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Alcohol and drug misuse is prevalent and problematic among women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV). Emotional dysfunction has been identified as a key mechanism in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of alcohol and drug misuse. However, existing research has not considered the role of race/ethnicity in the relations between emotional dysfunction and alcohol and drug misuse. Furthermore, past research in this area has focused almost exclusively on emotional dysfunction stemming from negative (vs. positive) emotions. The goals of the current study were as follows: (a) to explore whether levels of difficulties regulating positive emotions differ among Latina, African American, and White IPV-victimized women, and (b) to examine the moderating role of race/ethnicity in the relations between difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse. Participants were 197 IPV-victimized women recruited through the criminal justice system ( Mage = 36.14; 51.8% African American, 31.5% White, and 16.8% Latina). Difficulties regulating positive emotions did not differ as a function of race/ethnicity. However, relations among difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse were significant for Latina and White but not African American IPV-victimized women. Moreover, race/ethnicity moderated an association between difficulties regulating positive emotions and drug misuse; this relation was significant and positive for White (compared with African American) IPV-victimized women. While preliminary, these results may inform culturally sensitive interventions for alcohol and drug misuse that are tailored to the unique needs of Latina, African American, and White IPV-victimized women.

The recent development of behavioral neurosciences has fostered the study of the biological correlates that subtend the mental processes involved in moral choices and social behavior. For the sake of simplicity, human behavior can be considered as the resultant of instinctual/emotional factors on one hand and critical reasoning on the other. When this balance becomes defective, either because of emotional dysfunction and/or impaired critical ability, individuals may express abnormal behaviors, including impulsive and aggressive acts. Overall, responsibility requires the integrity of multiple emotional, cognitive and behavioral abilities. Individuals with lesions of the anterior portion of the brain, including patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), offer a valid model to investigate the neural bases underlying responsibility and behavior. These patients invariably show a progressive loss of the ability to control their instincts and impulses, to modulate their behavior, to respect moral laws, along with affective flattening. We argue that the co-occurrence of peculiar genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors may result in a condition of Functional Frontal Fragility, even in individuals who do not present, and may never present, any bvFTD.

BackgroundPsychotic experiences, social functioning and general psychopathology are important targets for early intervention in individuals with Ultra-High-Risk state (UHR) and a first-episode psychosis (FEP). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a promising, next-generation Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) that aims to modify these targets, but evidence on sustainable change and its underlying mechanisms in individuals’ daily lives remains limited. The aim of the INTERACT study is to investigate the efficacy of a novel ecological momentary intervention, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Daily Life (ACT-DL) in a multi-centre randomised controlled trial of individuals with UHR or FEP.Methods/designIn a multi-centre randomised controlled trial, individuals aged 16–65 years with UHR or FEP will be randomly allocated to ACT-DL in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) as the experimental condition or a control condition of TAU only, which will include – for the entire study period – access to routine mental health care and, where applicable, CBT for psychosis (CBTp). Outcomes will be assessed at baseline (i.e. before randomisation), post-intervention (i.e. after the 8-week intervention period), and 6-month and 12-month follow-ups (i.e. 6 and 12 months after completing the intervention period) by blinded assessors. The primary outcome will be distress associated with psychotic experiences, while secondary outcomes will include (momentary) psychotic experiences, social functioning and psychopathology. Process measures to assess putative mechanisms of change will include psychological flexibility, stress sensitivity and reward experiences. In addition, acceptability, treatment adherence and treatment fidelity of ACT-DL will be assessed.DiscussionThe current study is the first to test the efficacy of ACT-DL in individuals with UHR and FEP. If this trial demonstrates the efficacy of ACT-DL, it has the potential to significantly advance the treatment of people with UHR and FEP and, more generally, provides initial support for implementing mHealth interventions in mental health services.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register, ID:NTR4252. Registered on 26 September 2013.

We examined whether dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was feasible and effective in multiple sclerosis (MS). A convenience sample of 20 patients with anxiety or depression symptoms received either DBT (n = 10) or standard medical care (n = 10). The DBT protocol was found to be feasible in the MS population studied (e.g., good retention and acceptability). For the DBT group, significant improvements were demonstrated in self-rated and clinician-rated depressive symptoms, clinician-rated anxiety symptoms, self-rated general psychopathology symptoms, and quality of life. In contrast, the standard medical care group retained for exploratory purposes showed no significant improvements. This pilot work provides preliminary support for the utility of DBT in MS, but further work is needed to clarify this benefit using a large, randomized controlled approach.

