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Outdoor atriums have recently been applied with increasing frequency for natural illumination, but they produce a harsh thermal environment easily in summer. Moreover, overheating of the outdoor atrium necessitates air-conditioning to moderate indoor thermal comfort. Simultaneously, the substantial heat emissions from air-conditioning outdoor units worsen the outdoor thermal environment, creating a vicious cycle. Traditional passive evaporative methods involving water and greenery, while capable of regulating the thermal environment, suffer from low evaporative efficiency and pose significant challenges. To improve thermal environment in outdoor atriums, the spray system was employed due to its high cooling efficiency, especially in open or semi-open spaces. In this study, a comparative experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using a spray system for evaporative cooling in open outdoor spaces. Furthermore, employing high-efficiency evaporative cooling through spraying to disrupt the vicious cycle of indoor and outdoor thermal environments. The dual goals include regulating indoor and outdoor thermal conditions while also mitigating the local heat island effect. Temperature and humidity distribution within the atrium and adjacent hallways were monitored, along with the impact on air-conditioning operation consumption in neighboring offices. Results showed that the spray system significantly improved the thermal environment in the outdoor atrium, reducing the average and peak air temperatures by 0.94–2.83 °C and 2.92–5.21 °C, respectively. It also resulted in a drop in the average temperature by 0.56–1.62 °C and the peak temperature by 2.31–3.25 °C in adjacent hallways. This effectively eased the issue of overheating in these areas while raising the comfort level in adjacent office spaces. The predicted mean vote decreased from 1.46 to 0.87, indicating a significant improvement in thermal environment in neighboring offices. Furthermore, the daily energy consumption was reduced by 10.6–12.4% in neighboring offices. This study provided the valuable guidance for improving thermal environments within outdoor atrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The survival of inoculated Escherichia coli on Fuji apples in Washington State orchards was studied, considering evaporative cooling, canopy location, year, and region, with the examination of sunlight exposure and inoculation levels in year 2. Methods and results Rifampicin-resistant E. coli was applied to Fuji apples. Initial concentrations for the high-inoculation study were 7.4 ± 0.3 log10 CFU per apple and 3.4 ± 0.3 log10 CFU per apple for the low-inoculation study. Enumeration of E. coli was conducted at 0, 2, 10, 18, 34, 42, 58, 82, 106, and 154 h after inoculation. Results were analyzed using Tukey's honest significance difference test and a log-linear model. Log-linear, Weibull, and biphasic models characterized E. coli die-off patterns for high and low inoculations. The application of evaporative overhead cooling water did not significantly influence E. coli survival on Fuji apples; inoculation level and sunlight exposure were significant factors in a log-linear model. Escherichia coli decreased by 5.5 ± 1.3 and 3.3 ± 0.4 log10 CFU per apple for high and low-inoculated apples, respectively, by 154 h. The biphasic model best explained the die-off pattern for high and low-inoculated Fuji apples. Conclusions Overhead evaporative cooling, a useful fruit quality practice, did not impact the survival of generic E. coli on Fuji apple surfaces. The significant impact of sunlight exposure and inoculation levels on die-off highlights the importance of ultraviolet radiation in risk reduction and the need for various inoculum concentrations in preharvest field studies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The hybrid cooling and dust suppression solution that prioritizes efficiency, energy saving, and environmental protection has been proposed. • The effects of the hybrid cooling and dust suppression solution in hot fully-mechanized mining face have been conducted by computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation. • The hybrid solution will be of benefit to the improvement of the thermal and clean environment. With the increasing depth of coal mining, the hot and humid environment at the mining faces is becoming more severe. Mining in these conditions, coupled with the hazardous effects of coal dust, poses a significant risk to the health of coal miners. To improve the working conditions in underground coal mines, this study proposes a hybrid solution that combines evaporative cooling and dust suppression in fully mechanized working faces. Numerical models of the mining face are also created to simulate the cooling effects of the proposed solution. Additionally, the migration laws of water droplets from the spray system are also studied. The results indicate that the proposed solution can effectively improve thermal environments and suppress coal dust. This research can enhance the workplace safety in underground coal mines and provide valuable insights for addressing high airflow temperatures and concentrated dust levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Enclosed barns can be an effective farming system, providing proper animal welfare conditions to the cattle, with also positive effect on dairy productivity. On the other hand, the air conditioning process can be extremely energy-intensive and expensive, especially during summer months. This is not only due to the high air temperature and the solar irradiance, but also because of the metabolic heat produced by the cattle. The climatic condition considered for this study is the temperate-no dry season-hot summer, typical of northern Italy, where more than 80% of Italian milk is produced. Two conditioning strategies have been evaluated: the traditional chiller with a reverse thermodynamic cycle and an indirect evaporative cooling system based on the Maisotsenko cycle. The two systems were analytically compared considering an enclosed barn with a population of 500 lactating cows, highlighting the pros and cons of each systems. Traditional reverse cycle is capable of consistently reaching the chosen thermo-hygrometric conditions, ensuring the highest dairy productivity. However, this comes at the expense of significant energy expenditure. On the other hand, indirect evaporative cooling is not always able to reach the planned conditions, but it guarantees a significantly lower energy expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high surface area of porous media enhances its efficacy for evaporative cooling, however, the evaporation of pure substances often encounters issues including local overheating and unstable heat transfer. To address these challenges, a volume of fluid (VOF) model integrated with a species transport model was developed to predict the evaporation processes of ternary mixtures (water, glycerol, and 1,2-propylene glycol) in porous ceramics in this study. It reveals that the synergistic effects of thermal conduction and convective heat transfer significantly influence the mixtures evaporation, causing the fluctuations in evaporation rates. The obtained result shows a significant increase in water evaporation rates with decreasing the microcolumn size. At a pore size of 30 μm and a porosity of 30%, an optimal balance between capillary forces and flow resistance yields a peak water release rate of 96.0%. Furthermore, decreasing the glycerol content from 70% to 60% enhances water release by 10.6%. The findings in this work propose the approaches to optimize evaporative cooling technologies by controlling the evaporation of mixtures in porous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative evaporation rate testing in a dark environment, commonly used to characterize a reduced vaporization enthalpy in interfacial solar evaporators, requires the assumption of equal energy input between cases. However, this assumption is not generally valid, leading to misleading characterization results. Interfacial evaporators yield larger evaporation rates in dark conditions due to enlarged liquid-vapor surface areas, resulting in increased evaporative cooling and larger environmental temperature differentials. Theoretical and experimental evidence is provided, which shows that these temperature differences invalidate the equal energy input assumption. The results indicate that differences in evaporation rates correspond to energy input variations, without requiring enthalpy to be reduced below theoretical values. These findings offer alternative explanations for previous claims of reduced vaporization enthalpy and contradict enthalpy-related conclusions drawn from differential scanning calorimetry. We conclude that postulating