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We report the results of an extended investigation performed on composite polymeric materials with the aim of obtaining compounds suitable for holographic recording. In order to investigate the material properties a characterization of holographic reflection gratings at different writing wavelength (514.5, 457 and 405 nm) has been performed. The volume grating presents high diffraction efficiency (>60%), high sensitivity (>103 cm J[?]1) and refractive index modulation Dn[?]0.01 even for writing wavelength in the blue range. We show that following a strategy of two basic components leading to phase separation during the photopolymerization process, most of the requirements for holographic data storage are achieved. The one that needs further improvement concerns long term mechanical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This case presents a unique scenario of bilateral camptodactyly in a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus, shedding light on an uncommon musculoskeletal complication. It contributes to the scientific literature by exploring the intricate relationship between diabetes and musculoskeletal disorders, emphasizing the need for heightened awareness and comprehensive management strategies., Case Presentation: The patient, a 34-year-old with longstanding type 1 diabetes, exhibits progressive bilateral camptodactyly, accompanied by peripheral neuropathy and bilateral cataracts. Key clinical findings include permanent flexion deformities of the proximal interphalangeal joints, positive Phalen's and Tinel's signs, and reduced grip strength, highlighting the complex nature of the musculoskeletal manifestations of diabetes., Clinical Discussion: The main diagnoses in this case involve type 1 diabetes mellitus, bilateral camptodactyly, peripheral neuropathy, and potential genetic predisposition to Fabry disease. Therapeutic interventions include insulin therapy for diabetes management, pharmacological interventions for dyslipidemia, surgical intervention for cataracts, and conservative measures such as splinting and occupational therapy for camptodactyly. Despite some stabilization in glycemic control, the patient's hand deformities show limited improvement, emphasizing the challenges in managing complex musculoskeletal complications of diabetes., Conclusions: The main takeaway from this case is the importance of considering atypical complications in diabetes management and adopting a multidisciplinary approach to address complex clinical presentations. It underscores the need for ongoing research into the diverse effects of diabetes on the musculoskeletal system to enhance patient care and outcomes., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Elbow fractures, characterized by their complexity, present significant challenges in post-surgical recovery, with rehabilitation playing a critical role in functional outcomes. This study explores the efficacy of rehabilitative interventions in enhancing joint range of motion (ROM) and reducing complications following surgery for both stable and unstable elbow fractures., Methods: A cohort of 15 patients, divided based on the stability of their elbow fractures and whether they received post-operative rehabilitation, was analyzed retrospectively. Measurements of ROM-including flexion, extension, pronation, and supination-were taken at three follow-ups: 15-, 30-, and 45-day post surgery. The study assessed the impact of rehabilitation on ROM recovery and the resolution of post-surgical complications., Results: The findings indicated no statistically significant differences in ROM improvements between patients who underwent rehabilitation and those who did not, across all types of movements measured. However, early rehabilitative care was observed to potentially aid in the mitigation of complications such as joint stiffness, especially in patients with stable fractures., Conclusion: While rehabilitation did not universally improve ROM recovery in elbow fracture patients, it showed potential in addressing post-operative complications. The study underscores the importance of individualized rehabilitation plans and highlights the need for further research to establish evidence-based guidelines for post-surgical care in elbow fractures., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study aimed to develop and validate the tendinopathy hemophilia detection with ultrasonography (THD-US) protocol for assessing hemophilia-related tendinopathy. Twenty male patients with hemophilic arthropathy underwent ultrasound evaluations of 200 tendons. The THD-US scoring method assessed structural changes, hyperemia, and calcifications, revealing various tendon abnormalities. This protocol provides a standardized, efficient method for assessing tendinopathy in hemophilia patients, potentially improving patient management and outcomes., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Clinical Ultrasound published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: The aim of this work is to demonstrate how the chronicity of low back pain can modify the trophism of the paraspinal muscles, by performing an ultrasound and MRI evaluation of the paraspinal muscles in the lumbar spine and correlating it to the time of onset of low back pain., Materials and Methods: An ultrasound evaluation was carried out in the lumbar area with a 5-17 MHz linear probe of the paraspinal muscles of the lumbar region, compared with the MRI of the lumbar spine, in patients presented to our attention for chronic low back pain (> 6 months), from January 2021 to January 2023. In each patient, two series of images were analyzed, in the coronal and sagittal planes., Results: Between January 2021 and January 2023, a total of 79 patients were retrospectively evaluated by ultrasound for chronic low back pain. The patients, including 46 men and 33 women, had an average age of 51.6 years (min 24-max 74). In the evaluation of the profile of the paravertebral muscles, 22 patients (27.8%) showed hypotrophy of the paravertebral muscles with a concave profile, while the measurement of the thickness of the fascia showed an average thickness of 2.19 mm with a range between 1, 3 and 3.2 mm and an interquartile range of 1.7-2.65 mm. 77.2% of patients with a concave profile showed a thickness of the FTL > 2.5 mm, and an average duration of symptoms of approximately 15.3 months, to demonstrate a correlation between muscle hypotrophy, thickness of the FTL and duration of onset of symptoms., Conclusion: In the evaluation of chronic low back pain carried out with MRI and ultrasound, the paravertebral musculature profile and the thickness of the thoracolumbar fascia are two instrumental data which, associated with the proposed classification and correlated to the clinical picture, allow to determine the chronicity of the pathological picture., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical approval: All procedures performed were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards., (© 2025. Società Italiana di Ultrasonologia in Medicina e Biologia (SIUMB).)