We argue here that no cognitive agent can act in real time intelligently without emotion analogs that permit rapid, patterned response to critical “sensory” input or the impact of sudden internal signals. These agents will range in scale and form across individual humans, small disciplined groups, larger institutions, man/machine cockpit enterprises, and AI systems.

Theories of borderline personality disorder (BPD) highlight the central role of emotional dysfunction in this disorder, with a particular emphasis on emotional reactivity and emotion regulation (ER) difficulties. However, research on emotion-related difficulties in BPD has produced mixed results, often related to the particular indices of emotional responding used in the studies. As such, the specific nature of emotional dysfunction in BPD, as well as the extent to which subjective emotion-related difficulties map onto corresponding physiological deficits, remains unclear. This study examined both subjective and physiological indices of emotional reactivity and ER difficulties in response to a social rejection emotion induction (relative to a neutral emotion induction) across three groups of participants: self-harming young adults with BPD, self-harming young adults without BPD, and clinical controls with no self-harm history or BPD. Consistent with the hypotheses, results revealed a lack of convergence between subjective and physiological indices of emotional reactivity and ER difficulties among participants with BPD. Whereas participants with BPD reported both greater emotional reactivity and greater ER difficulties in response to the negative emotion induction than participants without self-harm or BPD, there were no significant differences in physiological indices of emotional reactivity or ER between participants with BPD and either of the control groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychopathy is a personality type characterized by both callous emotional dysfunction and deviant behavior that affects society in the form of actions that harm others. Historically, researchers have been concerned with seeking data and arguments to support a neurobiological foundation of psychopathy. In the past few years, increasing research has begun to reveal brain alterations putatively underlying the enigmatic psychopathic personality. In this review, we describe the brain anatomical and functional features that characterize psychopathy from a synthesis of available neuroimaging research and discuss how such brain anomalies may account for psychopathic behavior. The results are consistent in showing anatomical alterations involving primarily a ventral system connecting the anterior temporal lobe to anterior and ventral frontal areas, and a dorsal system connecting the medial frontal lobe to the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus complex and, in turn, to medial structures of the temporal lobe. Functional imaging data indicate that relevant emotional flow breakdown may occur in both these brain systems and suggest specific mechanisms via which emotion is anomalously integrated into cognition in psychopathic individuals during moral challenge. Directions for future research are delineated emphasizing, for instance, the relevance of further establishing the contribution of early life stress to a learned blockage of emotional self-exposure, and the potential role of androgenic hormones in the development of cortical anomalies.

This study aims to measure the psychometric properties of the Das Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (DN-CAS), to examine the construct validity of the Catalan-Spanish version, and to determine its clinical utility in a large bilingual Catalan-Spanish sample ( n = 2146). Participant age ranged from 5 years to 15 years old (female 56%). 472 of them were between 5 and 7 years old, 1050 of them were between 8 and 11 years old, and 624 of them were between 12 and 15 years old. The clinical discrimination of the DN-CAS was examined by comparing children with learning difficulties ( n = 1160) and behavioral dysfunction (n = 986) . A four-factor solution for cognitive performance was demonstrated. The current four-factor structure of the DN-CAS was similar to the original four-factor structure of the test. Furthermore, planning and attention are the most interdependent processes (r > .05, p < .001), and instead successive is the most independent process. Additionally, the DN-CAS, particularly successive and simultaneous, appear as development-related whereas planning and attention are more independent of age. Also, underperformance is mainly linked to successive and instead overperformance is clearly linked to simultaneous. And planning and attention are less susceptible to deviation from the norms independently of age, which is an advantage because intervention is basically based on planning. Finally, an “N” pattern is described in relationship to emotional dysfunction, therefore it represent a marker of emotional dysfunction.

Objectives Some researchers suggest that borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by elevated negative emotion; others argue that BPD involves both reduced positive and increased negative emotion. This study characterizes the emotional experiences of individuals with BPD symptoms in a combined university and community sample. Method Participants (N = 150) completed a clinical interview assessing BPD symptoms and self-report measures of positive and negative emotion. A subset (n = 106) completed a measure of emotion daily for 2 weeks. Pearson's correlations and multilevel modeling were used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between BPD symptoms and emotions. Results BPD symptoms were robustly related to increased negative emotion; this relationship remained after accounting for positive emotion. BPD symptoms were weakly related to decreased positive emotion; this relationship was no longer significant after accounting for negative emotion. BPD symptoms predicted higher levels of negative and not positive emotion over 14 days. These patterns held for subscales assessing intensity, frequency, and duration of negative and positive emotions. Conclusion Findings suggest that individuals with BPD features are chiefly distinguished by elevated negative emotional experience.