a reduced vaporization enthalpy using the dark environment method is inaccurate and that re-evaluation of vaporization enthalpy reduction is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen the emergence of new technologies that exploit nanoscale evaporation, ranging from nanoporous membranes for distillation to evaporative cooling in electronics. Despite the increasing depth of fundamental knowledge, there is still a lack of simulation tools capable of capturing the underlying non-equilibrium liquid–vapour phase changes that are critical to these and other such technologies. This work presents a molecular kinetic theory model capable of describing the entire flow field, i.e. the liquid and vapour phases and their interface, while striking a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency. In particular, unlike previous kinetic models based on the isothermal assumption, the proposed model can capture the temperature variations that occur during the evaporation process, yet does not require the computational resources of more complicated mean-field kinetic approaches. We assess the present kinetic model in three test cases: liquid–vapour equilibrium, evaporation into near-vacuum condition, and evaporation into vapour. The results agree well with benchmark solutions, while reducing the simulation time by almost two orders of magnitude on average in the cases studied. The results therefore suggest that this work is a stepping stone towards the development of an accurate and efficient computational approach to optimising the next generation of nanotechnologies based on nanoscale evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vertical tube indirect evaporative cooler (VTIEC) could be preferred one to air-conditioning buildings if its water film quality could be improved. This paper proposed a new VTIEC with inner grooved tubes to improve the water film quality and obtained its performance by experimental method. The results indicated that inner grooved tubes have positive effects on the water film and performance of the new VTIEC. A low working air enthalpy at inlet can significantly improve the total cooling capacity from evaporation, and then VTIEC performance. In this paper conditions, the velocity ratio of 1.52 of the produced air to the working air is better one condition compared to 1.01 and 2.28. The produced air velocity is positive effect on the cooling capacity per unit area until the produced air velocity of about 4.05 m/s and is negative effect on COP. The maximum unit cooling capacity, wet-bulb efficiency and COP are 307.74W/m2, 81.7% and 44.97.The results will promote the application of the new VTIEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal radiative cooling fabrics are a promising zero‐energy solution for creating a cool and comfortable microclimate for outdoor crowds. Despite significant progress, achieving efficient radiative cooling under some extreme situations, such as thermal shock and intensive physical activity, remains a challenge. Herein, a bioinspired metafabric with a dual‐gradient Janus design is reported for personal radiative and evaporative cooling. The hierarchical fiber structure allows for an excellent solar reflectance of 99.4% and mid‐infrared emittance of 0.94, inducing a skin temperature drop of 17.8 °C under intense sunlight. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles fixed in the fibrous network can store evaporative cooling capacity by atmospheric moisture‐absorption in the mild and humid nighttime and release such cooling capacity by moisture‐desorption in the hot daytime, providing an additional skin temperature drop of 2.5 °C. Dual‐gradient Janus design endows the metafabric with an outstanding sweat‐wicking effect and high‐performance sweat evaporative cooling capacity. In the steady‐state evaporation tests, a maximum sweat consumption of only 0.5 ml h−1 can cool the skin to a comfortable temperature, preventing harmful excessive sweating. Additionally, the bioinspired metafabric also possesses favorable wearability and color expansibility. Given these first‐rate features, the bioinspired metafabric will pave the way for the development of advanced functional fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solution for solar photovoltaic evaporative cooling and ventilation cavities was proposed to address the bottleneck problems faced by photovoltaic modules in the application of building envelope structures, such as increased working temperature and reduced power generation efficiency caused by photovoltaic module heat generation, as well as their potential impact on building cooling and heating loads. This solution involved installing photovoltaic cells on the surface of the building envelope and keeping a certain distance from the building wall to form a ventilation cavity. At the same time, an evaporative cooling device was arranged on one side of the back panel of the photovoltaic cells. By setting up an outdoor test platform and conducting controlled experiments, the impact of the evaporative cooling effect on the thermal and moisture performance of each component of the solar photovoltaic ventilation cavity and the changes in its electrical properties were studied. Experimental results show that the ventilation cavity with evaporative cooling has a significant cooling effect on the photovoltaic front, photovoltaic backplane, cavity backplane and cavity interior. Compared with the ventilation cavity without evaporative cooling, the average temperatures of these parts are reduced by approximately 3. 7, 7. 6, 4. 5, and 3. 9 ℃, respectively, with the percentage reductions being 10. 2%, 20. 8%, 13. 6%, and 11. 9% respectively. At the same time, the all-day average electrical power of the ventilation cavity with evaporative cooling is improved by approximately 15. 9% compared to the ventilation cavity without evaporative cooling. These experimental data verify the effectiveness of evaporative cooling technology in reducing the operating temperature of photovoltaic modules and improving the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic modules, and provide data support for the further application of photovoltaic building integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The performance of search dogs is limited by their ability to cool down their body because the main cooling ability—panting—contradicts sniffing. We investigated the effect of hot environments on the general body condition of detection dogs working in Kenya. These dogs search for cheetah scats in their arid and hot habitat, where it is especially challenging for them to work. After a working day in the fields, these dogs showed a softer stool, which means a higher stress level, and elevated body temperature during the routine check-in the next morning. Our results showed that the use of search dogs in hot conditions is possible and useful but requires increased attention to prevent heat-related illness. Body temperature is an important physiological parameter that influences the performance of working dogs. The main cooling mechanism in dogs is panting to support evaporative cooling, which reduces the dog's ability to detect scents. In this study, we investigated the general body condition of four detection dogs searching for cheetah scats in a hot environment in northern Kenya. We evaluated the effect on the dog's body temperature post-work in the short term (within hours) and long term (12–24 h). The fecal consistency and mean body temperature of the investigated dogs differed significantly between individuals but not between locations (moderate Nairobi and hot Samburu). On the morning after fieldwork, the dogs showed a significantly increased body temperature (37.9 ± 0.8 °C) compared to resting days (37.5 ± 2.2 °C). In the short term, on the first day of fieldwork, the dog's body temperature (n = 2) decreased after 10 min of rest. On the second consecutive day of fieldwork, the 10-min recovery period was too short, and the body temperature did not decrease significantly. Our data showed that the use of detection dogs in hot conditions is possible and useful but requires increased attention to prevent heat-related illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical trials of hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest (CA) have not seen robust improvement in functional outcome, possibly because of the long delay in achieving target temperature. Previous work in infant piglets showed that high nasal airflow, which induces evaporative cooling in the nasal mucosa, reduced regional brain temperature uniformly in half the time needed to reduce body temperature. Here, we evaluated whether initiation of hypothermia with high transnasal airflow provides neuroprotection without adverse effects in the setting of asphyxic CA. Anesthetized piglets underwent sham-operated procedures (n = 7) or asphyxic CA with normothermic recovery (38.5°C; n = 9) or hypothermia initiated by surface cooling at 10 (n = 8) or 120 (n = 7) min or transnasal cooling initiated at 10 (n = 7) or 120 (n = 7) min after resuscitation. Hypothermia was sustained at 34°C with surface cooling until 20 h followed by 6 h of rewarming. At 4 days of recovery, significant neuronal loss occurred in putamen and sensorimotor cortex. Transnasal cooling initiated at 10 min significantly rescued the number of viable neurons in putamen, whereas levels in putamen in other hypothermic groups remained less than sham levels. In sensorimotor cortex, neuronal viability in the four hypothermic groups was not significantly different from the sham group. These results demonstrate that early initiation of high transnasal airflow in a pediatric CA model is effective in protecting vulnerable brain regions. Because of its simplicity, portability, and low cost, transnasal cooling potentially could be deployed in the field or emergency room for early initiation of brain cooling after pediatric CA. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: The onset of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac resuscitation is often delayed, leading to incomplete neuroprotection. In an infant swine model of asphyxic cardiac arrest, initiation of high transnasal airflow to maximize nasal evaporative cooling produced hypothermia sufficient to provide neuroprotection that was not inferior to body surface cooling. Because of its simplicity and portability, this technique may be of use in the field or emergency room for rapid brain cooling in pediatric cardiac arrest victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global increase in temperature and the resulting climate change present a significant challenge for animal husbandry. Cattle are particularly affected by heat stress during the summer months. The objective of the study was to quantify the duration of heat stress hours during the summer months on ten farms with new or renovated cattle barns. Furthermore, the heat radiation of different ridge designs was evaluated in comparison to the respective roof construction. All farms experienced heat stress during the summer months, with those two farms utilising digital barn climate regulation exhibiting notable benefits. This suggests that digital barn climate regulation can play a pivotal role in mitigating heat stress in animals. Additionally, the findings validated the efficacy of green roofs in actively cooling through evaporative cooling. The heat input was considerably higher with uninsulated trapezoidal sheet metal roofs and light ridges than with sandwich roofs and membrane ridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the effect of taurine supplementation on sweating and core temperature responses, including the transition from compensable to uncompensable heat stress, during prolonged low-intensity exercise of a fixed-heat production (~ 200W/m2) in hot conditions (37.5 °C), at both fixed and incremental vapour-pressure. Methods: Fifteen females (n = 3) and males (n = 12; 27 ± 5 years, 78 ± 9 kg, V ˙ O2max 50.3 ± 7.8 mL/kg/min), completed a treadmill walking protocol (~ 200W/m2 heat production [Ḣprod]) in the heat (37.5 ± 0.1 °C) at fixed-(16-mmHg) and ramped-humidity (∆1.5-mmHg/5-min) following 1 week of oral taurine supplementation (50 mg/kg/bm) or placebo, in a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design. Participants were assessed for whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), local sweat rate (LSR), sweat gland activation (SGA), core temperature (Tcore), breakpoint of compensability (Pcrit) and calorimetric heat transfer components. Plasma volume and plasma taurine concentrations were established through pre- and post-trial blood samples. Results: Taurine supplementation increased WBSL by 26.6% and 5.1% (p = 0.035), LSR by 15.5% and 7.8% (p = 0.013), SGA (1 × 1 cm) by 32.2% and 29.9% (p < 0.001) and SGA (3 × 3 cm) by 22.1% and 17.1% (p = 0.015) during the fixed- and ramped-humidity exercise periods, respectively. Evaporative heat loss was enhanced by 27% (p = 0.010), heat-storage reduced by 72% (p = 0.024) and Pcrit was greater in taurine vs placebo (25.0-mmHg vs 21.7-mmHg; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Taurine supplementation increased sweating responses during fixed Ḣprod in hot conditions, prior to substantial heat strain and before the breakpoint of compensability, demonstrating improved thermoregulatory capacity. The enhanced evaporative cooling and reduced heat-storage delayed the subsequent upward inflection in Tcore—represented by a greater Pcrit—and offers a potential dietary supplementation strategy to support thermoregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional air conditioning systems use lot of energy; thus, dew point evaporative air-cooling systems could be a good alternative. Many experts studied the impact of constructional and operating characteristics on Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) to improve its performance. Cooler performance is influenced by the heat exchanger. Heat exchangers were constructed using flat and corrugated plates. The present study proposes the use of geometrically modified trapezoidal corrugated plates for counter flow heat exchanger, which consists of alternate air and water flow passageways. The numerical model is developed to predict the performance under variety of inlet air conditions and channel dimensions. In the standard range of incoming air properties such as relative humidity, the performance parameters assist in making cooler recommendations. Comparison and validation of simulation results are done with published experimental data for corrugated and trapezoidal corrugated plate heat exchangers. For trapezoidal corrugated plates, simulation findings revealed 10% increase in wet bulb efficiency and 7% increase in dew point efficiency over corrugated plates. The efficiency of wet bulb and dew point decreases as channel gap widens. For trapezoidal corrugated plates, the larger channel spacing minimises pressure drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new cold plates manufactured via metal 3D printing were experimentally investigated for thermal performance analysis in indirect liquid cooling operations; then they were compared to the traditional cold plates. Experiments were performed with different coolant inlet temperatures (15.7 °C and 24.5 °C) and ambient air velocities (0.5 m/s and 3 m/s) at tropical conditions; hereby, the impact of high dew point temperatures at tropics was also investigated. Body-centered cubic (BCC) and pillar elements were applied in the cooling cavity of the cold plates. The results showed that the target surface temperature in both BCC- and pillar-filled plate designs was maintained below the limits at the lower inlet temperature. However, at the higher inlet temperature, the temperature was only maintained below the limit when the ambient air velocity was 3 m/s. The convective heat transfer coefficient at the inlet temperature of 15.7 °C was found 1.5 and 2.5 times higher than the convective heat transfer coefficient value at the inlet temperature of 24.5 °C for the pillar- and BCC-filled plates, respectively. The performance evaluation criterion values were found in the range of 1.2 − 2.4, which depended on the operating conditions and were already higher than the referenced studies in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale reforestation, afforestation, and forest restoration schemes have gained global support as climate change mitigation strategies due to their significant carbon dioxide removal (CDR) potential. However, there has been limited research into the unintended consequences of forestation from a biophysical perspective. In the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2), we apply a global forestation scenario, within a Paris Agreement-compatible warming scenario, to investigate the land surface and hydroclimate response. Compared to a control scenario where land use is fixed to present-day levels, the forestation scenario is up to 2 °C cooler at low latitudes by 2100, driven by a 10 % increase in evaporative cooling in forested areas. However, afforested areas where grassland or shrubland are replaced lead to a doubling of plant water demand in some tropical regions, causing significant decreases in soil moisture (∼ 5 % globally, 5 %–10 % regionally) and water availability (∼ 10 % globally, 10 %–15 % regionally) in regions with increased forest cover. While there are some increases in low cloud and seasonal precipitation over the expanded tropical forests, with enhanced negative cloud radiative forcing, the impacts on large-scale precipitation and atmospheric circulation are limited. This contrasts with the precipitation response