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Éric Weil fait partie des figures les plus marquantes de la philosophie française des années 1945 à 1975 et l’Institut Éric Weil à l’université de Lille illustre l’importance de son apport. Or, il venait d’Allemagne et devait sa formation philosophique à la fréquentation de plusieurs universités allemandes. L’ouvrage d’Alain Deligne met en évidence l’itinéraire philosophique du jeune Éric Weil en Allemagne, en accompagnant cette biographie intellectuelle d’un choix important de textes inédits...

Dans le volume de la Psychologie des peuples paru en 1915 Wundt aborde la question des relations entre mythe et religion. Il s’appuie sur des travaux préalables de Usener, Tylor, Frazer, Strehlow, etc. Il insiste sur le fait que la légende héroïque, célébrant des héros locaux, est antérieure aux mythes divins et il faut la réunion du héros et du démon pour permettre l’apparition d’un dieu. La légende des dieux se distingue en outre de la légende héroïque par le fait qu’elle génère une cosmologie. Mais la religion dépend surtout de la pratique collective du culte. Le monothéisme se développe en même temps que la philosophie. Chaque élément de la construction religieuse lorsqu’on l’analyse apparaît comme le résultat d’un syncrétisme et d’une histoire dont les textes épiques fondateurs ont conservé la mémoire. In dem 1915 erschienenen Band der Völkerpsychologie befasst sich Wundt mit dem Verhältnis von Mythos und Religion. Er bezieht sich dabei auf frühere Arbeiten von Usener, Tylor, Frazer, Strehlow usw. Er vertritt den Standpunkt, dass die Heldenlegende, die lokale Helden feiert, den Mythen der Götter vorausgeht und dass die Vereinigung des Helden und des Dämons erforderlich ist, um die Erscheinung eines Gottes zu ermöglichen. Die Göttersage unterscheidet sich weiter von der Heldensage dadurch, dass sie eine Kosmologie hervorbringt. Aber Religion hängt vor allem von der kollektiven Ausübung der Kulthandlung ab. Der Monotheismus entwickelt sich gleichzeitig mit der Philosophie. Jedes Element der religiösen Konstruktion scheint bei näherer Betrachtung das Ergebnis eines Synkretismus und einer Geschichte zu sein, die die epischen Gründungstexte in Erinnerung behalten haben. In the volume of the Völkerpsychologie published in 1915 Wundt addresses the question of the relationship between myth and religion. He builds on previous works by Usener, Tylor, Frazer, Strehlow etc. He insists that the heroic legend, celebrating local heroes, predates divine myths and he observes that the reunion of the hero and the demon is necessary to allow the creation of a god. The legend of the gods is further distinguished from the heroic legend by the fact that it generates a cosmology. But religion depends above all on the collective practice of worship. Monotheism develops at the same time as philosophy. Each element of religious construction when analyzed appears to be the result of a syncretism and a history which the founding epic texts have memorized.

International audience; The Mekong Delta region has been seriously affected by climate change, with increasing temperatures, sea-level rise, and salinization strongly impacting agricultural activities of the region. Recent studies have shown that groundwater exploitation also contributes significantly to land subsidence throughout the delta. Thus, combating climate change now makes it necessary to design strategies and policies for adapting to and mitigating climate change and subsidence, not only at the individual level (mainly farmers), but also at the institutional level (province and region). This study aims to build an integrated model for the purpose of exploring the socioeconomic impact of adaptation strategies provinces choose under various climate and economic scenarios. The LUCAS-GEMMES model (an agent-based model for strategies for adapting to land-use change in the context of climate change) was developed in order to evaluate socioeconomic factors, climate, and water use by farmers, as well as the subsidence dynamics and macroeconomic trends in land-use selection strategies. The simulations are carried out according to four main scenarios: (i) lack of provincial adaptation strategies and absence of subsidence dynamics, (ii) lack of adaptation strategies though subsidence and the impact of land-use production benefits, (iii) purely individual adaptation strategies combined with the impact of subsidence, and (iv) provincial and individual-scale adaptation combined with the impact of subsidence. In all the scenarios that consider subsidence, our results show that early response decisions to even low-level subsidence lead to many positive outcomes in water resource management, such as a significant reduction in water-use in the dry season and a reduction in the area vulnerable to subsidence and climate change. However, the same results also indicate a possible decrease in farmers' income due to reduced agricultural seasons and restricted land-use transformation, which demonstrates the importance of modeling the multi-sectoral aspects of adaptation. Finally, at a more general level, in the fourth scenario, the model clearly shows the benefits when provinces located in the same agro-ecological zone harmonize strategies, thus paving the way for defining integrated land-use policies at the regional level.