What do you think is the best way of dealing with my father? What can I do to convince him that there are better ways of running the business? I have been trying to have him accept my ideas, but he’s a poor listener. I really wonder how much he values my opinion. What grates is that he refuses to accept that the world is very different from the time when he started the business. If we – as a family business – are going to survive, we need to do things differently.

While the cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are well known, emotional impairments after TBI are suboptimally characterized. Lack of awareness of emotional difficulties can make self-report unreliable. However, individuals with TBI demonstrate involuntary changes in heart rate variability which may enable objective quantification of emotional dysfunction.Sixteen subjects with chronic TBI and 10 age-matched controls were tested on an emotional function battery during which they watched a series of film clips normed to elicit specific positively and negatively valenced emotions: amusement, sexual amusement, sadness, fear and disgust. Subjective responses to the emotional stimuli were also obtained. Additionally, surface electrodes measured cardiac and respiratory signals to compute heart rate variability (HRV), from which measures of parasympathetic activity, the respiratory frequency area (RFA) and sympathetic activity, the low frequency area (LFA), of the HRV frequency spectrum were derived. The Neurobehavioral Rating Scale-Revised (NRS-R) and the King-Devick (KD) test were administered to assess neurobehavioral dysfunction.The two groups showed no differences in subjective ratings of emotional intensity. Subjects with TBI showed significantly decreased sympathetic activity when viewing amusing stimuli and significantly increased sympathetic activity when viewing sad stimuli compared to controls. Most of the subjects did not show agitation, anxiety, depression, blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, decreased motivation or mental fatiguability on the NRS-R. However, 13/16 subjects with TBI demonstrated attention difficulty on the NRS-R which was positively correlated with the increased sympathetic activity during sad stimuli. Both attention difficulty and abnormal autonomic responses to sad stimuli were correlated with the timing on the KD test, which reflected difficulty with visual attention shifting.The HRV spectrum may be useful to identify subclinical emotional dysfunction in individuals with TBI. Attention difficulites, specifically impairment in visual attention shifting, may contribute to abnormal reactivity to sad stimuli that may be detected and potentially treated to improve emotional function.

It is known that roughness-smoothness, hardness-softness, stickiness-slipperiness and warm-cold are predominant perceptual dimensions in macro-, micro- and nano- texture perception. However, it is not clear to what extent active tactile texture discrimination remains intact with age. The general decrease in tactile ability induces physical and emotional dysfunction in elderly, and has increasing significance for an aging population. We report a method to quantify tactile acuity based on blinded active exploration of systematically varying micro-textured surfaces and a same-different paradigm. It reveals that elderly participants show significantly reduced fine texture discrimination ability. The elderly group also displays statistically lower finger friction coefficient, moisture and elasticity, suggesting a link. However, a subpopulation of the elderly retains discrimination ability irrespective of cutaneous condition and this can be related to a higher density of somatosensory receptors on the finger pads. Skin tribology is thus not the primary reason for decline of tactile discrimination with age. The remediation of cutaneous properties through rehydration, however leads to a significantly improved tactile acuity. This indicates unambiguously that neurological tactile loss can be temporarily compensated by restoring the cutaneous contact mechanics. Such mechanical restoration of tactile ability has the potential to increase the quality of life in elderly.

Se analizan, desde una perspectiva bibliométrica, las relaciones entre el sistema de neuronas en espejo y el TEA. Observamos que se ha pasado de escasos estudios a una media que supera los 50 estudios por año. Los mismos tienen, a su vez, una muy alta tasa de citación, pues recogiendo únicamente los 10 primeros trabajos citados todos ellos superan las 200 citas. Concretamente, en los 455 trabajos encontrados sobresalen las 15.449 citas. Este hecho describe un panorama de trabajo y una temática muy actuales, con importantes implicaciones no solo de cara a la etiología del TEA, sino también en su vertiente interventiva The relations between the mirror neuron system and the ASD are analyzed from a bibliometric perspective. We observe that it has been reduced from a few studies to an average that exceeds 50 studies per year. They have, in turn, a very high citation rate, since collecting only the first 10 cited works all of them exceed 200 citations. Specifically, in the 455 works found the 15,449 citations stand out. This fact describes a very current work and topic panorama, with important implications not only for the etiology of ASD, but also for its interventional aspect SI