to simulated large-scale deforestation found in previous studies. The forestation scenario demonstrates local cooling benefits without major disruption to global hydrodynamics beyond those already projected to result from climate change, in addition to the cooling associated with CDR. However, the water demands of extensive forestation, especially afforestation, have implications for its viability, given the uncertainty in future precipitation changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Architecture in Hot & Dry Climate is the property of Yazd University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, tubes filled with PCM as a thermal energy storage unit with an indirect air heater are used to store and recover solar thermal energy. Two different configurations of PCM-filled tubes (inline and staggered) in the unit are considered and compared with the PCM-filled plate unit. In all cases, the amount of the PCM is the same. The effects of airflow rate, diameter of tubes and inlet temperature on the charging and discharging rates are studied. Results showed that the PCM tube unit is more efficient than the PCM plate unit. The thermal performance is enhanced with the increase of the air mass flow rate. Results also revealed that the phase change rate in staggered configurations is between 7% and 36% (depending on the airflow rate) greater than that in the inline ones. By reducing the tube diameter, the melting and solidification processes are performed more quickly due to the rise of the overall heat transfer surface area. The influence of the temperature difference between the inlet air and PCM is more effective than the other considered effects where the 10 °C increase of the temperature difference enhances the charging rate by a factor of 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate in depth the effect of system geometry on the performance of coil-and-tube heat exchangers. This work investigates the use of direct evaporative cooling (DEC) to improve the efficiency of air conditioning systems in extremely hot weather. DEC systems must be sized and constructed properly for the particular building and climate in which they are going to be installed. The ultimate goal is to reduce energy usage while producing affordable, green cooling options for regions with exceptionally hot temperatures. For simulation, we used computational fluid dynamics with ANSYS software. We purposefully varied the quantity of nozzles and the number of turns in the cooling tubes to see how they affected the effectiveness of the system. The temperature and velocity plot findings revealed a substantial difference, demonstrating that these engineering elements had an impact on the heat exchange process. According to the results, setups with 35 nozzles and 13 nozzle turns had a maximum coefficient of performance of 4.537 at an entry velocity of 2 m/s, showing that this configuration is ideal in the investigated conditions. The findings emphasize the need for strategically modifying some engineering parameters to increase heat exchanger performance and offer exciting prospects for the design and optimization of such systems. More research is needed to better understand these complicated interactions, including the investigation of different fluids, channel diameters, pressure conditions, and performance in the transient state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floral microenvironment impacts gametophyte viability and plant–pollinator interactions. Plants employ mechanisms to modify floral temperature, including thermogenesis, absorption of solar radiation, and evaporative cooling. Whether floral thermoregulation impacts reproductive fitness, and how floral morphological variation mediates thermoregulatory capacity are poorly understood.We measured temperature of the floral microenvironment in the field and tested for thermogenesis in the lab in early spring flowering Hexastylis arifolia (Aristolochiaceae). We evaluated whether thermoregulatory capacity was associated with floral morphological variation. Finally, we experimentally determined the thermal optimum and tolerance of pollen to assess whether thermoregulation may ameliorate thermal stress to pollen.Pollen germination was optimal near 21 °C, with a 50% tolerance breadth of ~18 °C. In laboratory conditions, flowers exhibited thermogenesis of 1.5–4.8 °C for short intervals within a conserved timeframe (08:00–09:00 h). In the field, temperature inside the floral tube often deviated from ambient – floral interiors were up to 4 °C above ambient when it was cold, but some fell nearly 10 °C below ambient during peak heat. Flowers with smaller openings were cooler and more thermally stable than those with larger openings during peak heat. Thermoregulation maintained a floral microenvironment within the thermal tolerance breadth of pollen.Results suggest that H. arifolia flowers have a stronger capacity to cool than to warm, and that narrower floral openings create a distinct floral microenvironment, enhancing floral cooling effects. While deviation of floral temperature from ambient conditions maintains a suitable environment for pollen and suggests an adaptive role of thermoregulation, we discuss adaptive and nonadaptive mechanisms underlying floral warming and cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few decades North American flying squirrels (Glaucomys spp.) have experienced dramatic northward range shifts. Previous studies have focused on the potential effects of warming winter temperatures, yet the hypothesis that rising summer temperature had a role in these range shifts remained unexplored. We therefore sought to determine the effect of high environmental temperatures on the thermoregulation and energetics of flying squirrels in an area of the Northeast of North America with a recent species turnover. Unable to find a logistically feasible population of the northern species (Glaucomys sabrinus), we focused on Southern Flying Squirrels (G. volans). Using flow-through respirometry, we measured the relationship between metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, and body temperature at high ambient temperatures. We also measured core body temperature in free-ranging flying squirrels using temperature-sensitive data loggers. We detected no significant increase in metabolic rate up to ambient temperatures as high as 40 °C. However, evaporative water loss increased at temperatures above 36.2 °C. Free-ranging body temperature of flying squirrels followed a circadian pattern with a ~2 °C difference between active and resting phase modal body temperatures. Rest-phase body temperatures were influenced by environmental temperatures with higher resting temperatures observed on days with higher daily maximum ambient temperatures but not to an extent that energy or water costs were significantly increased during rest. We found that, due to a relatively high level of thermal tolerance, high ambient temperatures are unlikely to cause an energetic strain on Southern Flying Squirrels. However, these findings do not preclude negative impacts of high ambient temperatures on the northern species, and these may still play a role in the changing distributions of Glaucomys in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing heat stress in dairy farming is a substantial challenge, and there is an increasing need for efficient cooling systems, even in regions with moderate climates. Accurately predicting the efficacy of diverse cooling options under different climatic conditions is crucial for reducing heat stress in modern high-producing dairy cows, aligning with sustainability goals. This study assessed the effectiveness and feasibility of different cooling measures, including fans, sprinklers with fans, and evaporative air cooling, using a dynamic thermoregulatory model. This 3-node dynamic model was developed based on recent animal data simulating the processes of dairy cows' physiological regulation and heat dissipation under various environmental conditions. The cooling methods were based on two principles: enhancing heat loss from cows using fans with/without sprinklers; lowering the ambient temperature by evaporative air cooling. The predicted results were discussed and partly validated using the experimental data from the literature. The predictions indicated that fan cooling alone was effective in ambient temperatures below 26 °C, while higher temperatures required a combination of fans and sprinklers for effective heat stress alleviation. Consideration of individual cow characteristics and environmental factors, including fan speed and wetting area, is crucial for optimal cooling. In regions with high relative humidity, evaporative air cooling could be counterproductive to some extent. The model's predictions largely aligned with experimental data, demonstrating its