Background: Diastasis rectus abdominis is a condition in which the rectus abdominis muscles separate and move laterally, causing stretching of the linea alba tissue with weakness of the abdominal wall. Although it can lead to hernia of the abdominal viscera, diastasis rectus abdominis is not a hernia in itself. This condition is common among women during pregnancy and the postpartum period and can significantly affect their quality of life and their return to sports activity. Unfortunately, information on the incidence, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of diastasis rectus abdominis are limited., Methods: We conducted a pilot prospective observational study on 37 patients who practiced sports at high levels (at least 3 times a week with amateur/competitive competitions) who underwent ultrasound measurements of the distance between the rectus abdominis muscles at the level of the xiphoid process, supraumbilical, umbilical, and subumbilical at time (T0), after 2 months from the rehabilitation protocol (T1), and then after 4 months of rehabilitation protocol (T2) from approximately 3 months after giving birth, and we saw an early return to sport., Results: Our data analysis reveals that there is an initial decrease in diastasis during the first 2 months with 3 weekly physiotherapy activity sessions in all 4 measurements. One session takes place on site with physiotherapists, while the other 2 are carried out at home using the rehabilitation protocol provided by the medical staff. At the 4-month follow-up, the improvement was similar to the previous follow-up., Conclusion: Of the 37 women analyzed, 6 were referred to the surgeon; 2 for hernias and 4 for diastases greater than 4 cm. The remaining women benefited from a conservative approach. Patients undergoing the rehabilitation protocol showed improvements in all 4 measures, as well as their early return to sport.

Background/objectives: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a malignant liver tumor with a rising global incidence and poor prognosis, largely due to late-stage diagnosis and limited effective treatment options. Standard chemotherapy regimens, including cisplatin and gemcitabine, often fail because of the development of multidrug resistance (MDR), leaving patients with few alternative therapies. Doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, has demonstrated antitumor effects across various cancers, influencing cancer cell viability, apoptosis, and stemness. Based on these properties, we investigated the potential of doxycycline to overcome gemcitabine resistance in iCCA., Methods: We evaluated the efficacy of doxycycline in two MDR iCCA cell lines, MT-CHC01R1.5 and 82.3, assessing cell cycle perturbation, apoptosis induction, and stem cell compartment impairment. We assessed the in vivo efficacy of combining doxycycline and gemcitabine in mouse xenograft models., Results: Treatment with doxycycline in both cell lines resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability (IC 50 ~15 µg/mL) and induction of apoptosis. Doxycycline also diminished the cancer stem cell population, as indicated by reduced cholangiosphere formation. In vivo studies showed that while neither doxycycline nor gemcitabine alone significantly reduced tumor growth, their combination led to marked decreases in tumor volume and weight at the study endpoint. Additionally, metabolic analysis revealed that doxycycline reduced glucose uptake in tumors, both as a monotherapy and more effectively in combination with gemcitabine., Conclusions: These findings suggest that doxycycline, especially in combination with gemcitabine, can restore chemotherapy sensitivity in MDR iCCA, providing a promising new strategy for improving outcomes in this challenging disease.