Assess agreement between self-ratings via the adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS)-v1.1 Symptom Checklist and clinician ratings via the adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) expanded version using DSM-5 adult ADHD patients (referred sample) and ADHD controls (recruited from a primary care physician practice).The ASRS v1.1 Symptom Checklist was administered to measure self-reported ADHD symptoms and impairment, the Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale v1.2 was used to establish an adult ADHD diagnosis and the childhood and adult/current sections of the scale were used to provide scores to measure symptoms of childhood ADHD and recent symptoms of adult ADHD, the AISRS to measure ADHD current symptom severity.Participants (n = 299; range 18-58), of which 171 were ADHD+ and 128 ADHD-. ASRS and AISRS total scores and individual subsections examining inattention, hyperactivity, emotional dysfunction (EF), and emotional dyscontrol (EC) were all significantly correlated (Spearman's ρ's = 0.78-0.89, ps 0.01). Correlations remained significant when controlling for demographic factors and psychiatric conditions.The ASRS (self) and AISRS (clinician rated) scales have high agreement. This agreement extended not only the to the core 18 DSM symptoms, but also to the additional 13 symptoms that examine EC and EF.

The emotional dysfunction has been reported as a clinical symptom of the disorder in some studies of schizophrenia patients. To study the underlying brain dynamics during emotional states in schizophrenia patients by nonlinear analysis, the EEG signals can be investigated. The aim of this study was to estimate nonlinearity of schizophrenics' EEG, using the correlation dimension (D2) and the largest Lyapunov exponent (L1), at rest and while listening auditory stimuli with emotional content. EEG data were recorded under two conditions as resting-period and auditory stimulation periods (white noise (WN) and classical Turkish music (CTM)) during 8 min from schizophrenia patients and age-matched healthy controls. We found that the patients had significantly lower values of L1 at the left frontal, parietal and right central regions during whole procedure compared with controls and had a significantly higher D2 only in the F3 and the P4 regions during the CTM exposure. However, no significant L1 and D2 differences were found between periods for WN and CTM in schizophrenics. It can be concluded that schizophrenic brain has less flexible neural-networks in the left fronto-temporal area. The chaotic analysis may be a useful tool in analyzing the EEG to investigate the neurodynamics of the schizophrenia patients' brain during emotional stimuli. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Empirical research has used many methods and measures to study emotional dysfunction in borderline personality disorder (BPD) in controlled laboratory settings. Equally important, however, is the need to use externally valid laboratory and field methods to understand the real-world, personally relevant contexts in which difficulties with emotional functioning occur in BPD. Prospective and longitudinal methods using mobile technologies, such as ecological momentary assessment and ambulatory behavioral and psychophysiological measurement, allow researchers to investigate emotional and behavioral processes over time and in relevant contexts. Researchers in recent years have begun to use these methods to better understand emotional processes in the daily lives of individuals with BPD. The two primary purposes of the present review are to, firstly, provide an overview of several advances in ambulatory methods used to investigate emotional functioning in BPD and, secondly, offer suggestions for next steps in this area of research.

This study explores relationships between internalised stereotypes (IS) and emotional dysfunction in people with psychosis who are not taking antipsychotic medication. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data for 66 participants were tested for relationships between IS, emotional dysfunction and insight at baseline and three months. IS and insight at baseline were compared between those with psychological and other causal models of psychosis. High levels of IS were associated with depression and social anxiety at baseline. Internalised stereotypes contributed to the variance in depression over time. Participants who reported a psychological causal model for their psychotic experiences had significantly lower levels of stigma. Findings support a stigma model of emotional dysfunction in people with psychosis replicating previous findings in an antipsychotic free group. Research is required to demonstrate effective interventions for IS in those with psychosis.

Adult neurogenesis involves the generation of new neurons, particularly in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Decreased hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in both animal models of depression and in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), despite some inconsistency in the literature. Here, we build upon current models to generate a new testable hypothesis, linking impaired neurogenesis to downstream psychological outcomes commonly observed in MDD. We contend that disruption in adult neurogenesis impairs pattern separation, a hippocampus-dependent function requiring the careful discrimination and storage of highly similar, but not identical, sensory inputs. This, in turn, can affect downstream processing and response selection, of relevance to emotional wellbeing. Specifically, disrupted pattern separation leads to misperceived stimuli (i.e., stimulus confusion), triggering the selection and deployment of established responses inappropriate for the actual stimuli. We speculate that this may be akin to activation of automatic thoughts, described in the Cognitive Behavior Theory of MDD. Similarly, this impaired ability to discriminate information at a fundamental sensory processing level (e.g., impaired pattern separation) could underlie impaired psychological flexibility, a core component of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy of MDD. We propose that research is needed to test this model by examining the relationship between cognitive functioning (e.g., pattern separation ability), psychological processes (e.g., perseveration and psychological inflexibility), and neurogenesis, taking advantage of emerging magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based imaging that measures neurogenesis in-vivo.

OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationships among positivity, perceived personal and environmental resources, and emotional dysfunction in adolescent girls. We hypothesized that perceived resources would mediate the relationship between positivity and emotional dysfunction. METHODS Participants (N = 510) attending an all-girls public school completed a survey assessing emotional dysfunction (depressive symptoms and perceived stress), positivity (positive/negative emotions), and personal/ environmental resources (resilience, hope, percent adaptive coping, community connectedness, social support, and school connectedness). Perceived resources were combined into one latent variable, and structural equation modeling tested the mediating effect of perceived resources on the relationship between positivity and emotional dysfunction. RESULTS The model accounted for 63% of the variance in emotional dysfunction. Positivity exerted a significant direct effect on emotional dysfunction (β = -.14, p < .01), but its influence was primarily mediated through perceived resources (indirect effect: β = -.43, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The impact of positivity on emotional dysfunction is primarily but not entirely mediated by perceived personal and environmental resources. Schools should consider strategies to enhance experiences of positive emotions and/or decrease experiences of negative emotions, in conjunction with encouraging student awareness and development of personal and environmental resources.

Major depressive disorder is among the most common and costly of all mental health conditions, and in the last 20 years, emotional dysfunction has been increasingly seen as central to depression. Accordingly, research on emotions in depression has proceeded with fury. The urgency of the work has tempted investigators to issue premature declarations and to sometimes overlook theoretical and methodological challenges entailed in studying emotion. I report on what we have learned thus far about how depression influences emotional reactivity and emotion regulation, and also carefully demarcate the vast terrain of what we do not yet know. Ironically, an attitude of humility may enable the field to achieve the ambitious but elusive goal of developing a rich, contextually specific account of depression-related changes in emotional reactivity and regulation. Such an account is a precondition for using knowledge about emotion to intervene more effectively to reduce depression's worldwide burden.

Background: The benefits of a broadened mind set across moments of positivity accumulate over time and build enduring personal resources. Positivity can transform one’s life for the better, enhancing health and building greater resilience to adversity. Evidence is strong that positivity is a key active ingredient in flourishing mental health, however, less is known about the upper limit of positivity for optimal functioning. Aim: This study examined if exceedingly high positivity ratios – experienced positive to negative emotions – were associated with increased emotional dysfunction (stress, depressive symptoms) and downturned perceived personal (resilience, hope) and environmental (social support, school connectedness) resources. Methods: Participants (N=510) attending an all-girls public school completed a survey assessing positive/negative emotions (the positivity ratio), emotional dysfunction, and perceived personal and environmental resources. Linear and quadratic regression equations for the relationship between the positivity ratio and emotional dysfunction and perceived resources were modeled and compared. Results: The relationships between the positivity ratio and both emotional dysfunction and perceived resources were best fit by quadratic equations, indicative of enhanced functioning up to a point, beyond which functioning decreased at the highest levels of positivity. Conclusion: More frequent experiences of positive emotions and/or less frequent experiences of negative emotions are adaptive, within bounds, in promoting emotional functioning and helping adolescents perceive greater availability of personal and environmental resources.

Moods are a constant feature of human experience. Although we all experience good and bad moods, there are individual differences in the propensity to experience positive and negative feeling states. These individual differences are assessed as traits under the terms positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA), respectively. Studying the relations between PA, NA, and psychopathology has provided a basic understanding of emotional dysfunction in a range of symptoms and disorders. A substantial body of evidence indicates that general NA is a core feature of many types of psychopathology. In contrast, the relations for general PA are more varied, as it correlates negatively with some disorders but positively with others. Additionally, some research has investigated how more specific components of PA and NA relate to psychological disorders and their symptoms. However, further research of this type is needed to improve our conceptualization of emotional dysfunction across disorders.

