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Amphibolips aliciae Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey Amphibolips aliciae Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey, 2010: 52. Type material examined: HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in MNCN (Cat n��2023) ��� PANAMA, Chiriqu��, Carretera de Volcancito, Boquete 8�� 46��� 23 7��� N, 82�� 27��� 19 7��� W, 1404 m, Ex Q. salicifolia, (25.i.2009) 25.i.09, E. Medianero leg���. Paratypes: a male with the same data as holotype, but one (12.i.2008) ii.08, E. Medianero leg. One paratype in MNCN. Additional material: Deposited in UB with the following labels: ���MEX-595, MEXICO, Cuapancingo, Puebla, (18.ii.2013) iii.2013: 1♂ (UB), Ex Q. crassifolia, leg. Alondra ���; ���P189, MEXICO, Aconco, Tetela de Ocampo, Pueb-la, (11.ix.2012) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp. ���; ���P291, MEXICO, Santa Rosa, Santa Rosa, Puebla, (27.vi.2016) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp.���; ���P375, MEXICO, San Pedro Hueytentan, Cuautempan, Puebla, 19��42���50���N, 97��49���21.22���W, 1599m.a.s.l., (14.vi.2018) only galls, (UB), Ex Q. crassifolia ���; ���S345, MEXICO, Aconco, Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla, (12.ix.2012) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp., leg, A. Equihua ���. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by its clear forewings with only one heavily infuscate patch at the base of the radial cell (Fig. 13A); broad and complete notauli delimited by an internal carina on posterior half of mesoscutum (Fig. 12A); mesoscutellar posterior emargination shallow, only slightly emarginate. This species most closely resembles A. kinseyi n. sp. but differs by a complete notauli (incomplete in A. kinesyi n. sp.); upper face coarsely reticulate-rugose (alutaceous in A. kinseyi n. sp.); speculum glabrous and finely rugate (sparsely pubescent and transversally carinated in A. kinseyi n. sp.); metasomal tergum II with fine, almost inconspicuous, micropunctures on posterior 1/3 (posterior 1/3 metasomal tergum II conspicuously micropunctate in A. kinseyi n. sp.). The forewing pattern also resembles A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov., but the tarsal claws with an acute basal lobe in A. aliciae (simple in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.); and the notauli are complete, shallow, and not delimited by carinae in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov. Galls of A. aliciae are fusiform, fragile onto smallest pressure, internal hollowlike space with thin filaments radiating from the central larval chamber (Figs 14B, 14D); while galls of A. kinseyi n. sp. and A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov. are subglobose, hard, with internal space obliterated by a spongious parenchyma. The internal structure of A. aliciae gall also resembles the gall of A. salicifoliae, which are hollow with radiating filaments. However, they can be differentiating by the shape and gall location: fusiform galls on buds in A. aliciae and spherical galls on leaves in A. salicifoliae. Gall (Figs 14 A���D). A fusiform bud gall with a fine tip and base, with a hard, lignified outer shell, 2.5 mm long. Internal space hollow with thin filaments radiating from the central larval chamber, 5���6 mm in diameter. Hosts. Quercus salicifolia (Panama); Q. crassifolia (Mexico, new record). Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. Galls were collected from January to March; adults emerged shortly after gall collecting. Distribution. Panama (original description), Mexico: Puebla state, new record., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, V��ctor, Equihua-Mart��nez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibri��n-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ru��z, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, S��nchez, Imelda Virginia L��pez, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Medianero, E. & Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (2010) The genus Amphibolips Reinhard (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) in the Neotropics, with description of three new species from Panama. Zootaxa, 2360 (1), 47 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2360.1.3"]}

Amphibolips kinseyi Cuesta-Porta & Pujade-Villar n. sp. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 492C322A-88EC-42A5-BC0F-F600EC66887B Type material. HOLOTYPE. ♀ (deposited in AMNH) with the following labels: “ MEXICO, Ciudad de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico ” (white label), “ Q. crassipes, (01.xii.1932) leg. Kinsey ” (white label); Holotype Amphibolips kinseyi Cuesta-Porta & JP-V n. sp., desig. Cuesta-Porta, 2020” (red label). Etymology. Named in honor of Alfred C. Kinsey (1894–1956) who greatly contributed to the knowledge of Amphibolips and the American cynipid fauna. Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by incomplete notauli margined dorsally by carinae on posterior half of mesoscutum; mesoscutellum margined laterally by strong carina that emarginate posterior depression of mesoscutellum, both laterally and posteriorly. Most closely resembles A. aliciae by the forewing colouration, notauli emarginate by carina on dorsal side. It differentiate by brown to chestnut head and mesosoma, ambarine metasoma (head and mesosoma black, metasoma rufous in A. aliciae), strongly emarginated mesoscutellum laterally and posteriorly (not emarginate in A. aliciae); frons alutaceous with fine rugae (coarsely reticulate-rugose in A. aliciae). Forewing colouration also resembles those of A. salicifoliae and A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov., but in A. kinseyi n. sp. infuscate area on basal margin of radial cell larger, tarsal claws with basal lobe (claws simple in A. salicifoliae and A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.). Furthermore, bud galls of the new species are ovate with lignified parenchyma while galls of A. aliciae are fragile, fusiform, internal hollow with radiating filaments supporting the larval chamber. The gall is similar to other species with a large globular shape without mottled surface and not deformable at finger pressure (as A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov. and A. bassae n. sp.), but the size is smaller, around 20 mm in diameter. Description. (Figs 6 A–6G). Female. Body length: 3.8 mm. (N=1) Colour. Head chestnut; antennae brown in basal half and ambarine distally; mesosoma chestnut to brown; legs brown, ambarine distally, coxae chestnut to brown, femora and tibiae light brown, except ambarine tarsi; metasoma ambarine. Head (Figs 6 B–6D) trapezoidal in anterior view, 2.6x as broad as long from above, 1.4x as broad as high in anterior view and slightly narrower than mesosoma; frons with fine rugae, alutaceous interspaces, almost glabrous; lower face alutaceous, with more dense white setae. Gena dull rugose, slightly broadened behind eye, not visible behind eyes in anterior view, as broad as cross diameter of eye; malar space dull, delicately rugate; height of eye 1.7x as long as length of malar space. POL 0.8–0.9x as long as OOL; diameter of lateral ocellus equal to LOL; ocelli ovate. Transfacial distance 1.4x as broad as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus subequal to distance between toruli, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.7x as long as diameter of torulus. Clypeus dull smooth, ventrally projected, without median incision; anterior tentorial pits deep, epistomal sulcus conspicuous, clypeopleurostomal line distinct. Frons, vertex, interocellar area and occiput uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces. Occiput without dorsal carina. Labial palpus 3-segmented, maxillary palpus 5-segmented. Antenna (Fig. 6G) with 11 flagellomeres; slightly longer than head+mesosoma; scape 1.8x as long as pedicel; pedicel subglobose, slightly longer than broad; F1 subequal to scape+pedicel and 1.3x as long as F2; F2 as long as F3; F3 nearly equal in length to F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F11 partially divided, 1.8x as long as F10; placodeal sensilla visible on F5–F11, absent on F1–F4. Mesosoma (Figs 6 D–6E) only slightly longer than high. Pronotum smooth dorsally, with numerous faint irregular rugae laterally. Mesoscutum round, uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces, rugose sculpture fainter and dull smooth interspaces on convergent point of median sulcus and notauli on posterior part; 0.8x as long as broad in dorsal view (largest width measured across mesoscutum on the level of tegulae base). Notauli incomplete, distinct under rugose sculpture on posterior half; notaular furrow faintly rugose with smooth interspaces; anterior parallel lines extending to almost half length of mesoscutum, slightly elevated, mesoscutum impressed along both sides of lines; parapsidal lines distinct, originating from posterior margin and extending to nearly half length of mesoscutum; median mesoscutal sulcus present, shiny smooth furrow; parascutal carina short, extending to level of tegula. Mesoscutellum 0.5x as long as mesoscutum, coarsely rugose with alutaceous interspaces, quadrangular, as broad as long, slightly overhanging metanotum, emarginate laterally; scutellar foveae quadrangular, shallow, faint median carina dividing the base of mesoscutellum into two halves, smooth foveae with faint transversal carinae connected to median carina, lateral sides of foveae with strong narrow carinae, separating them from dorsoaxillar area, posteriorly limited by rugate sculpture. Mesoscutellum with posteromedian depression emarginate by strong carinae. Mesopleuron uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces and sparsely pubescent, some rugae orientated into transverse faint subparallel striae. Mesopleural triangle rugose; dorsoaxillar area with faint rugae; lateral axillar area and axillula rugate, with few short, white setae; subaxilular bar smooth, shining, with parallel sides, its height less than height of metanotal trough, most posterior part extending to half height of mesoscutellum; postalar process long, with parallel striae; metapleural sulcus hidden under dull rugose sculpture. Metascutellum uniformly coriaceous, metanotal trough coriaceous, with dense white setae; ventral impressed area smooth, slightly shorter than height of metascutellum; central propodeal area faintly rugate, dull; lateral propodeal carinae high, subparallel, slightly curved outwards medially; lateral propodeal area with irregular strong wrinkles and dense white setae; nucha short, with irregular wrinkles around. Legs with sparse short white setae; tarsal claws with basal lobe. Forewing longer than body, mostly hyaline, with short dense cilia on margin, with dark stripe on basal part of radial cell, veins dark brown; radial cell narrow, long, opened on margin, 4.0x as long as broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet infuscate, small, almost invisible, internal space round, closed; Rs+M reaching basalis at its half height. Metasoma (Fig. 6F) as long as head+mesosoma, 1.2x as long as high in lateral view; 2nd metasomal tergum occupy nearly 2/3 of metasoma length, smooth, shining, with short sparse setae dorsolaterally and with larger patch of dense setae ventrolaterally; posterior third conspicuously finely punctate dorsally and laterally, posterior margin with a narrow smooth band, without punctures; all subsequent terga dorsally and laterally uniformly and entirely micropunctate, with a narrow smooth band posteriorly on each tergum. Ventral spine of hypopygium robust, short, needle-like, prominent part 5.0x as long as broad, with two rows of white setae each side, extending beyond apex of spine. Gall (Fig. 16J). A relatively small, subglobose bud gall. The body of the gall reaches its greatest diameter near the middle, up to 20 mm in diameter. The gall is thick-walled, with lignified parenchyma, light brown when mature, with a smooth and naked surface; with spongious hard parenchyma internally; the hard-walled, ovate central larval chamber, with a mature length of 5.0– 6.5 mm. Host. Quercus crassipes. Biology. Only females are known. Mature galls were collected in December. Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de Mexico. Remarks. This species was collected by Kinsey in 1932 and it was never described. Deposited in the Kinsey collection at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) as an ‘unidentified Amphibolips ’. Characters are clearly differing from any other Amphibolips species (see diagnosis)., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340

Amphibolips nassa Kinsey Amphibolips nassa Kinsey 1937: 432. Type material examined: HOLOTYPE. ♀ (deposited in AMNH) with the following labels: “Purépero, 5W, Mich. 8500, Mex., ⊕ 12.25.31” (handwritten, white label); “ Q. serrulata Kinsey coll.” (handwritten, white label); “ Amphibolips nassa ParaHolotype ” (handwritten, red label). Diagnosis. This species is characterized with a deep and almost smooth scutellar foveae, indistinctly separated medially by indistinct, incomplete carina; longitudinal depression shallow anteriorly, almost reaches foveae, deep on posterior end of mesoscutellum; posterolateral margins forming small obtuse tips (Fig. 11G); forewing completely infuscate with a strongly infuscate band on anterior margin; veins Rs and 2r inconspicuous through infuscate band or hardly traceable (Fig. 13G). Amphibolips nassa closely resembles A. zacatecaensis but differs in scutellar foveae almost smooth and undivided, without transversal carinae in A. nassa (with strong median carina and transversal carinae in A. zacatecaensis); posteromedian depression projected anteriorly, reaching posterior margin of foveae, deep on posterior edge (depression shallow not projected to anterior margin in A. zacatecaensis); posterolateral margins ended in small tips (completely rounded in A. zacatecaensis); metasomal tergum II with posterior coriaceous sculpture before band of micropunctures (completely smooth in A. zacatecaensis); and galls (A. nassa are subglobose, but a bit fusiform with a tip and a base, with lignified spongious parenchyma while in A. zacatecaensis galls are fragile, globose with a tiny tip at apex, with soft spongious parenchyma. The galls are very similar to A. nevadensis and A. rulli n. sp.; galls of these species cannot be differentiated, only by the uniformly brown surface of the galls of A. nassa (mottled in A. nevadensis and A. rulli n. sp.), and the host plants are different; Amphibolips nassa in buds of Q. castanea, A. nevadensis galls on Q. calophylla and A. rulli n. sp. on Q. eduardi and Q. viminea. All these galls are subglobose, hard and with an apical tip, resulting from the longitudinal elongation of the gall. Gall (Figs 15 F–G). A rather large, subglobose, slightly fusiform, elongated bud oak apple, up to 48 mm in diameter, detachable, with a fine tip and base; with hard, lignified parenchyma. Larval chamber central or near the base of the gall, on buds. Host. According to the original description, Q. castanea. Biology. Galls were collected in December; the only known adult was dissected out of the gall. Distribution. Mexico: Michoacán state. Remarks. Kinsey (1937) mentioned that similar galls were collected in the same place on Q. mexicana by Morelia from the same host plant as the holotype, but after knowing that different species are found in similar galls, we cannot assure this citation was correct., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Kinsey, A. C. (1937) New Mexican Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Revista de Entomologia, 7 (4), 428 - 471."]}

Amphibolips durangensis Nieves-Aldrey & Maldonado Amphibolips durangensis Nieves-Aldrey & Maldonado, 2012. In Nieves-Aldrey et al., 2012: 9–11. Type material examined. HOLOTYPE. ♀ deposited in MNCN, dissected and mounted on a stub (Cat. nº 2246; Code: 89198). “ MEXICO, Durango, Palmito, N 23º 33’ 49.4” W 105º 51’ 08.8”, 1977 m; Ex Q. scytophylla Liebm. (Fagaceae), (08.vii.2008) x.2008; leg. Y. Maldonado”. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by completely infuscate forewings with a complete transversal clear band on distal third; absence of notauli; scutellar foveae indistinctly separated medially, bottom of scutellar foveae with longitudinal rugae medially (Fig. 11B). Closely resembles A. castroviejoi by the forewing pattern but differs by the presence of notauli and conspicuous median carina dividing scutellar foveae in A. castroviejoi. The gall of this species closely resembles A. fusus, differs by the elongation of both, peduncle and apical tip, thinner in A. durangensis; surface of galls is crossed by longitudinal ridges in A. durangensis and smooth in A. fusus. Gall. Galls on buds, fusiform, maximum 43–54 mm in diameter, with elongate thin peduncle and apical tip; outer shell thin, hard, usually smooth with longitudinal ridges; internal spongious soft tissue with central larval chamber, around 5 mm (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2012: Figs 18C–D). Host. Quercus scytophylla. Biology. Only females are known. The mature galls were collected in early July; adults emerged in October. Distribution. Mexico: Durango State., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Pascual, E., Maldonado-Lopez, Y., Medianero, E. & Oyama, K. (2012) Revision of the Amphibolips species of Mexico excluding the \" niger complex \" Kinsey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with description of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3545 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3545.1.1"]}

Amphibolips zacatecaensis Melika & Pujade-Villar Amphibolips zacatecaensis Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2011.In Melika et al., 2011: 48 Type material examined. HOLOTYPE. ♀ (deposited in JP-V col., UB) with the following labels: “ MEXICO, Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas ” (white label), “ Q. eduardi, (31.v.2010) ext. 31.v.10. leg. J. Pujade-Villar ” (white la-bel). “ Holotype Amphibolips zacatecaensis Pujade-Villar & Melika 2011 ” (red label). Additional material. Deposited in UB with the following labels: “S120, MEXICO, Las Cuevitas, Monte Esc-obedo, Zacatecas, (25.x.2011) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp.”. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by a completely infuscate forewing with infuscate anterior band; basal half of radial cell highly infuscate; R1, Rs and 2r veins not traceable through infuscate band or hardly visible. Scutellar foveae with distinct median carina and transversal carinae extending from the median carina (Fig. 11K). Most closely resembles A. nassa (see Diagnosis to A. nassa). The gall resembles that of A. dampfi, but in A. zacatecaensis the internal tissue is dense and light brown while it is soft, cotton-like, white to rosy near the larval chamber in A. dampfi. Gall (Figs 15 C–D). Galls on buds, rather large, with maximum diameter 50–68 mm, subglobose, gradually tapering to a tip at apex; outer shell thin and fragile, usually smooth, sometimes wrinkled or rugose; internal tissue soft, light brown and spongious, but consistent with central larval chamber, which is around 5 mm in diameter. Host. Quercus eduardi. Biology. Only females are known. The mature galls were collected in late May; adults emerged soon after field collection. Distribution. Mexico: Zacatecas State., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 34-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Melika, G., Equihua-Martinez, A., Estrada-Venegas, E. G., Cibrian-Tovar, D., Cibrian-Llanderal, V. D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2011) New Amphibolips gallwasp species from Mexico (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa, 3105 (1), 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3105.1.2"]}

Amphibolips tarasco Nieves-Aldrey & Pascual Amphibolips tarasco Nieves-Aldrey & Pascual, 2012. In Nieves-Aldrey et al., 2012: 22–24 Type material examined. HOLOTYPE. ♀ deposited in MNCN (Cat. nº 2250; Code: 89207). MEXICO, Micho-acán, Santa María, 2000 m; Ex Q. castanea, (12.iii.2005) 22.iii.2005, leg. E. Pascual. Paratypes (deposited in MNCN): 1♀ & 2♂ with the same data as the holotype (Codes: 89208–89210, respectively). Additional material. MEX-136 ‘ La Mojonera’ explanada, dentro de los terrenos del Parque Africam. Blvd. Cap. Carlos, Camacho Espiritu, Oasis, Tecali de Herrera, Puebla (Mexico), Ex Q. acutifolia, (iv.2012) 1–15.v.2012: 5♂ & 4♀ (UB), Lilia Ramírez leg.; MEX-137, ídem, Ex Q. mexicana, (v.2012) v.2012: 1♂ & 2♀ (UB), Lilia Ramírez leg.; MEX-456, Carretera Federal Morelia-Uruapan Km. 42, Uruapan, Michoacán (México), Ex Q. castanea, (19.vi.2018) extrac. 19.vi.2018: 1♀ (UB), JP-V, Equihua & Estrada leg. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by triangular scutellar foveae with median carina shorter than total length of foveae, rest of posterior length of foveae covered by coarse rugose sculpture till the lateral margins of foveae. Lateral margin of eye with dorsolateral fine carinae irradiating from eye, rest of margin alutaceous-smooth. Adults closely resemble A. hidalgoensis and A. oaxacae (see Diagnosis to the corresponding species). Gall (Figs 16 H–I). A subglobose large bud gall, with maximum 40 mm in diameter, with thin, slightly lignified and resistant outer shell. Pale green with darker green spots when fresh and turning brown when dry. The gall is monolocular, with a spongy internal tissue, filling the entire gall. The larval cell is rounded. Hosts. Quercus acutifolia, Q. castanea, Q. mexicana. Biology. The sexual generation is only known. The galls were collected between March and June; adults emerged in the same months of collection. Distribution. Mexico: Michoacán and Puebla States. Remarks. Females in this study differ slightly from the holotype by the scutellar foveae, which in the new specimens are finely rugose and oblique, resembling more the type male mesoscutellum. New male specimens identical with the males from the type material., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Pascual, E., Maldonado-Lopez, Y., Medianero, E. & Oyama, K. (2012) Revision of the Amphibolips species of Mexico excluding the \" niger complex \" Kinsey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with description of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3545 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3545.1.1"]}

Key to the Amphibolips galls of the ‘ nassa’ complex of Mexico and Central America 1. Galls growing on the underside of the leaves................................................................ 2 1’. Galls growing on buds................................................................................. 4 2. Turgescent spherical galls (Figs 14 F–G). Turning into a raisin-like wrinkled mass when dry............... A. turulli n. sp. 2’. Solid galls, sometimes very fragile, never turgescent. Galls either spherical or toadstool shaped. Maintaining its shape when dry................................................................................................ 3 3. Toadstool-shaped galls. With an elongated stem. Light green coloured, sometimes tinged with rose or pink when young. Internal solid spongious parenchyma (Lyon 1959: Plate 12, Figs A–B)................. A. quercuspomiformis n. comb. (sex). 3’. Spherical fragile galls. Greenish when fresh and dark brown when dry. Internal space hollow with hard filaments radiating from the larval chamber (Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey 2010: Figs 8 G–H).................................. A. salicifoliae 4. Galls with internal space hollow with hard filaments radiating from larval chamber (Figs 14 A–D). When dry the gall is very fragile and may be easily broken with minimal finger pressure. Fusiform galls with mottled surface............. A. aliciae 4’. Galls with internal spongious parenchyma, sometimes soft but does not break with applied finger pressure (Figs 14E, 14H, 14K). From spherical to fusiform galls, sometimes mottled.................................................... 5 5. Galls elongated at their base, with thick peduncle, central body subglobose, with smooth and mottled surface, never with an apical tip (Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey 2010: Figs 8 A–C).......................................... A. castroviejoi 5’. Different galls, whether globular galls without visible peduncle, sometimes with apical tip, or fusiform galls with both apical tip and thin peduncle.................................................................................. 6 6. Multilocular galls with up to 50 larval chambers (Figs 16 C–D). Surface yellowish to orange-rufous when mature, turning brownish orange when dry (Figs 16 A–B).…................................ A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov. (asex) 6’. Monolocular galls (Fig. 16F). Green or brown when mature, sometimes mottled. Turning to uniform brown when dry..... 7 7. Globular galls with apical tip (sometimes short) or fusiform galls (pointed and sometimes pedunculate) (Figs 14E, 14 H–K, 15C–I).............................................................................................. 8 7’. Spherical or sub-spherical galls with neither apical tip nor peduncle (Figs 15 A–B, 16A–J).......................... 16 8. Fusiform galls; peduncle subequal to apical tip (Figs 14E, 14H)................................................ 9 8’. Globular galls; peduncle absent or distinctly shorter than apical tip (Figs 14 I–K, 15C–I)............................ 11 9. Very elongated galls (Fig. 14H), more than 10x as long as maximum width; peduncle and apical tip strongly elongate. Outer shell fragile, thin.......................................................................... A. bromus n. sp. 9’. Wide fusiform galls, 3.0x as long as maximum width; peduncle and apical tip less than several times longer than central body (Fig. 14E). Outer shell firm, not fragile................................................................... 10 10. Surface with longitudinal ridges (Nieves-Aldrey et al 2012: Figs 18C–D). Peduncle and apical tip strongly narrowed into needle-like elongation...................................................................... A. durangensis 10’. Surface smooth, without longitudinal ridges (Fig. 14E). Peduncle and apical tip gradually narrowing in obtuse angle.................................................................................................... A. fusus 11. Small hard galls, up to 20 mm in diameter, with rugose surface and short apical tip (Figs 14 I–K). Outer shell thick, firm, with highly lignified parenchyma..................................................................... A. cibriani 11’. Large galls, up to 60 mm in diameter, with smooth surface. Outer shell thin, firm or soft. If firm, apical tip is the result of longitudinal elongation of gall (Figs 15 C–I).................................................................. 12 12. Teardrop shaped galls (Figs 15 F–I). Hard, do not deform at finger pressure. Surface usually mottled. Apical tip elongated, gradually narrowing apically, following more or less the shape of the gall........................................ 13 12’. Subglobular galls (Figs 15 C–E), can be deformed with applied finger pressure. Surface uniform in colour. Apical tip short..................................................................................................... 15 13. Globular galls, small size (around 20x 15 mm), gradually narrowing and ending in a short apical point. Surface mottled. On Q. calophylla................................................................................. A. nevadensis 13’. Rather large galls (Figs 15 F–I), longer than wide (up to 55x 35 mm), slightly spindle-shaped at apex with a long tip, surface mottled or not, host different............................................................................ 14 14. Gall surface uniformly brown, never mottled (Figs 15 F–G). Apical tip narrow and slightly tortuous. On Q. castanea..................................................................................................... A. nassa 14’. Gall surface mottled (Fig. 15H). Apical tip straight, narrowing gradually following the shape of the gall (Fig. 15I). On Q. eduardi, Q. emoryi and Q. viminea................................................................. A. rulli n. sp. 15. Surface yellowish brown. Internal tissue uniformly light brown, relatively consistent, firm. Apical tip short and narrow, sometimes bent (Figs 15 C–D).................................................................... A. zacatecaensis 15’. Surface chestnut brown. Internal tissue white to rosy around larval chamber, soft, cotton-like; light brown towards the surface. Apical tip short, but broad (Fig. 15E)............................................................... A. dampfi 16. Deformable with fingers pressure, parenchyma relatively soft. Uniformly light brown when dry (Figs 15 A–B)....................................................................... A. hidalgoensis / A. michoacaensis / A. jaliscensis 16’. Hard galls not deformable by finger pressure, with lignified parenchyma. Colour sometimes different................. 17 17. Regularly spherical. Surface light green with whitish mottles when mature; turning to uniformly light brown when dry (Figs 16 H–I)............................................................................ A. oaxacae / A. tarasco 17’. Subspherical, with small elongation towards the base. Surface never mottled and darker in colour (Figs 16 E–F, 16J)...... 18 18. Small gall, up to 20 mm in diameter with dark brown surface (Fig. 16J)............................... A. kinseyi n. sp. 18’. Usually large galls, up to 40 mm of diameter. Surface olive green when mature and turning brownish green when dry (Figs 16 E–G)................................................................................. A. bassae n. sp., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Lyon, R. J. (1959) An alternating, sexual generation in the gall wasp Callirhytis pomiformis (Ashm.) (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Bulletin, Soc. Calif. Academy of Sciences, 58 (1), 33 - 37.","Medianero, E. & Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (2010) The genus Amphibolips Reinhard (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) in the Neotropics, with description of three new species from Panama. Zootaxa, 2360 (1), 47 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2360.1.3","Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Pascual, E., Maldonado-Lopez, Y., Medianero, E. & Oyama, K. (2012) Revision of the Amphibolips species of Mexico excluding the \" niger complex \" Kinsey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with description of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3545 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3545.1.1"]}