Trigger finger (TF), also known as stenosing flexor tenosynovitis, is a common pathology of the fingers causing functional deficit of the hand. In recent years, new therapeutic approaches such as extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) and ultrasound-guided (USG) procedures have joined the most traditional conservative treatments as the adaptation of daily activities involving the affected hand and the orthosis. Likewise, the ultrasound (US) examination of the affected finger using modern high-frequency probes has progressively become part of the comprehensive assessment of patients with TF coupled with the medical history, the physical examination, and the functional scales. In this sense, considering the technological advances in both diagnostic and therapeutic fields, the non-surgical strategies have progressively grown defining a rehabilitation panel more complex than in the past. The present manuscript aims to provide an updated practical guide for clinicians and surgeons reviewing the state-of-art of both the assessment and the treatments of patients with TF to plan tailored rehabilitation management taking advantage of the matching of traditional and novel techniques., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Declaration of originality: This manuscript is original, has not been previously published and has not been submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration. Each named author has substantially contributed to conducting the underlying research and drafting this manuscript., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Adhesive capsulitis (AC), often referred to as frozen shoulder, presents a diagnostic challenge due to its insidious onset and progressive nature. The condition is characterized by pain and restricted motion in the shoulder, with a predilection for individuals between 40 and 60 years of age. A novel scoring system was developed to enhance the accuracy of diagnosing AC and distinguishing between its stages, aiming to streamline clinical decision-making and treatment planning., Methods: A cohort of patients with symptoms suggestive of AC was assessed using the new scoring system, which integrates clinical, radiological, and patient history factors. Parameters included comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, recent immobility, rotator cuff tears, and specific ultrasound findings. Patients were scored and categorized into definitive AC, uncertain diagnosis, or exclusion from AC, with scores > 7, 6-2, and < 2, respectively., Results: The scoring system effectively categorized patients, with those scoring > 7 demonstrating pronounced symptoms and ultrasound changes consistent with Phase 2 AC. Patients with scores between 6 and 2 were classified into uncertain Phase 1 or Phase 3, necessitating further observation. Scores < 2 effectively excluded AC, indicating a need to explore alternative diagnoses., Conclusion: The structured scoring system demonstrated potential as a comprehensive tool for diagnosing AC. By quantitatively assessing a range of contributory factors, it allowed for the stratification of the disease into distinct stages. This system is anticipated to improve early diagnosis and the precision of treatment interventions, although further validation in larger cohorts is warranted., Level of Evidence: II-III., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of literature., Objective: The aim of the presented study is to assess whether the reduction of high-grade spondylolisthesis (HGS) through the correction of lumbosacral kyphosis leads to a decrease in the sagittal spinopelvic compensatory mechanisms., Summary of Background Data: HGS is as an anterior translation of a vertebra, >50%. It is also characterized by a kyphotic deformity of the affected level. This combination of translation and kyphosis leads to compensatory mechanisms on the sagittal plane [pelvic retroversion, increased lumbar lordosis (LL), reduction in thoracic kyphosis (TK)]., Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of HGS (Meyerding >II, Slip% >50%), partial or complete reduction surgery (with a significant decrease in Slip%), and report of spinopelvic parameters (pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, or sacral slope). Clinical and radiographic outcomes were extracted and summarized. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the differences between preoperative and postoperative spinopelvic alignment measures. P <0.05 was considered significant., Results: Eighteen studies were included. PT showed a statistically significant decrease of -2.1217 (95% CI: -3.4803 to -0.7630), while SS showed a significant increase of 4.8349 (95% CI: 2.7462-6.9236). Conversely, both LL and TK showed nonsignificant changes, -4.7043 (95% CI: -10.4535 to 1.0449) and 6.3881 (95% CI: -0.8344 to 13.6106), respectively. VAS significantly decreased by -3.1950 (95% CI: -4.9462 to -1.4439)., Conclusions: The meta-analysis showed mild, yet statistically significant, decrease of PT and an increase in SS after HGS reduction. Conversely, nonstatically significant decrease in LL and an increase in TK occurred. The clinical significance of these results remains questionable., Level of Evidence: Level IV., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Adhesive capsulitis, also known as "frozen shoulder," is a debilitating shoulder condition increasingly linked to fibroadhesive bursitis, particularly after COVID-19 and related vaccinations. There is no definitive gold standard for its treatment, the primary therapeutic objectives of which are the reduction of pain and the restoration of shoulder range of motion. The aim of our study was to analyze treatment outcomes based on quantitative measures of shoulder function and symptom relief., Method: Conducted between January 2022 and April 2023, the research involved 45 patients initially diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis and associated fibroadhesive bursitis. After excluding nine patients for other concomitant pathologies (five for calcific tendinopathy and four for rotator cuff injury), 36 patients were randomized into two groups: one group was treated with glenohumeral hydrodistension, the other with glenohumeral hydrodistension combined with bursal injection. Assessments were conducted at baseline and then 2, 4, and 6 months after treatment, focusing on changes in pain levels, functional scores, and range of motion in all planes. Each group followed a home-based rehabilitation protocol., Results: Significant improvements were observed in both treatment groups, with the combined hydrodistension and bursal injection group showing notably superior outcomes. Specifically, the range of motion in flexion improved from an initial median of 80° to 155° in the combined treatment group, compared to an increase from 75.5° to 129° in the group treated with hydrodistension alone. This enhancement was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Regarding pain reduction, the combined treatment group demonstrated a dramatic decrease in visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, from a baseline median of 7 to 1 at the 6-month follow-up. In contrast, the hydrodistension-only group showed a reduction from 7 to 3, with these differences also proving statistically significant (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided hydrodistension of the glenohumeral joint, if combined with bursal injection and specific exercises, effectively reduces pain, decreases disability, and improves range of motion in patients with second-stage adhesive capsulitis. This study highlights the importance of a combined approach in the management of this complex condition, especially after the histological changes that occurred after COVID-19 and related vaccinations., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT06062654., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflict of Interest Roberta Gualtierotti is advisory board of Bayer, Roche, Sanofi, SOBI, Novo Nordisk; and speaker bureau/educational meetings Pfizer, SOBI, Takeda, Novo Nordisk. Fabio Vita, Marco Miceli, Roberto Tedeschi, Flavio Origlio, Marco Cavallo, Stefano Galletti, Salvatore Massimo Stella, Enrico Guerra, Danilo Donati and Cesare Faldini have nothing to disclose. Ethical Approval The study protocol was rigorously reviewed and approved by the local Ethics Committee (379/2022/Sper/IOR) of IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy, ensuring compliance with the ethical standards stipulated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Comprehensive informed consent was obtained from all participants, which covered all aspects of the intervention, potential risks, benefits, and the use of photographic or video documentation for research purposes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Priming modulates plant stress responses before the stress appears, increasing the ability of the primed plant to endure adverse conditions and thrive. In this context, we investigated the effect of biological (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) agents and natural compounds (i.e., salicylic acid applied alone or combined with chitosan) against water deficit and salinity on a commercial tomato genotype (cv. Moneymaker). Effects of seed treatments on AMF colonization were evaluated, demonstrating the possibility of using them in combination. Responses to water and salt stresses were analysed on primed plants alone or in combination with the AMF inoculum in soil. Trials were conducted on potted plants by subjecting them to water deficit or salt stress. The effectiveness of chemical seed treatments, both alone and in combination with post-germination AM fungal inoculation, was investigated using a multidisciplinary approach that included eco-physiology, biochemistry, transcriptomics, and untargeted metabolomics. Results showed that chemical seed treatment and AM symbiosis modified the tomato response to water deficit and salinity triggering a remodelling of both transcriptome and metabolome, which ultimately elicited the plant antioxidant and osmoprotective machinery. The plant physiological adaptation to both stress conditions improved, confirming the success of the adopted approaches in enhancing stress tolerance., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Salinity represents a considerable environmental risk, exerting deleterious effects on horticultural crops. Nanotechnology has recently emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stress. Among nanoparticles, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) have been demonstrated to mitigate certain stress effects, including salinity. In the present study, the impact of CeO 2 NPs (0, 25, and 100 mg L -1 ) on various morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments, biochemical parameters, and the essential oil profile of spearmint plants under moderate (50 mM NaCl) and severe (100 mM NaCl) salinity stress conditions was examined. As expected, salinity reduced morphological parameters, including plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves and shoots, as well as photosynthetic pigments, in comparison to control. Conversely, it led to an increase in the content of proline, total phenols, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and antioxidant enzyme activities. In terms of CeO 2 NP applications, they improved the salinity tolerance of spearmint plants by increasing chlorophyll and carotenoid content, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, and lowering MDA and H 2 O 2 levels. However, CeO 2 NPs at 100 mg L -1 had adverse effects on certain physiological parameters, highlighting the need for careful consideration of the applied concentration of CeO 2 NPs. Considering the response of essential oil compounds, combination of salinity stress and CeO 2 treatments led to an increase in the concentrations of L-menthone, pulegone, and 1,8-cineole, which are the predominant compounds in spearmint essential oil. In summary, foliar application of CeO 2 NPs strengthened the resilience of spearmint plants against salinity stress, offering new insights into the potential use of CeO 2 NP treatments to enhance crop stress tolerance.