capability to forecast cooling effects under various climatic conditions. Future model improvements included refining calculations for water holding capacity, wetted skin area, and dry time, depending on the influence of spraying time and rate. • Effectiveness of different cooling interventions on cows was predicted. • The selection of cooling measures should consider individual cows and environmental factors. • In humid regions, evaporative air cooling could be counterproductive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive evaporative cooling technology using the building envelope is a crucial measure to mitigate the urban heat island effect. This study aims to enhance the cooling efficiency of the surface of enclosure structures by utilizing volcanic ash, potassium–sodium stone powder, and silica-based mesoporous oxide (SMO) as primary materials. These components are incorporated into the ceramic brick production process to create innovative humidity-controlling ceramic bricks (HCCTs). This study extensively investigates the impact of SMO and the amount of applied glaze on the physical and mechanical characteristics of these HCCTs. Additionally, it examines the water absorption and evaporative cooling properties of the studied materials under optimal substitution conditions. Numerical calculations are used to determine the heat and moisture transfer properties of HCCTs. The results indicate that incorporating 2% SMO and applying 70 g/m2 of glaze results in a moisture absorption capacity of 385 g/m2 and a moisture discharge capacity of 370 g/m2. These conditions also yield a notable flexural strength of 15.2 MPa. Importantly, the HCCTs exhibit significantly enhanced capillary water absorption and water retention capabilities. Increased water absorption reduces surface temperature by 2–3 °C, maintaining the evaporative cooling effect for 20 to 30 h. It is also found that the temperature of HCCTs decreases linearly with increasing water content and porosity, while the temperature difference gradually decreases with thickness. Water migration in HCCTs with greater thickness is notably influenced by gravity, with water moving from top to bottom. Therefore, it is recommended that brick thickness does not exceed 15 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the features of leading modes of Subtropical Indian Ocean (SIO) sea surface temperature (SST) variability and their representation in CMIP6 models. The first EOF mode of SIO SST, featured by an SST anomaly elongated from the northwestern to the southeastern SIO region is triggered by the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO-induced wind anomalies over the SIO region weaken the climatological southeasterlies, reduce evaporative cooling, and consequently warm the SST in subtropics. The first SIO mode is closely related to the Indian Ocean Basin Mode. The CMIP6 models' skill in simulating this mode is attributable to their accurate representation of ENSO impacts in this region. At the same time, the skill of simulation of the second mode, the Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole (SIOD), is poor in most models due to the misrepresentation of the pure tropical Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events. As pure IOD events generate SIOD, underestimation of the occurrence of pure IOD events will affect the development of SIOD in models. The CMIP6 model experiments reveal the absence of ENSO forcing on SIOD. Notably, regardless of the bias in co-occurred and pure IOD events, most of the models overestimate IOD strength due to the easterly surface wind bias and the associated thermocline depth bias. The easterly bias in the equatorial Indian Ocean surface wind weakens the Wyrtki jet, creating a shallow (deep) thermocline bias in the eastern (western) TIO. This induces an overestimation of warm (cold) SST in the western (eastern) TIO during positive IODs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric convection across the northern inter-Americas is modulated by trade-wind subsidence and subtropical easterly waves from June to October. Northward migration of the equatorial trough is coupled to the meridional circulation (MC) and surface temperatures above 27ºC. Forming a MC index via S-N height sections of total and anomalous streamfunction, statistical relationships are examined which focus on Jun-Oct season when the South American monsoon is quiescent. Both east Pacific and tropical north Atlantic exhibit cool ocean – dry atmosphere response to an intensified MC. During periods of faster MC, composite humidity is depleted over the Caribbean 10–25 N in conjunction with westerly wind shear, thereby limiting atmospheric convection. The ocean response to intensified MC is evaporative cooling and a deep layer of increased salinity in the Caribbean, that may sustain anomalous air-sea interactions. Long-term trends reveal intensification of the MC in boreal summer: rising over the Amazon, subsiding over the Caribbean, inter-connected by lower and upper airflows. The annually pulsed MC conspires with inter-decadal trends to produce many of the features presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heatwaves and soil droughts are increasing in frequency and intensity, leading many tree species to exceed their thermal thresholds, and driving wide‐scale forest mortality. Therefore, investigating heat tolerance and canopy temperature regulation mechanisms is essential to understanding and predicting tree vulnerability to hot droughts. We measured the diurnal and seasonal variation in leaf water potential (Ψ), gas exchange (photosynthesis Anet and stomatal conductance gs), canopy temperature (Tcan), and heat tolerance (leaf critical temperature Tcrit and thermal safety margins TSM, i.e., the difference between maximum Tcan and Tcrit) in three oak species in forests along a latitudinal gradient (Quercus petraea in Switzerland, Quercus ilex in France, and Quercus coccifera in Spain) throughout the growing season. Gas exchange and Ψ of all species were strongly reduced by increased air temperature (Tair) and soil drying, resulting in stomatal closure and inhibition of photosynthesis in Q. ilex and Q. coccifera when Tair surpassed 30°C and soil moisture dropped below 14%. Across all seasons, Tcan was mainly above Tair but increased strongly (up to 10°C > Tair) when Anet was null or negative. Although trees endured extreme Tair (up to 42°C), positive TSM were maintained during the growing season due to high Tcrit in all species (average Tcrit of 54.7°C) and possibly stomatal decoupling (i.e., Anet ≤0 while gs >0). Indeed, Q. ilex and Q. coccifera trees maintained low but positive gs (despite null Anet), decreasing Ψ passed embolism thresholds. This may have prevented Tcan from rising above Tcrit during extreme heat. Overall, our work highlighted that the mechanisms behind heat tolerance and leaf temperature regulation in oak trees include a combination of high evaporative cooling, large heat tolerance limits, and stomatal decoupling. These processes must be considered to accurately predict plant damages, survival, and mortality during extreme heatwaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food loss and waste occur throughout the food supply chain and represent food security and environmental, economic, and societal problems. Fresh fruit and vegetables contribute to over 40% of global food loss and waste. A significant portion of fruit and vegetables loss takes place on the farm during postharvest handling in developing countries, which is linked to smallholders' financial and geographic constraints in purchasing modern postharvest handling technologies. While in developed countries, waste is the main problem identified at the retail and consumption levels because of inadequate logistics management, storage, and consumer behavior. The loss and waste deprive the population of a significant quantity of healthy food. To address this challenge, cost-effective, easy-to-use, and affordable approaches could be supplied to stakeholders. These strategies encompass the utilization of shading, low-cost packaging, porous evaporative cooling, zero-energy cooling chambers, and pot-in-pot coolers, for reductions in loss in developing countries. Meanwhile, in developed countries, biosensors, 1-methylcyclopropene, and imaging processing are employed to assess the quality of fresh fruit and vegetables at both retail and consumer levels. By exploring these methods, the review aims to provide smallholders, retailers, and consumers with efficient methods for improving produce operating techniques, resulting in reduced losses and waste and higher income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building rating systems allow for the evaluation of environmental buildings' impact throughout their lifecycle, thereby enabling improved design. The integration