for all elements except phosphorus and aluminium, and the 11 elements differentiate in relation to climate, soil and functional type. Variability (assessed as the coefficient of variation) and environmental sensitivity (slope of responses to environmental gradients) are lowest for elements that are required in the highest concentrations, most abundant and most often limiting in nature (the Stability of Limiting Elements Hypothesis). Our findings can help initiate a more holistic approach to ecological plant nutrition and lay the groundwork for the eventual development of multiple element biogeochemical models., (© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
94. Sketches of fire.
- Author
-
Ian Woodward F
- Subjects
- Animals, Carbon, Droughts, Germination, Global Warming, Periodicals as Topic, Tick Infestations prevention & control, Tick Infestations veterinary, Water, Ecosystem, Fires, Plants
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
95. The war of the worlds.
- Author
-
Ian Woodward F and Slater H
- Subjects
- Animals, Crops, Agricultural immunology, Crops, Agricultural microbiology, Humans, Immunity, Innate immunology, Plant Diseases immunology, Plants immunology, Plants microbiology, Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
96. A plant science network.
- Author
-
Ian Woodward F and Slater H
- Subjects
- Research Design, Biological Science Disciplines methods, Plants
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
97. Coincident scales of forest feedback on climate and conservation in a diversity hot spot.
- Author
-
Webb TJ, Gaston KJ, Hannah L, and Ian Woodward F
- Subjects
- Animals, Biodiversity, Brazil, Models, Statistical, Climate, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Trees growth & development, Vertebrates growth & development
- Abstract
The dynamic relationship between vegetation and climate is now widely acknowledged. Climate influences the distribution of vegetation; and through a number of feedback mechanisms vegetation affects climate. This implies that land-use changes such as deforestation will have climatic consequences. However, the spatial scales at which such feedbacks occur remain largely unknown. Here, we use a large database of precipitation and tree cover records for an area of the biodiversity-rich Atlantic forest region in south eastern Brazil to investigate the forest-rainfall feedback at a range of spatial scales from ca 10(1)-10(4) km2. We show that the strength of the feedback increases up to scales of at least 10(3) km2, with the climate at a particular locality influenced by the pattern of landcover extending over a large area. Thus, smaller forest fragments, even if well protected, may suffer degradation due to the climate responding to land-use change in the surrounding area. Atlantic forest vertebrate taxa also require large areas of forest to support viable populations. Areas of forest of ca 10(3) km2 would be large enough to support such populations at the same time as minimizing the risk of climatic feedbacks resulting from deforestation.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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