Background and Aims: Low back pain is a prevalent condition affecting 60-85% of individuals during their lifetime. Despite various proposed mechanisms, the etiology of low back pain remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of combining ultrasound-guided infiltrations with early rehabilitation in reducing pain and improving functional limitations in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted, reviewing data from January to April 2024 involving 40 patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Each patient received two cycles of ultrasound-guided lidocaine and corticosteroid infiltrations at the level of the posterior lower iliac spine, followed by 10 rehabilitation sessions. Patients were assessed at baseline (T0), after the first treatment cycle (T1), and after the second cycle (T2) using the Oswestry Disability Index, Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale, Roland Disability Questionnaire, and Numeric Rating Scale. Results: Significant improvements were observed across all assessment scales. The ODI scores decreased from 33.5 at baseline to 3.5 after treatment ( p < 0.001). Similar reductions were noted in the QBPDS (from 61.5 to 10.3), RDQ (from 18 to 3.4), and NRS (from 7.4 to 1.3). The combination of ultrasound-guided infiltrations and early rehabilitation resulted in a significant reduction in pain and disability, with the most notable improvements occurring after the second treatment cycle. Conclusions: The integration of ultrasound-guided infiltrations with early rehabilitation is highly effective in managing chronic nonspecific low back pain, significantly reducing both pain and functional limitations.

Introduction: In advanced chronic post-traumatic wrist pathology, the goal of surgery has always been to reduce pain while trying to preserve the function of the wrist itself as much as possible; numerous interventions have been developed to achieve these goals (partial arthrodesis, 4-angle arthrodesis, the use of prosthetic implants…)., Purposes: The purpose of the study is to evaluate outcomes and complications rate of proximal row carpectomy associated with the resurfacing capitate pyrocarbon implant (RCPI) for chronic diseases of the wrist., Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the patients operated on between June 2004 and March 2021 was performed. Pain, wrist range of motion in flexion, extension, radial and ulnar deviation and grip strength were compared preoperatively and at 1, 6, 12 and 24 months. Complications and additional procedures were recorded., Results: A total of 112 patients underwent surgery for proximal row carpectomy and placement of RCPI with a mean follow-up of 6.6 years. Between the preoperative and the 2-year follow-up, a reduction in pain (VAS from 7.3 to 0.5), an increase in grip strength (from 8 to 17 kg) and an increase in ROM in all planes (flexion from 19° to 44°, extension from 20° to 46°, radial deviation from 7° to 14° and ulnar deviation from 13° to 28°) were recorded. Ten (8.9%) patients required additional surgery, with only 2 (1.8%) patients requiring revision of the implant., Conclusions: Proximal row carpectomy associated with RCPI is an excellent surgical strategy to relieve pain and to improve wrist range of motion and grip strength in patients with chronic diseases of the wrist., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli.)

Background: Adhesive capsulitis (AC), more commonly known as "frozen shoulder", is a painful shoulder condition. The illness progresses through three phases: freezing, frozen and thawing. A gold standard treatment for adhesive capsulitis is not defined. The goal of any treatment is to reduce pain and restore shoulder movement., Objective: Objective of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of gleno-humeral hydrodistension associated with physical therapy in patients with diagnosed adhesive capsulitis comparing the outcomes in term of pain and range of motion in patients with a phase 1 and a phase 2 disease., Method: Between January 2022 and April 2023, We evaluated 87 patients with adhesive capsulitis, 47 were excluded for others concomitant pathologies, finally 40 patients were enrolled for the study, of whom 23 had capsulitis in stage 1 and 17 in stage 2. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 2, 4 and 6 months after infiltration recording range of motion in all planes, pain and functionality scores., Results: A significant improvement was recorded in shoulder range of motion in all planes with the except of extension in both groups. Phase 2 patients were able to regain shoulder range of motion in all planes except internal rotation which was recovered with more difficulty. Pain and functionality scores improved significantly between baseline and follow-up visits., Conclusion: Ultrasound-assisted hydrodistention of the glenohumeral joint combined with targeted exercise has been successful in improving pain relief, reducing disability, and increasing range of motion in subjects with stage 1 and 2 adhesive capsulitis, especially if diagnosed before phase 2 (when the range of motion is completely reduced)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided hydrodissection treatment for De Quervain's stenosing tenosynovitis, characterized by the narrowing of the first extensor compartment of the wrist. Notably, approximately 2% of cases involve a fibrous septum that divides the compartment., Subjects and Methods: Ninety-five patients diagnosed with De Quervain's disease using ultrasound underwent hydrodissection treatment. When a septum was present, the needle was redirected into each sub-compartment to distribute the therapeutic solution evenly and facilitate the breaking of the septum., Results: Ninety patients reported significant improvements in pain and functionality within 2 months of the initial treatment, with a marked decrease in the mean visual analog scale score from 7.65 ± 1.31 to 1.65 ± 2.32. A second infiltration, administered 2 months later, further alleviated pain and enhanced hand functionality. However, 5 patients with septum required surgical intervention after nonconclusive results from the infiltrative treatment., Conclusions: This study confirms that ultrasound-guided hydrodissection is an effective treatment for approximately 95% of patients with De Quervain's disease, achieving substantial pain relief and improved joint mobility after the first treatment. These findings support the continued use of ultrasound guidance to enhance the precision and efficacy of treatment in complex cases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons.)