Amphibolips michoacaensis Nieves-Aldrey & Maldonado Amphibolips michoacaensis Nieves-Aldrey & Maldonado, 2012. In Nieves-Aldrey et al., 2012: 24–26. Type material examined. HOLOTYPE. ♀ deposited in MNCN (Cat. nº 2251; Code: 89211). MEXICO, Micho-acán, Cuenca del Cuitzeo, Umécuaro, N 19° 32´55.4´´ W 101° 15´37.2´´, 2140 m; Ex Q. castanea, (10.iv.2009) x.2009, leg. Y. Maldonado. Paratypes (deposited in MNCN): 2♂ showing the same data as the holotype; 1♀ with the same data as the holotype, but emerged 04.vi.2008; 2♀ collected at Jesús del Monte, 2133 m, Ex Q. castanea, (21.iv.2009) v.2009, leg. Y. Maldonado (Codes: 89212–89216). Additional material. MEX 081, Zacatecas, Monte Escobedo, Laguna de Garboa, N 22º 16’ 57.74’’ W103º 33’ 05.28’’, Q. emoryi, (24.v.11) 10.vi.11: 1♂ & 1♀ (UB), Cabral, Treto, Landa & Carrillo leg. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by smooth scutellar foveae with a strong median carina completely dividing the foveae (Fig. 11F); posteromedian depression interrupted by transversal carina (Fig. 5D, posterior view), depression not reaches posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Closely resembles A. jaliscensis (see diagnosis to A. jaliscensis). The large globular gall is similar to other species, with or without mottled surface (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2012: Figs 20A–B); impossible to differentiate from A. hidalgoensis and A. jaliscensis but differs from A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov., A. oaxacae, A. tarasco, A. kinseyi n. sp. and A. bassae n. sp. by the deformable surface at finger pressure because of the relatively soft parenchyma in A. hidalgoensis, A. jaliscensis and A. michoacaensis. Gall. A subglobose large bud gall, up to 48 mm in diameter, outer shell thin but resistant, uniformly pale green, turning into brown when dry. The gall is monolocular, with a spongy internal tissue, filling the entire gall. The larval cell is rounded (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2012: Figs 20A–B). Host. Quercus castanea, Q. emoryi. Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. Galls were collected between April and May; adults emerged between May and October of the same year of collection. Distribution. Mexico: Michoacan and Zacatecas states. Remarks. Nieves-Aldrey et al. (2012) described the males with 12 flagellomeres, however, the antenna has 13 flagellomeres (type specimens examined). This species shares several characters with A. jaliscensis, including the forewing pattern, that were originally used as diagnostic (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2012), and the gall morphology is also similar between the two species (see corresponding remarks under A. jaliscenis)., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Pascual, E., Maldonado-Lopez, Y., Medianero, E. & Oyama, K. (2012) Revision of the Amphibolips species of Mexico excluding the \" niger complex \" Kinsey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with description of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3545 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3545.1.1"]}

Amphibolips turulli Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta n. sp. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F51F1267-B3D4-4703-AD94-F03E9F16C400 Type material. HOLOTYPE. ♀ (deposited in UB) with the following labels: “ MEXICO, Predio La Victoria, Aco-caxoithlan, Hidalgo ” (white label), “ Q. affinis, (12.vi.2012) 1–7.vii.2012 U. Barrera-Ruiz leg.” (white label). Holo-type Amphibolips turulli Pujade Villar & Cuesta-Porta n. sp., desig. Cuesta-Porta, 2020” (red label). Additional material. Deposited in UB with the following labels: “S318, MEXICO, Propiedad la Victoria, Bar-rio la Tlazintla, Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo, (08.vi.2010) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp., leg. U. Barrera-Ruiz ”. Etymology. Named in honour of Jordi Turull i Negre. Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by the forewing colouration completely infuscate except for two hyaline zones: one incomplete clear cross band on distal third not reaching posterior margin of wing, and a second clear basal half of discoidal cell; the female is characterized by a strong emarginate mesoscutellum, forming a Vshaped depression; mesoscutellum with two posterolateral horn-like projections bent upwards. Closely resembles A. dampfi. The new species differs from A. dampfi by the laterad coriaceous area of parapsidal lines (rugose in A. dampfi) and turgescent leaf gall (large fragile subglobose bud gall in A. dampfi). It is the only species in Mexico and Central America with turgescent galls. Description. (Figs 10 A–10F). Female. Body length: 7.5 mm (N=1) Colour. Head black, except chestnut brown mandibles; antennae black on basal half and chestnut to brown distally, mesosoma black, coxae and femur black, tibiae and tarsi brown, metasoma black. Head (Figs 10 B–10C) quadrangular in anterior view, 2.6x as broad as long from above, 1.2x as broad as high in anterior view and slightly narrower than mesosoma; frons and lower face uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces; frons with scattered setae, lower face with white setae. Gena faintly rugose with alutaceous interspaces, broadened behind eye, visible behind eyes in anterior view, 1.2x as broad as cross diameter of eye; malar space dull, faintly rugose; height of eye 1.3x as long as length of malar space. POL subequal to OOL; diameter of lateral ocellus 1.7x as long as LOL; ocelli ovate. Transfacial distance 1.6x as broad as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 3.3x as long as distance between toruli, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.2–1.3x as long as diameter of torulus, faint irregular carina going from ventral margin of toruli to tentorial pits. Clypeus smooth, ovate, projected over mandibles, with ventral margin slightly sinuate; anterior tentorial pits deep, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines obscured, hardly traceable. Frons, vertex, interocellar area and occiput uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces. Occiput with dorsal faint carina. Labial palpus 3-segmented, maxillary palpus 5-segmented. Antenna (Fig. 10E) with 11 flagellomeres; slightly longer than head+mesosoma, scape 1.6x as long as pedicel; pedicel subglobose, slightly broader than long; F1 1.5x as long as scape+pedicel and 1.6x as long as F2; F2 1.2x as long as F3; F3 nearly equal in length to F4 and F5 respectively, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F11 2.6x as long as F10; placodeal sensilla visible on F4–F11, absent on F1–F3. Mesosoma (Figs 10 C–10D) 1.2x as long as high. Pronotal plate smooth, rugate laterally; propleuron black. Mesoscutum uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces; round, 0.9x as long as broad in dorsal view (largest width measured across mesoscutum on the level of tegulae base). Notauli incomplete, almost reaching anterior margin, distinct under rugose sculpture, sulci sculptured as rest of mesoscutum, rugae forming subparallel transverse carinae; anterior parallel lines visible under sculpture, elevate, surrounded by alutaceous sculpture, extending to almost half of mesoscutum length; parapsidal lines distinct, originating from posterior margin and extending to nearly half length of mesoscutum, elevated, alutaceous; median mesoscutal sulcus absent; parascutal carina short, extending to level of tegula. Mesoscutellum 0.5x as long as mesoscutum, coarsely dull rugose, quadrangular, as broad as long, overhanging metanotum, emarginate laterally, with posterolateral horn-like projections pointing upwards; scutellar foveae round, deep, and dull with transversal carinae, lateral sides of foveae, limited posteriorly by coarsely rugate sculpture. Longitudinal median depression crossing the mesoscutellum including foveae, narrow anteriorly, broadening posteriorly, emarginate laterally by irregular carinae, dull rugose; transversal carina crossing depression at half height in posterior view, depression continues to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces and sparse pubescent, some rugae orientated into transverse subparallel striae. Mesopleural triangle rugose; dorsoaxillar area rugose; lateral axillar area and axillula faintly rugose, with few short, white setae; subaxilular bar smooth, shining, with parallel sides on anterior part, its height less than height of metanotal trough, most posterior part extending to half height of mesoscutellum; postalar process long, with parallel striae; metapleural sulcus hidden under dull rugose sculpture. Metascutellum uniformly faintly rugoso-coriaceous, metanotal trough smooth, with sparse white setae; ventral impressed area alutaceous, slightly shorter than height of metascutellum; central propodeal area rugate, shining; lateral propodeal carinae distinct, partially covered by sculpture, subparallel, curves outwards medially, extended posteriorly to lateral sides of nucha; lateral propodeal area with irregular strong wrinkles and dense white setae; nucha short, alutaceous with faint wrinkles. Legs with coxae and femora black, tibiae and tarsi brown, with sparse short white setae; tarsal claws with basal lobe. Forewing (Fig. 10A) longer than body, with short dense cilia on margin; completely infuscate, except from transversal stripe covering basal half of discoidal cell; distal third with clear longitudinal stripe extended posteriorly not reaching margin of wing, covering distal third of radial medial to half-height of discoidal cell; veins dark brown; radial cell narrow, heavily infuscate basally, long, opened on margin, 3.3x as long as broad; R1 nearly reaching wing margin; areolet visible, elongate towards basalis, closed; Rs+M reaching basalis at its half height. Metasoma (Fig. 10F) as long as head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; 2nd metasomal tergum reaching 2/3 of length of metasoma, smooth, shining, with short sparse setae laterally; conspicuous punctuation on almost posterior half, punctures becoming progressively fainter on anterior part, posterior margin with a very narrow smooth band, without punctures; all subsequent terga dorsally and laterally uniformly and entirely micropunctate, with a narrow smooth band posteriorly on each tergum. Ventral spine of hypopygium robust, short, needle-like, prominent part 3.3x as long as broad, with two rows of white setae each side, extending beyond apex of spine. Gall (Figs 14 F–G). A turgescent spherical gall located on the underside of leaves. The body of the gall is globose, with greatest diameter near middle of the gall measured from base to apex, up to 20–25 mm. The gall is thin-walled, olive green when mature and turns wrinkled when dry, with smooth and naked surface, succulent, with central ovate hard-walled larval chamber, with largest length of 5.0– 6.5 mm. Hosts. Quercus affinis. Biology. Only females are known. The mature galls were collected in late June; adults emerged in early July. Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo State. Remarks. The gall of this new species is not usual for Mexican Amphibolips species, but two North American species have similar galls on the underside of leaves: A. quercusracemaria (Ashmead, 1881) from Florida (USA) on Q. laurifolia and A. nubilipennis (Harris, 1841) from Massachusetts on several species of red oaks. Nevertheless, the sculpture of the mesoscutum and the colour pattern of wings are different in A. quercusracemaria and A. nubilipennis.

Amphibolips rulli Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta n. sp. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8B5298B8-2E20-4055-A635-738E0A730C1F Type material. HOLOTYPE. ♀ (deposited in UB) with the following labels: “ MEXICO, Las Cuevitas, Zacatecas, 2270 m.a.s.l.” (white label); “ Q. viminea, (02.xi.2011) 17.xi.2011, leg. J. Pujade-Villar ” (white label); “ Holotype Amphibolips rulli JP-V & Cuesta-Porta n. sp., desig. Cuesta-Porta, 2020” (red label). Paratypes (deposited in UB): El Carril, Zacatecas, 2243 m.a.s.l., Ex Q. eduardi, (06.ix.2011) 19.x.2011: 1♀ (UB), leg. J. Pujade-Villar; Las Cuevitas, Zacatecas, 2270 m.a.s.l., 1♀ (UB), Ex Q. viminea, (17.x.2011) 26.x.2011, leg. J. Pujade-Villar; El Cuahilote, Zacatecas, 2162 m.a.s.l., Ex Q. viminea, (12.viii.2011) 06.ix.2011: 1♀ (UB). leg. J. Pujade-Villar; Zacatecas, 2243 m.a.s.l., Ex Q. emoryi, (27.iv.2011) 04.v.2011: 1♀ (UB), leg. J. Pujade-Villar. Additional material. Deposited in UB with the following labels: “MEX282, MEXICO, Los Chorritos, Cu-atepec de Hinojosa, Hidalgo, (14.x.2011) only galls (UB), Ex Q. eduardi, leg. JP-V, E. Estrada & A. Equihua ”; “MEX286, MEXICO, Laguna de Gomboa, Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas, 22º16’57.04” N 103º32’58.38” W, (27. iv.2010) only galls (UB), Ex Q. eduardi, leg. C. Carrillo ”; “MEX289, MEXICO, La Mesa del Carrizal, La Mesa del Carrizal, Sinaola, (20.ii.2012) only galls (UB), Ex Q. viminea, leg. JP-V ”; “ P065, MEXICO, San Isidro, Tecolotlán, Jalisco, 20° 59’ 15.44” N 102° 54’ 29.87” W, 2064 m.a.s.l., (04.xi.2011) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp., leg. C. Carrillo ”; “P146, MEXICO, Francia, Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas, 22º 25´20.79” N 103º 28´30.77” W, (03.xi.2010) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp., leg. JP-V ”; “ S032, MEXICO, Parque Nacional Zoquiapan y Anexas, Zoquiapan, Puebla, 3046 m.a.s.l., (30.v.2012) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp.”; “S066, MEXICO, Monte Escobedo, Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas, (21.vii.2011) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp. ”; “S068, MEXICO, Monte Escobedo, Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas, (21.vii.2011) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp. ”; “S073, MEXICO, El Muerto, El Pino, Zacate-cas, 22º2134.63” N 103º28´39.54” W, 2158 m.a.s.l., (14.v.2011) only galls (UB), Ex Q. eduardi ”; “S113, MEXICO, Menores, Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas, (27.x.2011) only galls (UB), Ex Quercus sp.”; “S319, MEXICO, Cañada de los Leones, Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas, (24.vi.2007) only galls (UB), Ex Q. eduardi ”. Etymology. Named in honor of Josep Rull i Andreu. Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by the dorsal projection, which is situated towards the anterior margin of the area of punctured sculpture on tergum II, never reaching half of the tergal length; smooth area bordering lateral margin of compound eye, usually posterodorsally limited by a carina; F1 1.6x as long as F2. Most closely resembles A. nevadensis but can be differentiated by the female metasomal tergum II, which is mainly polished, smooth with faint coriaceous sculpture bordering posterior punctures in the new species (metasomal tergum II completely coriaceous except for posterior band of micropunctures in A. nevadensis). Galls of both species are subglobose, elongate to an apical tip, with hard outer shell and mottled surface. Amphibolips nassa has similar galls but the adults strongly differ by the forewing colour pattern, degree of radial cell infuscatation: veins visible through infuscation in the new species (radial cell highly infuscate, hidden veins in A. nassa); scutellar foveae with transverse rugae, distinctly divided medially in the new species (notaular furrow smooth and scutellar foveae indistinctly separated medially in A. nassa). These species cannot be differentiated by galls, only by the host plant; Amphibolips nassa on Q. castanea, A. nevadensis on Q. calophylla and A. rulli n. sp. on Q. eduardi, Q. viminea. Description. (Figs 9 A–9G). Female. Body length 7.5 mm (n=4). Colour. Head black, except mandibles chestnut brown; antennae black, mesosoma black, legs chestnut brown, metasoma chestnut to black. Head (Figs 9 B–9C) ovate in anterior view, 2.4x as broad as long from above, 1.2x as broad as high in anterior view and narrower than mesosoma; frons and lower face uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces; frons almost glabrous, lower face with sparse white setae, with faint irregular carinae from ventral margin of toruli to tentorial pits. Gena faintly rugose with alutaceous interspaces, broadened behind eye, visible behind eyes in anterior view, 1.2x as broad as cross diameter of eye, smooth band on posterior margin of eye usually emarginate with distinct carina posterodorsally; malar space dull rugose on ventral half and alutaceous-smooth on ventral margin of eye; height of eye 1.4x as long as length of malar space. POL subequal to OOL; diameter of lateral ocellus 1.7x as long as LOL; ocelli ovate. Transfacial distance 1.5x as broad as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 2.6x as long as distance between toruli, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye subequal to diameter of torulus. Clypeus faintly rugoso-alutaceous, ovate, ventrally projected, covering part of mandibles, with ventral margin slightly incised medially; anterior tentorial pits deep, epistomal sulcus inconspicuous, clypeo-pleurostomal lines distinct. Frons, vertex, interocellar area and occiput uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces. Occiput with dorsal faint carina. Labial palpus 3-segmented, maxillary palpus 5-segmented. Antenna (Fig. 9A) with 11 flagellomeres; slightly longer than head+mesosoma, scape 2.0x as long as pedicel; pedicel subglobose, slightly broader than long; F1 slightly longer than scape+pedicel and 1.6x as long as F2; F2 1.3x as long as F3; F3 nearly equal in length to F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F11 partially divided by sulcus, 2.5x as long as F10; placodeal sensilla visible on F5–F11, absent on F1–F4. Mesosoma (Figs 9 C–D, 9E) slightly longer than high. Pronotal plate smooth, rugate laterally; propleuron black. Mesoscutum round, uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces, 0.9x as long as broad in dorsal view (largest width measured across mesoscutum on the level of tegulae base). Notauli inconspicuous under rugose sculpture; anterior parallel lines visible under sculpture, elevated, surrounded by alutaceous sculpture, extending to almost half of mesoscutum length; parapsidal lines distinct, originating from posterior margin and extending to nearly half length of mesoscutum, elevated, surrounded by alutaceous sculpture; median mesoscutal sulcus absent; parascutal carina short, extending to level of tegula only. Mesoscutellum 0.4x as long as mesoscutum, coarsely dull rugose, quadrangular, slightly broader than long, slightly overhanging metanotum, emarginate laterally by carinae ended with small posterolateral tips slightly pointing upwards; scutellar foveae round, deep, shiny and smooth, lateral sides with strong narrow carinae; complete strong median carina dividing foveae, transversal carinae radiating from median carina, posteriorly emarginate by faint carinae; posterior margin of mesoscutellum with depression extended from posterior margin of scutellar fovea to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces and sparse pubescent, some rugae orientated into transverse subparallel striae on anterior margin. Mesopleural triangle rugose and pubescent; dorsoaxillar area rugose; lateral axillar area and axillula faintly rugose, with few short, white setae; subaxilular bar shining, smooth, with parallel sides in anterior part, height less than height of metanotal trough, posterior part extending to half height of mesoscutellum; postalar process long, with parallel striae. Metapleural sulcus hidden under dull rugose sculpture. Metanotum uniformly faintly rugatecoriaceous, metanotal trough smooth, with sparse white setae; impressed ventral area rugate-coriaceous, slightly shorter than height of metanotum. Central propodeal area rugate, dull; lateral propodeal carinae visible, partially covered by sculpture, subparallel, curves outwards medially, extended posteriorly to lateral sides of nucha; lateral propodeal area with irregular strong wrinkles and dense white setae; nucha short, alutaceous with faint wrinkles. Legs chestnut brown, with sparse short white setae; tarsal claws with basal lobe. Forewing (Fig. 9A) longer than body, with short dense cilia on margin; completely infuscate, with heavily infuscate band on anterior margin of wing not covering the costal cell; veins dark brown; radial cell narrow, long, opened on margin, 3.4x as long as broad; R1 not reaching wing margin; areolet visible, triangular, elongate towards basalis, closed; Rs+M reaching basalis at its half height. Metasoma (Figs 9E, 9G) as long as head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; metasomal tergum II reaching 2/3 of metasoma length, mainly shining smooth, with short sparse setae laterally; conspicuous punctuation on posterior third, micropunctures becoming progressively fainter anteriorly, punctures projected anteriorly forming a triangular projection on dorsal view, not reaching half height of tergum II, coriaceous sculpture sometimes present between half of tergum II and anterior margin of micropunctures, posterior margin of metasomal tergum II with a very narrow smooth band, without punctures; all subsequent terga dorsally and laterally uniformly and entirely micropunctate, with a narrow smooth band posteriorly on each tergum. Ventral spine of hypopygium robust, short, needle-like, prominent part 3.3x as long as broad, with two rows of white setae each side, extending beyond apex of spine. Gall (Figs 15 H–I). A subspherical, bud gall, fusiform at apex, ending in a tip, with greatest diameter near middle of the gall, up to 35 mm in diameter. The gall is thin-walled, olive green, mottled with clear spots when mature and turn brown when dry, mottles still visible; parenchyma rather lignified, rugose; internal tissue hard spongious, with central ovate hard-walled larval chamber, with mature length 5.0–6.0 mm. Hosts. Quercus eduardi, Q. emoryi, Q. viminea. Distribution. Mexico: Zacatecas State. Biology. Only females are known. Mature galls were collected in October; adults emerged in November., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 29-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340

Amphibolips salicifoliae Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey Amphibolips salicifoliae Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey, 2010: 55–60. Type material examined: HOLOTYPE. ♀ (deposited in MNCN), Cat nº 2024. PANAMA, Chiriquí, Volcan Baru 8º 47’ 50 8” N, 82º 29’ 35 9” W, 1800–2070m, Ex Q. salicifolia, (27.i.2009) ii.09, leg. E. Medianero. Paratypes: 2♂ & 2♀ with same data as the holotype (two paratypes deposited in MNCN, and two paratypes MEUP). Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the almost hyaline forewings in males and females, tarsal claws simple and notauli incomplete, short, distinct, with base of notaular groove smooth. This species closely resembles A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov. with which it shares the following character states: simple tarsal claws; mesoscutellum posteriorly not emarginated; speculum smooth and glabrous. Differs by the forewing colouration which is almost completely hyaline, slightly infuscate in A. salicifoliae (hyaline with dark patch at the base of radial cell in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.); notauli incomplete, broad, smooth, visible in posterior third of mesoscutum in A. salicifoliae (notauli complete, shallow, and partially covered by the sculpture of mesoscutum, furrow rugose in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.); median propodeal area shining, smooth in A. salicifoliae (dull rugose in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.); metasomal terga smooth without micropunctures in A. salicifoliae (posterior third of metasomal tergum II and subsequent tergum with micropunctures in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.). Galls of A. salicifoliae are subglobose, on the underside of leaves, very fragile, outer shell thin, hollow internally with thin filaments radiating from larval chamber while galls of A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov. are on buds, with outer shell hard, internal parenchyma spongious. Thin filaments radiating from the larval chamber to the outer shell in A. aliciae. We can differentiate these galls by the shape of the gall and its location (fusiform bud galls in A. aliciae and spherical leaf galls in A. salicifoliae) Host. Quercus salicifolia. Gall. Globose and fragile galls on the underside of leaves, with maximum diameter 30 mm; outer shell thin, internal space hollow with filaments radiating from the larval chamber. Larval chamber central or at the base of the gall (Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey 2010: Figs 8 G–H). Biology. The sexual generation is only known. Galls were collected in January; adults emerged in February. Distribution. Panama.

The cynipid gall wasp species of Amphibolips (Cynipidae: Cynipini) belonging to the “nassa” complex are reviewed for Mexico and Central America. Five new species are described: A. bassae Cuesta-Porta & Pujade-Villar n. sp., A. bromus Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta n. sp., A. kinseyi Cuesta-Porta & Pujade-Villar n. sp., A. rulli Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta n. sp., and A. turulli Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta n. sp. Amphibolips quercuspomiformis (Bassett) comb. nov. is redescribed and Amphibolips malinche Nieves-Aldrey & Maldonado is proposed as a new synonym of A. hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika. The validity of A. dampfi is discussed. Diagnostic characters, distribution, host-plant relationships, and biology are provided. Also new diagnostic characters and new distribution data for earlier described species are given. Keys to adults and galls for all known “nassa” complex species from Mexico and Central America are presented.

Amphibolips dampfi Kinsey Amphibolips dampfi Kinsey, 1937: 429–430. Type material examined: HOLOTYPE. ♂ (deposited in AMNH) with the following labels: “Sierra Juarez be-tween Ixtlán de Juarez and Tepanzacoalco agalla 2.24.32/ 8700, ♂ before 4.15.32” (handwritten, white label); “ Q. ocoteaefolia Dampf coll.” (handwritten, white label); “ Amphibolips dampfi ParaHolotype ” (handwritten, red label); “ Cynipidae Amphibolips dampfi Kinsey, 1937, Nieves-Aldrey det.” (white label). Additional material. MEX-298, MEXICO, Predio La Victoria, Acocaxoithlan, Hidalgo Ex. Q. affinis, (19. iii.2014) 7–21.iv.2014: 7♂ (UB), leg. J. Pujade-Villar & D. Cibrian-Tovar. Diagnosis. This species is characterized for a deep V-shaped posteromedian depression on the mesoscutellum which is reaching the posterior margin of scutellar foveae; strong horn-like posterolateral projections slightly bent upwards (Figs 12B, 12 G–H). Area laterad to parapsidal lines rugose. Forewing (Fig. 13C) heavily infuscate with clear cross band extended from the anteromedian margin of radial cell to the posterior area, into second cubital and discoidal cells, not reaching posterior margin. This species highly resembles A. turulli n. sp. (see below) especially for the similar mesoscutellum and forewing colour pattern; but in A. dampfi the area laterad to parapsidal lines rugose (alutaceous in A. turulli n. sp.); forewings with anal and basal half of discoidal cells completely infuscate (hyaline in A. turulli n. sp.), fragile subglobose internally spongious bud galls slightly pedunculate and with small tip at apex with internal spongious tissue soft, mainly white turning into roseate around larval cell, light brown when dry (turgescent green leaf galls in A. turulli n. sp.). The gall of A. dampfi is unmistakable. It is very deformable for its lax and soft spongy internal tissue with a cotton-like appearance. It resembles A. zacatecaensis gall but in A. dampfi the internal tissue is white to rosy near the larval chamber, very soft, cotton-like (light brown and denser in A. zacatecaensis). Gall (Fig. 15E). Monolocular subglobose bud gall, up to 50 mm in diameter, with slightly elongate apex and base with smooth and fragile surface, homogenous in colour; internal spongious tissue soft, white to rosy, turning brown when dry; with cotton-like texture (the fibers leaving numerous aerial interspaces); larval chamber occupying central part of the gall, about 4–5 mm in diameter, embedded with spongious tissue. Hosts. Quercus ocoteifolia, Q. affinis. Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. Galls mature by February and March; adults emerge from February to April. Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo and Oaxaca states. Remarks. The name of the host plant (Q. ocoteifolia), cited in the original description of this species, was erroneously written as Q. ocoteaefolia. This incorrectly spelled epithet appeared in a number of infraspecific descriptions: Quercus ocoteaeifolia f. confusa Trel., Q. laurina var. ocoteaefolia (Liebm.) Wenz., and Q. nitens var. ocoteaefolia (Liebm.) A. DC. All those forms and varieties were synonymized under Q. ocoteifolia. Comments. According to Melika et al. (2011) A. dampfi closely resembles A. palmeri Basset 1890 and may be synonymous. The type of A. palmeri (a single female) is lost, nevertheless the adult and gall descriptions seem to be consistent with this hypothesis (see A. palmeri below). The type of A. dampfi is also presumed to be lost (C. Le Beau pers. comm.)., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Kinsey, A. C. (1937) New Mexican Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Revista de Entomologia, 7 (4), 428 - 471.","Melika, G., Equihua-Martinez, A., Estrada-Venegas, E. G., Cibrian-Tovar, D., Cibrian-Llanderal, V. D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2011) New Amphibolips gallwasp species from Mexico (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa, 3105 (1), 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3105.1.2"]}