of vegetation into building envelopes, through green roofs and facades, provides multiple benefits that enhance the sustainability of a built environment. In arid climates, Building-Integrated Greenery Systems (BIGSs) contribute to energy savings and the improvement of the urban environment through evaporative cooling. However, the maintenance of these green systems requires efficient water use. This study thoroughly reviews six selected building sustainability certifications to determine the extent to which BIGSs are considered in the certification process. The findings indicate that BIGSs are not yet well integrated directly into these certifications. While the certifications recognize the biophilic effects on users and contributions to sustainable construction, they often overlook scientifically proven benefits such as acoustic insulation and urban noise reduction. This study highlights the importance of updating certification frameworks to fully incorporate the diverse advantages of BIGSs, especially in enhancing indoor environments and achieving energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horticulture plays a pivotal role in providing livelihoods, nutrition, and economic growth. However, post‐harvest losses due to inadequate storage facilities and practices remain a significant issue. The storage of horticultural produce involves developing and adopting sustainable, cost‐effective solutions tailored to the unique challenges of resource‐constrained environments. Despite the availability of refrigeration and cold storage facilities, their energy‐intensive and expensive nature renders them inaccessible to many. To tackle this problem, a solar‐assisted evaporative cool chamber (ECC) with a storage capacity of 250 kg was designed. It is powered by a 200 W solar panel, a 150 Ah battery with a charge controller, a 9 W water pump, and two 7.4 W exhaust fans. Extensive performance evaluation optimized water flow rates, air velocities, and pad materials, leading to a significant temperature drop of 14.9°C and a 64.3% humidity increase with 98.48% saturation efficiency, achieved with a water flow rate (6 L/min), air velocity (4 m/s), and honeycomb pad material. The inclusion of a thermoelectric Peltier module further lowered the temperature to 17.0°C and raised humidity to 70.1% within the ECC. Storage studies with four fruits (bananas, apples, papayas, and oranges) and four vegetables (tomatoes, okras, brinjals, and cucumbers) demonstrated that products stored inside the ECC remained marketable for an additional 4–15 days, nearly doubling their shelf life compared with ambient conditions. An economically viable ECC solution effectively addresses the needs of hot climate regions, providing a valuable solution for post‐harvest preservation. Practical applications: Horticulture is crucial for livelihoods, nutrition, and economic growth that face challenges in post‐harvest losses due to inadequate storage facilities. Traditional refrigeration solutions are often inaccessible in resource‐constrained environments. To address this, a solar‐assisted evaporative cool chamber (ECC) with a 250 kg storage capacity was designed and evaluated for performance. The solar‐assisted ECC presents a practical and cost‐effective technology with the potential to significantly improve post‐harvest management, empower small‐scale farmers, and promote sustainable food systems, particularly in resource‐constrained environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the performance estimation of a single-stage vapor adsorption system employing various carbon-based adsorbents with ethanol refrigerant, coupled with a small-scale biomass-based heating unit for space cooling, refrigeration, and heat-pumping applications. A detailed parametric investigation highlights the effects of operating temperatures, and heat exchanger to adsorbent mass ratio on specific cooling energy (SCE), coefficient of performance (COP), uptake efficiency (ηu), and mass of adsorbent to combustion fuel (mad/mcf) to identify the suitable adsorbent and sorption bed designs for each application. The numerical findings reveal that the flat-finned tube (FFT) adsorber outperforms traditional-finned tube (TFT) and tube & shell-type (T&S) adsorbers, achieving 19% and 30% higher COP, respectively, with biomass carbon-ethanol pair. The H2-treated Maxsorb-III shows the greatest optimal cooling COP (0.73), followed by the biomass-carbon (0.72) for refrigeration and space cooling. For heat pumping applications, biomass carbon-ethanol achieves the highest heat pumping COP (1.84) at a desorption temperature of 90°C, surpassing H2-treated Maxsorb-III. Further, the biomass-derived activated carbon requires the lowest amount of adsorbent per unit mass of combustion fuel in the biomass heating unit. The present thermodynamic analysis is a precursor for optimization of the potential heat-exchanger geometries and operating parameters, with the high-performance carbon adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the enhancement of electrical performance in Low Concentrated Photovoltaic (LCPV) systems through a novel approach integrating indirect evaporative cooling (IEC). Traditional LCPV systems often face efficiency challenges due to excessive panel temperatures, which lead to reduced power output and potential thermal damage. While various cooling methods have been explored, this study innovates by employing a simple and cost-effective IEC method, capable of significantly reducing panel surface temperature without requiring complex infrastructure. A unique experimental setup was designed to assess cooling performance across a wide temperature range (30 °C to 70 °C), with the system employing a water bag and low-energy fan to maximize evaporative cooling. The results show that, under IEC, the LCPV panel’s surface temperature was reduced by more than 60 °C, achieving safe operating levels even under concentrated sunlight. This temperature control led to an increase in power output of over 50 % and an efficiency improvement from 5.56 % to 9.97 %, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed cooling method. Additionally, this study proposes a combined IEC-desalination system that uses the humidified air from the cooling process to produce potable water, offering a dual benefit in both energy generation and water purification. This integrated IEC approach presents a promising advancement for LCPV technology, with implications for sustainable energy solutions in high-temperature environments. The findings underscore the potential for IEC not only to boost solar panel efficiency but also to create multifunctional systems that address both energy and water scarcity challenges.

This research is centered around the development and construction of a test apparatus for a counterflow evaporative cooler. The packing material utilized in the testing is coconut coir with wettability values of 300, 400 and 500 m2/m3. The experiments involve varying the air velocity. The study examined performance characteristics, including evaporation rates, cooler efficiency, coefficient of performance (COP) and energy consumption information, in relation to the standard Celdek 7090 packaging. The findings demonstrated that employing a coconut coir with optimal wettability resulted in a cooling efficiency and COP of 53.57% and 1.25, respectively. These values were slightly lower than those achieved with the usual Celdek 7090 packing. Coconut coir, as a biomass-derived material, possesses certain benefits that make it a suitable alternative for filling materials in evaporative cooling processes.

Numerous efforts are made to comprehend the performance evolution of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The elevated surface temperature causes a deterioration in PV panels' performance, hindering the expected increase in harvested energy associated with integrating solar reflectors. In this context, the year-round efficacy of cooling PV panels supported by reflective mirrors is investigated to assess the effectiveness of solar reflector implementation. A conventional PV panel, a CPV (cooled PV panel), and a CCPV (concentrated cooled PV panel) were compared side-by-side to determine their relative performance and energy productivity. Evaporative cooling pads are utilized to chill the two modified PV systems by varying the coolant flow rate during the summer and winter seasons of 2022 and 2023, respectively, in the environmental conditions of the Tenth of Ramadan City, Egypt. The findings indicate that the average daily power increment ratio (PIR) for CPV ranges from 4.7 % up to 7.4 %, while CCPV ranges from 6.7 % to 12 % for different climate conditions year-round. Finally, changing the setup configuration from CPV to CCPV increased the (PIR) 1.5 times during the summer tests and 1.7 times during the winter tests.