Evidence suggests that maternal borderline personality (BP) pathology increases offspring risk. This study examined the relations between maternal BP pathology and related emotional dysfunction (including emotion regulation [ER] difficulties and emotional intensity/reactivity) and infant ER difficulties. Specifically, we examined both self-focused and caregiver-focused ER behaviors and the modulation of emotional expressions (one indicator of ER in young children) in response to fear- and anger-eliciting stimuli among 101 infants (12 to 23 months old) of mothers with and without clinically relevant BP pathology. The authors also examined the moderating role of mother-infant attachment. Findings of a series of multiple regression mediation analyses revealed an indirect effect of maternal BP pathology on infant ER difficulties through maternal emotional dysfunction, with maternal ER difficulties facilitating an indirect effect of maternal BP pathology on expressivity-related indicators of infant ER difficulties and maternal emotional intensity/reactivity linking maternal BP pathology to lower self-focused ER for infants in insecure-resistant attachment relationships.

espanolSe estudio el DN-CAS versus el WISC para altas capacidades con aprendizaje o conductas disfuncionales (doble excepcionalidad). 114 casos de alta capacidad, entre 10 y 14 anos (56% mujeres), 54 con dificultades de aprendizaje y 60 con conductas disfuncionales, fueron evaluados con el DN-CAS (PASS) y el WISC. Un analisis factorial mostro cuatro factores PASS y uno WISC. El WISC cargo principalmente en el simultaneo. Ningun otro procesamiento PASS cargo en el WISC. Se hallo debil o moderada correlacion entre DN-CAS y WISC. El simultaneo es el proceso menos correlacionado por lo que puede inferirse es el mas independiente. El analisis estadistico descriptivo mostro que el simultaneo fue el procesamiento PASS con mayor puntuacion y el procesamiento atencion fue el con menor puntuacion. En el analisis de agrupamiento de los procesos PASS superiores a 115 (+1DS) y 130 (+2DS), el simultaneo es el mas frecuentemente involucrado. Por ultimo, un patron singular (patron “N”) aparece como marcador de disfuncion emocional ligada al planning. En resumen, se demuestra la estructura de cuatro factores del DNCAS. El simultaneo aparece ligado al WISC. Un buen o excelente simultaneo aparece en alta capacidad. El DN-CAS es ventajoso para alta capacidad con aprendizaje o conducta disfuncional (doble excepcionalidad) pues el DN-CAS valora planificacion, creatividad y metacognicion. EnglishThis study examines the DN-CAS versus WISC to assess gifted children with learning difficulties or conduct disorders (twiceexceptional children). 114 gifted children, from 10 years to 14 years old (female 56%), 54 with learning difficulties, 60 with conduct disorder, were assessed on DN-CAS (PASS) and WISC. Factor analysis showed four PASS factors and one WISC factor. WISC loaded mainly on simultaneous. No other PASS processing was linked with WISC. Correlations showed weak or moderate correlation between CAS and WISC. Simultaneous is the less correlated process and therefore we can infer that it woks more independently. Descriptive statistics showed that simultaneous was the higher score and planning the lower score. On analyzing clusters of PASS processes higher that 115 (+1SD) and 130 (+2SD), simultaneous appears as the most frequently involved. Finally, a particular pattern (”N” pattern) is found as a marker of emotional dysfunction linked to planning. These findings demonstrate a four-factor solution for D-N CAS among the gifted children tested. Only simultaneous appears linked to WISC. A good or excellent simultaneous appears linked to gifted children. The DN-CAS seems to offer an advantageous tool to assess gifted children, mainly in the case of underachievers or disturbed behavior, given that DN-CAS assesses planning, closely related to creativity and metacognition.

Psychopathy is associated with emotional dysfunction that impedes the experience of emotions such as fear and sadness and has been purported to facilitate violent behavior. However, findings relative to the association between psychopathy and anger have not been reliably substantiated. Theorists have proposed that psychopathy predisposes one to experience greater frustration and anger, whereas other experts have suggested that there is no convincing evidence for this assertion. In the present study, we tested the relationship between psychopathy subfactors and anger subsequent to conflict or non-conflict interactions. Sixty-eight collegiate-men completed the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale and read vignettes depicting either a conflict or non-conflict scenario and were asked to imagine themselves in the situation. Following presentation of the vignettes, participants completed a lexical-decision-task assessing affective states. Results indicated that the psychopathy subfactors demonstrated strong differential associations, where Factor 1 showed negative and Factor 2 showed positive association with anger activation in response to interpersonal conflict. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of anger as a facilitator of violence in some psychopathic individuals.