Amphibolips jaliscensis Nieves-Aldrey & Pascual Amphibolips jaliscensis Nieves-Aldrey & Pascual, 2012. In Nieves-Aldrey et al., 2012: 11–14. Type material examined. HOLOTYPE. ♀ deposited in MNCN (Cat. nº 2247; Code: 89200). MEXICO, Jalisco, Nevado de Colima, 19º 37’ 408” N, 103º 33’ 216” W, 2048 m; Ex Quercus aff. candicans, (31.iii.2009) iv.2009, leg. E. Pascual Paratype (deposited in MNCN): 1♂ with the same data as the holotype (Code: 89201). Additional material. “ MEX260, MEXICO, Mexico, San Juan Coajomulco; Ex Q. laurina Bonpl., (16.iv.2014) 8.v.2014: 1♂ (UB), leg. R. D. García-Martiñón ”. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by lightly infuscate forewings with anterior infuscate band in females (males with completely infuscate forewings with a deeper infuscate anterior band), radial cell with a clear area on distal third in both males and females; lateral margin of eye smooth. Most closely resembles A. michoacaensis but scutellar foveae transversally carinate, with fine median carina not reaching anterior margin (smooth foveae with coarse median carina reaching anterior margin in A. michoacaensis); scutellar posteromedian depression reaching margin of metascutellum (depression interrupted before posterior margin by strong transversal carina in A. michoacaensis) (Figs 5D, 11 E–F; 12C–D). This species is also morphologically close to A. nevadensis by the forewing pattern and smooth lateral margin of eye, but can be differentiated in females by F1 1.4x as long as F2 (1.6x longer in A. nevadensis), posterior band of micropunctures on metasoma tergum II dorsally narrower, covering posterior 1/3 of tergum laterally and reduced to posterior 1/5 dorsally (uniform in posterior 1/ 3 in A. nevadensis); males scutellar median depression rugate as rest of mesoscutellum (median depression with few rugae, mostly smooth in A. nevadensis). Galls of A. jaliscensis and A. michoacaensis are subglobose, outer shell thin and rather fragile with uniform colouration (pale green in A. jaliscensis and whitish in A. michoacaensis), with spongious parenchyma internally, the gall turning brown when dry. Galls of A. nevadensis are different for its distinct apical tip. Amphibolips jaliscensis gall is similar to other species with large globular shape, without mottled surface; it is not differentiable from A. hidalgoensis and A. michoacaensis, but differs from A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov., A. oaxacae, A. tarasco, A. kinseyi n. sp. and A. bassae n. sp. in having a deformable surface at finger pressure because the parenchyma relatively soft in A. hidalgoensis, A. jaliscensis and A. michoacaensis. Gall. Spherical bud galls, maximum diameter 43–54 mm; outer shell thin, firm, surface smooth with uniform pale green colour turning into brown when dry; internal tissue soft and spongious, with central larval chamber around 5 mm (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2012: Figs 19A–B). Hosts. Quercus aff. calophylla (= Q. aff. candicans), Q. laurina. Biology. The sexual generation is only known. The mature galls were collected in late March; adults emerged in April and May. Distribution. Mexico: Jalisco and Mexico states. Remarks. Nieves-Aldrey et al. (2012) characterized this species mainly by its clear, less infuscate area on apical third of radial cell of the forewing. This character has also been observed in A. hidalgoensis and A. michoacaensis, thus it is no longer considered as an exclusive diagnostic character for A. jaliscensis. We provide alternative characters to determine A. jaliscensis (see diagnosis). This species is difficult to differentiate from A. michoacaensis, except for two scutellar characters. This fact leads us to suspect that they might be the same species. The transversal carinae of the scutellar foveae are variable in length, number and impression between specimens of this genus. The currently known specimens of these two species appear to be consistent with regards to possession of the characters proposed in this study to differentiate them, albeit more material is needed to assess the degree of intraspecific variability, and to confirm which are reliable diagnostic characters., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Pascual, E., Maldonado-Lopez, Y., Medianero, E. & Oyama, K. (2012) Revision of the Amphibolips species of Mexico excluding the \" niger complex \" Kinsey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with description of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3545 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3545.1.1"]}

Amphibolips quercuspomiformis (Bassett) comb. nov. Cynips q. pomiformis Bassett, 1881: 74. Andricus (Andricus) pomiformis (Bassett) Ashmead, 1885: 295 Callirliytis rossi Kieffer, 1903: 84. Synonymy in Weld, 1951: 652 Callirhytis maculipeunis Kieffer, 1904: 131. Synonymized by Kinsey, 1922: 36 Andricus yosemite Beutenmuller, 1911: 211. Synonymy in Weld, 1951: 652 Callirhytis pomiformis (Bassett) Mayr, 1902: 289 Andricus pomiformis var maculipennis (Kieffer) in Kinsey, 1922: 36 Callirhytis quercuspomiformis (Bassett), Weld, 1951: 652 Type material. Asexual females. Deposited in AMNH: 4 pins (insects in a good condition); 3 pins with white redletter label “ Type ”, 1 pin with red label “ Type ”, all with printed labels “ California ”, “ Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Dept. Invert. Zool. No. 24651.”; one pin with Bass. handwritten label “ Andricus pomiformis B. Type ”. Material examined. 7ǒ (deposited in UB) with the following label: “MEX-453, MEXICO, Ejido Uruapan, Ensenada, Baja California Q. agrifolia, (19.x.2018) 1–10.xi.18, 17ǒ (7ǒ UB), leg. S. Ordaz Silva & I. V. López Sán-chez”; same data, extraction 19.x.2018: 20ǒ. Additional material. Deposited in UB with the following labels: “P037, MEXICO, Cerro del Cubilete, Silao, Guanajuato, only galls without data, leg. JP-V, A. Equihua & E. Estrada”. Sexual females and males. We were unable to get specimens of the sexual generation and thus we follow the description of adults and galls given by Lyon (1959). Diagnosis. The asexual female of this species is characterized by a mesoscutum with sparse long white setae and discontinuous transversal carinate sculpture in anterior half. Most closely resembles A. salicifoliae for its glabrous shining, smooth speculum, simple tarsal claws, posterior scutellar depression absent, and forewing almost hyaline except for the infuscate margins of R1 and 2r veins. Amphibolips quercuspomiformis comb. nov. differs from A. salicifoliae by its colouration (black head, mesosoma and metasoma in dorsal view, but rufous metasoma laterally in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov. while entirely brownish-rufous in A. salicifoliae; head faintly rugate dorsally and striae radiating from clypeus on lower face (coarsely rugate in A. salicifoliae); notauli shallow and entirely rugate (posteriorly smooth in A. salicifoliae) and ventral spine of hypopygium 2.2x as long as broad (0.8x in A. salicifoilae). Forewing colour pattern also resembles those of A. aliciae and A. kinseyi n. sp. but can be differenti-ated for tarsal claws with basal lobe (simple in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.); speculum sculptured in A. aliciae and A. kinseyi n. sp. (smooth and glabrous in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.), a less infuscate basal margin of radial cell (extended to basal third of radial cell in A. aliciae and A. kinseyi n. sp.); notauli deep and emarginate dorsally and with transverse carinae along sulci in A. aliciae and A. kinseyi n. sp. Galls of A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov. are similar to other species with galls that have a large globular shape and without a mottled surface; nevertheless, they are differentiable from all of these in colour (surface yellowish to orange-magenta when mature, turning to brownish orange when dry) and by being multilocular; it is the only Amphibolips multilocular gall so far known in the studied area. In USA (Arizona), A. ruginosus (Bassett, 1890) galls are also multilocular, but in this case, the larval chambers are not detachable from the host tissue (easily detachable in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.), 2.5 mm in diameter (longer in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.) with the surface rough and blackened and deeply and irregularly fissured (never in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.); adults with hyaline wings and metasoma yellowish brown (with a dark patch next to the basal part of radial cell and metasoma brownish-rufous in A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov.). Redescription. (Figs 7 A–7F, 8A–D). Asexual female. Body length: 3.4–3.6 mm. (N=5) Colour. Head black, except chestnut brown maxillary and labial palpi; antennae light brown, mesosoma black; forelegs light brown and ambarine distally, median and hind legs darker basally and progressively lighter on distal end; coxae black, femora chestnut to light brown, tibiae and tarsi light brown; metasoma dorsally black with rufous stripes around margin of metasomal terga II and III, brownish-rufous on lateral view. Head (Figs 7 B–7D) quadrangular in anterior view, frons dull rugose, with sparse short white setae, 2.4x as broad as long from above, 1.4x as broad as high in anterior view and as broad as mesosoma; lower face alutaceous with striae radiating from clypeus, with denser white setae and narrow elevated rugose median area. Gena dull rugose, slightly broadened behind eye, hardly visible in anterior view behind eye, as broad as cross diameter of eye; malar space striate, smooth on lower margin of eye; height of eye 2.0x as long as length of malar space. POL 1.4x as long as OOL; diameter of lateral ocellus equal to LOL; ocelli ovate. Transfacial distance 1.2x as broad as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.7x as long as distance between toruli, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.6x as long as diameter of torulus. Clypeus smooth, ventrally projected and slightly sinuate, with median incision; anterior tentorial pits deep, epistomal sulcus inconspicuous, clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. Frons, vertex, interocellar area and occiput uniformly dull rugose. Occiput with conspicuous carina dorsally. Labial palpus 3-segmented, maxillary palpus 5-segmented. Antenna (Fig. 8B) with 12 flagellomeres; slightly longer than head+mesosoma, scape 2.2x as long as pedicel; pedicel subglobose, slightly longer than broad; F1 equal to scape+pedicel and 1.3x as long as F2; F2 as long as F3; F3 nearly equal in length to F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F12 1.8x as long as F11; placodeal sensilla visible on F4–F12, absent on F1–F3. Mesosoma (Figs 7C, 7E) only slightly longer than high. Pronotum smooth dorsally, with numerous faint irregular rugae laterally. Mesoscutum dull rugose, with transversal interrupted carinae in anterior half; dull rugose in posterior half; subequal, nearly as long as broad in dorsal view (largest width measured across mesoscutum on the level of tegulae base). Notauli distinct under dull rugose sculpture; anterior parallel lines extending to anterior third of mesoscutum, slightly elevated, mesoscutum impressed along both sides of lines; parapsidal lines distinct, originating from posterior margin and extending to nearly half length of mesoscutum; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina short, extending to level of tegula only. Mesoscutellum 0.4x as long as mesoscutum, uniformly dull rugose, quadrangular, 1.4x as broad as long, slightly overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae triangular, shallow, smooth, with distinct complete elevated narrow median carina; lateral sides of foveae with strong narrow carinae, separating them from dorsoaxillar area. Mesoscutellum without posteromedian depression. Mesopleuron, except speculum, uniformly dull rugose; speculum shiny, smooth, dorsal third glabrous and sparsely pubescent ventrally, ventral rugae orientated into transverse faint subparallel striae. Mesopleural triangle rugose; dorsoaxillar area with faint rugae; lateral axillar area and axillula coriaceous, with few short, white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, with parallel sides, its height less than height of metanotal trough, most posterior part extending to half height of mesoscutellum; postalar process long, with parallel striae; metapleural sulcus hidden under dull rugose sculpture. Metascutellum uniformly coriaceous, metanotal trough coriaceous, with dense white setae; ventral impressed area smooth, slightly shorter than height of metascutellum; central propodeal area faintly rugate; lateral propodeal carinae strong, high, converge in anterior margin, slightly curved outwards medially; lateral propodeal area with faint rugae and dense white setae; nucha short, smooth. Legs (Figs 7A, 8 C–D) with dense short white setae; tarsal claws simple. Forewing (Fig. 8A) longer than body, mostly hyaline, with short dense cilia on margin, heavy dark stripe on basal part of radial cell, veins dark brown, Rs+M vein faintly pigmentated; radial cell narrow, long, opened on margin, 3.5 times longer than broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet small, triangular, closed but posterior margin indistinct; Rs+M reaching basalis at its half height. Metasoma (Figs 7A, 7F) as long as head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; 2nd metasomal tergum occupying nearly 4/5 of metasoma length, smooth, shining, with sparse setae laterally; posterior third conspicuously finely punctate laterally, posterior margin with a very narrow smooth band, without punctures; all subsequent terga dorsally and laterally uniformly and entirely micropunctate, with a narrow smooth band posteriorly on each tergum. Ventral spine of hypopygium robust, short, needle-like, prominent part 2.2x as long as broad, with two rows of white setae each side, extending beyond apex of spine. Sexual female. Similar to the asexual females, but differs in the following characters: antenna with 11–12 flagellomeres; body uniformly yellowish-brown; all the legs yellowish-brown; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum less pubescent; metasomal terga sometimes smooth, without micropunctures, body length 2.3–3.1 mm. Male. Similar to the sexual females except that they are smaller; antenna with 13 flagellomeres; body reddish-brown, except for the two basal terga which are yellowish. Mesoscutum only sparsely pubescent. Body length 2.1–2.6 mm. Gall. Asexual galls (Figs 16 A–D). A large multilocular subglobose bud gall, up to 40 mm in diameter. The body of the gall is spherical (rarely flattened or ovate), with greatest diameter near the middle of the gall; surface sometimes with low tubercles radiating more or less from the slightly pointed tip of the gall. The gall is hard-walled, yellowish to rufous-magenta when mature and turning to brownish orange when dry, with smooth and naked surface; spongious internally, with hard filaments connecting the larval chambers with the base of the gall; up to 50 hardwalled larval chambers clustered in the center of the gall, easily separable from the firm; sometimes resembling the inquiline larval chambers; each larval chamber around 2.0–4.0 mm in diameter. Sexual galls. A toadstool-shaped gall arising singly, or occasionally in groups of two or three from the lamina of the underside of the leaves. Galls are tinged with rose or pink when young, although most are light-green in colour. Galls are monolocular, with the single cell occupying the space below the flared top of the gall. The elongated stem of the gall is solid. Hosts. Quercus agrifolia, Q. wislizenii, for both generations. Biology. Alternate sexual and asexual generations are known (Lyon 1959). Sexual galls appear from February to early April, mature in early May; adults emerged from mid-May to the first week of June. Asexual galls mature in October; adults emerged in November. Distribution. USA (California) and México (Baja California and Guanajuato states). Remarks. Kinsey (1922) named this species as Andricus pomiformis and described five varieties, considering Callirhytis maculipennis Kieffer 1904 one of them: A. pomiformis var descansonis (Kinsey 1922), A. pomiformis distinctus (Kinsey 1922), A. pomiformis pomiformis (Basset, 1881), A. pomiformis var maculipennis (Kieffer) and A. quercuspomiformis provincialis (Kinsey 1922). Later, Weld (1951), following Mayr’s work (1902), transferred this species to the genus Callirhytis and recognised only three of Kinsey’s varieties (var. descansonis, var distincta and var. provincialis). Later, Melika & Abrahamson (2002) concluded that this species belongs to the genus Amphibolips but did not formalize the nomenclatorial act for species transfer. Herein this nomenclatorial act is completed. According to Kinsey (1922), the morphological differences of these varieties included the notauli (from mostly indistinguishable within the mesosomal sculpture with notaular furrow rugose, to distinct with notaular furrow smooth posteriorly, and to distinct but shallow and furrow rugose); mesosoma with median sulci (absent except in var. distinctus); anterior parallel lines on the mesosoma (mostly continuous to discontinuous); lateral lines of the mesosoma (from prominent to fine and narrow); scutellar foveae (divided by a rugose and elevated area in all, or with median area also rugose but low); scutellar posteromedian depression (from absent to present, but variable in depth, deepest in var. provincialis); speculum (from glabrous and smooth to not completely smooth, with scattered punctuations and sometimes setae); areolet ranging from small to large, prolonged on the cubitus; forewing infuscation around the base of radial cell; and gall surface (present several projections on the surface, each ending in a short filament in var. distinctus and surface smooth and naked in the rest). Several characters are roughly differentiable or shared between the varieties such as the anterior parallel lines, the speculum, but others such as the median carina or the posteromedian depression of the mesoscutellum may be unique to a variety. Among the varieties, the most deviant is var. distinctus based on the distinct notauli, median sulci visible and the surface of the galls with projections. However, Kinsey (1922) comments that some var. distinctus specimens share characters of var. maculipennis (as well as var. provincialis had specimens similar to var. maculipennis). Similarly, the new material from Baja California present distinct notauli, smooth notaular furrow posteriorly as in var. distinctus, but the median sulci and scutellar posteromedian depression are absent, and the speculum is completely smooth and glabrous. The distribu-tion of the varieties is limited to California (USA) and range from the central to southern regions. All varieties have overlapping, or nearly so, distributions with at least another variety. The range of var. maculipennis includes localities from the range of var. descansonis, var. distinctus and var. provincialis, which occur almost exclusively in the southern regions. The variety pomiformis is limited to central California (San Francisco, Mount Diablo, Gilroy, and Salinas) and the closest known varieties are var. maculipennis and var. distictus (Yosemite Park and Merced Falls). Most of these characters also follow a continuous variation, and the distributions overlap in the southern regions for all, except var. pomiformis. Thus, there are not conspicuous character states to support these varieties as independent entities. Also, the host plant is Q. agrifolia in three of the varieties and Q. wislizenii in var. provincialis and var. distinctus. Both oaks are closely related and often form hybrids (Brophy & Parnell 1974). We consider all these varieties as intraspecific variations of Amphibolips quercuspomiformis comb. nov.

Amphibolips cibriani Pujade-Villar Amphibolips cibriani Pujade-Villar, 2018; In Pujade-Villar et al., 2018: 151–158. Type material examined. HOLOTYPE. ♀ (deposited in JP-V col., UB) with the following labels: “MEX-316, Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México), 19° 21’ 0.99” N, 99°16’ 27.02” W ” (white label), “ Q. crassipes, 2630 msnm., (25. iv.2017) 10–20.v.2017 ”, col. DCT-2906” (white label); “ Holotype Amphibolips cibriani Pujade-Villar n. sp., desig. JP-V 2018 ” (red label). Paratypes: 4ǒ with the same data as the holotype (UB). Additional material. Deposited in UB: (4ǒ) with the same data as the holotype, adults were cut out from the galls; “MEX 299, MEXICO, Santa Fe, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, 19° 21’ 0.99” N, 99°16’ 27.02” W, (10. vii.2014) only galls (UB), Ex Q. crassipes, leg. D. Cibrian ”. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by incomplete notauli and rounded mesoscutellum with posterolateral projections not pointing upwards (Fig. 11A); antenna black in the first half and conspicuously lighter in distal half; forewing infuscate, with distal half infuscate and a hyaline cross band at distal third of radial cell reaching posterior margin of wing. Closely resembles A. bassae n. sp. and A. bromus n. sp. (see Diagnosis above in the corresponding species). The gall also differs from all other known galls from Mexico and Central America (see below). Gall. (Figs 14 I–K) A subglobose bud gall, approximately 20 mm in diameter. Outer shell lignified and hard. Surface rugulose, uniformly light brown, with short apical tip and peduncle. The gall is monolocular, with a spongy internal tissue, filling the entire gall, with central rounded larval cell. Host. Quercus crassipes. Biology. Only females are known. The galls were collected in April; adults emerged in May. Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México State., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Pujade-Villar, J., Barrera-Ruiz, U. M. & Cuesta-Porta, V. (2018) Description of Amphibolips cibriani Pujade-Villar n. sp. from Mexico (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Dugesiana, 25 (2), 151 - 158."]}

Amphibolips palmeri Basset species dubia Amphibolips palmeri Basset, 1890: 86. The type material is presumably lost (Buffington pers. com.). This species was described from a single specimen extracted from a gall collected from an unidentified Quercus species by Basset (1890). According to the author, the gall was donated by Mr. B. Pickman Mann and had the following label: “Summit of Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, México. Winter 1885–86, Dr. Edward Palmer”. Beutenmüller (1909) in his revision of the Amphibolips of North America broadened the distribution of this species to Guadalajara (Jalisco, México) for a gall deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, but did not add any new information to the description of the species. Amphibolips palmeri was not mentioned in Kinsey (1937) paper on Amphibolips of México. In the latest studies on Amphibolips (Melika et al. 2011; Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2012) as well as in this study, the type material of the species was not found. We provide the original description given Basset (1890) below: “Gallfly – Female. Entire body black. Head: face unevenly wrinkled, vertex and thorax deeply and irregularly wrinkled. Antennae black, very short, 13-jointed, first joint heavy, second joint short, third joint one-half longer than the first and second together, fourth joint one half as long as the third, remaining joints short, last joint a little longer than the twelfth. Mesothorax deeply and irregularly wrinkled with two obscure parallel lines and a line at the base of each wing. Parapsidal grooves faint and scarcely interrupt the rugosity of the surface. Mesoscutellum very coarsely wrinkled and conspicuously broader in the middle than on the anterior side, truncate and emarginate posteriorly; foveae large, rugose with a low irregular line separating them and a high ridge bounding them at the sides, the whole polished and shining. Abdomen black, second segment covering one-half of the whole, anterior half smooth and shining and with a few scattered hairs. The posterior half and the visible parts of the other segments distinctly reticulated or punctate, except a narrow-polished band on the margin of each. Legs black, shining with a few scattered hairs. Wings dark, smoky brown, with a very dark brown cloud covering the areolet and the lower half of the radial area; beyond this and extending across the radial area to almost the posterior margin is a light colourless area and the anterior margin from the dark, broad, first cross-vein to a short distance beyond the second cross-vein is of the same light colour; tip of wing beyond the pale area, dark smoky brown as below this pale area. Areolet very small, but well defined. Radial area open, large and broad. Length 6.5 mm.” Concerning to the gall, it is a large spherical spongious bud gall. Light yellowish brown; the outer shell thin but firm. Internally soft spongious tissue. Larval chamber round embedded in the spongious tissue. Diameter: 35 to 70 mm. Remarks. According to Melika et al. (2011), this species closely resembles A. dampfi and might well be synonymous. The type (female) of A. palmeri is lost, nevertheless the adults and galls descriptions are consistent. For the moment, this species is considered as species dubia until the type material appears, or new data can be examined., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Beutenmuller, W. (1909) The species of Amphibolips and their galls. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 26, 47 - 66.","Kinsey, A. C. (1937) New Mexican Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Revista de Entomologia, 7 (4), 428 - 471.","Melika, G., Equihua-Martinez, A., Estrada-Venegas, E. G., Cibrian-Tovar, D., Cibrian-Llanderal, V. D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2011) New Amphibolips gallwasp species from Mexico (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa, 3105 (1), 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3105.1.2","Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Pascual, E., Maldonado-Lopez, Y., Medianero, E. & Oyama, K. (2012) Revision of the Amphibolips species of Mexico excluding the \" niger complex \" Kinsey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with description of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3545 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3545.1.1"]}

Amphibolips bassae Cuesta-Porta & Pujade-Villar n. sp. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B54EB2A5-C4E0-4B7A-A548-03DD111317F2 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ (deposited in UB) with the following labels: “ MEXICO, Juárez, Puebla ” (white label), “ Q. crassifolia, (26.v.2013) vi.2013, leg. Alondra ” (white label), Holotype Amphibolips bassae Cuesta-Porta & JP-V n. sp., desig. Cuesta-Porta, 2020” (red label). Paratypes: 1♂ with the same data as the holotype. Etymology. Named in honor of Dolors Bassa i Coll. Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by its forewing colouration, infuscate on distal half with a hyaline cross band covering the whole width of wing on the distal third in females (males with completely infuscate forewings except for a clear area distally on the first costal cell, under margin with radial cell); mesoscutellum slightly broader than long with posterolateral pointed projections and projecting upwards; scutellar fovea are separated by a strong median carina; the antenna black, sometimes lighter distally. Most closely resembles A. bromus n. sp. and A. cibriani. Amphibolips bassae n. sp. and A. cibriani have incomplete notauli and the mesoscutellum broader than long, but the posterolateral projections of mesoscutellum is pointed upwards in the new species and rounded in A. cibriani; antenna almost uniformly chestnut black in the new species and basally black and light brown distally in A. cibriani; the clypeus and mandibles are uniformly chestnut brown in A. bassae n. sp., while in A. cibriani the clypeus is chestnut brown and mandibles are rufous. Also, the new species differs from A. bromus n. sp. by the incomplete notauli and mesoscutellum broader than long. Galls of the new species are completely different from all mentioned species; it is globular, hard, not squeezable by finger pressure, up to 40 mm of diameter. The surface is olive green when mature and turning brownish green when dry, never mottled. Description. (Figs 1 A–1G). Sexual female. Body length: 5 mm (N=1) Colour. Head black; antennae black on basal half and chestnut brown distally; mesosoma black; legs chestnut brown, except ambarine tarsi; metasoma ambarine. Head (Figs 1 C–1D) ovate in anterior view, upper face coarsely dull rugose, almost glabrous, 2.6x as broad as long from above, 1.2x as broad as high in anterior view and slightly narrower than mesosoma; lower face rugose with alutaceous interspaces, uniformly sparsely pubescent with white setae. Gena rugose with alutaceous interspaces, broadened behind eye, visible behind eyes in anterior view, 1.3x as broad as cross diameter of eye; malar space faintly rugate and dull; height of eye 1.6 times as long as length of malar space. POL subequal to OOL; diameter of lateral ocellus 2.5–2.8x larger than LOL; ocelli round. Transfacial distance 1.4 times as broad as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 3x longer than distance between toruli, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.3 times as long as diameter of torulus. Clypeus alutaceous, ventrally emarginate, with median incision; anterior tentorial pits deep, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines obscured, slightly discernible. Frons, vertex, interocellar area and occiput uniformly coarsely rugose. Occiput with dorsal faint carina. Labial palpus 3-segmented, maxillary palpus 5-segmented. Antenna (Fig. 1B) with 11 flagellomeres; slightly longer than mesosoma+head; scape 2.6x as long as pedicel; pedicel subglobose, slightly broader than long; F1 subequal to scape+pedicel and 1.3x as long as F2; F2 slightly longer than F3; F3 nearly equal to F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F11 2.0x as long as F10; F11 strongly divided with incomplete sulci, F11 2.0x as long as broad after the incomplete sulci, placodeal sensilla visible on F5–F11, absent on F1–F4. Mesosoma (Figs 1 E–1F) only slightly longer than high. Pronotal plate smooth dorsally, with numerous irregular rugae laterally. Mesoscutum uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces; round, as long as broad in dorsal view (largest width measured across mesoscutum on the level of tegulae base). Notauli incomplete, lost in rugose sculpture on anterior half, notaular furrow with same sculpture as rest of mesoscutum; anterior parallel lines hardly visible through sculpture, not elevate, alutaceous-coriaceous, extending to almost half of mesoscutum; parapsidal lines distinct, originating away from posterior margin and extending to nearly half length of mesoscutum, slightly elevated; median mesoscutal sulcus present, shiny with transversal rugate; parascutal carina short, extending to level of tegula only. Mesoscutellum 0.5x as long as mesoscutum, 0.8x as long as broad, coarsely dull rugose, round, as broad as long, overhanging metanotum; marginate laterally, scutellar foveae round, deep, conspicuous median carina, foveae shiny smooth with faint transversal carinae connected to median carina, lateral sides of foveae with strong narrow carinae, separating them from dorsoaxillar area, posteriorly margined by V-shaped carina pointing to posterior depression. Mesoscutellum with posteromedian depression reaching posterior margin of mesoscutellum, margined laterally by strong carinae, depression rugate. Mesopleuron uniformly rugose with alutaceous interspaces and sparsely pubescent, some rugae orientated into transverse subparallel striae. Mesopleural triangle rugose and shiny; dorsal axillar area rugate; lateral axillar area and axillula faintly rugate, with few short, white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shiny, with parallel sides, its height less than height of metanotal trough, most posterior part extending to half height of mesoscutellum; postalar process long, with parallel striae; metapleural sulcus hidden in dull rugose sculpture. Metascutellum uniformly faintly rugate-coriaceous, metanotal trough faintly shiny rugose, with dense white setae; ventral impressed area smooth, slightly shorter than height of metascutellum; central propodeal area rugate, dull; lateral propodeal carinae visible, partially covered by sculpture, subparallel, slightly curved outwards medially; lateral propodeal area with irregular strong wrinkles and dense white setae; nucha short, with irregular wrinkles. Legs with sparse short white setae; tarsal claws with basal lobe. Forewing (Fig. 1A) longer than body, hyaline on basal half, with basal cell slightly infuscate around margins; short dense cilia on margin; distal half infuscate with clear longitudinal stripe on distal third extended posteriorly covering distal third of radial cell, medial part of second costal cell and distal part of discoidal cell; veins dark brown; radial cell narrow, heavily infuscate basally, long, opened on margin, 3 times longer than broad; R1 nearly reaching wing margin; areolet small, visible, triangular, closed; Rs+M reaching basalis at its half height. Metasoma (Fig. 1G) almost as long as head+mesosoma, 1.2x as long as high in lateral view; 2nd metasomal tergum slightly surpassing half of length of metasoma, smooth, dull, with short sparse setae laterally; posterior third conspicuously finely punctate dorsally and laterally, posterior margin with a very narrow smooth band, without punctures; all subsequent terga dorsally and laterally uniformly and entirely micropunctate, with a narrow smooth band posteriorly on each tergum. Ventral spine of hypopygium robust, short, needle-like, prominent part 3.3x as long as broad, with two rows of white setae each side, extending beyond apex of spine. Male (Figs 2 A–2F). Differs from female as follows: antennae with 13 flagellomeres (Fig. 2B), entirely black; legs black except tarsi chestnut brown; forewings completely infuscate (Fig. 2F), first costal cell with clear area on distal half, basal margin of radial cell more infuscate, hyaline patch on middle third of Rs vein, covering part of radial and costal II cell; transfacial distance 1.2x as long as height of eye, diameter of toruli 2.5x as long as distance from torulus to lateral margin of eye, diameter of torulus 4.5x as long as distance between toruli. Mesoscutum coarsely rugose, notauli and median carina almost inconspicuous, rugose (Fig. 2D). Mesoscutellum coarsely rugose, 1.1x longer than broad; scutellar foveae round, shiny and rugose (Fig. 2C). Metasoma 0.9x as long as mesosoma and 1.6x as long as high (Fig. 2A). Length 5 mm (N=1) Gall (Figs 16 E–G). A rather small, subglobose bud gall, around 40 mm in diameter; slightly narrower at base around the connection with the branch. The gall is thick-walled, with lignified parenchyma, olive green when mature and turn light brown when dry, with smooth and naked surface; hard spongious parenchyma internally with central ovate, hard-walled larval chamber, with largest length of 5.0– 6.5 mm. Host. Quercus crassifolia. Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. The mature gall was collected in May; adults emerged in June. Distribution. Mexico: Puebla State., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 5-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340

Amphibolips castroviejoi Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey Amphibolips castroviejoi Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey, 2010: 48–52 Type material examined: HOLOTYPE. ♀ deposited in MNCN (Cat. nº 2022). PANAMA, Chiriquí, Carretera de Volcancito, Boquete 8º 43’ 23 07” N, 82º 27’ 19 07” W, 1404 m, Ex Q. salicifolia, (28.i.2008) ii.08, E. Medianero leg. Paratypes: 1♂ with same data as holotype. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by heavily darkened forewings with a clear cross-band at the distal third that reaches posterior margin of forewing both in males and females, mesoscutellum subquadrate posteriorly, and metasoma predominantly black and rufo-piceous ventrally. The forewing pattern most closely resembles the species group of A. bassae n. sp., A. bromus n. sp., A. cibriani and A. fusus for the distal clear cross-band that reaches posterior margin of wing, but the forewings of A. castroviejoi are completely darkened except for the distal cross-band (proximal half of forewing is hyaline in the rest of species, except for the male of A. bassae n. sp. which is completely infuscate except for a clear spot at the distal half of radial cell). The species most closely resembles A. basssae n. sp. by the similar coarse sculpture of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, but median sulci on the mesoscutum are absent in A. castroviejoi (present in A. bassae n. sp.), metasoma is black and rufo-piceous ventrally in A. castroviejoi (ambarine to rufous in A. bassae n. sp.). Galls of A. castroviejoi are differ from all other known galls; they are large (on average 54 x 43 mm), irregularly spherical or globose, elongated at the base, with a thick peduncle, without apical tip, and with a smooth, mottled surface. Gall. A globose bud gall, 45–58 mm in diameter, with short elongation at the base forming a thick peduncle. Light green and mottled when mature, turning light brown when dry. Outer shell thin, hard. Internal parenchyma soft and spongious. Central larval chamber with a hard shell, 5–6 mm in diameter. A picture of the gall is given in Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey (2010: Figs 8 A–C). Host. Quercus salicifolia. Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. Galls were collected in January; adults emerged in February. Distribution. Panama.