Abstract Birds maintain some of the highest body temperatures among endothermic animals. Often deemed a selective advantage for heat tolerance, high body temperatures also limits birds’ thermal safety margin before reaching lethal levels. Recent modelling suggests that sustained effort in Arctic birds might be restricted at mild air temperatures, which may require reductions in activity to avoid overheating, with expected negative impacts on reproductive performance. We measured within-individual changes in body temperature in calm birds and then in response to an experimental increase in activity in an outdoor captive population of Arctic, cold-specialised snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis), exposed to naturally varying air temperatures (− 15 to 36 °C). Calm buntings exhibited a modal body temperature range from 39.9 to 42.6 °C. However, we detected a significant increase in body temperature within minutes of shifting calm birds to active flight, with strong evidence for a positive effect of air temperature on body temperature (slope = 0.04 °C/ °C). Importantly, by an ambient temperature of 9 °C, flying buntings were already generating body temperatures ≥ 45 °C, approaching the upper thermal limits of organismal performance (45–47 °C). With known limited evaporative heat dissipation capacities in these birds, our results support the recent prediction that free-living buntings operating at maximal sustainable rates will increasingly need to rely on behavioural thermoregulatory strategies to regulate body temperature, to the detriment of nestling growth and survival.

The present article aims to cover the most recent advancements in heat recovery technology in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning and identify areas that have not been thoroughly investigated. Extensive information is available on heat recovery technologies and exchangers in central systems. Furthermore, the research examines both direct and indirect evaporative cooling approaches. The literature discusses how the heat recovery process is influenced by climatic conditions, air flow rate, and the type of heat exchanger employed. The latest studies contributing to enhancing the performance of heat exchangers were also considered. The results of the study indicate that recent years have witnessed great interest from researchers in the field of lost energy recovery; the experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies have focused on studies of the influencing factors that contribute to improving the performance of the energy recovery process. The current project involves doing an analytical and comparative analysis of the newest research about enhancing the efficiency of thermosyphon heat exchangers and various forms of evaporative cooling.

Broilers are particularly sensitive to heat stress, which can impair growth, and lower conversion efficiency and survival rates. Under a climate change scenario, maintaining optimal thermal conditions within broiler houses becomes more complex and energy-intensive. Climate change can worsen air quality issues inside broiler houses by increasing the concentration of harmful gases, and proper mechanical ventilation systems are essential for diluting and removing these gases. The present study aimed to develop and validate a model for the ideal broiler housing strategy by applying the Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Eτ. A database from four broiler houses in a commercial farm, rearing 157,700 birds from the 1st to the 42nd day of growth, was used in the research. All environmental data were recorded weekly inside the houses, and on day 42, flock mortality, overall feed-to-gain ratio, and body weight were calculated and registered. The Cohen’s Kappa statistics for each environmental parameter classification compared to the paraconsistent classification. Results indicated that temperature shows good agreement, relative humidity shows slight agreement, air velocity presents a good agreement, CO2 concentration has a slight agreement, and NH3 concentration is classified by slight agreement. The environmental and productivity variables as a function of the broiler age using the extreme True paraconsistent state indicate the model validation. The paraconsistent analysis presented the ideal scenario for broilers’ growth, maintaining the environmental variables level within a particular threshold and providing greater profit to broiler farmers.

The number of artificial turf fields in cities has increased due to increased pressure on outside sport facilities caused by a higher population density. Downsides of these fields are changes in thermal conditions and decreased infiltration of rain. Artificial turf can reach very high surface temperatures leading to unfavourable playing conditions and contributing to the urban heat island effect. In this study the possibilities of a subsurface water storage and capillary irrigation system for evaporative cooling of artificial turf based on rainwater capture, storage and reuse are investigated. The system consists of an 85 mm water-retention subbase with capillary columns, a capillary shockpad and a natural infill. First, a laboratory experiment was conducted to test the evaporative potential of the system with different types of infill and artificial turf. Next, four research plots were designed in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, which consisted of natural grass, conventional artificial turf and two versions of the cooled artificial turf system (non-infill and standard). Evaporation from the cooled artificial turf reached maximum values around 4 mm/d during summer and surface temperatures were significantly lower than at the conventional artificial turf. Rainwater was stored below the fields. By combining these functions, these fields can help cities adapt to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A historic rainstorm occurred over Henan, China, in July 2021 ("7.20" extreme precipitation event), resulting in significant human casualties and socioeconomic losses. A global variable-resolution model (MPAS-Atmosphere v7.3) was employed to simulate this extreme precipitation event. A series of simulations have been done at both quasi-uniform (60 and 15 km) and variable-resolution (60–15 and 60–3 km) meshes from hydrostatic to nonhydrostatic scale with two parameterization scheme suites. For the 48 h peak precipitation duration (20–22 July), the 60–3 km variable-resolution simulation coupled with the scale-aware convection-permitting parameterization scheme suite stands out predominantly among other simulation experiments as it reproduces this extreme precipitation event most accurately. At 15 km resolution, the 60–15 km variable-resolution simulation achieves comparable forecasting skills to the 15 km quasi-uniform simulation but at a much reduced computing cost. In addition, we found that the default mesoscale suite generally outperforms the convection-permitting suite at 15 km resolution as simulations coupled with the convection-permitting suite missed the third peak of this extreme precipitation event, while the mesoscale suite did not. Furthermore, it is found that the large-scale circulation plays a critical role in the peak precipitation simulations at 15 km resolution, via influencing the simulated low-level wind. During the second peak precipitation period, simulations with the convection-permitting parameterization scheme suite at 15 km resolution generate a prominent low-level easterly wind component bias, which is largely attributed to the excessively evaporative cooling in the lower troposphere. This study further reveals that at 15 km resolution the diabatic heating from the grid-scale precipitation accounts more for the low-level wind bias than the convective-scale precipitation. Given that two different cloud microphysics schemes, namely Thompson and WSM6 schemes, are used in the convection-permitting and default mesoscale parameterization scheme suites, respectively, these microphysics schemes are found to be the primary contributor to the low-level wind simulation bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birds maintain some of the highest body temperatures among endothermic animals. Often deemed a selective advantage for heat tolerance, high body temperatures also limits birds' thermal safety margin before reaching lethal levels. Recent modelling suggests that sustained effort in Arctic birds might be restricted at mild air temperatures, which may require reductions in activity to avoid overheating, with expected negative impacts on reproductive performance. We measured within-individual changes in body temperature in calm birds and then in response to an experimental