Although mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a widely accepted construct both clinically and in the research literature, it remains a heterogeneous condition that varies in presentation and prognosis. This article first reviews the evolution of the diagnosis of MCI, followed by examination of pros and cons of cognitive assessments commonly used to assess for MCI. Emotional changes commonly seen in MCI are also reviewed. Finally, the relation between cognitive and emotional dysfunction is examined, including a discussion of specific psychological symptoms seen in subtypes of MCI, and how the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms may affect the risk for progression to dementia.

Head-injured patients experience diverse problems, including physical, cognitive, behavioural, or emotional dysfunction. There is a team of people who can help to regain a patient's former level of abilities or teach adaptive methods. This article outlines the different roles of the rehabilitation team, and the vital role HCAs and APs have in the rehabilitation of a head-injured patient.

This chapter focuses on the emotional dysfunction that can emerge following psychosis. Even when the symptoms of psychosis have largely remitted, individuals can still experience marked difficulties with their mood. They are confronted with difficult thoughts about themselves, how others might see them, what has happened in the past and what might happen in the future. A contextual psychology perspective is provided on how these difficulties emerge, and an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) approach is presented. Key themes that can emerge in an ACT intervention for emotional dysfunction following psychosis are discussed and suggestions are made about how to work with these themes therapeutically. Finally, extracts from therapy sessions are used to elaborate on how this therapeutic work is operationalised in the therapist–client interaction. The ‘psychological flexibility’ that ACT aims to facilitate makes it an obvious candidate for addressing the experiential avoidance that characterises the emotional dysfunction following psychosis.

In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge about neural and genetic pathways that influence three emotional processes: (1) emotional reactivity, which is generating emotions in response to challenges, threats, and opportunities; (2) emotional regulation, which is adjusting emotional responses to meet personal, interpersonal, and social goals and standards; and (3) emotional affiliation, which is using emotions to create and maintain social connections. Emotional reactivity, regulation, and affiliation are all critical for daily living and maintaining mental and physical health; each is highly vulnerable to disruption in psychopathology and neuropathology. In the final part of the chapter, we consider ways in which tools and concepts derived from modern affective science can help elucidate the relationships among neural circuits, genes, emotional functioning, and pathology and provide insights about etiology, diagnosis, and treatment that can be useful in clinical contexts.

Maladaptive cognitive processes, including selective attention and memory, distorted beliefs and interpretations, and thinking processes such as rumination and thought suppression, are strongly associated with many emotional disorders. This paper reviews research that extends these findings to the emotional dysfunction characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Results suggest that people with BPD habitually attend to negative stimuli, have disproportionate access to negative memories, endorse a range of BPD-consistent negative beliefs about themselves, the world, and other people, and make negatively biased interpretations and evaluations of neutral or ambiguous stimuli. They also engage in thought suppression and rumination and these tendencies are significantly associated with the severity of their BPD symptoms. It remains unclear whether maladaptive cognitive processes play a causal role in the development and maintenance of BPD or are correlates or consequences of having the disorder. Continued study of emotion-related cognitive processing in BPD may improve understanding and treatment of this severe disorder.

Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are widely considered to have problems with emotional reactivity. However, the specific kinds of stimuli that are associated with heightened emotional reactivity in BPD have not been well characterized. Thus, it is unclear whether the emotional dysfunction in BPD occurs in response to any emotionally evocative stimuli, or to specific classes of stimuli. In this study, we used subjective measures (self-report and interview-based) to compare reactivity to sensations (auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, visual) between participants with BPD (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 50). Controlling for trait negative emotional reactivity, individuals with BPD reported being significantly more reactive across sensory stimuli. However, the difference between controls and BPD was significantly greater for reactivity to auditory stimuli compared to other sensory stimuli. Findings from this study provide preliminary data suggesting individuals with BPD may be characterized by heightened self-reported reactivity to aversive sounds.

Introduction: during non-pathological aging the modulatory effect of emotion on memory is impaired, being particularly sensitive to amygdala and hippocampus atrophy that occurs in Alzheimer's disease. Aim: the aim of this paper is to analyze how this affects the deterioration of affective states at the beginning and during development of the disease and how the difficulties in remembering emotional information could be used to study emotional valence and arousal levels, in order to develop a test capable of detecting these problems in early stages of the disease. Conclusions: in light of the studies consulted, we recommend the use of recognition instead free recall; multilevel emotional induction methods and greater sensitivity in the analysis of data using parameters based on Signal Detection Theory. The clinical implications of this approach focus on diagnosis, where emotion should be integrated at the same analysis level as memory and attention, and also in the experimental field, providing tools for neuroimaging studies with which to study biological bases of emotional dysfunction. (Alzheimer. Real Invest Demenc. 2011;48:33-38)