Introduction: The Wide-Awake-Local-Anesthesia-No-Tourniquet (WALANT) technique is being used progressively more and more in hand surgery as it avoids tourniquet-related complications and saves money., Materials and Methods: In the present study, we analyzed our cases of carpal tunnel syndrome or trigger finger operated upon with this technique from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022., Results: We obtained 822 cases (426 carpal tunnel syndrome, 396 trigger finger) with an overall anesthesiologic efficacy (no need of additional anesthetic) of 97.8%. Patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the anesthetic choice in 99.8% of cases., Conclusions: We believe WALANT to be a safe and effective technique that every hand surgeon should have in his/her repertoire., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli.)

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether arthroscopic treatment of carpal scaphoid nonunions by osteosynthesis with bone grafting represents a successful surgical technique. This systematic literature review, conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, explores the past 10 years of clinical studies concerning the arthroscopic treatment of scaphoid nonunions. The most relevant keywords were used to search the databases, and the Downs and Black 27-item checklist has been used as quality assessment tool. Twelve papers that meet the premised eligibility criteria have been identified. These studies demonstrate the efficacy of this surgical solution, achieving a postoperative union rate of 96% in the average time of 13.5 weeks. Regardless of the method of synthesis and the origin of the graft used, excellent results were obtained. Patients who underwent this procedure reported a pain reduction of almost 80% compared to the preoperative level, improvement in grip strength close to 40%, and recovery in wrist function during daily activities. Arthroscopy has numerous advantages compared to the open approach. These are technically recognized by the surgeon and by the patient. Some disadvantages include a longer intraoperative time and considerable significant technical difficulty. Arthroscopic treatment of scaphoid nonunion by osteosynthesis with bone graft achieves a 96% union rate of the treated scaphoid with satisfying clinical results., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Lumbar back pain is one of the main causes of disability around the world. Most patients will complain of back pain at least once in their lifetime. The degenerative spine is considered the main cause and is extremely common in the elderly population. Consequently, treatment-related costs are a major burden to the healthcare system in developed and undeveloped countries. After the failure of conservative treatments or to avoid daily chronic drug intake, invasive treatments should be suggested. In a world where many patients reject surgery and prefer minimally invasive procedures, interventional radiology is pivotal in pain management and could represent a bridge between medical therapy and surgical treatment. We herein report the different image-guided procedures that can be used to manage degenerative spine-related low back pain. Particularly, we will focus on indications, different techniques, and treatment outcomes reported in the literature. This literature review focuses on the different minimally invasive percutaneous treatments currently available, underlining the central role of radiologists having the capability to use high-end imaging technology for diagnosis and subsequent treatment, allowing a global approach, reducing unnecessary surgeries and prolonged pain-reliever drug intake with their consequent related complications, improving patients' quality of life, and reducing the economic burden.

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) versus open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) in treating carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), focusing on symptom relief, functional recovery and post-operative complications., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 44 patients diagnosed with CTS, randomly assigned to undergo either ECTR (n=23) or OCTR (n=21). Parameters evaluated included post-operative pain, grip strength, functional status using the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score and time to return to work., Results: Patients who underwent ECTR demonstrated superior functional recovery and quicker return to daily and work activities compared to those in the OCTR group. Grip strength improvement post-surgery showed no significant difference between the groups. However, ECTR patients reported significantly lower DASH scores and faster return to work, indicating better outcomes. There were fewer reports of post-operative complications and scar sensitivity in the ECTR group., Conclusion: ECTR provides an effective alternative to OCTR for CTS treatment, with advantages in functional recovery speed, reduced post-operative discomfort and faster return to work. These findings support the adoption of ECTR as a preferred surgical approach for CTS, highlighting its potential to improve patient outcomes with minimal complications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Introduction: Chronic thoracic pain presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly when arising from rare osteo-muscular conflicts. This report details a unique case of chronic pain due to an osteo-muscular conflict between the right tenth rib and the internal oblique muscle, highlighting the complexities involved in diagnosis and the potential for surgical resolution., Case Presentation: A 33-year-old male with a decade-long history of chronic right hemithorax pain, unresponsive to conservative treatments, underwent diagnostic evaluation. Advanced imaging techniques, including a thoracic CT scan, revealed an ipodense area between the ninth and tenth ribs, suggesting an osteo-muscular conflict. Surgical intervention, specifically a partial costectomy of the right tenth rib, was pursued, resulting in significant symptom relief and improved quality of life., Clinical Discussion: This case underscores the importance of considering advanced diagnostic evaluations in persistent chronic pain cases and the effectiveness of targeted surgical interventions in resolving anatomical conflicts. It contributes to the body of knowledge on managing complex musculoskeletal conditions and underscores the need for personalized treatment approaches., Conclusion: Surgical intervention in selected cases of chronic pain due to rare anatomical conflicts can offer significant relief and enhance patient outcomes. This case advocates for a nuanced approach to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic thoracic pain, emphasizing the role of advanced imaging and the potential benefits of surgical resolution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors state no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview of rehabilitation treatment strategies for focal hand dystonia (FHD) in musicians, examining their evolution and effectiveness., Data Sources: A systematic search of five databases, PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library, Trip, and Google Scholar, to identify relevant articles on FHD rehabilitation. The last search was performed on 20 December 2023., Methods: Inclusion criteria were applied to 190 initially identified articles, resulting in 17 articles for review. Exclusions were made for duplicates, irrelevant titles, abstracts, and non-rehabilitation interventions., Results: Ten different rehabilitation approaches were identified over 20 years. While no definitive intervention protocol exists, a multimodal approach is commonly recommended., Conclusions: This scoping review underscores the diversity of rehabilitation strategies for FHD. It suggests the potential of multimodal approaches, emphasizing the need for further large-scale clinical efficacy studies., Competing Interests: Authors' notePasquale Arcuri is also affiliated with Studio Fairplay - Arcuri Functional Rehabilitation of the Upper Extremity, Private Practice, Bologna, Italy. Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Postoperative physical therapy emerges as a pivotal element of the rehabilitation process, aimed at enhancing functional recovery, managing pain, and mitigating the risk of further complications. The debate concerning the optimal timing of physical therapy intervention post-surgery remains unresolved; in particular, whether to initiate physical therapy immediately or to wait weeks is of particular interest. The aim of this study is to review the available literature regarding the optimal timing of physical therapy initiation and the outcomes obtained. Methods: This review was carried out in accordance with the Preferential Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. This search was carried out in February 2024. Only peer-reviewed articles were considered for inclusion. Results: Fourteen studies were included. The primary outcomes assessed in the included studies were the following: 12-week and 12-month low back pain, return to work, function and disability, psychological status, patient satisfaction, and complications associated with early physical therapy. A meta-analysis was performed concerning low back pain after lumbar discectomy at 12 weeks and 12 months and complications after early physical therapy after lumbar discectomy and lumbar interbody fusion. A significant difference was found between early and standard physical therapy in terms of low back pain at 12-18 months ( p = 0.0062); no significant differences were found in terms of complications, both for discectomy and arthrodesis. Conclusions: This review indicates that employing early rehabilitation strategies for intervertebral disc disease could enhance results in terms of pain and disability without an enhanced risk of complications.