increase in activity in an outdoor captive population of Arctic, cold-specialised snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis), exposed to naturally varying air temperatures (− 15 to 36 °C). Calm buntings exhibited a modal body temperature range from 39.9 to 42.6 °C. However, we detected a significant increase in body temperature within minutes of shifting calm birds to active flight, with strong evidence for a positive effect of air temperature on body temperature (slope = 0.04 °C/ °C). Importantly, by an ambient temperature of 9 °C, flying buntings were already generating body temperatures ≥ 45 °C, approaching the upper thermal limits of organismal performance (45–47 °C). With known limited evaporative heat dissipation capacities in these birds, our results support the recent prediction that free-living buntings operating at maximal sustainable rates will increasingly need to rely on behavioural thermoregulatory strategies to regulate body temperature, to the detriment of nestling growth and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis to develop an energy-efficient and net-zero-energy (NZE) model for a proposed hypothetical mosque model located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study employs a sequential optimization analysis using BEopt software (Building Energy Optimization Tool) to explore various energy conservation measures (ECMs) from three main categories: HVAC, lighting, and building envelope. The ECMs are evaluated based on energy savings and life-cycle cost, with the most cost-effective options selected for the proposed energy-efficient design package. Furthermore, a passive downdraught evaporative cooling (PDEC) system is introduced as a passive cooling strategy to further reduce the cooling energy consumption. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is utilized to optimize the airflow around the building and PDEC tower, determining the optimal PDEC dimensions for enhanced ventilation performance. The PDEC system is found to contribute 12% to cooling energy savings, which further enhances the energy efficiency of the proposed mosque. A rooftop solar PV system is incorporated into the optimal energy-efficient design to achieve a NZE mosque. The results demonstrate that the NZE model achieves 80% energy savings, with the remaining 20% offset by the solar PV system. Moreover, life-cycle cost analysis reveals that the NZE model offers the lowest cost, making it the most cost-effective design option. This research provides valuable insights into designing sustainable mosques in hot and dry climates, such as Riyadh, offering a comprehensive solution to significantly reduce energy end-use and promote sustainable building practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirement for heat sinks to better reject excess thermal energy is ever increasing due to the recent improvements in output power capacity in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry. Current ICT thermal management strategies rely on single phase heat transfer techniques which have attained their upper limit. The present work aims to demonstrate that two-phase thermal system strategies can decrease heat sink size. A comparison of the heat dissipation capacity of a natural convection heat sink with and without the thermal transport mechanism of vaporization are measured and discussed. A discussion relating to the mathematical analysis of the heat transfer mechanisms leads to quantified results showing the efficiency gains of a two phase micro-porous heat sink. It is shown that the presence of evaporation from the holes on the front surface of the radiator makes it possible to reduce its size by 37.6% compared to a radiator in which heat removal is carried out only by natural convection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) and version 2 (CESM2)'s abilities to simulate the impacts of Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) and Pacific multidecadal variability (PMV) on South American precipitation and temperature have not been assessed, and how the AMV and PMV modulate each other's influences on South American climate is not well understood. Here we use observations, reanalyses, and CESM1 and CESM2 simulations from 1920 to 2015 to study those problems. The models can reproduce the observed precipitation and temperature responses to AMV well, but can only roughly reproduce such responses to PMV. The precipitation response over the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) is better simulated by CESM2 compared to CESM1, which is associated with an improved horizontal moisture flux over this region. However, the models cannot accurately simulate the observed differences between the influences of Pacific interannual and multidecadal variability on South American precipitation and temperature. The impacts of AMV and PMV on South American precipitation are modulated by the other mode via changes in horizontal moisture flux over the SACZ and River Plate basin in summer, as well as changes in vertical motion over the equatorial regions in winter. Similarly, the impacts of AMV and PMV on South American temperature are also modulated by the other mode. Over water‐limited regions, such as northeastern Brazil and southern Argentina, the precipitation and temperature responses are anti‐correlated, possibly via surface evaporation. Plain Language Summary: How the Community Earth System Model version 1 and version 2 simulate the influences of Atlantic and Pacific multidecadal sea surface temperature variations on South American climate has not previously been examined, and how the Atlantic and Pacific multidecadal variability (AMV and PMV) modulates the effects from the other basin on South American precipitation and temperature is unclear. In this study, we analyze historical observations and model simulations during 1920–2015 to investigate those problems. The general patterns of the precipitation and temperature responses to AMV are well simulated by both versions of the model, but the patterns of the responses to PMV are only roughly reproduced by the models. The precipitation response over the South American monsoon region is better represented in the model's version 2 than in version 1. The Atlantic and Pacific variability modulates each other's impacts on South American precipitation and temperature. The variations in the patterns of precipitation response are related to changes in horizontal moisture transport over subtropical regions in summer and vertical motion over equatorial regions in winter. The precipitation and temperature responses are anti‐correlated over relatively dry regions, such as northeastern Brazil and southern Argentina, possibly through surface evaporation. Key Points: The Community Earth System Model version 2 improves monsoon rainfall response to Pacific and Atlantic variability compared to version 1Precipitation anomaly patterns over South America are related to anomalous subtropical moisture flux and equatorial vertical motionOver water‐limited regions, anomalies in temperature and precipitation are anti‐correlated, possibly due to surface evaporative cooling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the performances of luffa and greenhouse shading netting (which can be used as alternatives to commercial cellulose pads, that are popular for cooling greenhouses), the contribution of external shading to the evaporative cooling performance, and the energy consumption of the direct evaporative cooler. In this experiment, eight different applications were evaluated: natural ventilation (NV), natural ventilation combined with external shading net (NV + ESN), cellulose pad (CP), cellulose pad combined with external shading net (CP + ESN), luffa pad (LP), luffa pad combined with external shading net (LP + ESN), shading net pad (SNP), and shading net pad combined with external shading net (SNP + ESN). The cooling efficiencies of CP, CP + ESN, LP, LP + ESN, SNP, and SNP + ESN were found to be 37.6%, 45.0%, 38.9%, 41.2%, 24.4%, 29.1%, respectively. Moreover, their cooling capacities were 2.6 kW, 3.0 kW, 2.8 kW, 3.0 kW, 1.7 kW, 2.0 kW, respectively. The system water consumption values were 2.9, 3.1, 2.8, 3.2, 2.4, 2.4 l h−1, respectively. The performance coefficients of the system were determined to be 10.2, 12.1, 11.3, 11.9, 6.6, 7.8. The system's electricity consumption per unit area was 0.15 kWh m−2. As a result of the study, it was determined that commercially used cellulose pads have advantages over luffa and shading net materials. However, luffa pads can be a good alternative to cellulose pads, considering their local availability, initial cost, cooling efficiency, and capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]