Amphibolips hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika Amphibolips hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2011. In Melika et al., 2011: 53–56. Amphibolips malinche Nieves-Aldrey & Maldonado, 2012. In Nieves-Aldrey et al., 2012: 16–18. n. syn. Type material examined of A. hidalgoensis: HOLOTYPE. ǒ (deposited in JP-V col, UB) with the following la-bels: MEXICO, “Acoxachitlan, Barrio de Tlacpac, Hidalgo state, Mexico (08.vi.2010) 8–15.vi.2010. Q. crassifolia, leg J.Pujade-Villar” (white label), “ Holotype Amphibolips hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika desig. JP-V 2011” (red label); Paratypes (deposited in JP-V col, UB): 16ǒ with the same data as the holotype; 5♀, MEXICO, San Mar-cos, Tlaxcala, (3.vi.2010) 3–10.vi.2010, Ex Q. crassipes, leg. J.Pujade-Villar; 4ǒ, MEXICO, Los Romeros, Hidalgo, (3.vi.2010), 3–10.vi.2010; Ex Q. candicans, leg J. Pujade-Villar; 4ǒ, Huasca, Hidalgo, (08.vi.2010) 8–15.vi.2010, Ex Q. candicans; Type material examined of A. malinche: HOLOTYPE. ♀ (deposited in MNCN), Cat. nº 2248. “ MEXICO, Tlaxcala, La Malinche, 19º 12’ 29 49” N, 98º 0’ 44 47” W, 2800 m; ex gall Q. mexicana, (16.v.2006) 30.v.2006, leg. E. Pascual”; Paratype: 1♀ with the same data as holotype. Additional material. Material deposited in UB with the following labels: (MEX-273, MEX-274, MEX-275, MEX-279 & MEX-280) “Parque Nacional Zoquiapan y Anexas, 2138792.32N, 535424.37W, 3046 masl, Ixtapaluca, México (México), Ex Q. crassipes, (30.v.2012) vi–viii.2012: 18ŏ (UB), leg. E. Estrada & A. Equihua ”; “MEX-283, MEXICO, Los Romeros (2411 masl), Santiago Tulantepec de Lugo Guerrero, Hidalgo, (03.vi.2010) 17.vii.2010: 1ŏ (UB), Ex Q. mexicana, leg. E. Estrada & A. Equihua ”; “MEX-284, MEXICO, Canalejas, Estado de Mexico, Ex Q. crassipes, (iii.2002) iv.2002: 1ŏ (UB), leg. Efrain Tovar; “MEX-290, MEXICO, Fray Francisco (2210 masl), Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo, Ex Q. crassifolia, (10.vi.2010) 23.vi.2010: 7ŏ (UB), leg. E. Estrada & A. Equihua ”; “MEX-292, MEXICO, San Marcos (573138.99 E, 2137717.75 N; 2342 masl), Papalotla de Xicohténcatl, Tlaxcala, Ex Q. crassipes, (03.vi.2010) 04.vii.2010: 4ŏ (UB), leg. E. Estrada & A. Equihua ”; “MEX-293, MEXICO, Huasca, Hidalgo, Ex Q. calophylla, (08.vi.2010) 15–30.vi.2010: 2ŏ (UB), leg. J. Pujade-Villar ”; “MEX-296, MEXICO, Barrio Tlacpac, Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo, Ex Q. crassifolia, (08.vi.2010) 13.vii.2010: 11ŏ (UB), leg. E. Estrada & A. Equihua ”; “MEX-334, MEXICO, Tlaxco (19º40’5.54”N, 98º6’4.21”W; 2553masl), Tlaxcala, Ex Q. crassipes, (16.vi.2018) vii.2018: 5ŏ (UB), Pujade-Villar, Equihua & Estrada leg.”; “MEX-335, MEXICO, Aquixtla, Puebla, Ex Quercus sp., (13.vi.2018) vii.2018: 2ŏ (UB), Pujade-Villar, Equihua & Estrada leg.”; “MEX-353, MEXICO, Atecoxco (19º45’52”N, 97º57’52”W; 2382 masl), Aquixtla, Puebla, Ex Q. crassifolia, (16.vi.2018) 16–30.vii.2018: 8ŏ (UB), Pujade-Villar, Equihua & Estrada leg.”; (MEX-354 & MEX-355) “ MEXICO, Autopista Km 120, More-lia-Ciudad de Mexico, Ex Q. crassipes, (21.vi.2018) 16–30.vii.2018: 12ŏ (UB), Pujade-Villar, Equihua & Estrada leg.”; “MEX-390, MEXICO, Santa Fe, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de Mexico, Ex Q. crassipes, (17.v.2016) vi.2016: 4ŏ (UB), leg. D. Cibrian ”; “MEX-449, MEXICO, Tlanchinol, Hidalgo, Ex Q. castanea, without data: 1ŏ (UB), leg. Equihua & Estrada-Venegas.”; “MEX-458, MEXICO, Carretera Mexico-Tuxpam (20º 2’ 41.85” N, 98º 28’ 7.86” W), Lajas Chicas, Hidalgo, Ex Q. crassipes, without data: 4ŏ (UB), leg. Equihua & Estrada-Venegas”; “MEX-462, MEXICO, Rancho Concepción, San Felipe del Progreso, Mexico state, Ex Q. crassipes & Q. acutifolia, (14. vii.2016) vii.2016: 5ŏ (UB), leg. N. Flores”. Diagnosis. This species is characterized with a posteromedian depression of mesoscutum projected anteriorly, reaching scutellar foveae; bottom of depression with subparallel transversal carinae and smooth interspaces that extend to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. This species closely resembles A. tarasco but can be differentiated by the rugose lateral margin of compound eye in A. hidalgoensis (alutaceous and finely carinated dorsolaterally in A. tarasco); mesoscutum uniformly rugate in A. hidalgoensis (less densely rugate in posteromedian area in A. tarasco) (Figs 11D, 11J); scutellar foveae round with median carina extending to full length of foveae, posteromedian depression connecting with foveae (foveae subtriangular posterior and medially limited by rugose sculpture, median carina shorter than total length of foveae in A. tarasco); metascutellum less than 1.8x as broad as high (more than 2.0x in A. tarasco) (Figs 4 E–F). Galls of both species are subglobose bud galls, but A. hidalgoensis has galls with a thin, uniformly coloured outer shell and soft spongious internal tissue, while galls of A. tarasco have a mottled surface and outer shell and internal spongious tissue that is rather hard (Figs 16 H–I). The gall is similar to other species with a large globular shape without a mottled surface; it is not differentiable from A. michoacaensis and A. jaliscensis, but differs from A. quercuspomiformis comb. nov., A. oaxacae, A. tarasco, A. kinseyi n. sp. and A. bassae n. sp. by having a deformable surface under applied finger pressure, because the parenchyma is relatively soft in A. hidalgoensis, A. jaliscensis and A. michoacaensis. Gall (Figs 15 A–B). Usually large, subglobose, detachable bud galls, sometimes with fine tip at apex. Maximum diameter 30–65 mm. Outer shell thin and fragile; internal tissue spongious and soft with central larval chamber about 5 mm in diameter. Hosts. Quercus acutifolia, Q. calophylla, Q. castanea, Q. crassifolia, Q. crassipes, Q. mexicana. Biology. Only females are known. We consider this species to be an asexual form as we have never obtained males after the emerging of more than 100 females from different localities. The mature galls were collected in late May to early June; most adults emerged soon after field collection, some were reared in November. Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo, Mexico and Tlaxcala states. Remarks. After the examination of A. malinche types, we found great similarities between this species and A. hidalgoensis: lateral margin of eye rugulose; mesoscutum uniformly rugulose with finely alutaceous to smooth interspaces; forewing pattern within the morphological variability of A. hidalgoensis; mesoscutellum with longitudinal median depression posteriorly deep and shallow anteriorly, reaching scutellar foveae, with rugae forming transversal subparallel carinae along median depression; scutellar foveae rounded with distinct median carina, foveae smooth with sparse transversal carinae (Figs 5 A–B). Mesoscutellum is different in the holotype and the paratype of A. malinche; the holotype having an unusually broad median depression and short irregular median carina between scutellar foveae but it might be an aberrant variant of A. hidalgoensis; the paratype presented all the above mentioned similarities to A. hidalgoensis. Furthermore, the galls of both species are identical. Amphibolips malinche were sampled in the state of Tlaxcala and numerous specimens of A. hidalgoensis were collected 30 km away from the location of the two known specimens of A. malinche. The two specimens of A. malinche reared from galls of Q. mexicana, which shares distribution with the rest of host plant species (Q. calophylla, Q. crassifolia and Q. crassipes) in the states of Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro. Some morphological variability has been detected within this species: forewing pattern and metasomal tergum II with coriaceous sculpture. Forewing colour pattern is variable in basal cell pigmentation, sometimes clearer than first cubital and radial cell; also, distal third of radial cell sometimes presents a clear area shortly extended into second cubital cell. This character was used by Nieves-Aldrey et al. (2012) to identify A. jaliscensis (see below) and A. malinche, but we do not consider it a reliable character for A. malinche as we have encountered similar patterns in specimens of A. hidalgoensis. The coriaceous sculpture in metasomal tergum II is present in all the species with anterior margin of forewing infuscate, and particularly variable in A. hidalgoensis. This character ranges from coarsely coriaceous and extended past half-length of tergum, to be almost inconspicuous and confined to the posterior third of tergum bordering punctures. This species is currently the only one known to have such a wide range but no correlation with other characters has been found. Amphibolips hidalgoensis is by far the most frequently collected Amphibolips species in Mexico. Such sampling bias might be concealing other, poorly sampled, species’ variability and attributing as intraspecific variability to a possible widely spread interspecific common trait. Alternatively, A. hidalgoensis is probably a complex of species that cannot be sorted out by only morphological criteria. For all these reasons we consider A. malinche as a syn. nova of A. hidalgoensis., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M., Silva, Salvador Ordaz, Sánchez, Imelda Virginia López, Melika, George & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ' nassa' complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4567340, {"references":["Melika, G., Equihua-Martinez, A., Estrada-Venegas, E. G., Cibrian-Tovar, D., Cibrian-Llanderal, V. D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2011) New Amphibolips gallwasp species from Mexico (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa, 3105 (1), 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3105.1.2","Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Pascual, E., Maldonado-Lopez, Y., Medianero, E. & Oyama, K. (2012) Revision of the Amphibolips species of Mexico excluding the \" niger complex \" Kinsey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with description of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3545 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3545.1.1"]}

Synergus gilletti Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 Synergus gilletti Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017. Zoological Studies 56 (36): 9. Type material: UB (holotype), paratypes in UB, USNM and AMNH [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017)]. Diagnosis. Synergus gilletti is morphologically close to S. punctatus Gillette, 1896 (see below), but differs from this species mainly by having F1 just slightly longer than F 2 in both sexes (F1 just slightly longer than F 2 in females and 1.4 times as long as F 2 in males of S. punctatus), notauli complete (incomplete in S. punctatus) and the metasoma with an incomplete band of micropunctures occupying 1/3 of its length (with a complete band occupying the distal half in S. punctatus) (see the description of both species and the identification key). Brief redescription. Female antenna 14-segmented, male antenna 15-segmented; F1 just slightly longer than F2; F1 of males curved and expanded distally; malar space 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye; frons and vertex finely coriaceous, without punctures or just with scarce small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae weak and narrow, not reaching lateral ocelli; mesoscutum imbricated with weak, discontinuous transversal elements; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, less impressed anteriorly and interrupted by transversal elements; scutellum wrinkled and scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular, shallow, weakly sculptured, separated by a narrow carina; circumscutellar carina inconspicuous; mesopleurae basally and medially regularly striate, speculum smooth; metasoma not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed and with an incomplete band of micropunctures extending posteriorly somewhat more than 1/3 of the syntergite length; radial cell closed, 2.5 times as long as wide; tarsal claws with a basal tooth; both females and males completely black, except for the surface surrounding the oral fovea, which is brownish to chestnut. For more details on the morphology of this species, see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017). Distribution. Mexico. State of Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017). Biology. Reared from woolly galls induced by an undetermined species of Andricus on leaves of Quercus laeta (Quercus section), and from galls induced by undetermined species of Atrusca on Q. laeta and Q. rugosa Née (Quercus section) (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017)., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2017) Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies, 56 (36), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2017.56 - 36","Gillette, C. P. (1896) A monograph of the genus Synergus. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23, 85 - 100."]}

Synergus aurofacies Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, sp. nov. (Figures 2–3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BC38D9E7-D697-48DA-BB75-0B4BD10ECF38 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in UB with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P234, Bosques de Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, CDMX), 19°21’09.78’’ N, 99°15’55.02’’ W’ (white label) / ‘Ex. Femuros lusum, 2577 metres, Q. laeta, (28. vi.2016) vii.2016, D. Cibrián leg.’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus aurofacies Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label). PARATYPES (2♂ & 10♀) deposited in UB (2♂ & 8♀) and USNM (2♀) with the same data as the holotype. Additional material. 2♀ with the same data dissected and gold-coated (deposited in UB). Etymology. Named aurofacies due to the color of its lower face, which is brownish to yellowish orange under compound eyes and around the oral fovea in both sexes, but more evident in males. Diagnosis. Synergus aurofacies is morphologically close to S. cibriani Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017; S. citriformis (Ashmead, 1885); S. laeviventris (Osten-Sacken, 1861); S. longimalaris Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017; S. longiscapus Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017; and S. pomiformis (Ashmead, 1885) (see below), but differs from all of them mainly by having OOL almost 3.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (about 2.0 times in the above-mentioned species), body and head mainly black (with more yellow areas in the above-mentioned species) and the radial cell about 2.7 times as long as wide in females and 2.4 in males (shorter, around 2.4 in both sexes in the above-mentioned species) (see the diagnosis and descriptions of all these related species and the identification key). Description. FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.3–2.8 mm (n = 10). Color (Fig. 2a, c). Mainly black. Head black, except for a brownish orange surface under compound eyes and around the oral fovea. Antennae dark brown to black, pedicel sometimes lighter. Mesosoma black; tegulae yellow. Metasoma dark chestnut to black. Legs yellow, metacoxae and sometimes the base of second coxae, dark brown to black; tarsi, but especially metatarsi, infuscated. Wings hyaline, veins dark yellow. Head. In anterior view (Figs 2c, 3a) trapezoid, almost 1.2 times as wide as high, genae slightly expanded behind compound eyes. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching compound eyes and toruli; medial carinae also present, but weaker. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin very slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of compound eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of compound eyes; distance between torulus and compound eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, sometimes with scarce small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae absent. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 3b) is almost 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with scarce small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 4: 3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 1.5. Occiput finely coriaceous, with scarce small piliferous punctures. Antennae (Fig. 3f). 14-segmented (7: 4: 9.5: 8.5: 7.5: 7: 6.5: 6: 5: 4.5: 4: 4: 4: 6); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F2-F12. Pedicel about 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 just slightly longer than F2, F2 just slightly longer than F3. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and 1.5 times as long as F11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 3c), including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence. Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.26. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum finely coriaceous to imbricated; without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 3d) about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous and with some punctures; anterior grooves shallow, occupying at most 1/3 of the mesoscutum length. Notauli complete but less impressed and narrower anteriorly, wider and convergent posteriorly. Median groove shallow, reaching 1/3 or 1/2 of the mesoscutum length. Parapsidal grooves shallow, surpassing tegulae. Scutellum (Fig. 3d) rounded, slightly longer than wide, coriaceous to imbricated, posteriorly with very weak wrinkles; circumscutellar carina well defined, slightly upturned but not projected; scutellar foveae triangular, almost smooth, shallow, not well-defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleurae (Fig. 3c) medially and anteriorly striate, basally and speculum smooth; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus well defined, reaching about 4/5 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 3g) pubescent, almost smooth; propodeal carinae very slightly curved but parallel, distally somewhat branched. Nucha weakly sulcated dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal tooth (Fig. 3e). small micropunctures not forming a posterodorsal patch; not dorsodistally incised and pointed. Hypopygium finely punctate; hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. Wings (Fig. 2a, f). Fore wings pubescent with short marginal setae; as long as body length. Radial cell ambiguously closed, about 2.7 times as long as wide; Rs vein projected beyond the end of the radial cell along the wing margin; areolet small. Rs+M inconspicuous. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, slightly more than 1.5 times as long as high in lateral view (Figs 2a, 3h). First metasomal segment sulcated dorsally and laterally. Syntergite smooth; anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae; posteriorly sometimes with very weak and scarce MALE. Similar to female, except for the following morphological traits: body length 2.3–2.6 (n = 2). Antennae 15-segmented (8: 4: 10.5: 10: 9: 9: 8: 7: 6: 6: 5: 5: 4: 3: 5). F1 slightly curved and very weakly expanded apically (Fig. 2e). Genae expanded behind compound eyes, more quadrate. Malar space almost 0.7 times as long as height of compound eye (Fig. 2d). Radial cell almost 2.4 times as long as wide; Rs vein more projected than in females and R1 very depigmented (Fig. 2b). Lower face, genae and antennae (except the last segments), yellowish orange (Fig. 2d). Tarsi yellow (Fig. 2b). Distribution. Mexico. State of Ciudad de México. Biology. Reared from galls of Femuros lusum Kinsey, 1937 (Fig. 2g) on Quercus laeta Liebm. (Quercus section).

Synergus cibriani Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 Synergus cibriani Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017. Zoological Studies 56 (36): 3. Type material: UB [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017)]. Diagnosis. Synergus cibriani is morphologically close to S. longimalaris Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 (see below), from which differs mainly by having POL 1.5 times as long as OOL (equal in S. longimalaris), F1 1.3 times as long as F2 (1.5 in S. longimalaris) and notauli incomplete (complete in S. longimalaris), among others (see the identification key); also, to S. citriformis (Ashmead, 1885) and S. longiscapus Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 (see below), but differs from them by having the malar space 0.8 times as long as height of compound eyes (0.6 in these two species) (see the diagnosis and descriptions of all these related species and the identification key). Brief redescription. Female antenna 14-segmented, male antenna 15-segmented; F1 1.3 times as long as F2; F1 of males slightly curved and expanded basally, almost straight apically; face wide, trapezoid to subquadrate, transfacial line about 1.3 times as long as height of compound eyes; malar space 0.8 times as long as height of compound eye; frons and vertex finely coriaceous, with scattered small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae absent; both mesoscutum and scutellum strongly coriaceous to imbricated; notauli narrow and incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3; scutellar foveae inconspicuous or absent; circumscutellar carina well defined but not projected; mesopleurae medially with a few transversal striae, basally and dorsally smooth; metasoma not dorsodistally incised, pointed and with a small posterodorsal patch of micropunctures; following segments and hypopygium, punctate; radial cell closed, 2.4 times as long as wide; tarsal claws with a small basal tooth; body black and yellow. For more details on the morphology of this species, see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017). Distribution. Mexico. State of Michoacán (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017). Biology. Reared from spherical galls probably of Disholcaspis on twigs of different undetermined species of Quercus, and from undetermined spherical galls on the underside of leaves of Quercus glabrescens Benth. (Quercus section) (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017)., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2017) Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies, 56 (36), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2017.56 - 36","Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460"]}

Synergus confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (Figure 4 c–d) Synergus confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922. Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 55. Type material: CAS (lectotype), paralectotypes in CAS and USNM. Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 261’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ Type’ (red label) / ‘ confertus ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Stanford Univ., Coll. L.A.C.M, Access’d 1964’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus confertus Mc. & Eg. (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5815’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2♂ & 2♀) deposited in CAS (1♂) and USNM (1♂ & 2♀) with the following labels: ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 261’ (white label) / ‘ ♂ Type’ (red label) / ‘ confertus ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Stanford Univ., Coll. L.A.C.M, Access’d 1964’ (white label) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5815’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♂); ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 261’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘I. McCracken col.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘Ex. gall of Andricus confertus ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 24999 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus confertus McC + Eg. ’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotye ♀ Synergus confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♀); ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 261 ♀ ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘ Synergus confertus Egbert’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Beut. Coll. rec’d1939’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotye ♀ Synergus confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♀); ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 261’ (white label) / ‘ ♂ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘ Beut. Coll. rec’d1939’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960444’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotye ♂ Synergus confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♂). Diagnosis. Synergus confertus is morphologically close to S. walshii Gillette, 1896 (see below), from which differs mainly by having the vertex with some small punctures (without punctures in S. walshii); OOL 1.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (1.4 in S. walshii); the lateral pronotum dorsally and medially imbricated, weakly wrinkled basally (coriaceous in S. walshii); the scutellar foveae small, ovate (subtriangular, smooth in S. walshii); metasoma about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view and with a posterodorsal patch of micropunctures somewhat laterally extended (about as long as high in lateral view and posteriorly without punctures or just with a few, not forming a true patch in S. walshii); the hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide (about as long as wide in S. walshii); and head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area (dark brown to black in S. walshii) (see the descriptions of both species and the identification key). Redescription. FEMALE. Length. Body length 1.5–2.0 mm (n = 3). Color (Fig. 4 c–d). Black to rufous with yellowish areas. Head yellow, except for a dark spot in the ocellar area. Antennae yellow. Mesosoma black, tegulae yellow. Metasoma rufous, dorsally and posteriorly darker. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow. Head. In frontal view, about 1.1 times as wide as high, genae very slightly expanded behind compound eyes. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of compound eye. Toruli situated mid-height of compound eye; distance between torulus and compound eye slightly shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae very short and narrow, not reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with scattered small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 18: 10: 9 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures (Fig. 4d). Antennae. 14-segmented, according to the original description (antennae of all the examined specimens are broken). Scape plus pedicel about 1.3 times as long as F1; pedicel 1.7 times as long as wide; F1 about 1.2 times as long as F2, F2 to F6 subequal and following segments progressively shorter, according to the original description. Last flagellar segment about twice as long as the penultimate, according to the original description. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 4c). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.41. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum (Fig. 4c) imbricated dorsally and medially, wrinkled basally; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 4d) about as wide as long, finely coriaceous to imbricated, with weak, discontinuous transversal elements; anterior grooves weakly impressed, extended 1/4 of the mesoscutal length. Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3 (sometimes only visible in the distal half of the mesoscutum). Median groove absent. Parapsidal grooves weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Scutellum (Fig. 4d) rounded, about as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae small, ovate, shallow, smooth, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleurae (Fig. 4c) regularly and densely striate basally and medially, speculum smooth; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae slightly curved and convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcated dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal tooth. Wings. Fore wings pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length. Radial cell closed and 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet inconspicuous. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 4c). First metasomal segment weakly sulcated dorsally and laterally, with furrows reaching only the half of the segment. Syntergite smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and with a posterodorsal patch of micropunctures somewhat extended laterally; not dorsodistally incised, very slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine about 2.7 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following morphological traits: body length 1.5 mm (n = 2). Antennae 15-segmented (according to the original description); F1 about 1.4 times as long as F2; F1 not curved, medially incised, long, expanded basally and apically. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of compound eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus metasoma. Distribution. USA. Stanford University campus, Santa Clara County, state of California (McCracken & Egbert 1922). Biology. Reared from galls of Andricus confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 on Quercus lobata Née (Quercus section) (McCracken & Egbert 1922). Remarks. Synergus confertus was originally described from 5♂ and 3♀ (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 56). We located and examined 2♂ and 3♀ belonging to the type series: 1♂ and 1♀ deposited in CAS with a ‘Type’ label, and 1♂ and 2♀ deposited in USNM. The authors state that the ‘Type’ was deposited at the Stanford Entomological Museum, later absorbed by CAS; however, in the published ‘Type’ section they do not specify any specimen data details except for the type depository of this species. As a result, and since the descriptors did not designate a holotype, a lectotype has been designated and deposited in CAS. According to the original description, S. confertus has the last tarsal segments black or darkened; however, this trait is not noticeable in the examined specimens., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["McCracken, I. & Egbert, D. (1922) California gall-making Cynipidae with descriptions of new species. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences, 3 (1), 1 - 76.","Gillette, C. P. (1896) A monograph of the genus Synergus. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23, 85 - 100."]}

Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, 1896 (Figure 1) Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, 1896. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 189. Type material: USNM. Synergus maculatus Fullaway, 1911. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 371 [not Synergus maculatus Tavares, 1920]. Type material: USNM (see remarks). Synonymized by Weld (1952: 337). Synergus obscurus McCracken & Egbert, 1922. Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 57. Type material: CAS. Synonymized by Weld (1952: 337). Type material of Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, 1896 (examined) . LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Los Angeles Co. CAL.’ (white label) / ‘125’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 3289 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus agrifoliae Ashm. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00779886’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, 1896, IL-V desig-2017’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (4♂ & 4♀) with the following labels: ‘125’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Los Angeles Co. CAL.’ (white label) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 3289 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus agrifoliae Ashm. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, 1896, IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (4♂ and 2♀); ‘ Los Angeles Co. CAL.’ (white label) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘ Cynipid on Quercus agrifolia, 125’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type No. 3289 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, 1896, IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (2♀). Type material of Synergus maculatus Fullaway, 1911 (examined) . LECTOTYPE ♂ with the following labels: ‘Stanford Univ. Calif. R. W. Patterson’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘cotype’ (pink label) / ‘ Synergus maculatus Full. ’ (white label, handwritten) (x2) / ‘ Lectotype ♂ Synergus maculatus Fullaway, 1911, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, 1896, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label). Type material of Synergus obscurus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (examined) . LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘L.S.J.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 67’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus obscurus McC & Eg’ (white label with a red frame) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5805’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus obscurus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, 1896, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label). Additional material (9♂ & 10♀). Non-type material deposited in USNM (examined) with the following labels: ‘Santa Cruz, Calif., Mar.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Ex. 1726’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Q. agrifolia ’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus obscurus McC + Egb.’ (white label, handwritten) (1♂ & 1♀); ‘Palo Alto, Cal., 1915’ (white label) / ‘1726’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus agrifoliae Ashm., cwt. Weld 1923’ (white label, handwritten) (1♀); ‘Pasadena, Cal.’ (white label) / Èx. 1727’ (white label, handwritten) (1♀); ‘StaCruz, Mts. Cal.’ (white label) / ‘Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus agrifoliae Ashm., det. Weld 1942’ (white label, handwritten) (1♀); ‘ Synergus obscurus McC. + Eg.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘On Q. agrifolia, Stan Univ., Cal. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘3B, 1B, Mar. 14, 33’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus obscurus McC+ Egb.’ (white label, handwritten) (1♂); ‘PcificGrove, Cal., Jan 2-18’ (white label, handwritten) (1♂); ‘SantaBarbara, Cal.’ (white label) / ‘1726’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus maculatus Full., c.w.t. Weld 1923’ (white label, handwritten) (1♂); ‘Orange, Calif.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Q. agrifolia ’ (white label) / ‘1726’ (white label, handwritten) (2♂ & 1♀); ‘Hopk. U.S. 15640b’ (white label) / ‘Reared June 26.22 (white label) / ‘ Quercus garryana ’ (white label) / ‘Fort Jones, Calif.’ (white label) / ‘L. H. Weld Collector’ (white label) (3♂ & 5♀). Diagnosis. Synergus agrifoliae is morphologically close to S. confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 and S. walshii Gillette, 1896 (see below), but differs from these species mainly by having the mesoscutum finely coriaceous to reticulated (coriaceous or imbricated, with weak discontinuous transversal elements in the above-mentioned species), mesopleurae basally and medially with spaced striae (with dense striae in in the above-mentioned species) and the body mainly brownish yellow to yellow (mainly black, dark brown or rufous in the above-mentioned species) (see the descriptions of both species and the identification key). ......continued on the next page * Quercus sections have been assigned following http://oaks.of.the.world.free.fr/liste.htm (Last entry date: May 2020) Redescription. FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0– 2.4 mm (n = 5). Color (Fig. 1a, b). Brownish yellow to yellow. Head yellow, lower face and genae yellow, frons and vertex usually yellow, with some black near ocelli or even with a conspicuous black spot in some specimens; sometimes, frons, vertex and occiput brownish. Antennae yellowish brown to testaceous, the tip slightly darker. Mesosoma mostly yellow to yellowish brown; mesoscutum usually yellow, somewhat dark anteriorly in some specimens; scutellum anteriorly sometimes black; space between coxae black in some specimens; mesopleurae usually yellow, brown to dark brown in some specimens, sometimes only black basally; propodeum usually dark, rarely totally yellow; tegulae yellow. Metasoma yellowish orange, sometimes dorsally darker. Legs mostly light yellow. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow. Head. In frontal view, almost 1.3 times as wide as high, genae not expanded behind compound eyes. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of compound eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about 1.2 times as long as height of compound eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of compound eye; distance between torulus and compound eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae very short and narrow, not reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, without punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 12.5: 6: 6.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures. Antennae (Fig. 1a). 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel 1.4 times as long as wide; F1 about 1.3 times as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 2.7 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11. Mesosoma. Slightly longer than high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 1a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.4. Pronotal plate indistinct (Fig. 1b). Lateral pronotum (Fig. 1a) finely coriaceous; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 1b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, finely coriaceous to reticulated; anterior grooves inconspicuous. Notauli incomplete, narrow, not well impressed. Median groove absent. Parapsidal grooves weakly impressed, reaching tegulae. Scutellum (Fig. 1b) rounded, about as long as wide, weakly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae small, ovate, shallow, smooth, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleurae (Fig. 1a) basally and medially with spaced striae, speculum smooth; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcated dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal tooth. Wings. Fore wings pubescent with moderately long marginal setae, as long as mesosoma plus metasoma (Fig. 1a). Radial cell closed and 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet inconspicuous. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma, almost as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 1a). First metasomal segment sulcated dorsally and laterally. Syntergite smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and with a posterodorsal patch of micropunctures somewhat extended laterally (not reaching the half of the syntergite height); not incised dorsodistally, slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following morphological traits: body length 1.5 mm (n = 4). Antennae 15-segmented; F1 slightly curved, medially incised, long, slightly expanded basally and almost straight apically. Metasoma shorter than head plus metasoma. Distribution. USA. Different localities from the state of California (Ashmead 1896; Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922; and in this work, see the additional material examined). Biology. Synergus agrifoliae was described from specimens reared from a gall ‘not unlike Neuroterus saltatorius (Edwards, 1874) occurring on Quercus agrifolia Née (Lobatae section)’ (Ashmead 1896: 189). The galls from which the synonyms of S. agrifoliae (S. maculatus and S. obscurus) were reared are described by both Fullaway (1911: 371) and McCracken & Egbert (1922: 58) as small round brown galls 2.0 mm in diameter located on upper sides of leaves of Q. agrifolia. Synergus agrifoliae was also reared from galls on Q. garryana Dougl. ex Hook. (Quercus section), according to the labels of some of the non-type specimens found in USNM (see details under the additional material examined). Remarks. Synergus agrifoliae was originally described from 13 specimens (Ashmead 1896: 189). We located and examined 4♂ and 5♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. As it is not stated in the original description, a lectotype has been designated. Synergus maculatus was described from an unstated number of specimens (Fullaway 1911: 371). We located and examined a single male deposited in USNM; however, based on Fullaway’s description there could be more specimens belonging to the type series. According to Fullaway (1911: 331–332), the type material of S. maculatus was deposited in the Stanford collection (later absorbed by CAS), but there are not specimens belonging to the type series in this institution (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). As a result, and since the descriptor did not designate a holotype, we have designated the male found in USNM as the lectotype of S. maculatus. Synergus obscurus was described from 4♀ (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 58). We located and examined a single female deposited in CAS. The authors do not specify which female is the holotype, so we designated the single located female as the lectotype of S. obscurus. According to the original description of S. agrifoliae (Ashmead 1896: 189), females have 13-segmented antennae; however, all the examined females of the type series have 14-segmented antennae (which matches with the descriptions of S. maculatus and S. obscurus)., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 4-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Ashmead, W. H. (1896) Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23 (2), 179 - 234.","Fullaway, D. T. (1911) Monograph of the gall-making Cynipidae (Cynipinae) of California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 4 (4), 331 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 4.4.331","McCracken, I. & Egbert, D. (1922) California gall-making Cynipidae with descriptions of new species. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences, 3 (1), 1 - 76.","Gillette, C. P. (1896) A monograph of the genus Synergus. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23, 85 - 100."]}

Synergus walshii Gillette, 1896 Synophrus albipes Walsh, 1864. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 2: 496. Type material: MCZ [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b)]. Synergus albipes: Osten-Sacken (1865). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4: 377 [Preoccupied by Hartig (1841)]. Synergus walshii Gillette, 1896. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 90, 97. New name by Gillette (1896: 98). Diagnosis. Synergus walshii is morphologically close to S. confertus (see above), whose main differences have already been commented on (see the diagnosis of S. confertus and the identification key). Brief redescription. Female antenna 14-segmented, according to the original description (males unknown, antennae broken); F1 about 1.3 times as long as F 2 in females, 1.6 in males; F1 of males slightly curved and expanded apically; frons and vertex coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae very short and narrow; mesoscutum coriaceous with weak, discontinuous transversal elements; notauli almost complete, shallowly impressed and faint before reaching the pronotal margin; scutellum very finely wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; scutellar foveae subtriangular, smooth, shallow, not well defined; circumscutellar carina distinct but obscured by wrinkles; mesopleurae basally and medially regularly and finely striate, speculum smooth; metasoma not dorsodistally incised, not pointed, about as high as long or at most 1.2 times as long as high, and just with scarce posterodorsal micropunctures not forming a true patch; hypopygium finely punctate; radial cell closed, 2.6 times as long as wide in females, 2.3 in males; tarsal claws with a basal tooth; body mainly black and chestnut. For more details on the morphology of this species, see Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b). Distribution. USA. States of Illinois (Walsh 1864; Burks 1979) and Michigan (Gillette 1896). Biology. Reared from woolly galls induced by Andricus quercusflocci (Walsh, 1864) [= A. flocci (Osten-Sacken, 1865)] probably on white oaks, according to Walsh (1864). Remarks. Synergus walshii was redescribed and commented in Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b)., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Gillette, C. P. (1896) A monograph of the genus Synergus. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23, 85 - 100.","Walsh, B. D. (1864) On dimorphism in the hymenopterous genus Cynips; with an appendix, containing hints for a new classification of Cynipidae and a list of Cynipidae, including descriptions of several new species, inhabiting the oak-galls of Illinois. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2, 443 - 500.","Osten-Sacken, C. R. von. (1865) Contributions to the natural history of the Cynipidae of the United States and of their galls. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 4 (3), 331 - 380.","Lobato-Vila, I., Cibrian-Tovar, D., Barrera-Ruiz, U. M., Equihua-Martinez, A., Estrada-Venegas, E. G., Tovar-Sanchez, E., Castillo-Mendoza, E., Buffington, M. L. & Pujade-Villar J. (2020 b) Review of the Synergus Hartig species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) associated with woolly galls on oaks from the New World, with the description of a new species from Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 122 (3), 678 - 715. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.122.3.678","Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107."]}

Synergus longiscapus Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 Synergus longiscapus Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017. Zoological Studies 56 (36): 14. Type material: UB (holotype), paratypes in UB, USNM and AMNH [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017)]. Material examined (37♂ & 102♀). New material collected in Mexico and deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: 460, Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, CDMX), 19°21’09.78’’ N, 99°15’55.02’’ W’, Ex. Loxaulus hyalinus, Q. laeta, (26.iii.2018), 23.iv-20.v.2018, JP-V leg. Diagnosis. Synergus longiscapus is morphologically close to S. cibriani, S. citriformis and S. longimalaris (see above), whose main differences have already been commented on (see the diagnosis of S. cibriani, S. citriformis and S. longimalaris, and the identification key). Brief redescription. Female antenna 14-segmented, male antenna 15-segmented; scape long, usually as long as or longer than F1; F1 as long as F 2 in females and just slightly longer in males; F1 of males weakly expanded apically and basally; malar space 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye; frons and vertex coriaceous to alutaceous, frons with scarce small punctures; frontal carinae absent; mesoscutum finely coriaceous; notauli incomplete and narrow, faint in the anterior 1/3; scutellum finely coriaceous, weakly imbricated posteriorly; scutellar foveae inconspicuous; circumscutellar carina well defined, but not upturned; mesopleurae anteriorly and medially with regular striae, basally smooth, speculum also smooth; metasoma not dorsodistally incised, pointed and with a few weak micropunctures forming a posterodorsal patch; radial cell closed, 2.4 times as long as wide; tarsal claws with a basal tooth; body black and yellow; in males, head yellow except for a black spot in the ocellar area. For more details on the morphology of this species, see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017). Distribution. Mexico. States of Ciudad de México, México, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, Veracruz and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b; and in this work, see the material examined). Biology. Mainly associated with woolly galls initiated by Andricus, but also with other gall morphotypes (never tuberous galls) initiated by Andricus (like A. sphaericus and other undetermined species), Cynips, Disholcapsis, Neuroterus eugeros Pujade-Villar, 2018 and some undetermined small spherical galls on leaves, on oaks of both Quercus and Lobatae sections (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b). Here also obtained from Loxaulus hyalinus Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2014 (see the material examined)., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2017) Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies, 56 (36), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2017.56 - 36","Lobato-Vila, I., Cibrian-Tovar, D., Barrera-Ruiz, U. M., Equihua-Martinez, A., Estrada-Venegas, E. G., Tovar-Sanchez, E., Castillo-Mendoza, E., Buffington, M. L. & Pujade-Villar J. (2020 b) Review of the Synergus Hartig species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) associated with woolly galls on oaks from the New World, with the description of a new species from Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 122 (3), 678 - 715. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.122.3.678","Pujade-Villar, J., Ferrer-Suay, M., Cuesta-Porta, V. & Lobato-Vila, I. (2018) Does Biorhiza Westwood, 1840 (Hym.: Cynipidae) exist in Mexico? Folia Entomologica Mexicana (nueva serie), 4 (3), 110 - 127.","Pujade-Villar, J., Wang, Y. P., Chen, X. X. & He, J. H. (2014) Taxonomic review of East Palaearctic species of Synergus section I, with description of a new species from China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipinae). Zoological Systematics, 39 (4), 534 - 544."]}

Synergus laeviventris (Osten-Sacken, 1861) (Figure 4 g–h) Synophrus laeviventris Osten Sacken, 1861. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 1: 57. Type material: MCZ. Synergus laeviventris: Osten-Sacken (1865). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4: 375. Type material (examined). HOLOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Gall of C. confluens Harris’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ S. laeviventris O.S.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Osten Sacken Coll.’ (white label) / ‘Type 13972’ (red label) / ‘ MCZ Image Database’ (white label) / ‘ MCZ-ENT 00013972’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synophrus laeviventris Osten-Sacken, 1861, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus laeviventris (Osten-Sacken) Osten-Sacken, 1865, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label). Diagnosis. Synergus laeviventris is morphologically close to S. cibriani, S. citriformis (see above), S. longimalaris Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 and S. longiscapus Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 (see below), but differs from them mainly by having the mesoscutum with weak, discontinuous transversal elements (without transversal elements in the above-mentioned species); the notauli complete (incomplete in the above-mentioned species); the scutellar foveae small, circular, shallow, separated by a wide septum (shallowly impressed and almost inconspicuous or absent in the above-mentioned species); and the metasoma without punctures (with a few punctures in the above-mentioned species) (see the descriptions of all these species and the identification key). Redescription. FEMALE. Length. Body length 1.8 mm (n = 1). Color (Fig. 4 g–h). Brown. Head, mesosoma and metasoma brown; tegulae yellow. Antennae and legs, yellow; metacoxae somewhat darker basally. Wings hyaline, veins light yellow. Head. In frontal view, about 1.1 times as wide as high, genae just slightly expanded behind compound eyes. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of compound eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of compound eye; distance between torulus and compound eye about as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli slightly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae absent. Head in dorsal view about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, without punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 12: 7.5: 5.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3.5. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures. Antennae. 14-segmented, according to the original description (antennae of the type are broken, Fig. 4g); pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about 1.4 times as long as F1; pedicel 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 about 1.4 times as long as F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment is somewhat less than 1/5 the length of the preceding, according to Osten-Sacken (1865: 375). Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 4g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.28. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum (Fig. 4g) finely coriaceous; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 4h) as wide as long, alutaceous to finely coriaceous, with some weak, discontinuous transversal elements; anterior grooves inconspicuous. Notauli complete and narrow. Median groove absent. Parapsidal grooves very narrow, almost inconspicuous. Scutellum (Fig. 4h) about 1.5 times as long as wide, finely coriaceous to alutaceous; circumscutellar carina well-defined, somewhat upturned and projected; scutellar foveae small, circular and very shallow, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a wide septum. Mesopleurae (Fig. 4g) finely striate medially and basally, speculum smooth; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured, almost smooth; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcated dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal tooth. Wings. Fore wings pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than mesosoma plus metasoma. Radial cell closed and 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet inconspicuous. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.5 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 4g). First metasomal segment sulcated dorsally and laterally. Syntergite smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and without punctures; not dorsodistally incised, pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Unknown. Distribution. USA. State of Washington D.C., according to the original description and Burks (1979); Colorado and Michigan, according to Gillette (1896). Biology. Originally reared from Amphibolips confluenta (Harris, 1841) on Quercus rubra L. (Lobatae section) (Osten-Sacken 1861). Some years later, Osten-Sacken (1865) reared four more females from the galls of Amphibolips quercusspongifica (Osten Sacken, 1862) and Atrusca quercuscentricola (Osten Sacken, 1861), as well as from an unnamed gall on Quercus falcata Michx. (Lobatae section) which was described by Osten-Sacken (1861), according to Osten-Sacken (1865). Gillette (1896) also bred some specimens of this species from Disholcaspis rubens (Gillette, 1893) and D. quercusglobulus (Fitch, 1859). Remarks. Synergus laeviventris was originally described from a single female (Osten-Sacken 1861: 57). Its description was later improved by the same author after obtaining four more females from different galls (Osten-Sacken 1865: 375). According to both the original description (Osten-Sacken 1861) and the notes provided by the same author some years later (Osten-Sacken 1865), S. laeviventris has the mesosoma black and the metasoma black or chestnut; however, the specimen examined has the body entirely brown. Osten-Sacken (1865: 375) says ‘mesosoma in older specimens often become brownish or reddish-brown’, so we think the color differences observed in the type specimen are the same observed by its descriptor., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Osten-Sacken, C. R. von (1861) On the Cynipidae of the North American oaks and their galls. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 1 (3), 47 - 72.","Osten-Sacken, C. R. von. (1865) Contributions to the natural history of the Cynipidae of the United States and of their galls. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 4 (3), 331 - 380.","Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2017) Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies, 56 (36), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2017.56 - 36","Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107.","Gillette, C. P. (1896) A monograph of the genus Synergus. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23, 85 - 100."]}

Synergus succinipedis (Ashmead, 1885) (Figure 5 e–f) Ceroptres succinipedis Ashmead, 1885. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 300. Type material: USNM. Synergus succinipedis: Weld (1922). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61 (18): 26. Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Jacksnville, Fla.’ (white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘Type No. 14540 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘ Ceroptres succinipedis Ashm, Type’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00802361’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Ceroptres succinipedis Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus succinipedis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2017’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPES (1♀) with the following labels: ‘Jacksnville, Fla.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 14540 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960818’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Ceroptres succinipedis Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus succinipedis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2017’ (white label). Diagnosis. Synergus succinipedis is morphologically close to S. campanula (see above), whose main differences have already been commented on (see the diagnosis of S. campanula and the identification key). Redescription. FEMALE. Length. Body length 1.5–1.8 mm (n = 2). Color (Fig. 5 e–f). Brownish black to rufous. Brownish black to rufous, face and genae lighter. Antennae yellow. Mesosoma dark brown to rufous; tegulae yellow. Metasoma rufous. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow. Head. In frontal view round-shaped, almost 1.3 times as wide as high, genae slightly expanded behind compound eyes. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of compound eye. Toruli situated mid-height of compound eye; distance between torulus and compound eye about as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae almost inconspicuous, branched and not reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with scarce small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 9.5: 9.5: 8 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 8. Occiput finely coriaceous, without punctures. Antennae (Fig. 5e). 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about 1.3 times as long as F1; pedicel 1.6 times as long as wide; F1 1.5 times as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.3 times as long as wide and about 1.7 times as long as F11. Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 5e). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.44. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum (Fig. 5e) strongly imbricated to weakly carinated, especially basally; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 5f) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with weak discontinuous transversal elements to weakly wrinkled, interspaces alutaceous; anterior grooves weakly impressed. Notauli complete, less impressed anteriorly, somewhat interrupted by wrinkles. Median groove absent. Parapsidal grooves inconspicuous. Scutellum (Fig. 5f) rounded, about as long as wide or at most 1.1 times as long as wide, wrinkled, interspaces alutaceous; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleurae (Fig. 5e) regularly striate basally and medially, speculum smooth; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching 4/5 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcated dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal tooth. Wings. Fore wings pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than mesosoma plus metasoma (Fig. 5e). Radial cell closed, 2.6 times as long as wide; areolet visible almost inconspicuous, all veins pale. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 5e). First metasomal segment sulcated dorsally and laterally. Syntergite smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a very few setae and posteriorly with an incomplete band of micropunctures extending 1/4–1/3 of the syntergite length, less extended dorsally; not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Not examined (not located). Distribution. USA. State of Florida (Ashmead 1885; Burks 1979). Biology. Reared from galls of Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Ashmead, 1881) (= Disholcaspis quercussuccinipes (Ashmead, 1881) after Melika et al. (2013)), according to the original description, which are found on Quercus virginiana Mill. (Virentes section), according to Burks (1979). Remarks. Synergus succinipedis was described from an unstated number of specimens (Ashmead 1885: 300). We located and examined 2♀ deposited in USNM. As it is not stated in the original description, a lectotype has been designated., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460","Weld, L. H. (1922) Notes on cynipid wasps, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 61 (2439), 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.61 - 2439.1","Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107.","Melika, G., Buss, E. A., Nicholls, J. A., Platt Bird, J. & Stone, G. N. (2013) Life cycle of Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) with a description of the sexual generation. Florida Entomologist, 96 (3), 991 - 1001. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.096.0337"]}

Synergus striatifrons Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 Synergus striatifrons Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017. Zoological Studies 56 (36): 20. Type material: UB (holotype), paratypes in UB, USNM and AMNH [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017)]. Material examined (56♂ & 97♀). New material collected in Mexico and deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: P311, Huixquilucan (EDO. MEX.), 19º21’40’’N, 99º21’03’’W, 2712m, Ex. Amphibolips hidalgoensis, Quercus sp., (05.vi.2017) emergència, M. Serrano leg.: 3♂ & 1♀; MEX: P379, Crta. Tulancingo-Pachuca (Singuilucan, HGO), 20º03’23.64’’N, 98º27’22.90’’W, 2390m, Ex. Amphibolips nr hidalgoensis, Q. crassipes, (24. vi.2018) vi.2019, JP-V leg.: 53♂ & 96♀. Diagnosis. Synergus striatifrons is the only species addressed in this study that has the frons covered with striae projecting from toruli and lower face to the frons, reaching lateral ocelli. Brief redescription. Female antenna 14-segmented, male antenna 15-segmented; F1 about 1.5 times as long as F2; F1 of males curved, long, weakly expanded apically and basally; face wide, more or less quadrate, transfacial line being about 1.3 times as long as height of compound eyes; malar space 0.8 times as long as height of compound eye; frons and vertex finely coriaceous, without punctures; frons covered by multiple weak striae extending from lower face and toruli to lateral ocelli; mesoscutum finely coriaceous, with a few piliferous punctures; notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3, wider posteriorly; scutellum finely coriaceous; scutellar foveae very shallow, with posterior margins indistinct, covered with some striae, separated by a narrow carina; circumscutellar carina well defined, projected and upturned; mesopleurae with a few striae medially, dorsally and basally smooth and shiny; metasoma not dorsodistally incised, clearly longer than high and with a few weak micropunctures forming a posterodorsal patch; radial cell closed, about 2.3 times as long as wide; tarsal claws with a small basal tooth; body mainly black or chestnut and yellow. For more details on the morphology of this species, see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017). Distribution. Mexico. Originally described from the states of Ciudad de México, Tlaxcala and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017) and here also reared from galls collected in the states of Hidalgo and México (see the material examined). Biology. Reared from galls of Amphibolips hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2011 and A. zacatequensis Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2011 on Quercus eduardi Trel. and Q. crassipes Humb. & Bonpl. (Lobatae section) (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; and in this work, see the material examined). Some of the new specimens presented in the additional material (P379) were obtained from galls that resemble those of A. hidalgoensis, but that stopped growing in early stages of their development as a result of being attacked by parasitoids or lethal inquilines (probably S. striatifrons)., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2017) Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies, 56 (36), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2017.56 - 36"]}

Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (Figure 5 a–b) Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922. Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 56. Type material: CAS (lectotype), paralectotypes in CAS and USNM. Synergus profusus McCracken & Egbert, 1922. Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 59 syn. nov. Type material: CAS (lectotype), paralectotypes in CAS and USNM. Type material of Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (examined) . LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 72’ (white label) / ‘ New species Apr. 1915 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ ♀ Type’ (red label) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5803’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2018’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2♂) deposited in CAS and USNM with the following labels: ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 72’ (white label) / ‘ ♂ Type’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pacificus McC & Eg.’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5803’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2018’ (red label) (1♂); ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 72’ (white label) / ‘ ♂ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘Beut. Coll. rec’d1939’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus pacificus Egbert’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 53993, U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pacificus Mc +Egb.’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960963’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♂). Type material of Synergus profusus McCracken & Egbert, 1922. LECTOTYPE ♀ (examined) with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 23’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ Type’ (red label) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5807’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus profusus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPES (5♂ & 5♀) deposited in CAS (1♂) and USNM (4♂ & 5♀) (examined) with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 23’ (white label) / ‘ ♂ Type’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus profusus McC & Eg.’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5807’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus profusus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1♂); ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 23’ (white label) / ‘I. McCracken Col.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘Ex. gall of Cynips canescens ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 24501’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus profusus McC & Eg.’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype Synergus profusus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (2♂ & 2♀); ‘StanU, Cal., Mar 1915 ’ / ‘L.S.Jr.U. Lot. 554, Sub. 23’ (white label) / ‘Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘ Synergus profusus Egbert’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Beut. Coll., rec’d1939’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype Synergus profusus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (2♂ & 3♀). Fifty-three more specimens deposited in CAS (sex unknown, not examined) remain under the category of syntype (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). Diagnosis. Synergus pacificus is morphologically close to S. flavens (see above), whose main differences have already been commented on (see the diagnosis of S. flavens and the identification key). Redescription. FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0–3.0 mm (n = 7). Color (Fig. 5 a–b). Dark reddish brown to black. Head brownish, lower face and ocellar area darker, genae lighter; a somewhat light halo around the oral fovea. Antennae yellow. Mesosoma dark brown to black; tegulae yellow. Metasoma dark reddish-brown. Legs yellow, coxae darker, especially metacoxae. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Head. In frontal view, about 1.2 times as wide as high, genae not expanded behind compound eyes. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of compound eye. Toruli situated mid-height of compound eye; distance between torulus and compound eye clearly shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae narrow, not reaching lateral ocelli, almost inconspicuous. Head in dorsal view is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with scarce small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 4: 2.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput finely coriaceous, with scarce small piliferous punctures. Antennae (Fig. 5a). 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 about as long as F2 or at most 1.1 times as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment almost 3.3 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11. Mesosoma. About 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 5a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.45. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum (Fig. 5a) strongly coriaceous dorsally, weakly carinated basally; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 5b) about 1.1 times as wide as long, strongly coriaceous to weakly discontinuously carinated or with weak discontinuous transversal elements, interspaces coriaceous; anterior grooves weakly impressed, reaching at most 1/3 of the mesoscutum length. Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3, somewhat interrupted by carinae. Median groove absent. Parapsidal grooves weakly impressed, reaching tegulae. Scutellum (Fig. 5b) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled, interspaces alutaceous; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular, shallow, weakly sculptured, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleurae (Fig. 5a) basally and medially regularly striate, speculum smooth; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae very slightly curved but parallel. Nucha sulcated dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal tooth. Wings. Fore wings pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length (Fig. 5a). Radial cell closed and 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet visible, posterior vein more pigmented, the rest inconspicuous. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 5a). First metasomal segment sulcated dorsally and laterally. Syntergite smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a very few setae and posteriorly with a band of micropunctures extending about 1/3 of the syntergite length, less extended dorsally; not dorsodistally incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following morphological traits: body length about 2.0 mm (n = 7). Antennae 15-segmented; F1 strongly excavated and strongly expanded apically; last flagellar segment 1.3 times as long as F12 and 2.5 times as long as wide. POL: OOL: LOL = 6.5: 3: 2.5. Malar space 0.5 times as long as height of compound eye. Mesopleurae slightly coriaceous anteriorly. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma, punctures extending 1/3 of the syntergite length. Head yellow, except for a dark spot in the ocellar area. Distribution. USA. Different localities from the state of California (McCracken & Egbert 1922). Biology. Synergus pacificus was reared from galls of Heteroecus pacificus (Ashmead, 1896) on Quercus chrysolepis (Protobalanus section), while S. profusus was reared from galls of Disholcaspis canescens (Bassett, 1890) on Q. douglasii Hook. & Arn. (Quercus section) (McCracken & Egbert 1922). Remarks. Synergus pacificus was described from 5♂ and 1♀ (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 57) and S. profusus, from 24♂ and 40♀ (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 60). We located and examined 2♂ and 1♀ of S. pacificus (1♂ and 1♀ with a ‘Type’ label deposited in CAS, and 1♂ deposited in USNM) and 5♂ and 6♀ of S. profusus (1♂ and 1♀ with a ‘Type’ label deposited in CAS, and 4♂ and 5♀ deposited in USNM, while fifty-three unstudied specimens are deposited in CAS (R. Zuparko pers. comm.)) belonging to the type series of each species. The authors comment that the ‘Type’ of these species was deposited at the Stanford Entomological Museum, later absorbed by CAS; however, in the ‘Type’ section they do not specify anything else but the type depository. As a result, and since the descriptors did not designate a holotype, a lectotype for each species has been designated and deposited in CAS. After examining these two species, we found no significate morphological differences to keep considering them as different species. As a result, we propose S. profusus as a new synonym of S. pacificus. According to the original descriptions, the specimens of both S. pacificus and S. profusus are black except for some yellowish areas, but the examined specimens go from dark brown to black with some reddish-brown areas. Since the rest of morphological traits are coincident with those of the original descriptions, we think this color differences may be the result of a discoloring process., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["McCracken, I. & Egbert, D. (1922) California gall-making Cynipidae with descriptions of new species. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences, 3 (1), 1 - 76.","Ashmead, W. H. (1896) Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23 (2), 179 - 234."]}

Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead, 1885) (Figure 5 c–d) Ceroptres pomiformis Ashmead, 1885. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 300. Type material: USNM. Synergus flavus Kieffer, 1904. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, ser. 2, 11: 133 syn. nov. Type material: USNM (lectotype), paralectotypes in USNM and CAS. Synergus varicolor Fullaway, 1911. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 371 syn. nov. Type material: USNM. Synergus pomiformis: Weld (1922). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61: 26. Synergus variegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922. Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 51 (in part). Type material (in part): paralectotypes in USNM. Type material of Ceroptres pomiformis Ashmead, 1885 (examined) . LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Riverside, California’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Type No. 14539 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Ceroptres pomiformis Ashm. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00802255’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Ceroptres pomiformis Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2017’ (white label). Type material of Synergus flavus Kieffer, 1904 (examined) . LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Claremont Cal., Baker’ (white label) / ‘ U.S. N.M. Paratype No. 25005’ (red label) / ‘USNMENT 00960403’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus flavus Kieffer, 1904, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPES (3♀) with the following labels: ‘Claremont Cal., Baker’ (white label) / ‘ U.S. N.M. Paratype No 25005’ (red label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus flavus Kieffer, 1904, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (2♀); ‘Claremont, Col. Baker’ (white label) / ‘ U.S. N.M. Paratype No 25005’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus flavus Kieff., by exch. with Panama’ (white label, handwritten)’ / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus flavus Kieffer, 1904, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1♀). Six more specimens deposited in CAS (sex unknown, not examined) remain under the category of syntype (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). Type material of Synergus varicolor Fullaway, 1911 (examined) . LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Stanford Univ. Calif., R.W. Patterson’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot 500, Sub 18’ (white label) / ‘Cotype’ (pink label) / ‘ Synergus varicolor Full’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus varicolor Full’ (white label, handwritten; the same as the previous label) / ‘Beut. Coll. rec’ d1939’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 01081309 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus varicolor Fullaway, 1911, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPES (1♂ & 3♀) with the following labels: ‘Stanford Univ. Calif., R.W. Patterson’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘L.S.Jr. U., Lot 500, Sub 18’ (white label) / ‘Cotype’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus varicolor Full’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Beut. Coll. rec’ d1939’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus varicolor Fullaway, 1911, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (2♀); ‘L.S.Jr. U., Lot 497, Sub 17’ (white label) / ‘PARATYPE’ (yellow label) / ‘ Paratype No. 24995 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘USNMENT 00960457’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus varicolor Fullaway, 1911, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1♂); ‘L.S.Jr. U., Lot 554, Sub 264’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘I. McCracken Col.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 24995 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus varicolor Fullaway, 1911, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1♀). Type material of Synergus variegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (in part; examined) . PARALECTOTYPES (1♂ & 2♀) with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot 554, Sub 226’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘PARATYPE’ (yellow label) / ‘ Synergus variegatus Egbert’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Beut. Coll. rec’ d1939’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus variegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1♀); ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot 554, Sub 226’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘I. McCracken col.’ (white label) / ‘PARATYPE’ (yellow label) / ‘ Paratype No. 24500 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus variegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1♀); ‘L.S.Jr. U., Lot 554, Sub 226’ (white label) / ‘ ♂ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘I. McCracken col.’ (white label) / ‘PARATYPE’ (yellow label) / ‘Ex gall of Andricus pacificus ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No 24500 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus variegatus McC. & Eg.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus variegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1♂). Additional material (13♂ & 22♀). Non-type material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘3847’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960986’ (white label, QR code) (1♂); ‘Marin Co. CAL.’ (white label) / ‘Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘On Quercus wisliceni, 22’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten; number 22 in red) / ‘Ex Andricus pomiformis Bass’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Ashm) det. Weld 1923’ (1♂ and 3♀ in the same pin); ‘ 2867 Jan. 29.86’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) (4♂ & 8♀); ‘Sacramento Co. CAL.’ (white label) / ‘Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘On Quercus wisliceni, 22’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten; number 22 in red) (1♀); ‘Nordhoff, CAL.’ (white label) / ‘ Q. agrifolia ’ (white label) / ‘Ex 1621’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis (Asmh.) = flavus Kieffer = varicolor McC+Egb.’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♂ & 1♀ in the same pin); ‘1621 L. H. Weld’ (white label) / ‘Ex. gall Callirhytis pomiformis ’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus pomiformis det. Weld 37 (Ashm)’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (6♂ & 6♀). New material collected in Mexico (3♀) and deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: 453 (Ordaz 2), Ejido Uruapan (B.C.), 31°37’18.001’’ N, 116°26’23.069’’ W, 202m, Ex. undescribed Amphibolips, Q. agrifolia, (19.x.2018) 10.xi.2018, S. Ordaz leg. Diagnosis. Synergus pomiformis is similar to S. cibriani, S. citriformis, S. laeviventris, S. longimalaris and S. longiscapus (see above), but differs from all of them mainly by having the scutellar foveae large and subquadrate to ovate (absent, inconspicuous or small and shallow in these species) and the circumscutellar carinae weak and not well defined (well defined, sometimes up-turned and projected, in these species) (see the descriptions of all these species and the identification key). Redescription. FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0– 2.5 mm (n = 30). Color (Fig. 5 c–d). Yellow to yellowish brown or brown. Head yellow or dark yellow to orange, darker between ocelli in lighter specimens or frons, vertex and occiput brownish in darker specimens. Antennae yellow to orange or testaceous. Mesosoma dark yellow to chestnut or light brown, scutellum dorsally generally darker; metathorax light brown; tegulae light yellow. Metasoma yellow to rufous. Legs yellow or somewhat testaceous. Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Head. In frontal view, about 1.2 times as wide as high, genae not expanded behind compound eyes. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of compound eye. Toruli situated mid-height of compound eye; distance between torulus and compound eye about as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, shiny, without punctures; frontal carinae absent. Head in dorsal view is almost 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, shiny, without punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 14.5: 11.5: 7 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6. Occiput finely coriaceous, with scattered piliferous punctures. Antennae (Fig. 5c). 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about 1.2 times as long as F1; pedicel 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 about 1.2 times as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and about 1.7 times as long as F11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 5c). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.24. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum (Fig. 5c) finely imbricated to weakly wrinkled; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 5d) about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous to finely imbricated, sometimes with some weak discontinuous transversal elements; anterior grooves inconspicuous. Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3 (sometimes only visible in the distal half of the mesoscutum). Median groove absent. Parapsidal grooves inconspicuous. Scutellum (Fig. 5d) rounded, about as long as wide or at most 1.1 times as long as wide, medially coriaceous to finely imbricated, weakly rugose laterally and posteriorly; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by rugae; scutellar foveae large, subquadrangular to ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleurae (Fig. 5c) regularly and separately striate medially, finely striate basally, speculum smooth; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching 4/5 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcated dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal tooth. Wings. Fore wings pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 5c). Radial cell ambiguously closed and 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet inconspicuous. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, about 1.4 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 5c). First metasomal segment sulcated dorsally and laterally, with furrows sometimes reaching only half of the segment. Syntergite smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and without punctures (or at least with a small posterodorsal patch of micropunctures); not dorsodistally incised, pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following morphological traits: body length 1.2–1.5 mm (n = 15). Antennae 15-segmented; F1 emarginated. Lighter body color. Distribution. USA, different localities from the state of California (Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922; and in this work, see the additional material) and Mexico, state of Baja California (see the additional material). Biology. Both Synergus pomiformis¸ S. flavus and S. varicolor were originally reared from galls of Callirhytis quercuspomiformis (Bassett, 1881) (= C. maculipennis Kieffer, 1904) (Ashmead 1885; Kieffer 1904; Fullaway 1911), which are found on Quercus wislizeni A. DC. and Q. agrifolia (Lobatae section), according to Burks (1979). Some non-type specimens formally determined to S. pomiformis deposited in USNM (see the additional material) were bred from galls of C. quercuspomiformis on Q. wislizeni and Q. agrifolia as well, according to their labels. For its part, the new material collected in Mexico emerged from galls of Amphibolips sp., probably a new species, on Q. agrifolia. Remarks. Synergus pomiformis was described from two specimens by Ashmead (1885: 300). The original description seems to refer only to males, but the only examined specimen deposited in USNM is a female. Labels indicate this female is part of the type series with no doubt, so we are of the opinion that one of the specimens mentioned by Ashmead must in fact be a female. As it is not stated in the original description, we designated as the lectotype of the type series the only examined female. Synergus flavus was described from an unstated number of specimens (Kieffer 1904: 133). We located and examined 4♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM, while six more unstudied specimens are deposited in CAS (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). The specimens at USNM are labelled as ‘Paratypes’, but Kieffer (1904) neither designated a holotype nor commented where did he deposit the type series. Hence, a lectotype for this species has been designated and deposited in USNM. Synergus varicolor was described from an unstated number of specimens (Fullaway 1911: 371). We located and examined 1♂ and 4♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. According to McCracken & Egbert (1922: 51), the type of this species was deposited in the Stanford Entomological Museum (later absorbed by CAS), but no type material is currently deposited in this institution (R. Zuparko pers. comm). We also found an empty pin with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr. U., Lot 497, Sub 17’ (white label) / ‘PARATYPE’ (yellow label) / ‘Ex. gall Callirh. pomiformis ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 24995 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus varicolor Full. ’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten); this and one of the paralectotypes have yellow ‘Paratype’ labels instead of ‘Cotype’ as most of Fullaway’s types. The term ‘Paratype’ was not used until some years after the publication of the description of S. varicolor, so we think these specimens were not labelled by Fullaway, but by a different author. Both the typology and the handwriting of these labels is the same as the one used in the species described by Mc-Cracken & Egbert (1922); so, we are of the opinion that these two authors labelled these specimens as ‘Paratypes’ probably after finding some notes written by Fullaway. Lastly, and since it is not stated in the original description, a lectotype for S. varicolor has been designated and deposited in USNM. After examining all this type material, we conclude S. pomiformis, S. flavus and S. varicolor are the same species. According to the original descriptions of S. pomiformis and S. varicolor, females of these three species have the mesosoma more or less black or with some dark surfaces, while in S. flavus the mesosoma is yellow with less dark areas. However, all the specimens examined display a moderate degree of coloration variability. As a result, and since the rest of morphological traits are identical between them and they were bred from the same galls and collected in the same state, we do not consider coloration variability prove enough to keep considering them as different species. Hence, S. flavus and S. varicolor are here proposed as new synonyms of S. pomiformis. This synonymy had already been proposed, but not formally published, in one of the labels found among the non-type material of S. pomiformis deposited in USNM (see the additional material), probably written by L. H. Weld, according to its handwriting. As it has been stated in the remarks section of S. flavens (see above), the type series of S. variegatus is composed of two different species. The specimens that belong to this type series that are deposited in USNM correspond to S. pomiformis. The only specimens of the type series that truly correspond to S. variegatus are those deposited in CAS., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 26-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460","Kieffer, J. J. (1904) Diagnoses de quelques nouveaux cynipides de Californie. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Metz, 2 (11), 131 - 133.","Fullaway, D. T. (1911) Monograph of the gall-making Cynipidae (Cynipinae) of California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 4 (4), 331 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 4.4.331","Weld, L. H. (1922) Notes on cynipid wasps, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 61 (2439), 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.61 - 2439.1","McCracken, I. & Egbert, D. (1922) California gall-making Cynipidae with descriptions of new species. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences, 3 (1), 1 - 76.","Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107."]}

Synergus citriformis (Ashmead, 1885) Ceroptres citriformis Ashmead, 1885. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 300. Type material: USNM [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017)]. Synergus niger Fullaway, 1911. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 369. Type material: CAS (lectotype), paralectotypes in CAS and USNM [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b)]. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b). Synergus citriformis: Weld (1922). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61 (18): 26. Synergus elegans Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero, 2011. Zootaxa 2774: 4. Type material: MNCN (holotype), paratypes in MNCN and MEUP [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017)]. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017: 6). Material examined (12♂ & 16♀). New material collected in Mexico and deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: 136, ‘La Mojonera’, Parque Africam Safari (Tecali de Herrera, PUE), 18°56’14.872’’N, 98°8’13.533’’W, Ex. Amphibolips hidalgoensis, Ex. Q. acutifolia, (iv.2012) v.2012, Lilia Ramírez-Santamaría leg.: 10♂ & 16♀; MEX: 351, Tlacotepec de Benito Juárez (PUE), 18°41’3.84’’N, 97°39’11.88’’W, Ex. Andricus nievesaldreyi, Q. obtusata, (08.vi.2013), vi.2013, Alondra leg.: 2♂. Diagnosis. Synergus citriformis is morphologically close to S. longiscapus Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 (see below), from which differs mainly by having scape shorter than F1 and F1 1.3 times as long as F 2 in both sexes (scape long, longer than F 1 in females and about as long as F 1 in males, and F1 as long as F 2 in females and just slightly longer in males of S. longiscapus) and the transfacial line 1.3 times as long as height of compound eye (about as long as height of compound eye in S. longiscapus) (see the diagnosis of S. longiscapus and the identification key); also, to S. cibriani Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 and S. longimalaris Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017 (see below), whose main differences have already been commented on (see the diagnosis of S. cibriani and the identification key). Brief redescription. Female antenna 14-segmented, male antenna 15-segmented; F1 1.3 times as long as F2; F1 of males slightly curved and expanded apically and basally; face wide, trapezoid-shaped, transfacial line about 1.3 times as long as height of compound eyes; malar space 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye; frons and vertex finely coriaceous, without punctures, shiny; frontal carinae absent; both mesoscutum and scutellum finely coriaceous to imbricated; notauli narrow and incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3; scutellar foveae inconspicuous or absent; circumscutellar carina well defined, upturned and somewhat projected; mesopleurae basally and medially regularly striate, speculum smooth; metasoma not dorsodistally incised, pointed and without micropunctures or just with scarce posterodorsal micropunctures not forming a true patch; radial cell ambiguously closed, 2.4 times as long as wide; tarsal claws with a basal tooth; body black and yellow. For more details on the morphology of this species, see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017). Distribution. USA (states of Florida and California) (Ashmead 1885; Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922), Panama (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011) and Mexico (states of Aguascalientes, Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz and Zacatecas) (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b; and in this work, see the material examined). Biology. Mainly associated with galls of Amphibolips on oaks of the Lobatae section, but also with woolly galls initiated by Andricus, Striatoandricus (a new Cynipini genus raised by Cuesta-Porta et al. (2020) to include some previously known species within Andricus), and Cynips, and with other gall morphotypes (never tuberous galls) initiated by Andricus, Atrusca, Cynips, Disholcaspis, Dros and Loxaulus on oaks of both Quercus and Lobatae sections (Ashmead 1885; McCracken & Egbert 1922; Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011; Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b; and in this work, see the material examined). Remarks. Synergus citriformis was examined and commented in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017) and commented also in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2018) and Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b)., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460","Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2017) Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies, 56 (36), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2017.56 - 36","Fullaway, D. T. (1911) Monograph of the gall-making Cynipidae (Cynipinae) of California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 4 (4), 331 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 4.4.331","Lobato-Vila, I., Cibrian-Tovar, D., Barrera-Ruiz, U. M., Equihua-Martinez, A., Estrada-Venegas, E. G., Tovar-Sanchez, E., Castillo-Mendoza, E., Buffington, M. L. & Pujade-Villar J. (2020 b) Review of the Synergus Hartig species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) associated with woolly galls on oaks from the New World, with the description of a new species from Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 122 (3), 678 - 715. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.122.3.678","Weld, L. H. (1922) Notes on cynipid wasps, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 61 (2439), 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.61 - 2439.1","Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. & Medianero, E. (2011) Taxonomy of inquilines of oak gall wasps of Panama, with description of eight new species of Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Synergini). Zootaxa, 2774 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2774.1.1","McCracken, I. & Egbert, D. (1922) California gall-making Cynipidae with descriptions of new species. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences, 3 (1), 1 - 76.","Cuesta-Porta, V., Arnedo, M. A., Cibrian-Tovar, D., Barrera-Ruiz, U. M., Garcia-Martinon, R. D., Equihua-Martinez, A., Estrada- Venegas, E. G., Clark-Tapia, R., Romero-Rangel, S. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2020) A new genus of oak gall wasp, Striatoandricus Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from America with descriptions of two new Mexican species. Zoological Studies, 59 (8), 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2020.59 - 08","Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2018) Estado actual del conocimiento de la diversidad de inquilinos de agallas de cinipidos en encinos de Mexico (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Entomologia Mexicana, 5, 435 - 443."]}

Synergus stelluli Burnett, 1976 Synergus stelluli Burnett, 1976. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78 (3): 270. Type material: presumably lost. Diagnosis. According to the original description, Synergus stelluli would be the only species addressed in this study that has lateral frontal carinae and a few micropunctures in the metasoma (at least in females) that also has the radial cell very short (2.1 times as long as wide), the vertex wrinkled in the ocellar area and the malar space 0.5 times as long as height of compound eye. Distribution. USA. Cajon Pass, San Bernardino county, state of California (Burnett 1976). Biology. Reared from Andricus stellulus Burnett, 1974 on Quercus dumosa Nutt. (= Q. durata) (Quercus section) (Burnett 1976). Remarks. The type material of this species is presumably lost. It is not deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (online database consulted), CAS (R. Zuparko pers. comm.), MCZ (Charles W. Farnum pers. comm.) nor USNM (collection examined). According to the original description (Burnett 1976), females of this species key out near S. variegatus (see S. flavens); however, S. stelluli differs from this species by the abovementioned morphological traits (see the diagnosis section). Since it has some characteristic morphological traits that make it different from the rest of species mentioned in this work (e. g. a very short radial cell length) and a unique combination of traits, we maintain S. stelluli as a valid species even though its type material is presumably lost. However, finding and examining the type material would allow for a better characterization of this species., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Burnett, J. A. (1976) Synergus stelluli, new species from Southern California (USA) associated with Andricus stellulus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Proceeding of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78 (3), 270 - 273."]}

Synergus flavens McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (Figure 4 e–f) Synergus flavens McCracken & Egbert, 1922. Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 55. Type material: CAS (lectotype), paralectotypes in USNM. Synergus variegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922. Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 51 syn. nov. (in part). Type material (in part): CAS (lectotype), paralectotype in CAS. Type material of Synergus flavens McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘StanU Cal, May 1915 ’ (white label) / ‘L.S.J.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 232’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (red label) / ‘ flavens ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Stanford Univ., Coll. L.A.C.M., Access’d 1964’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus flavens Mc. & Eg. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5814’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus flavens McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2♀) with the following labels: ‘StanU Cal, May 1915 ’ (white label) / ‘L.S.J.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 232’ (white label) / ‘PARATYPE’ (yellow label) / ‘ Synergus flavens McC + Egb’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘Paralectotye ♀ Synergus flavens McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♀); ‘StanU Cal, May 1915 ’ (white label) / ‘L.S.J.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 232’ (white label) / ‘PARATYPE’ (yellow label) / ‘ Synergus flavens Egbert’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Beut. Coll, rec’d1939’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No.52962 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘Paralectotye ♀ Synergus flavens McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♀). Type material of Synergus variegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (in part; examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot 554, Sub 226’ (white label) / ‘Type ♀ ’ (red label, handwritten) / ‘ variegatus ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Stanford Univ., Coll. L.A.C.M., Access’d 1964’ (white label) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5810’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus variegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus flavens McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPE (1♂) with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot 554, Sub 226’ (white label) / ‘Type ♂ ’ (red label, handwritten) / ‘ variegatus ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Stanford Univ., Coll. L.A.C.M., Access’d 1964’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus variegatus Mc. & Eg. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5810’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus variegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus flavens McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V det. 2019’ (white label). Additional material (7♀). Non-type material deposited in USNM (examined) with the following labels: ‘HopkUS 15614ª’ (white label) / ‘Reared VII-8-18’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus chrysolepis ’ (white label) / ‘CampBaldy Calif.’ (white label) / ‘L. H. Weld Collector’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960062’ (white label, QR code) (1♀); ‘HopkUS 15614ª’ (white label) / ‘Reared VI-24-18’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus chrysolepis ’ (white label) / ‘Camp-Baldy Calif.’ (white label) / ‘L. H. Weld Collector’ (white label) / ‘Ex Gall of Trichoteras coquilletti ’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus flavens McC + Egb, det. Weld 1937’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No.52962, U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘USNMENT 00960129’ (white label, QR code) (1♀); same as the previous one but without red label and ‘USNMENT 00960219’ (1♀), ‘USNMENT 00960371’ (1♀); ‘Hopk. U.S. 15641’ (white label) / ‘Reared Aug. 23 · 22’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus vaccinifolia ’ (white label) / ‘Tahoe City Cal’ (white label) / ‘L. H. Weld Collector’ / ‘ Synergus flavens McC + Egb, det. Weld 1937’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960291’ (white label, QR code) (1♀); same as the previous one, but ‘USNMENT 00960051’ (1♀); ‘Tahoe City, Cal. Aug · 14’ (white label) / ‘1702’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ vaccinifolia ’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus flavens McC + Egb’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀). Diagnosis. Synergus flavens is morphologically close to Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (see below), but differs from this species mainly by having the scutellar foveae large and subquadrangular (ovate to subtriangular in S. pacificus); metasoma weakly dorsodistally incised in females (not incised in males of S. pacificus); the last flagellar segment in females more than 4.0 times as long as wide (3.0 times in S. pacificus); body of males almost completely yellow, with the malar space 0.7 times as long as height of compound eye and POL 1.7 times as long as OOL (males mainly black, with the malar space 0.5 times the height of compound eye and POL 2.2 times as long as OOL in S. pacificus) (see the descriptions of both species and the identification key). Redescription. FEMLE. Length. Body length 2.0– 2.5 mm (n = 4). Color (Fig. 4 e–f). Yellowish brown with some dark to black areas. Head yellowish brown, ocellar area and occiput medially dark brown to black. Antennae dark yellow to testaceous. Mesosoma yellowish brown to dark brown or blackish; pronotum anterodorsally, mesoscutum medially (a stripe between notauli), scutellum dorsally, mesopleurae basally (sometimes entirely) and metapleuron, dark brown to black (some also have propodeum black) in lighter specimens; tegulae yellow. Metasoma yellowish orange, dorsally somewhat darker. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Head. In frontal view, almost 1.2 times as wide as high, genae not expanded behind compound eyes. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin very slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of compound eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line 0.9 times as long as height of compound eye. Toruli situated mid-height of compound eye; distance between torulus and compound eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with scattered small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow and weak, not reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.4 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with scattered small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 5: 3: 2.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2. Occiput coriaceous, with scattered small piliferous punctures. Antennae (Fig. 4e). 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel almost 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 about 1.2 times as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter; first flagellomeres long and thin. Last flagellar segment about 4.3 times as long as wide and about 1.6 times as long as F11. Mesosoma. About as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 4e). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.35. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum (Fig. 4e) imbricated to very weakly wrinkled basally; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 4f) about as wide as long, finely coriaceous to imbricated, with very weak, discontinuous transversal elements; anterior grooves weakly impressed, almost inconspicuous. Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3 (sometimes only visible in the distal half of the mesoscutum). Median groove absent. Parapsidal grooves weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Scutellum (Fig. 4f) rounded, about as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae subquadrangular, large, shallow, weakly sculptured, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleurae (Fig. 4e) regularly and finely striate basally and medially, speculum smooth; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and smooth; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcated dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal tooth. Wings. Fore wings pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 4e). Radial cell closed, almost 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, small. Rs+M visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 4e). First metasomal segment weakly sulcated dorsally and laterally, with furrows reaching only the half of the segment. Syntergite smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and with a narrow band of minute micropunctures occupying the distal 1/4 of the syntergite length; weakly dorsodistally incised, not pointed (Fig. 4f); following segments and hypopygium also micropunctate. Hypopygial spine as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following morphological traits: body length 1.2 mm (n = 1). Antennae 15-segmented (according to the original description of S. variegatus; antennae of the examined male are broken); F1 strongly incised and expanded apically. Head in anterior view more quadrangular than in females; transfacial line 1.1 times as long as height of compound eye; malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of compound eye. Body color mainly yellow, except the ocellar area and the anteromedial part of pronotum, which are dark. Distribution. USA. Different localities from the state of California (McCracken & Egbert 1922; and in this work, see the additional material). Biology. Synergus flavens was described from specimens bred from galls of Heteroecus flavens (McCracken & Egbert, 1922) on Quercus vaccinifolia Kellog (Protobalanus section) (McCracken & Egbert 1922). Synergus flavens was also reared from galls of Trichoteras coquilletti Ashmead, 1897 on Q. chrysolepis Liebm. (Protobalanus section), according to the labels of some of the non-type specimens found in USNM (see the additional material). Synergus variegatus was bred from galls of Heteroecus pacificus (Ashmead, 1896) on Q. vaccinifolia (McCracken & Egbert 1922). Remarks. Synergus flavens was described from 4♀ (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 55) and S. variegatus, from 4♂ and 7♀ (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 52). We located and examined 3♀ of S. flavens (1♀ deposited in CAS with a ‘Type’ label and 2♀ deposited in USNM) and 2♂ and 3♀ of S. variegatus (1♂ and 1♀ with a ‘Type’ label deposited in CAS, and 1♂ and 2♀ deposited in USNM) belonging to the type series of each species. The authors comment that the ‘Type’ of these species was deposited at the Stanford Entomological Museum, later absorbed by CAS; however, in the ‘Type’ section they do not specify anything else but the type depository. As a result, and since the descriptors did not designate a holotype, a lectotype for each species has been designated and deposited in CAS. After examining the type material of S. variegatus, we noticed that its type series is composed, in fact, of two different species: while the two specimens deposited in CAS (the lectotype and a male paralectotype) are identical to S. flavens, the rest of specimens belonging to the type series that are deposited in USNM correspond to S. pomiformis (Ashmead, 1885) (see below). The original description of S. variegatus provided by McCracken & Egbert (1922) does not give us any significant morphological clues to determine which specimens of the type series truly correspond to this species. However, both S. flavens and S. variegatus were originally described from specimens obtained from galls of Heteroecus on oaks of the Protobalanus section; so, only the two specimens of S. variegatus deposited in CAS may correspond to what McCracken & Egbert described as S. variegatus. Hence, in accordance to the above mentioned, S. variegatus (in part) is proposed as a new synonym of S. flavens. Synergus pomiformis and S. flavens were described from specimens obtained from very different gall morphotypes, so it is more than probably that the specimens composing the type series of S. variegatus were obtained from a mix of galls., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["McCracken, I. & Egbert, D. (1922) California gall-making Cynipidae with descriptions of new species. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences, 3 (1), 1 - 76.","Ashmead, W. H. (1896) Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23 (2), 179 - 234.","Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460"]}