International audience; The predominantly agricultural Mekong Delta region will be profoundly affected by the effects of climate change, such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and salinization. But recent studies show that other factors, such as sand mining and groundwater exploitation, will also largely contribute to future pressures, particularly through land subsidence. Alongside the fight against climate change, this makes it necessary to design strategies and policies for subsidence mitigation, not only at the individual level (mainly farmers), but also at the institutional level (province and region). Indeed, in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), local provinces play a crucial role in the choice and implementation of strategies for the exploitation of natural resources, such as water or sand. However, the VMD is also a complex system in which the decisions of one province can have indirect effects on the other 12 provinces, especially because some provinces share common agro-ecological regions and aquifer areas. This chapter aims to explore, through simulation of an integrated model, the economic impact on farmers of the adaptation strategies chosen by the provinces under a number of climatic and economic scenarios. It thus builds on the adaptation options evaluated in Part 3 of the report. In particular, one objective is to understand which conditions of inter-province coordination on groundwater exploitation in common agro-ecological areas could improve the economic situation of farmers. To this end, the LUCAS model (an agent-based model for land-use change adaptation strategies in the context of climate change) [ Truong et al., 2021 ] was extended to take groundwater use by farmers into account, as well as the subsidence dynamics and macroeconomic trends from the GEMMES model. In the updated model, called LUCAS-GEMMES, subsidence-related adaptation strategies chosen at the provincial level and their interactions with individual decisions were also introduced. The simulation is performed with 4 experiments including (i) No provincial adaptation strategies and ignorance of subsidence dynamics; (ii) No adaptation strategies while subsidence impacts the benefit of land-use production; (iii) Individual adaptation strategies combined with the impact of subsidence; (iv) Province and individual adaptation combined with the impact of subsidence.The results show that decisions in early response to low-level subsidence bring many positive results in resource management, such as significantly reducing water use in the dry season, and reducing the vulnerability area from subsidence and climate change. The results also show a decrease in incomes in case of adaptation. Therefore, it is necessary to have investment solutions (technical support in shrimp farming, studying for new upland crops in the dry season) for new land-use types that could compensate for the economic benefits lost when applying policies that restrict people in the use of resources.; La région du delta du Mékong, essentiellement agricole, sera profondément touchée par les effets du changement climatique, tels que la hausse des températures, l’élévation du niveau de la mer et la salinisation. Mais des études récentes montrent que d’autres facteurs, comme l’extraction de sable et l’exploitation des eaux souterraines, contribueront également fortement aux pressions futures, notamment par la subsidence. Au-delà de la lutte contre le changement climatique, il est donc nécessaire de concevoir des stratégies et des politiques d’atténuation de la subsidence, non seulement au niveau individuel (principalement les agriculteurs), mais aussi au niveau institutionnel (province et région). En effet, dans le delta du Mékong vietnamien (DMV), les provinces locales jouent un rôle crucial dans le choix et la mise en œuvre des stratégies d’exploitation des ressources naturelles, comme l’eau ou le sable. Cependant, le DMV est aussi un système complexe dans lequel les décisions d’une province peuvent avoir des effets indirects sur les 12 autres provinces, notamment parce que certaines provinces partagent des régions agro-écologiques et des zones aquifères communes. Ce chapitre vise à explorer, par la simulation d’un modèle intégré, l’impact économique sur les agriculteurs des stratégies d’adaptation choisies par les provinces dans un certain nombre de scénarios climatiques et économiques. Il s’appuie donc sur les options d’adaptation évaluées dans la partie 3 du rapport. En particulier, un objectif est de comprendre dans quelles conditions de coordination entre les provinces sur l’exploitation des eaux souterraines, dans des zones agro-écologiques communes, la situation économique des agriculteurs peut s’améliorer. À cette fin, le modèle LUCAS (un modèle “basé agents” pour les stratégies d’adaptation au changement d’utilisation des terres dans le contexte du changement climatique) [ Truong et al., 2021 ] a été étendu pour prendre en compte l’utilisation des eaux souterraines par les agriculteurs, ainsi que la dynamique de subsidence et les tendances macroéconomiques du modèle GEMMES. Dans le modèle mis à jour, appelé LUCAS-GEMMES, les stratégies d’adaptation liées à la subsidence choisies au niveau provincial et leurs interactions avec les décisions individuelles ont également été introduites. La simulation est réalisée à l’aide de quatre expériences : (i) aucune stratégie d’adaptation provinciale et ignorance de la dynamique de la subsidence ; (ii) aucune stratégie d’adaptation alors que la subsidence a un impact sur le bénéfice de la production de l’utilisation des terres ; (iii) stratégies d’adaptation individuelles combinées à l’impact de la subsidence ; (iv) adaptation provinciale et individuelle combinée à l’impact de la subsidence. Les résultats montrent que les décisions prises en réponse précoce à un affaissement de faible niveau apportent de nombreux résultats positifs dans la gestion des ressources, tels que la réduction significative de l’utilisation de l’eau pendant la saison sèche, puis la réduction de la zone de vulnérabilité à la subsidence et au changement climatique. Les résultats montrent également une diminution des revenus en cas d’adaptation. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d’avoir des solutions d’investissement (soutien technique dans l’élevage de crevettes, étude de nouvelles cultures de montagne en saison sèche) pour de nouveaux types d’utilisation des terres qui compenseraient les avantages économiques perdus lors de l’application de politiques qui limitent les personnes dans l’utilisation des ressources.