Background: Endophytes mediate the interactions between plants and other microorganisms, and the functional aspects of interactions between endophytes and their host that support plant-growth promotion and tolerance to stresses signify the ecological relevance of the endosphere microbiome. In this work, we studied the bacterial and fungal endophytic communities of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) asymptomatic or low symptomatic genotypes sampled in groves heavily compromised by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, aiming to characterize microbiota in genotypes displaying differential response to the pathogen., Results: The relationships between bacterial and fungal genera were analyzed both separately and together, in order to investigate the intricate correlations between the identified Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Results suggested a dominant role of the fungal endophytic community compared to the bacterial one, and highlighted specific microbial taxa only associated with asymptomatic or low symptomatic genotypes. In addition, they indicated the occurrence of well-adapted genetic resources surviving after years of pathogen pressure in association with microorganisms such as Burkholderia, Quambalaria, Phaffia and Rhodotorula., Conclusions: This is the first study to overview endophytic communities associated with several putatively resistant olive genotypes in areas under high X. fastidiosa inoculum pressure. Identifying these negatively correlated genera can offer valuable insights into the potential antagonistic microbial resources and their possible development as biocontrol agents., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Adhesive capsulitis (AC) of the glenohumeral joint is a recognized cause of pain associated with both active and passive restricted ranges of movement. AC can be subdivided into primary and secondary forms. Trauma, surgery, immobilization, and diabetes mellitus are the leading well-recognized causes of secondary AC. Calcific tendinitis/tendinitis (CT) of the rotator cuff is considered a possible trigger for AC, as reported in a few previous articles. However, there are no original investigations that assess the frequency and characteristics of this association. The aim of our research was to evaluate the presence of AC in a cohort of patients with a known CT condition of the rotator cuff by an ultrasound (US) examination., Materials and Methods: We prospectively enrolled all the patients admitted at our single institution (October 2022-June 2023) for the preoperative US evaluation of a known CT condition. In these patients, we searched for parameters related to secondary AC. An axillary pouch (AP) thickness equal to or greater than 4 mm (or greater than 60% of the contralateral AP) was considered diagnostic of AC. Moreover, rotator interval (RI) thickness and the presence of effusion within the long-head biceps tendon (LHBT) sheath was also assessed in all patients., Results: A total of 78 patients (54F, 24M-mean age = 50.0 and range = 31-71 y.o.) were enrolled in the study. In 26 of those patients (26/78-33.3%), US signs of AC were detected. Notably, the mean AP thickness in patients with AC and CT was 3.96 ± 1.37 mm (Group 1) and 2.08 ± 0.40 mm in patients with CT only (Group 2). RI thickness was significantly greater in patients with superimposed AC: 2.54 ± 0.38 mm in Group 1 and 1.81 ± 0.41 mm in Group 2 ( p < 0.00001). Moreover, effusion within the LHBT was significantly more frequently detected in patients with AC: 84.61% in Group 1 versus 15.79% in Group 2- p < 0.00001., Conclusion: US signs of AC are found in one-third of patients with CT of the rotator cuff, demonstrating that AC represents a frequent complication that should be routinely evaluated during US investigation to provide more personalized treatment strategies.