Emotional dysfunction is a key feature of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) but emotional intelligence (EI) has rarely been investigated in this sample. This study aimed at an investigation of ability EI, general intelligence, and self-reported emotion regulation in BPD. We included 19 patients with BPD and 20 healthy control subjects in the study. EI was assessed by means of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test and the test of emotional intelligence. For the assessment of general intelligence, we administered the multidimensional “Leistungsprufsystem-Kurzversion.” The emotion regulation questionnaire and the difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were used to assess emotion regulation. The patients with BPD did not exhibit impairments of ability EI and general intelligence but reported severe impairments in emotion regulation. Ability EI was related both to general intelligence (patients and controls) and to self-reported emotion regulation (patients). In conclusion, emotional dysfunction in BPD might primarily affect self-perceived behavior rather than abilities. Intense negative emotions in everyday life may trigger dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies in BPD although patients possess sufficient theoretical knowledge about optimal regulation strategies.

Background Neuroimaging studies have revealed that disturbances in network organization of key brain regions may underlie cognitive and emotional dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Examining both brain structure and function in the same population may further our understanding of network alterations in PTSD. Methods We used tensor-based morphometry and intrinsic connectivity distribution to identify regions of altered volume and functional connectivity in unmedicated individuals with PTSD ( n = 21) and healthy comparison participants ( n = 18). These regions were then used as seeds for follow-up anatomical covariance and functional connectivity analyses. Results Smaller volume in the cerebellum and weaker structural covariance between the cerebellum seed and the middle temporal gyrus were observed in the PTSD group. Individuals with PTSD also exhibited lower whole-brain connectivity in the cerebellum, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and medial prefrontal cortex. Functional connectivity in the cerebellum and grey matter volume in the dlPFC were negatively correlated with PTSD severity as measured by the DSM-5 PTSD Checklist (PCL-5; r = −.0.77, r = − 0.79). Finally, seed connectivity revealed weaker connectivity within nodes of the central executive network (right and left dlPFC), and between nodes of the default mode network (medial prefrontal cortex and cerebellum) and the supramarginal gyrus, in the PTSD group. Conclusion We demonstrate structural and functional alterations in PTSD converging on the PFC and cerebellum. Whilst PFC alterations are relatively well established in PTSD, the cerebellum has not generally been considered a key region in PTSD. Our findings add to a growing evidence base implicating cerebellar involvement in the pathophysiology of PTSD.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) has been recognized as a common and treatable neurologic disorder in adults for some time, but the occurrence of RLS in children and adolescents has seen relatively delayed acceptance. A large, population-based study has recently reported a 1.9% and 2% prevalence of RLS in children and adolescents, respectively. RLS in children is closely associated with periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), and symptoms of both may range from mild to severe. An early, accurate diagnosis of RLS or PLMD provides substantial benefits to an individual's quality of life, especially in cases of poor-sleep related intellectual or emotional dysfunction. Treatment plans should use emerging knowledge of how RLS and PLMD affect children and adolescents to correctly identify these disorders and aim to reduce or eliminate symptoms. Best-fitting therapy will consider severity of symptoms, comorbid conditions, and phenotypic variables. Promising progress has been made in understanding the genetic components of RLS as well as the role of iron deficiency in exacerbating symptoms. A review of current research on RLS and PLMD in children and adolescents is presented.

This is a Classic Edition of Adrian Wells and Gerald Matthews’ award-winning textbook on attention and emotion, which now includes new section introductions. The book won the British Psychological Society book award in 1998, and is now widely seen as a classic in the field of emotional disorders. Attention and Emotion: A Clinical Perspective critically reviews the literature on attention and emotion, and offers an integrative cognitive attentional model of the development and maintenance of emotional disorders. The authors also discuss the implications for clinical practice of attentional theories of emotional dysfunction. In the new section introductions, the authors reflect on the influence of their ground-breaking model and the subsequent developments in the field, 20 years since the book was first published. The book will continue to be essential reading for students, researchers and professionals with an interest in disorders of attention and emotion.

Disability in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) is rooted not only in physical impairment, but can also be the result of associated mental and emotional dysfunction often experienced by PH patients. Very little has been done to document the extent and degree of disability in PH, and even less has been done to determine the effect of PH treatments on disability. While current US policies governing eligibility for disability do not take into account many of the factors that lead to disability that are unique to PH patients, work is underway to revise these policies.