Synergus mendax Walsh, 1864 Synerges (!) mendax Walsh, 1864. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 2: 498. Type material: MCZ [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila et al. (2019)]. Synergus mendax: Osten-Sacken (1865). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4 (3): 378. Diagnosis. Synergus mendax differs from the rest of species with lateral frontal carinae and metasoma without punctures addressed in this study by having the mesoscutum with strong, widely spaced discontinuous carinae. Brief redescription. Female antenna 14-segmented, males unknown, nearly as long as the body; F1 1.2 times as long as F2; frons and vertex finely coriaceous and with some small punctures; frontal carinae very short and narrow, almost inconspicuous; mesoscutum with strong and very widely spaced carinae and coriaceous interspaces; notauli complete and well impressed in their whole length; scutellum strongly wrinkled; scutellar foveae large, shallow, longitudinally carinated and separated by a narrow carina; circumscutellar carina strong and upturned; mesopleurae basally and medially striate, the speculum almost totally smooth except for some weak striae on its superior margin; first metasomal segment smooth; metasoma not dorsodistally incised and without micropunctures; radial cell closed and 2.5 times as long as wide; tarsal claws with a basal tooth. For more details on the morphology of this species, see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2019). Distribution. USA. State of Illinois (Walsh 1864; Burks 1979). Biology. Reared from tuberous twig galls initiated by Callirhytis quercuspunctata (Basset, 1863), probably on Quercus velutina Lam. (= Q. tinctoria W. Bartram) (Lobatae section) (Walsh 1864; Burks 1979). Remarks. Synergus mendax was redescribed and commented in Lobato-Vila et al. (2019). Unlike the rest of species with the speculum smooth addressed here, S. mendax is the only one associated with tuberous galls., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Walsh, B. D. (1864) On dimorphism in the hymenopterous genus Cynips; with an appendix, containing hints for a new classification of Cynipidae and a list of Cynipidae, including descriptions of several new species, inhabiting the oak-galls of Illinois. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2, 443 - 500.","Osten-Sacken, C. R. von. (1865) Contributions to the natural history of the Cynipidae of the United States and of their galls. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 4 (3), 331 - 380.","Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2019) Revision of world Ceroptresini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) with the description of a new genus and five new species. Zootaxa, 4685 (1), 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4685.1.1","Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107."]}

Synergus laticephalus Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero, 2011 Synergus laticephalus Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero, 2011. Zootaxa 2774: 6. Type material: MNCN [not examined]. Diagnosis. Synergus laticephalus is the only species addressed in this study that has the malar space as long as height of compound eye and the head strongly transverse in dorsal view, being more than 2.5 times as wide as long. Brief redescription. According to the original description and pictures provided by Nieves-Aldrey and Medianero (2011), this species is characterized by the following combination of traits: female antenna 14-segmented, males unknown; F1 as long as F2; head strongly transverse in dorsal view, being more than 2.5 times as wide as long; face wide, trapezoidal, about 1.4 times as long as height of compound eye; malar space about as long as height of compound eye; frons and vertex alutaceous, without punctures, shiny; frontal carinae absent; mesoscutum with weak coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture; notauli complete and well impressed but narrow; scutellum coriaceous with some transversal rugae and scutellar foveae quadrangular, shallow, smooth, with posterior margins not well defined; circumscutellar carina well defined, upturned and somewhat projected; mesopleurae with weak longitudinal, regular striae, the interspaces smooth, neither extended ventrally nor at the speculum, which are smooth; metasoma not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed and without micropunctures; radial cell ambiguously closed, about 2.4 times as long as wide; tarsal claws with a basal tooth. For more details on the morphology of this species, see Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero (2011). Distribution. Panama (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011). Biology. Reared from undetermined spherical galls on twigs of Quercus salicifolia Née (Lobatae section) (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011)., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. & Medianero, E. (2011) Taxonomy of inquilines of oak gall wasps of Panama, with description of eight new species of Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Synergini). Zootaxa, 2774 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2774.1.1"]}

Key to Synergus species with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World 1 Lateral frontal carinae present (see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017: Figs 2a, c–d; 6b–c). Sometimes very short, running just a little from the posterior margin of toruli and eclipsed by antennae, rarely appearing as multiple striae running from lower face and toruli to ocelli (like in S. striatifrons, see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 7a, c–d), but always visible. Syntergite with or without punctures; if present, they can form either a posterodorsal patch or a band............................ 2 - Lateral frontal carinae absent (like Fig. 3 a–b). Syntergite with or without punctures, but if present, they form at most a posterodorsal patch, never a band.......................................................................... 14 2 Syntergite posteriorly without punctures or just with some micropunctures sometimes forming a posterodorsal patch (except in males of S. stelluli, which have a narrow band, but in this case the radial cell of fore wings is 2.1 times as long as wide and vertex has some wrinkles in the ocellar area................................................................ 3 - Syntergite posteriorly with a more or less extended band of punctures, occupying from 1/5 to the half of the syntergite length................................................................................................... 9 3 Mesoscutum with strong, widely spaced discontinuous carinae. Lateral pronotum strongly carinated. Notauli complete and well impressed in their whole length, sometimes interrupted by carinae. Pedicel as long as wide. Reared from tuberous galls. USA (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 36–37).................................................... S. mendax Walsh - Mesoscutum finely coriaceous or coriaceous, coriaceous to imbricated or just with weak, discontinuous and usually dense transversal elements not forming true carinae (like Figs 1b; 4d). Lateral pronotum finely coriaceous, coriaceous or imbricated, sometimes with some carinae in the basal half. Notauli incomplete and usually shallow, faint anteriorly (except in S. castanopsidis, which are complete but less impressed anteriorly, but in this case the mesoscutum never has strong carinae). Pedicel longer than wide. Reared from different morphotypes of galls, except from tuberous ones. USA and/or Mexico................ 4 4 Radial cell of fore wings very short, 2.1 times as long as wide. Vertex slightly wrinkled in the ocellar area. POL as long as OOL. Malar space 0.5 times as long as height of compound eye. Scutellar foveae inconspicuous. USA (see Burnett 1976: Figs A–I)..................................................................................... S. stelluli Burnett - Radial cell of fore wings longer, at least 2.3 times as long as wide. Vertex coriaceous, with or without small piliferous punctures, but always without wrinkles (like Figs 1b; 4d). POL longer than OOL (except in females of S. striatifrons, which is subequal, but in this case frons is covered with striae projecting from toruli and lower face). Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye or longer. Scutellar foveae sometimes small, shallow and/or not well defined posteriorly, but always visible. USA or Mexico....................................................................................... 5 5 Frons covered with multiple fine striae projecting from lower face and toruli to ocelli. Malar space 0.8 times as long as height of compound eye. Head in anterior view more or less quadrate, the transfacial line long, 1.3 times as long as height of compound eye. POL about as long as OOL in females. Circumscutellar carina projected and upturned. Reared from galls of different Amphibolips species from Mexico (see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 7)...................................................................................................... S. striatifrons Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila - Frons coriaceous, without striae. Malar space shorter. Head in anterior view round or trapezoid, the transfacial line as long as height of compound eye or just slightly longer. Females with POL longer than OOL. Circumscutellar carina weak, neither projected nor upturned. Reared from non-tuberous galls of Andricus, Dryocosmus or Neuroterus from USA............. 6 6 Notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum. Median groove of the mesoscutum appearing as a short basal sulcus. Scutellar foveae large, subquadrate, weakly sculptured bottom. Female syntergite dorsodistally incised. Reared from galls of Dryocosmus castanopsidis (see Pujade-Villar & Melika 2005: Fig. 1)........... S. castanopsidis (Beutenmüller) - Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior third of the mesoscutum or before reaching the pronotal margin. Median groove of the mesoscutum absent. Scutellar foveae small, ovate or subtriangular, smooth bottom. Female syntergite not dorsodistally incised. Reared from Andricus (non-tuberous galls) or from Neuroterus galls............................................. 7 7 Transfacial line slightly longer than height of compound eye. Mesoscutum finely coriaceous to reticulated, without transversal elements (Fig. 1b). Mesopleurae basally and medially with spaced striae. Body mainly brownish yellow to yellow (Fig. 1 a–b). Reared from galls of Neuroterus....................................................... S. agrifoliae Ashmead - Transfacial line as long as height of compound eye. Mesoscutum coriaceous or imbricated, with weak, discontinuous transversal elements (like Fig. 4d). Mesopleurae basally and medially with dense striae. Body mainly black, dark brown or rufous, with some yellowish areas (like Fig. 4 c–d). Reared from non-tuberous Andricus galls................................... 8 8 Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area; vertex with some small punctures; OOL 1.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 4d). Lateral pronotum dorsally and medially imbricated, weakly wrinkled basally (Fig. 4c). Scutellar foveae small, ovate (Fig. 4d). Metasoma about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 4c), the syntergite with a posterodorsal patch of micropunctures somewhat laterally extended. Hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide....................................................................................... S. confertus McCracken & Egbert - Head dark brown to black; vertex without punctures; OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Lateral pronotum coriaceous. Scutellar foveae subtriangular, smooth bottom. Metasoma about as long as high in lateral view, the syntergite posteriorly without punctures or just with a few, not forming a true patch. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b: Figs 53–54)................................................................. S. walshii Gillette 9 Head and body mainly black, except for a yellow or brownish to chestnut halo surrounding the oral fovea (except in males of S. punctatus, which have the head yellow with a black spot in the ocellar area) (see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 8a–b). Frons and vertex coriaceous or reticulated, without punctures. OOL about as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Circumscutellar carina inconspicuous or absent. Mexico and USA........................................................... 10 - Head and body never almost completely black, at most yellowish brown with some dark areas, brownish black or rufous (Figs 4 a–b, e–f; 5a–b, e–f). Frons and vertex finely coriaceous to coriaceous, with some small punctures. OOL longer than diameter of lateral ocelli. Circumscutellar carina weak, but always visible. USA.......................................... 11 10 In females, head black except for a well delimited yellow halo around the oral fovea; in males, head yellow except for a black spot in the ocellar area. F1 1.4 times as long as F 2 in males. Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior third of the mesoscutum. Syntergite with a complete band of micropunctures occupying the distal half of the syntergite length. USA (see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017: Figs 6; 8a)........................................................... S. punctatus Gillette - Head black, except for a not well defined brownish to chestnut halo around the oral fovea in both sexes. F1 slightly longer than F 2 in males. Notauli complete and visible in their whole length, less impressed anteriorly. Syntergite with an incomplete band of micropunctures occupying about 1/3 of its length. Mexico (see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017: Figs 2; 3; 8b)............................................................................ S. gilletti Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila 11 Notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum, but narrower and less impressed anteriorly (Figs 4b; 5f).... 12 - Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior half or third of the mesoscutum, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum (Figs 4f; 5b)............................................................................................. 13 12 POL about as long as OOL. F1 1.5 times as long as F2. Lateral pronotum strongly imbricated to weakly carinated, especially basally (Fig. 5 e–f)................................................................ S. succinipedis (Ashmead) - POL about 1.8 times as long as OOL. F1 and F2 subequal. Lateral pronotum completely coriaceous (Fig. 4 a–b)....................................................................................... S. campanula Osten-Sacken 13 Scutellar foveae large, subquadrangular. In females, syntergite of the metasoma weakly dorsodistally incised and last flagellar segment more than 4.0 times as long as wide. Males almost completely yellow, with the malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of compound eye and POL 1.7 times as long as OOL (Fig. 4 e–f)................. S. flavens McCracken & Egbert - Scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular. In females, syntergite of the metasoma not dorsodistally incised and last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide. Males mainly black, with the malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of compound eye and POL 2.2 times as long as OOL (Fig. 5 a–b)............................... S. pacificus McCracken & Egbert 14 Head strongly transverse in dorsal view, more than 2.5 times as wide as long (see Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011: Fig. 3C). Malar space about as long as height of compound eye (see Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011: Fig. 1B). Panama.......................................................................... S. laticephalus Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero - Head in dorsal view about 2.0 times as wide as long. Malar space at most 0.8 times as long as height of compound eye. USA, Mexico and/or Panama................................................................................ 15 15 In females, body mainly black, head black except for a brownish orange surface under compound eyes and around the oral fovea (Fig. 2a, c); in males, lower face, genae and antennae (except the last segments), yellowish orange (Fig. 2b, d). OOL almost 3.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Radial cell about 2.7 times as long as wide in females, with R1 vein weakly pigmented and Rs vein strongly projected beyond the end of the radial cell along the wing margin in both males and females (Fig. 2f). Mexico............................................ S. aurofacies Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, sp. nov. - In both sexes, body mainly yellow, yellowish brown, brown or black and yellow, with head at least with lower face and genae yellow or yellowish brown (like Figs 4 g–h; 5c–d). OOL about 2.0 or less times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Radial cell about 2.4 times as long as wide in females, with R1 vein either weakly pigmented or not, and Rs not so strongly projected in both sexes. USA, Mexico and/or Panama................................................................. 16 16 Body yellow to yellowish brown or brown. Scutellar foveae large, subquadrate to ovate. Circumscutellar carinae weak, not well defined (Fig. 5 c–d). USA and Mexico................................................. S. pomiformis (Ashmead) - Body brown or black with yellowish areas. Scutellar foveae absent, inconspicuous or small and shallow. Circumscutellar carina well defined, sometimes upturned and projected. USA, Mexico and/or Panama................................... 17 17 Mesoscutum alutaceous to finely coriaceous, with weak, discontinuous transversal elements not forming true carinae. Notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum, narrow. Scutellar foveae small, circular, separated by a wide septum (Fig. 4 g–h). Syntergite punctuation absent. USA......................................... S. laeviventris (Osten-Sacken) - Mesoscutum alutaceous to coriaceous or weakly imbricated, never with transversal elements. Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior third or before reaching the pronotal margin (except in S. longimalaris, which are complete, but in this case the malar space is 0.8 times as long as height of compound eye and the transfacial line, 1.3 times as long as height of compound eye). Scutellar foveae shallowly impressed and almost inconspicuous or absent. Syntergite punctuation composed at most by some micropunctures either forming or not a posterodorsal patch. USA, Mexico and/or Panama........................... 18 18 Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye. USA, Mexico and/or Panama............................ 19 - Malar space longer, 0.8 times as long as height of compound eye. Mexico....................................... 20 19 Scape long, longer than F 1 in females and about as long as F 1 in males. F1 as long as F 2 in females and just slightly longer in males. Transfacial line about as long as height of compound eye. Mexico (see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 5)................................................................... S. longiscapus Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila - Scape shorter than F1 and F1 1.3 times as long as F 2 in both sexes. Transfacial line about 1.3 times as long as height of compound eye. USA, Mexico and Panama (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b: Figs 9–12)............... S. citriformis (Ashmead) 20 POL as long as OOL. OOL 2.2 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. F1 1.5 times as long as F2. Notauli complete. Scutellum alutaceous to finely coriaceous or reticulated. Syntergite of the metasoma with a few weak posterodorsal micropunctures forming a small patch, following segments and hypopygium, which is completely covered by the syntergite, not punctate (see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 4).............................. S. longimalaris Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila - POL 1.5 times as long as OOL. OOL 1.5 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. F1 1.3 times as long as F2. Notauli almost complete, faint before reaching the pronotal margin. Scutellum anteriorly coriaceous, posteriorly imbricated. Syntergite of the metasoma with a conspicuous posterodorsal patch of micropunctures, following segments and hypopygium, which is visible and projected (not covered by the syntergite), punctate (see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 1)...................................................................................... S. cibriani Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 33-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2017) Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies, 56 (36), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2017.56 - 36","Burnett, J. A. (1976) Synergus stelluli, new species from Southern California (USA) associated with Andricus stellulus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Proceeding of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78 (3), 270 - 273.","Pujade-Villar, J. & Melika, G. (2005) Synergus castanopsidis (Beutenmuller, 1918) and Synergus mexicanus Gillette, 1896, two conflictive cynipid inquilines species from America (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 37, 215 - 218.","Lobato-Vila, I., Cibrian-Tovar, D., Barrera-Ruiz, U. M., Equihua-Martinez, A., Estrada-Venegas, E. G., Tovar-Sanchez, E., Castillo-Mendoza, E., Buffington, M. L. & Pujade-Villar J. (2020 b) Review of the Synergus Hartig species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) associated with woolly galls on oaks from the New World, with the description of a new species from Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 122 (3), 678 - 715. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.122.3.678","Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. & Medianero, E. (2011) Taxonomy of inquilines of oak gall wasps of Panama, with description of eight new species of Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Synergini). Zootaxa, 2774 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2774.1.1"]}

Synergus campanula Osten-Sacken, 1865 (Figure 4 a–b) Synergus campanula Osten-Sacken, 1865. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4: 376. Type material: MCZ. Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Synergus campanula O.S. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Osten Sacken Coll. ’ (white label) / ‘ Type 13968’ (red label) / ‘ Gall of C. q. globulus ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ MCZ Image Database’ (white label) / ‘ MCZ-ENT 00013968 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus campanula Osten-Sacken, 1865, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2♀) mounted in the same card as the lectotype. Diagnosis. Synergus campanula is morphologically close to Synergus succinipedis (Ashmead, 1885) (see below), but differs from this species by having POL about 1.8 times as long as OOL (POL about as long as OOL in S. succinipedis); F1 and F2 subequal (F1 1.5 times as long as F 2 in S. succinipedis); and lateral pronotum completely coriaceous (strongly imbricated to weakly carinated, especially basally, in S. succinipedis) (see the descriptions of both species and the identification key). Redescription. FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.1–2.6 mm (n = 3). Color (Fig. 4 a–b). Brownish black to black. Frons, vertex and occiput dark brown to black; genae dark yellow to brownish yellow; lower face somewhat tinged with brown, sometimes just with a longitudinal brown stripe medially. Antennae yellow to testaceous. Mesosoma dark brown to black, mesopleurae somewhat lighter; tegulae yellow. Metasoma reddish brown to chestnut, dorsally black. Legs light yellow. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow. Head. In frontal view, 1.2 times as wide as high, genae not expanded behind compound eyes. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line as long as height of compound eye. Toruli situated mid-height of compound eye; distance between torulus and compound eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli as long as diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with scattered small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae short and narrow, not reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with scattered small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 4: 4 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures. Antennae. 14-segmented; filiform, just slightly broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about 1.2 times as long as F1; pedicel almost 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 and F2 subequal, F2 and F3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 2.7 times as long as wide and 2.0 times as long as F11. Mesosoma. Slightly longer than high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 4a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.38. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum (Fig. 4a) coriaceous; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 4b) almost 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous with weak, dense, discontinuous transversal elements; anterior grooves weakly impressed, extended 1/4 of the mesoscutal length. Notauli complete, narrower and less impressed anteriorly. Median groove absent or just as a shallow impression. Parapsidal grooves weakly impressed, reaching tegulae. Scutellum (Fig. 4b) rounded, about as long as wide, densely wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; circumscutellar carina weak; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleurae (Fig. 4a) regularly and finely striate basally and medially, interspaces alutaceous, speculum smooth; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching 4/5 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae narrow, straight and parallel; a weak medial carina also visible. Nucha sulcated dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal tooth. Wings. Fore wings pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than mesosoma plus metasoma. Radial cell closed and 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet inconspicuous, only posterior vein pigmented. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma, about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 4a). First metasomal segment sulcated dorsally and laterally. Syntergite smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and with a narrow band of minute micropunctures occupying the distal 1/5–1/4 of the syntergite length; not incised dorsodistally, pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Unknown. Distribution. USA. States of New York, New Jersey, Washington D.C., Illinois and Wisconsin, according to Burks (1979). Biology. Originally reared from galls of Disholcaspis quercusglobulus (Fitch, 1859) on a white oak and from similar galls described by Osten-Sacken (1861: 256) on an unknown oak (Osten-Sacken 1865). According to Gillette (1896), these similar galls may correspond to those of Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh, 1869) (= Holcaspis duricoria Bassett, 1890) on Quercus bicolor Willd. (Quercus section). Gillette (1896) also has some specimens reared from galls of D. quercusmamma and Trigonaspis ? quercusforticorne (Walsh, 1864) (= Biorhiza forticornis (Walsh, 1864)), the latter considered incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. (2018). Remarks. Synergus campanula was described from 10♀ (Osten-Sacken 1865: 376). We located and examined 3♀ reared from galls of D. quercusglobulus belonging to the type series deposited in MCZ. As it is not stated in the original description, a lectotype (MCZ-ENT 00013968) has been designated., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Osten-Sacken, C. R. von. (1865) Contributions to the natural history of the Cynipidae of the United States and of their galls. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 4 (3), 331 - 380.","Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460","Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107.","Osten-Sacken, C. R. von (1861) On the Cynipidae of the North American oaks and their galls. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 1 (3), 47 - 72.","Gillette, C. P. (1896) A monograph of the genus Synergus. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23, 85 - 100.","Walsh, B. D. (1864) On dimorphism in the hymenopterous genus Cynips; with an appendix, containing hints for a new classification of Cynipidae and a list of Cynipidae, including descriptions of several new species, inhabiting the oak-galls of Illinois. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2, 443 - 500.","Pujade-Villar, J., Ferrer-Suay, M., Cuesta-Porta, V. & Lobato-Vila, I. (2018) Does Biorhiza Westwood, 1840 (Hym.: Cynipidae) exist in Mexico? Folia Entomologica Mexicana (nueva serie), 4 (3), 110 - 127."]}

Synergus punctatus Gillette, 1896 Synergus punctata Gillette, 1896. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 90, 94. Type material: USNM [examined by the first author in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017)]. Synergus punctatus: McCracken & Egbert (1922). Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 49. Diagnosis. Synergus punctatus is morphologically close to S. gilletti, whose main differences have already been commented on (see the diagnosis of S. gilletti and the identification key). Brief redescription. Female antenna 14-segmented, male antenna 15-segmented; F1 just slightly longer than F 2 in females and 1.4 times as long as F 2 in males; F1 of males curved, more expanded apically than basally; malar space 0.6 times as long as height of compound eye; frons and vertex coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae narrow and weak, not reaching lateral ocelli; mesoscutum with weak, dense, discontinuous transversal elements; notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3, wider posteriorly; scutellum wrinkled; scutellar foveae ovate to triangular, shallow, separated by a narrow carina; circumscutellar carina inconspicuous; mesopleurae basally and medially regularly striate, speculum smooth; metasoma not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed and posteriorly with a wide band of micropunctures occupying almost the distal half of the metasoma; radial cell closed, 2.5 times as long as wide; tarsal claws with a basal tooth; in females, body and head black, except for a yellow and well-defined halo around the mouth, while in males, head yellow except for a black spot in the ocellar area. For more details on the morphology of this species, see Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017). Distribution. USA. States of Colorado (Gillette 1896) and California (McCracken & Egbert 1922). Biology. According to Gillette (1896) and McCracken & Egbert (1922), this species is associated with galls of Disholcaspis rubens (Gillette, 1893), Disholcaspis eldoradensis (Beutenmüller, 1909) and Biorhiza eburnea (Bassett, 1890) (= Dryophanta glabra Gillette, 1894) (the latest considered incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. (2018)), always reared from oaks of Quercus section, according to Burks (1979): Q. arizonica Sarg., Q. dumosa Nutt. (= Q. durata), Q. gambelii Nutt., Q. garryana Dougl. ex Hook., Q. lobata Née, Q. oblongifolia Torr., Q. rugosa, Q. toumeyi Sarg., Q. turbinella Greene and Q. undulata Torr. Remarks. Synergus punctatus was examined and commented in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017)., Published as part of Lobato-Vila, Irene, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruíz, Uriel M. & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450519, {"references":["Gillette, C. P. (1896) A monograph of the genus Synergus. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23, 85 - 100.","Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2017) Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies, 56 (36), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2017.56 - 36","McCracken, I. & Egbert, D. (1922) California gall-making Cynipidae with descriptions of new species. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences, 3 (1), 1 - 76.","Pujade-Villar, J., Ferrer-Suay, M., Cuesta-Porta, V. & Lobato-Vila, I. (2018) Does Biorhiza Westwood, 1840 (Hym.: Cynipidae) exist in Mexico? Folia Entomologica Mexicana (nueva serie), 4 (3), 110 - 127.","Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107."]}