Purpose: Injuries of the scapholunate ligament (SL) and of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) represent the main ligament injuries of the traumatic wrist. A double injury of the SL and TFCC ligaments is quite common in the trauma setting, and clinical examination is fundamental. MRI allows to detection of a TFCC and SL ligament injury, but wrist arthroscopy is still the gold standard for diagnosis. We present the clinical results of the combined reconstruction of chronic scapholunate ligament and TFCC injury., Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients were treated at our hospital with a combined scapholunate ligament and TFCC complex repair. All patients were surgically treated by the same senior author, after a diagnostic arthroscopy that revealed a lesion of both structures. A comparison between the pre-operative and post-operative pain and function was carried out using VAS, Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (DASH) and Patient-Related Wrist/Hand Evaluation score (PRWHE). Wrist range of motion and strength were also compared following surgery., Results: All patients had a mean follow-up of 54 months. A statistically significant improvement was observed both with the reduction in pain (VAS from 8.9 to 5) and with the improvement of functionality scores (DASH from 63 to 40 and PRWHE from 70 to 57) and with the increase in ROM and strength. In only one patient (7%), because of pain and instability, a supplement operation was needed (Sauve-Kapandji procedure) 3 months after the initial surgery., Conclusions: The simultaneous repair of the SL and TFCC complex has shown a good success rate in both decreasing pain and regaining functionality., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli.)

Bent-core liquid crystals, a class of mesogenic compounds with non-linear molecular structures, are well known for their unconventional mesophases, characterized by complex molecular (and supramolecular) ordering and often featuring biaxial and polar properties. In the nematic phase, their unique behavior is manifested in the formation of nano-sized biaxial clusters of layered molecules (cybotactic groups). While this prompted their consideration in the quest for nematic biaxiality, experimental evidence indicates that the cybotactic order is only short-ranged and that the nematic phase is macroscopically uniaxial. By combining atomic force microscopy, neutron reflectivity and wide-angle grazing-incidence X-ray scattering, here, we demonstrate that multilayer films of a bent-core nematic, deposited on silicon by a combined Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaefer approach, exhibit macroscopic in-plane ordering, with the long molecular axis tilted with respect to the sample surface and the short molecular axis (i.e., the apex bisector) aligned along the film compression direction. We thus propose the use of Langmuir films as an effective way to study and control the complex anchoring properties of bent-core liquid crystals.

Background: The diagnosis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis requires clinical and radiographic evaluation; the management options vary depending on the severity of the curve and potential for progression. Identifying predictors of scoliosis progression is crucial to avoid incorrect management; clinical and radiographic factors have been studied as potential predictors. The present study aims to review the literature on radiological indexes for the peak height velocity or curve acceleration phase to help clinicians manage treatment of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis., Methods: This systematic review was carried out in accordance with Preferential Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was carried out including only peer-reviewed articles written in English that described the radiological indexes assessing skeletal maturity in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and evaluated their correlation with curve progression, expressed as peak height velocity and/or curve acceleartion phase., Results: Thirteen studies were included and showed promising results in terms of reliable radiological indexes. Risser staging gives a general measure of skeletal maturity, but it cannot be used as a primary index for driving the treatment of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis since more reliable indexes are available., Conclusion: Skeletal maturity quantification for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has the potential to significantly modify disease management. However, idiopathic scoliosis is a complex and multifactorial disease: therefore, it is unlikely that a single index will ever be sufficient to predict its evolution. Therefore, as more adolescent idiopathic scoliosis progression-associated indexes are identified, a collective scientific effort should be made to develop a therapeutic strategy based on reliable and reproducible algorithms., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Aim: This study aims to investigate drug utilization patterns in the treatment of psoriasis (PsO) from 1 to 5 years in a real-life setting with Adalimumab (Ada), Etanercept (Eta), Ustekinumab (Ust), Golimumab (Gol), Ixekizumab (Ixe), Secukinumab (Sec) and Apremilast (Apr). Materials & methods: Data from an observational study were used to calculate adherence using the Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) method and persistence. Results & conclusion: Treatment adherence was found to be good for all the drugs studied across all years of analysis, while persistence was suboptimal, showing a marked decrease from the third year of study onward. In the treatment of PsO, greater attention needs to be paid to treatment persistence.

Legumes maintain soil fertility thanks to their associated microbiota but are threatened by climate change that causes soil microbial community structural and functional modifications. The core microbiome associated with different chickpea and lentil genotypes was described after an unexpected climatic event. Results showed that chickpea and lentil bulk soil microbiomes varied significantly between two sampling time points, the first immediately after the rainfall and the second 2 weeks later. Rhizobia were associated with the soil of the more productive chickpea genotypes in terms of flower and fruit number. The root-associated bacteria and fungi were surveyed in lentil genotypes, considering that several parcels showed disease symptoms. The metabarcoding analysis revealed that reads related to fungal pathogens were significantly associated with one lentil genotype. A lentil core prokaryotic community common to all genotypes was identified as well as a genotype-specific one. A higher number of specific bacterial taxa and an enhanced tolerance to fungal diseases characterized a lentil landrace compared to the commercial varieties. This outcome supported the hypothesis that locally adapted landraces might have a high recruiting efficiency of beneficial soil microbes., (© 2023 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology Reports published by Applied Microbiology International and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: Palbociclib, a highly selective reversible CDK4-6 kinase inhibitor, is indicated in combination with an aromatase inhibitor or in combination with fulvestrant in women who had received prior endocrine treatment. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant in increasing progression-free survival in patients who relapsed or progressed on previous endocrine therapy, or in combination with aromatase inhibitor in patients who had not received previous treatments. We analysed the prescribing patterns of palbociclib in real practice correlating it with the evidence of treatment-related toxicity management and to time-to-treatment discontinuation and treatment adherence., Methods: For the observational, retrospective study, data were collected from five Italian hospital centres that prescribed palbociclib between April 2017 and April 2020. Each centre provided data derived from an administrative database of adult patients treated with palbociclib for the two therapeutic indications.Treatment adherence was calculated using the proportion of days covered method while time-to-treatment discontinuation was defined as the difference between the first and last date treatment was administered plus the days ideally covered by the last date treatment was given., Results: There were 375 patients enrolled during the study period, of whom 159 were treated with palbociclib and aromatase inhibitor and 216 were treated with palbociclib and fulvestrant. The time-to-treatment discontinuation was 8.9 months in the case of P + f (95% CI: 7.1-12.7) and 13.7 months in the case of P + ia (95% CI: 8.9-17.5). In both cohorts, treatments that received at least one dose reduction had a statistically higher time-to-treatment discontinuation than those without dose reduction (17.7 months vs. 9.2 and 16.6 vs. 7.4).The mean adherence in our study was 0.9 and remained high in treatments with one dose reduction (0.83) and this with two dose reductions (0.87)., Conclusion: Based on these findings, it appears that the management of toxicities through reducing doses, as required by the Summary of Product Characteristics, results in a better outcome in terms of therapy duration, and therefore time to failure due to progression or toxicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsPatrizia Vici: Speaker fee/advisory board (Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Eisai); the other authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.