This article analyses the impact of the introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on European Union (EU) trade partners, focusing especially on its potential socio-economic and external consequences for developing and emerging economies (EMDEs). It uses trade data and Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) matrices to investigate the geographically and sectorally uneven distribution of CBAM’s potential impacts. The introduction of the CBAM by the EU is still under discussion. This mechanism, which seeks to reduce the incentives for firms to outsource their carbon emissions and promote a more generalised low-carbon transition, might disproportionally expose some non-EU economies. In absolute terms, Russia, China, Turkey, and Ukraine are the main EU trade partners in CBAM products, and hence the most exposed countries in external and socio-economic dimensions. In relative terms, the degree of exposure of economies that export CBAM products to Europe varies substantially, with many developing economies having more than 2% of their exports and 1% of their production impacted by this measure. East European economies, mainly in the Balkans, as well as Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Cameroon in Africa, are the most exposed as far as the external dimension is concerned. In socio-economic terms, we can also include Morocco and Tajikistan to the group of most exposed economies. In the end, promoting the substitution of highly polluting technologies with green technologies seems notably easier in Europe than in EMDEs. Many jobs, tax revenues, and export revenues will be lost if the CBAM is implemented without taking into account the specificities of the EU’s trading partners. We discuss options to mitigate adverse consequences on EMDEs. The CBAM is a logical complementary policy to the EU-ETS, which aims to avoid EU industries outsourcing their production to countries that do not adopt similar levels of carbon pricing.Although most macroeconomic models generally assume that all countries have a relatively high capacity to migrate from one industry to another, evidence shows otherwise. Previous results analysing the impacts of the CBAM might hence have underestimated the consequences for developing and emerging economies.Accounting for rigidities in the production structure, we show that the CBAM may have a regressive impact, therefore requiring careful attention to its institutional design, especially if the objective is to reinforce global climate ambitions in line with the EU’s own decarbonisation strategy.Promoting the substitution of highly polluting technologies with green technologies seems notably easier in Europe than in EMDEs. Many jobs, tax revenues, and export revenues will be lost if the CBAM is implemented without taking into account the specificities of the EU’s trading partners.One possible way to minimise its side effects is to exempt the so-called least developed countries from the CBAM. Rather than an exemption, these countries could also receive targeted support from the EU to reduce their dependence on highly emitting industries, via transfer of technologies, climate subsidies, or concessional lending.The adoption of CBAM-like measures in other developed economies, such as Japan and North America, as well as in wealthier developing countries with the capacity to decarbonise their industries, such as China, would exacerbate the fragilities of emerging and developing economies unless counter-measures are taken. The CBAM is a logical complementary policy to the EU-ETS, which aims to avoid EU industries outsourcing their production to countries that do not adopt similar levels of carbon pricing. Although most macroeconomic models generally assume that all countries have a relatively high capacity to migrate from one industry to another, evidence shows otherwise. Previous results analysing the impacts of the CBAM might hence have underestimated the consequences for developing and emerging economies. Accounting for rigidities in the production structure, we show that the CBAM may have a regressive impact, therefore requiring careful attention to its institutional design, especially if the objective is to reinforce global climate ambitions in line with the EU’s own decarbonisation strategy. Promoting the substitution of highly polluting technologies with green technologies seems notably easier in Europe than in EMDEs. Many jobs, tax revenues, and export revenues will be lost if the CBAM is implemented without taking into account the specificities of the EU’s trading partners. One possible way to minimise its side effects is to exempt the so-called least developed countries from the CBAM. Rather than an exemption, these countries could also receive targeted support from the EU to reduce their dependence on highly emitting industries, via transfer of technologies, climate subsidies, or concessional lending. The adoption of CBAM-like measures in other developed economies, such as Japan and North America, as well as in wealthier developing countries with the capacity to decarbonise their industries, such as China, would exacerbate the fragilities of emerging and developing economies unless counter-measures are taken.

Photosensitization of organogold intermediates is an emerging field in catalysis. In this context, an access to 2,3-disubstituted indoles from o-alkynyl aniline and iodoalkyne derivatives via a gold-catalyzed sequence under visible-light irradiation and in the absence of an exogenous photocatalyst was uncovered. A wide scope of the process is observed. Of note, 2-iodo-ynamides can be used as electrophiles in this cross-coupling reaction. The resulting N-alkynyl indoles lend themselves to post-functionalization affording valuable scaffolds, notably benzo[a]carbazoles. Mechanistic studies converge on the fact that a potassium sulfonyl amide generates emissive aggregates in the reaction medium. Static quenching of these aggregates by a vinylgold(I) intermediate yields to an excited state of the latter, which can react with an electrophile via oxidative addition and reductive elimination to forge the key C-C bond. This reactant-induced photoactivation of an organogold intermediate opens rich perspectives in the field of cross-coupling reactions.