Striatoandricus sanchezi Pujade-Villar n. sp. (Figs. 8–10) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8DD9822F-1911-4213-BF47- 0E43BD4E9032 Type material: HOLOTYPE 8 deposited in JP – V col. (UB) with the following labels: “ Parque Nacional de Sierra de Quila (Tcolotlàn, Jalisco, México), 20°16'40.98"N, 104°05'06.22"W (white label), “Ex Quercus magnoliifolia Née, (06–iii–10) 16/20– iii–10, A. Equihua and E. Estrada leg.” (white label); “ Holotype Striatoandricus sanchezi Pujade-Villar n. sp. desig–2019” (red label). PARATYPES: 48 with the same labels of Holotype (deposited in JP-V col. (UB)). Etymology: Species dedicated to Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol, pacifist and Catalan activist, president of the Assemblea Nacional de Catalunya (ANC) when he entered into a preventive prison in Spain. Diagnosis: The new species is the only species of the genus with posterior median sulcus and 15 antennomers segments. Description: (agamic generation) Length: 2.1–3.0 mm (n = 5). Color (Fig. 10a): Chestnut; proximal half of antennae and distal half of legs amber; head and mesosoma chestnut with some black marks; metasoma slightly lighter; wing venation light brown. Head (Fig. 8b–c): With sparse setae, not dense. Coriaceous with fine carinae extending from lateral margins of clypeus to basal and lower lateral margins of compound eyes; medial area of face elevated between toruli and clypeus, finely alutaceous, not carinated; front and vertex coriaceous. Transversally ovate in frontal vision, 1.1x wider than high; 2.1x wider that high in dorsal view, narrower than the mesosoma width. Gena coriaceous, maximum width subequal to maximum width of compound eye. Malar space 0.3x as long as height of compound eye, malar sulci absent. POL:OOL:LOL distances 32:12:15; maximum diameter of lateral ocellus 12. Transfacial line slightly longer than maximum height of compound eye. Toruli diameter 2.0x longer than space between them, and subequal to distance to compound eye. Clypeus trapezoidal, mostly smooth; sparsely pubescent; tentorial pits present; epistomal sulci and clypeo-pleurostomal line inconspicuous; anterior margin slightly prominent not medially incised. Front slightly elevated in central part not forming a median carina. © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Antennae (Fig. 8a): With 15 segments, shorter than total length of body (7.3:8.5), but longer than head + mesosoma (7.3: 4.5); pedicel slightly longer than broad; placoid sensilla present from distal half of F3 onwards. F4–F13 broader than F1–F3; F1 similar in length to F2. Antennal formula: 14: 10: 24: 21: 19: 17: 16: 14: 14: 11: 11: 10: 9: 14. Mesosoma (Figs. 1e, 8d–f, 9b–c): Slightly longer than high in lateral view, with setae in pronotum, mesepimeron, scutellum, propodeum and along notauli. Pronotum almost smooth with some alutaceous areas; anterior margin narrow and emarginated. Mesoscutum coriaceous, slightly broader than long (measured at tegulae level); notauli incomplete but long, extending about 0.8x of total length of mesoscutum; medial line present, 0.25x as long as mesoscutum; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines visible through a finer sculpture. Scutellum circular, lateral and posterior thirds coarsely rugulose with dorsal coriaceous, almost smooth, and glabrous central area; almost as long as broad, 0.6x longer than mesoscutum; protruding posteriorly over metanotum; scutellar fovea smooth, ellipsoid, separated by a septum, broader than long, and slightly oblique to transversal axis; axillae smooth to finely alutaceous with sparse pubescence. Mesopleuron striated, speculum alutaceous with some piliferous points; mesepimeron striate with uniform dense pubescence; mesepisternum glabrous on superior third and sparsely pubescent with fine sculpture on lower half. Dorsellum subrectangular, convex inferiorly, smooth on central part and laterally rugulose; metanotal trough rugulose. Metapleura uniformly pubescent; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in the upper 2/3 of its height. Propodeum carinae conspicuously curved throughout all its extension; central part smooth and glabrous; lateral area uniformly pubescent and finely alutaceous. Nucha present, with longitudinal carinae; posteriorly margined. © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Wings (Fig. 10a): Forewings 1.3–1.4x longer than body, hyaline, margins ciliate; radial cell 4x longer than broad; R1 not reaching anterior margin of forewing; Rs slightly projected; areola closed forming a triangle; Rs + M projection reaching in the half of basal vein. Legs: Tarsal claws with a conspicuous tooth forming an acute angle. Metasoma (Fig. 9a–b): As long as high and 1.3–1.4x longer than mesosoma in lateral view; second metasomal tergite covering more than half of metasoma, finely striated with discontinuous striae and smooth small areas, pubescent on lateral part of anterior half, pubescence not reaching margins of tergite, posterior margin smooth; rest of tergites reticulated with the distal margin smooth and shiny; ventral spine not projected posteriorly over metasoma, 2x longer than broad, incise distally and with sparse lateral setae on each side that project over the tip of the spine, not forming a tuft. Gall (Fig. 10b): Adheres to the central nerve on the lower face of the rarely leaves on the lower face. It is presented as a mass of brown wool with circular-looking shape, with a non-brittle pubescence, 2.0– 2.5 cm diameter. The pubescence is located above the central core forming a layer of 5–7 mm thick. The central polythalamous, light brown, dense and hard, without separating the larval chambers, which are slightly ovoid (1 × 1.5 mm). The number of larval cameras ranges from 7–15. Biology: Only asexual females are known. The galls appear in August and the adults emerge in March. Host: It occurs on Quercus magnoliifolia Née (section Quercus), endemic species from México. Distribution: México (Jalisco)., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Arnedo, Miquel A., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., García-Martiñón, Rosa D., Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Clark-Tapia, Ricardo, Romero-Range, Silvia & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, A New Genus of Oak Gall Wasp, Striatoandricus Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from America with Descriptions of Two New Mexican Species, pp. 1-21 in Zoological studies (Zool. Stud.) (Zool. Stud.) 59 (8) on pages 14-17, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-08, http://zenodo.org/record/8069104

Striatoandrius barriosi (Medianero and Nieves- Aldrey 2019) n. comb. R e c e n t l y d e s c r i b e d s p e c i e s f r o m P a n a m a (Medianero and Nieves-Aldrey 2019). Morphologically, it has the second metasomal segment striated as S. georgei, S. nievesaldreyi and S. sanchezi n. sp. and the notauli are percurrent as S. nievesaldreyi. Striatoandricus barriosi differs from S. nievesaldreyi in that its second mesosomal tergite completely sculptured, without smooth dorso-lateral area with longitudinal striae strong, well-marked and visible, almost reaching posterior margin of metasomal tergite (usually with a dorso-lateral area smooth and shiny with striae weak, slightly marked and incomplete, not reaching margin of metasomal tergite in S. nievesaldreyi), mesoscutum longer than broad (as long as broad in S. nievesaldreyi), dorsal area of mesopleuron weakly sculptured to smooth (entirely sculptured in S. nievesaldreyi), forewing venation strongly pigmented (brown veins in S. nievesaldreyi) and Rs + M vein conspicuously connected to lower half of basal vein (Rs + M vein not connected to basal vein in S. nievesaldreyi). © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan The gall is a fused mass of larval chambers as also occurs in S. georgei, S. nievesaldreyi and S. sanchezi n. sp. Galls of S. barriosi occurs in Q. bumelioides Liebm. and Q. insignis M. Martens and Galeotti (section Quercus). Remarks: In Medianero and Nieves-Aldrey (2019) mention that this species can also be differentiated from S. nievesaldreyi by its color (black in S. barriosi and ambarine in S. nievesaldreyi). Nevertheless, after studying long series of S. nievesaldreyi, the coloration is very variable in this species including specimens completely ambarine, specimens ambarine with variable black marks or specimens completely black. © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Also, the authors of the same paper mention that the gall of S. barriosi is similar to that of Andricus guatemalensis (Cameron 1883); this species has been considered incertae sedis by Pujade-Villar et al. (2011) because is not possible to differentiate the species according to the morphology of galls. In the original description, Cameron (1883: 71) mentions that the gall of Cynips guatemalensis is a hard mass covered of a long pilosity, but the adults obtained corresponds to an inquiline Synergus dorsalis Cameron (see the dissertation in Ritchie and Shorthouse 1987)., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Arnedo, Miquel A., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., García-Martiñón, Rosa D., Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Clark-Tapia, Ricardo, Romero-Range, Silvia & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, A New Genus of Oak Gall Wasp, Striatoandricus Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from America with Descriptions of Two New Mexican Species, pp. 1-21 in Zoological studies (Zool. Stud.) (Zool. Stud.) 59 (8) on pages 6-10, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-08, http://zenodo.org/record/8069104, {"references":["Medianero E, Nieves-Aldrey JL. 2019. Andricus barriosi: a new species of oak gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Panama. Zootaxa 4577 (3): 585 - 595. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4577.3.12.","Cameron P. 1883. Hymenoptera Biology Centrali-America. Vol. 1., 497 pp., 120 pl.","Pujade-Villar J, Equihua-Martinez A, Estrada-Venegas EG, Serrano-Munoz MJ, Lomeli-Flores R. 2011. Una nueva especie mexicana del genero Andricus con caracteres muy peculiares: A. georgei Pujade-Villar n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 49: 27 - 32.","Ritchie AJ, Shorthouse JD. 1987. A review of the species of Synergus from Guatemala, with notes on Cynips guatemalensis Cameron (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). P Entomol Soc Wash 89 (2): 230 - 241."]}

Striatoandricus cuixarti Pujade-Villar n. sp. (Figs. 4–7) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 51C9A3E3-4C63-439C-8C63- 2CC06C36DB7E Type material: HOLOTYPE 8 deposited in JP-V col. (UB) with the following labels: “MEX-209, Tunal-salto (municipio de San Felipe del Progreso, Estado de México), -99°96'21"N, 19°71'37"W, 2650 m.s.n.m.” (white label); “Ex. Q. frutex, (26.xii.2013) 26.ii.2014, R. Delia García-Martiñón leg.,” (white label); Holotype Striatoandricus cuixarti Pujade-Villar n. sp. Desig-2019” (red label). PARATYPES (268): 98 with the same labels as holotype (UB); same labels 5.iii.2014: 28 (CP), 12.iii.2014: 18 (UB), 20.iii.2014: 48 (28 UB; 28 USNM); (28.ix.2013) 28.i.2014: 68 (UB), 30.iv.2014: 48 (28 UB; 28 AMNH). Additional material: Agua Blanca de Iturbide (Hidalgo), Q. frutex, (7.xi–2013) ii–2014: 28 (leg. D. Cibrian-Tobar, col. UMBR). Etymology: Species dedicated to Jordi Cuixart i Navarro, pacifist and Catalan activist, president of Òmnium Cultural, who is in preventive prison in Spain. Diagnosis: The new species is the only species of the genus with adults provided with 11 segments in the antennal flagellomeres and the only species with small rose to blue galls. Description: (agamic generation), Length: 1.7–2.0 mm (n = 7). Color (Fig. 7a): Chestnut; proximal half of antennae and distal half of legs amber; head and lateral if mesosoma dark chestnut/brown, black mesosoma dorsally; metasoma a slightly lighter; wing venation light brown. Head (Fig. 4a–d): With sparse setae, not dense. Coriaceous with fine carinae extending from lateral margins of clypeus to basal and lower lateral margins of compound eyes; medial area of face elevated between toruli and clypeus, coriaceous, not carinated; front and vertex coriaceous. Transversally ovate in frontal vision, 1.2x wider than high; 2.6x wider that high in dorsal view, narrower than the mesosoma width. Gena coriaceous, maximum width subequal to maximum width of compound eye. Malar space 0.3x as long as height of compound eye, malar sulci absent. POL:OOL:LOL distances 5:2:2; maximum diameter of lateral ocellus 1.4. Transfacial line slightly longer than maximum height of compound eye. Toruli diameter greater than space between them (2.5:1), but slightly shorter than distance to compound eye (2.5:3). Clypeus trapezoidal, mostly coriaceous and smooth on the ventral margin; sparsely pubescent on ventral half; tentorial pits present; epistomal sulci and clypeo-pleurostomal line inconspicuous; anterior margin slightly prominent not medially incised. Front slightly elevated in central part not forming a median carina. Antennae (Fig. 4e): With 13 segments, shorter than total length of body (34:53), but longer than head + mesosoma (34:30); pedicel slightly longer than broad; placoid sensilla present from distal half of F3 onwards. F4–F13 broader than F1–F3; F1 similar in length to F2. Antennal formula: 30: 22: 43: 40: 35: 31: 27: 27: 24: 24: 21: 21: 38. Mesosoma (Figs. 1c, 5): Slightly longer than high in lateral view, with setae in pronotum, mesepimeron, scutellum, propodeum and along notauli. Pronotum mostly striated with some alutaceous areas; anterior margin narrow and emarginated. Mesoscutum coriaceous, as broad as long (measured at tegulae level); notauli complete; medial line absent; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines visible through a finer sculpture. Scutellum mostly coarsely rugulose with dorsal coriaceous and glabrous central area; almost as long as broad, 0.5x longer than mesoscutum; protruding posteriorly over metanotum; scutellar fovea smooth, ellipsoid, separated by a septum, broader than long, and slightly oblique to transversal axis; axillae smooth to finely alutaceous with sparsely pubescence. Mesopleura with some striae, speculum mostly alutaceous to coriaceous; mesepimeron striate with uniform pubescence; mesepisternum glabrous on superior half and sparsely pubescent with fine sculpture on lower half. Dorsellum subrectangular, convex inferiorly, uniformly rugulose; metanotal trough smooth and glabrous. Metapleura uniformly pubescent; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in the half of its height. Propodeum carinae curved to the lateral sides; central part smooth and glabrous; lateral area uniformly pubescent and finely alutaceous. Nucha present, with longitudinal carinae; posteriorly margined. Wings (Fig. 7a): Forewings 1.5x longer than body, hyaline, margins ciliate; radial cell around 4x longer than broad; R1 not reaching anterior margin of forewing; Rs not projected; areola closed forming a triangle; Rs + M projection reaching in the lower half of basal vein. © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Legs: Tarsal claws with a conspicuous tooth forming an acute angle (Fig. 6e). Metasoma (Fig. 6a–d): Slightly longer than high and 1.2x longer than mesosoma in lateral view; second metasomal tergite covering more than half of metasoma, smooth and pubescent on anterior half, lateral pubescence not reaching margins of tergite, reticulate and glabrous on posterior half with smooth posterior margin; rest of tergites with strongly sculpture similar to posterior half of second tergite, coriaceous to reticulated with the distal margin smooth and shiny; ventral spine of hypopygium around 4x longer than broad, incise distally and with 5 lateral setae on each side that project over the tip of the spine, not forming a tuft. © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Gall (Fig. 7b–e): Located in the lower part of the central nerve of the leaf. It appears as a pubescent circular ball of small size (6–9 mm long by 5–6 mm wide), cream-colored sometimes purple. The 2mm thick pubescence is not brittle and completely covers the larval chambers. The larval cameras are together, not fused, which are cylindrical, light brown; its size is about 3mm long by 1mm wide. The number of larval cameras ranges from 2 to 6. Biology: Only asexual females are known. The galls appear in July and the adults emerge in March or April of the following year. Host: It occurs on Q. frutex Trel. (section Quercus). Distribution: México (Hidalgo and Estado de México).

Striatoandricus maesi (Pujade-Villar 2015) n. comb. Andricus maesi Pujade-Villar 2015: 40–42 Studied material: For type material consult Pujade-Villar (2015). México: UNSIJ, Ixtlán de Juárez (Oaxaca), ex Q. glaucoides, (15.i.2010) 15.ii.2010: 138 (leg. R. Clark); same location, Q. obtusata, (15. i.2010) 15.ii.2010: 148. Hosts: Q. segoviensis Liebm., Q. glaucoides Mart. and Gal. and Q. obtusata Humb. and Bonpl. (section Quercus); also probably in Q. potosina Trel., Q. microphylla Née and Quercus nr rugosa (section Quercus, see remarks). Distribution: Nicaragua, described from material collected in the cerro de Tisey (Estelí, Reserva Natural Tisey Estanzuela); México (Oaxaca) in this paper and probably also in the following states (see below): Jalisco, Michoacán, Puebla and Zacatecas. First record from México. Remarks: Similar galls without any emergence were collected in Zacatecas (México): Mesa de San Gabriel (Q. potosina Trel.) and La Cumbre (Q. microphylla Née); also in Puebla (México): Camotepec (Q. obtusata); in Michoacán (México): Urapan (Quercus sp); and in Jalisco (México): Las Guayabas (Quercus nr rugosa)., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Arnedo, Miquel A., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., García-Martiñón, Rosa D., Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Clark-Tapia, Ricardo, Romero-Range, Silvia & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, A New Genus of Oak Gall Wasp, Striatoandricus Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from America with Descriptions of Two New Mexican Species, pp. 1-21 in Zoological studies (Zool. Stud.) (Zool. Stud.) 59 (8) on page 13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-08, http://zenodo.org/record/8069104

Stiatoandricus nievesaldreyi (Pujade-Villar 2011) n. comb. Andricus mexicanus Kinsey 1920: 309 [non Andricus mexicana Bassett, 1890] Andricus nievesaldreyi Pujade-Villar 2011; in Pujade-Villar et al. 2011: 32 [new name] Studied material: For type material consult Kinsey (1920) and Pujade-Villar et al. (2011). Additional material: MEX-039, Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Quila (Tecolotlán, Jalisco, México), (06. iii.2010) 16–20.iii.2010: 68, Ex Q. magnoliifolia, A. Equihua and E. Estrada leg.; MEX-050, Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Quila (Tecolotlán. Jalisco, México), (06.iii.10) 16–20.iii.10: 28, Ex Q. magnoliifolia, A. Equihua and E. Estrada leg.; MEX-308, Natívitas (Tlaxcala, México), (13.i.2015) 19.ii.2015: 28, Ex Quercus sp., A. Equihua and E. Estrada leg.; MEX-318, Mineral el Chico: Mineral el Chico (Hidalgo, México), (08.x.2014) 20-x.2014: 18, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg. (11G); MEX-319, Coajomulco: Coajomulco (Morelos, México), (05.xii.2016) 22- xii.2016: 118, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg. (11H); MEX-322, Coajomulco: Coajomulco (Morelos, México), (05.xii.2016) 16-xii.2016: 98, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg. (12C); MEX-323, Coajomulco: Coajomulco (Morelos, México), (05.xii.2016) 16– xii.2016: 48, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg. (12D); MEX-325, Coajomulco: Coajomulco (Morelos, México), (05.xii.2016) 11-xii.2016: 28, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg. (12F); MEX-329, Coajomulco: Coajomulco (Morelos, México), (05.xii.2016) 15- xii.2016: 18, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg. (12J); MEX-345, Zumpimito (19°22'27.4"N, 102°02'56.7"W), Urapan (Michoacán, México), (iii.2018) 15.vi.2018: 68, Ex Quercus sp, A. Equihua and E. Estrada leg.; MEX-346, Coajomulco: Coajomulco (Morelos, México), (05.xii.2016) 17.xii.2016: 58, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg.(12G); MEX-347, Santa Fe (Ciudad de México, México), 15.i.2016 (25.iii.2016): 68, Ex Q. laeta, DCT leg. (2881). Supplementary material: MEX-105 MAZ-Unknown location (México), (10.i.2012) 07.ii.2012, Ex Quercus sp., A. Equihua and E. Estrada leg. © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Hosts: The first hosts for this species are mentioned here: Q. laeta Liebm., Q. magnoliifolia Née and Q. rugosa Née (Quercus section). Distribution: México, described from material collected in the Sierra de Nayarit (Jalisco, México). Its distribution also includes in the states of Ciudad México, Hidalgo, Michoacán, Morelos and Tlaxcala. Remarks: Kinsey (1920) described Andricus mexicanus from four adults that emerged in 1919 from galls on the upper side of leaves. Those galls were collected in 1900 by Diquet in Sierra de Nayarit (Jalisco, México) presumably from Q. magnifolia Née (= Q. macrophylla Née). Kinsey (1920) assigned to this species the individuals determined as Andricus mexicana Bassett, 1890 and Cynips guatemalensis Cameron, 1883 from the collections of Bassett (1890) at Guadalajara mountains (México) and Cameron (1883) at San Jerónimo (Guadalajara, México), respectively. A solution for the homonymy between Kinsey’s and Bassett’s species was proposed in Pujade-Villar et al. (2011) by changing the name of Andricus mexicanus Kinsey 1920 to Andricus nievesaldreyi Pujade-Villar 2011. The species A. mexicana Bassett and C. guatemalensis Cameron were only described through velvety galls on leaves. Both adults with smooth metasoma (Andricus tecturnarum group) and with striate metasoma (Striatoandricus) emerge from this type of galls from USA and México. Thus, Pujade-Villar et al. (2011) considered those two species incertae sedis until similar galls are collected at the type localities and the adults emerge. There exists a big morphological variability in adults of this species in the following characters: (i) the color is very variable, usually is ambarine with black marks but some specimens lack black marks and others are black and (ii) the metasoma sculpture has smooth areas with variably extension., Published as part of Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Arnedo, Miquel A., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., García-Martiñón, Rosa D., Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Clark-Tapia, Ricardo, Romero-Range, Silvia & Pujade-Villar, Juli, 2020, A New Genus of Oak Gall Wasp, Striatoandricus Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from America with Descriptions of Two New Mexican Species, pp. 1-21 in Zoological studies (Zool. Stud.) (Zool. Stud.) 59 (8) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-08, http://zenodo.org/record/8069104, {"references":["Pujade-Villar J, Equihua-Martinez A, Estrada-Venegas EG, Serrano-Munoz MJ, Lomeli-Flores R. 2011. Una nueva especie mexicana del genero Andricus con caracteres muy peculiares: A. georgei Pujade-Villar n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 49: 27 - 32.","Kinsey AC. 1920. New species and synonymy of American Cynipidae. B Am Mus Nat Hist 42: 293 - 317.","Bassett HF. 1890. New species of North American Cynipidae. T Am Entomol Soc (1890 -) 17 (1): 59 - 92.","Cameron P. 1883. Hymenoptera Biology Centrali-America. Vol. 1., 497 pp., 120 pl."]}

Stiatoandricus georgei (Pujade-Villar 2011) n. comb. Andricus georgei Pujade-Villar 2011; in Pujade-Villar et al. 2011: 28–31. Studied material: For type material consult Pujade-Villar et al. (2011) (see host comments below). Additional material: MEX-047, Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Quila (Tecolotlán. Jalisco, México), (06. iii.2010) 16–20.iii.2010: 38, Ex Q. magnoliifolia, A. Equihua and E. Estrada leg.; MEX-050, Parque Macional de la Sierra de Quila (Tecolotlán. Jalisco, México), (06.iii.2010) 16–20.iii.2010: 28, Ex Q. magnoliifolia, A. Equihua and E. Estrada leg.; MEX-065, Arroyo Hondo (Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas, México), (06.iii.2010) 16 – 20.iii.2010: 48, Q. resinosa, leg. A. Equihua and E. Estrada leg.; MEX-097, Parque Nacional Bosque del Pedregal (Ciudad de México, México), (21.xii.2012) 15.ii.2013: 68 Ex Q. deserticola, Miriam Serrano leg.; MEX-125, Path behind Oceania, Parque de conservación de la vida silvestre Africam Safari (Tecali de Herrera, Puebla, México), (11.xii.2011) 05.ii.2012: 58, Ex Q. laeta, Armando Equihua-Martínez leg.; MEX-138, La Mojonera, Parque de conservación de la vida silvestre Africam Safari (Tecali de Herrera, Puebla, México) (21.xii.2012) ii.2013: 28, Ex Q. glaucoides, Lilia Ramírez leg.; MEX-196, Plateros-Arenales (San Felipe del Progresso, Estado de México, México), (18.i.2014) 16.ii.2014: 18, Ex Q. deserticola, R. Delia García-Martiñón leg. (N43); MEX-197, Plateros-Arenales (San Felipe del Progresso, Estado de México, México), (23.i.2014) 16.ii.2014: 38, Ex Q. x deserticola, R. Delia García-Martiñón leg. (N33a); MEX-198, Plateros-Arenales (San Felipe del Progresso, Estado de México, México), (30.i.2014) 15.ii.2014: 38, Ex Q. deserticola, R. Delia García-Martiñón leg. (N49); MEX-201, Plateros-Arenales (San Felipe del Progresso, Estado de México, México), (19.xii.2013) 23.i.2014: 38, Ex Q. obtusata, R. Delia García-Martiñón leg. (N18); MEX-206, Plateros-Arenales (San Felipe del Progresso, Estado de México, México), (18.i.2014) 05.ii.2014: 98, Ex Q. deserticola, R. Delia García-Martiñón leg. (N47); MEX-210, Plateros-Arenales (San Felipe del Progresso, Estado de México, México), (19.xii.2013) 16.ii.2014: 58, Ex Q. obtusata, R. Delia García-Martiñón leg. (N22); MEX-213, Plateros-Arenales (San Felipe del Progresso, Estado de México, México), (29.xii.2013) 18.ii.2014: 58, Ex Q. deserticola, R. Delia García-Martiñón leg. (N27); MEX-318, Mineral el Chico: Mineral el Chico (Hidalgo, México), (08.x.2014) 20-x.2014: 18, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg. (11G); MEX-324, 324, Huitzilac: Huitzilac (Morelos, México), (06.xii.2016) 18-xii.2016: 18, Ex Q. glabrescens × obtusata, Elgar Castillo leg. (2A); MEX-327, Coajomulco (Morelos, México), (05.xii.2014) 17-xii.2014: 38, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg. (12H); MEX-328, Coajomulco (Morelos, México), (05.xii.2016) 12-xii.2016: 18, Ex Q. rugosa, Elgar Castillo leg. (12I); MEX-347, Santa Fe (Ciudad de México, México), (25.iii.2016) iii.2016: 18, Ex Q. laeta, DCT leg. (2881); MEX-348, Santa Fe (Morelos, México), (15.i.2016) ii.2016: 18, Ex Q. laeta, DCT leg. (2882); MEX-349, Santa Fe (Ciudad de México, México), 16.iii.2016 (iii.2016): 268, Ex Q. laeta, DCT leg. (2863) MEX-151, Santa Fe (Ciudad de México, México), (26.iii.2013) 28.iii-12.iv.2013: 268, Ex Q. laeta, DCT leg. © 2020 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Hosts: In Quercus, section Quercus: Q. deserticola Trel., Q. glabrescens × obtusata, Q. glaucoides M. Martens and Galeotti, Q. laeta Liebm., Q. magnoliifolia Née, Q. resinosa Née and Q. rugosa Née (Quercus section); after a reexamen of host by S. Valencia-A, the host mentioned in Pujade-Villar et al. (2011, Q. mexicana Humb. and Bonpl.) is wrong, the correct host is Q. deserticola Trel. All host are new records from this species. Distribution: México, described from material collected in the Parque Nacional del Bosque del Pedregal (Bosque de Tlalpan, Ciudad de México). Its distribution is extended to have collected it in the states of Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michioacan, Morelos, Puebla and Zacatecas. Remarks: Adults of this species have high morphological variability in the following characters: (i) the color is very variable, usually is ambarine with black marks but some specimens lacks black marks and others are almost black; (ii) OOL is usually shorter than diameter of posterior ocelli, but in some specimens OOL is larger; (iii) the length of notauli are usually short reaching the tegulae level but in some specimens are longer reaching until 3/4 of mesoscutum length; (vi) the metasoma sculpture is usually striated in second metasomal tergite but is some specimens exist also a reticulate sculpture more or less extended from margin of this tergite towards the basal area; (v) usually the second metasomal tergite is completely sculptured but in some specimens there is smooth in dorsal small area. The authors suggest that this variability may be indicative of a group of species. Further research should asses this matter.