Soil salinity is one of the increasing problems in agricultural fields in many parts of the world, adversely affecting the performance and health of the plants. As a pleiotropic signal and antioxidant molecule in both animals and plants, melatonin has been reported to possess significant roles in combating with stress factors, in general and salt stress, in particular. In this study, the interactive effects of melatonin (0, 75, and 150 μM) and salt stress (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) were investigated by assaying the some agronomic, physlogical and biochemical attributes and essential oil compounds of bitter melon (Momordica charantia). The results showed that exogenous melatonin could promote net photosynthetic rate (P n ) and PSII efficiency ( Fv / Fm ), increase K + content and activity of antioxidant enzymes and decrease reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and Na + content in stress-submitted seedlings, in comparison to the non-stressed seedlings (p < 0.05). Melatonin increased content of essential oils. Concerning the major compounds of fruits of bitter melon, charantin, momordicin and cucurbitacin were increased with the melatonin treatments, whereas they were critically decreased with the salt stress. In addition, melatonin increased the antioxidant capacity in fruits under non-saline and salinity conditions. Amid the concentrations of melatonin, plants treated with 150 μM of melatonin under either non-saline or saline conditions showed better performance and productivity. Therefore, application of 150 μM melatonin resulted in a significant improvement of salinity tolerance and essential oil compounds in bitter melon plant, suggesting this as an efficient 'green' strategy for sustainable crop production under salt stress conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Frozen shoulder is a common and self-limiting condition affecting the soft tissues of the shoulders, characterized by severe pain, impaired range of motion (ROM) and limitation of daily activities. Its prevalence is 5% and it occurs most commonly in the fifth and sixth decades of life; women are more affected [DePalma in Clin Orthop Relat Res 466:552-560, 2008]. It can be idiopathic or associated with other conditions such as metabolic disorders, diabetes, thyroid diseases, prolonged immobilization, trauma [DePalma in Clin Orthop Relat Res 466:552-560, 2008], or complications after vaccine administration known as SIRVA (Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration). SIRVA is not caused by the vaccine itself but by inappropriate vaccination techniques [Martín Arias et al. in Vaccine 35:4870-4876, 2017]. The natural history of the frozen shoulder is a progression through three stages based on clinical and arthroscopic presentations: freezing, frozen and thawing [DePalma in Clin Orthop Relat Res 466:552-560, 2008; Do et al. in Orthop J Sport Med 9:232596712110036, 2021]. The onset is characterized by disabling pain, that worsens at night; it is induced by inflammation and hypervascularity and lasts from 10 to 36 weeks [Do et al. in Orthop J Sport Med 9:232596712110036, 2021]. The second stage is predominated by stiffness and severe reduction of ROM. This phase typically lasts from 9 to 12 months [Do et al. in Orthop J Sport Med 9:232596712110036, 2021]. Eventually, a recovery phase occurs, with a gradual recovery of the ROM that can last between 12 and 42 months. Ultrasound is an emerging diagnostic tool that contributes to differential diagnosis and treatment [Zappia et al. in Insights Imaging 7:365-371, 2016; Ricci et al. in J Ultrasound Med 39:633-635, 2020]: signs of adhesive capsulitis consist of thickening of the inferior recess of the glenohumeral joint capsule, thickening of the coracohumeral ligament and soft tissue structures in the rotator cuff interval, with hypervascularity. An unspecific sign is increased fluid in the tendon sheath of the long head of the biceps [Martín Arias et al. in Vaccine 35:4870-4876, 2017; Tandon et al. in J Ultrasound 20:227-236, 2017]., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline (LLC) nanoparticles represent an emerging class of smart, biocompatible, and biodegradable systems for the delivery of drugs. Among these, structures with complex 3D architectures such as cubosomes are of particular interest. These are non- lamellar assemblies having hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions able to carry drugs of different nature. They can further be modulated including suitable additives to control the release of the active payload, and to promote an active targeting. Starting from monoolein (GMO) cubic phase, different concentrations of mannose-based esters were added, and the eventual structural modifications were monitored to ascertain the effects of the presence of glycolipids. Moreover, the structural properties of these nanosystems loaded with Dexamethasone (DEX), a very well-known anti-inflammatory steroid, were also studied. Experiments were carried out by synchrotron Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Raman Microspectroscopy (RMS) and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) measurements. The drug delivery potential (i.e. entrapment efficiency and release properties) of the obtained nanoparticles was evaluated. Finally, in vitro cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory activity studies of the prepared formulations were carried out. Inclusion of mannose-based surfactants up to 10 mol% influenced the structural parameters of Im3m cubic phase and swollen cubic phases were obtained with the different glycolipids with lattice parameters significantly higher than GMO. A complete cytocompatibility and an increased DEX activity were observed, thus suggesting the possibility to use GMO/glycolipids nanoparticles to formulate innovative drug delivery systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)