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This study aims to analyze the essential corporate governance determinants of related party transactions (RPTs) in Indonesia. Based on a hand-collected sample of three business groups of small, medium, and large-cap publicly listed firms on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for 2013–2019, panel regression results find that foreign shareholders and firm size have a significant effect, at –2.402 and 0.248, respectively. The moderating model of audit quality shows that domestic shareholders, foreign shareholders, and firm size are significantly negatively associated, with –5.627 and –5.958 at 5%, respectively. Similar results show that foreign shareholders and independent commissioners significantly negatively affect related party transactions at –2.864 and –1.845, moderating the firm size at 10% and 5%, respectively. The moderation of regression results also indicates that audit quality and firm size tend to strengthen negative effects on the association between related party transactions and corporate governance. The moderation interaction confirms that audit quality will determine that domestic and foreign shareholders tend to increase the number of affiliate transactions. The interaction of complete information quality will force domestic and foreign shareholders to increase the role of affiliate transactions in creating firm value. The larger size of the firm, which is owned by foreign shareholders, will increase the intensity of cross-border related party transactions through the combined effects in the context of internationalization with a tendency of expropriation and transfer pricing practices, which can reduce government tax incomes. Acknowledgment We are grateful to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, Indonesia, for research grant No. 163/E4.1/AK.04.PT/2021, as well as the editor of the Investment Management and Financial Innovations journal, peer reviewers, and some colleagues for their suggestions, criticism and comments that significantly improved this paper.

Introdução: Os glicocorticoides (GC) são utilizados como antialérgicos e anti-inflamatórios, mas o seu uso prolongado pode causar distúrbios metabólicos, como hiperglicemia, resistência à insulina e diminuição da síntese de proteínas. No entanto, o exercício resistido (ER) tem sido uma alternativa importante na prevenção e tratamento desses distúrbios metabólicos. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de uma única sessão de RE sobre a homeostase da glicose e a proteína mTOR de ratos tratados com glicocorticoide. Materiais e métodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos aleatoriamente nos grupos controle (CO), Dexametasona Sedentário (DEX) e Dexametasona+Exercício resistido (DEX+ER). Os grupos DEX e DEX+RE receberam dexametasona durante 7 dias (2,0mg/kg/dia). O protocolo de ER baseou-se em cinco séries, de 10 repetições, com intensidade de 60% de uma repetição máxima (1RM) realizado no aparelho de agachamento. Foram aferidos o peso corporal, a glicemia, teste de tolerância à insulina (TTI) e expressão proteica da Akt-fosforilada/total, da AMPK-fosforilada/total e da mTOR-fosforilado/total. Resultados: A glicose apresentou-se elevada e o TTI reduzido no grupo DEX, porém uma única sessão de ER reduziu a glicose e melhorou a tolerância à insulina. Já razão da expressão proteica da Akt-fosforilada/total e da AMPK-fosforilada/total não apresentou diferença entre os grupos. No entanto, em relação a razão mTOR-fosforilada/total houve um aumento no DEX+ER comparado apenas ao grupo CO. Conclusão: Uma única sessão de RE, mesmo na presença de altas doses de dexametasona, melhorou a homeostase da glicose e aumentou a razão mTOR-fosforilada/total que está envolvida na síntese de proteínas no músculo esquelético.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly infiltrating multiple areas in medicine, with gastrointestinal endoscopy paving the way in both research and clinical applications. Multiple challenges associated with the incorporation of AI in endoscopy are being addressed in recent consensus documents. Objectives: In the current paper, we aimed to map future challenges and areas of research for the incorporation of AI in capsule endoscopy (CE) practice. Design: Modified three-round Delphi consensus online survey. Methods: The study design was based on a modified three-round Delphi consensus online survey distributed to a group of CE and AI experts. Round one aimed to map out key research statements and challenges for the implementation of AI in CE. All queries addressing the same questions were merged into a single issue. The second round aimed to rank all generated questions during round one and to identify the top-ranked statements with the highest total score. Finally, the third round aimed to redistribute and rescore the top-ranked statements. Results: Twenty-one (16 gastroenterologists and 5 data scientists) experts participated in the survey. In the first round, 48 statements divided into seven themes were generated. After scoring all statements and rescoring the top 12, the question of AI use for identification and grading of small bowel pathologies was scored the highest (mean score 9.15), correlation of AI and human expert reading-second (9.05), and real-life feasibility-third (9.0). Conclusion: In summary, our current study points out a roadmap for future challenges and research areas on our way to fully incorporating AI in CE reading.

Abstract Background Stratification by clinical scores of patients suspected of infection can be used to support decisions on treatment and diagnostic workup. Seven clinical scores, SepsisFinder (SF), National Early Warning Score (NEWS), Sequential Orgen Failure Assessment (SOFA), Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS), quick SOFA (qSOFA), Shapiro Decision Rule (SDR) and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), were evaluated for their ability to predict 30-day mortality and bacteraemia and for their ability to identify a low risk group, where blood culture may not be cost-effective and a high risk group where direct-from-blood PCR (dfbPCR) may be cost effective. Methods Retrospective data from two Danish and an Israeli hospital with a total of 1816 patients were used to calculate the seven scores. Results SF had higher Area Under the Receiver Operating curve than the clinical scores for prediction of mortality and bacteraemia, significantly so for MEDS, qSOFA and SIRS. For mortality predictions SF also had significantly higher area under the curve than SDR. In a low risk group identified by SF, consisting of 33% of the patients only 1.7% had bacteraemia and mortality was 4.2%, giving a cost of € 1976 for one positive result by blood culture. This was higher than the cost of € 502 of one positive dfbPCR from a high risk group consisting of 10% of the patients, where 25.3% had bacteraemia and mortality was 24.2%. Conclusion This may motivate a health economic study of whether resources spent on low risk blood cultures might be better spent on high risk dfbPCR.

Abstract Burden of COVID-19 on Hospitals across the globe is enormous and has clinical and economic implications. In this retrospective study including consecutive adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 who were admitted between 3/2020 and 30/9/20, we aimed to identify post-discharge outcomes and risk factors for re-admission among COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Mortality and re-admissions were documented for a median post discharge follow up of 59 days (interquartile range 28,161). Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for re-admission were performed. Overall, 618 hospitalized COVID-19 patients were included. Of the 544 patient who were discharged, 10 patients (1.83%) died following discharge and 50 patients (9.2%) were re-admitted. Median time to re-admission was 7 days (interquartile range 3, 24). Oxygen saturation or treatment prior to discharge were not associated with re-admissions. Risk factors for re-admission in multivariate analysis included solid organ transplantation (hazard ratio [HR] 3.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.73–7.5, p = 0.0028) and higher Charlson comorbidity index (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.23–1.46, p

Vaccines are pivotal for control of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) treated with antitumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α have lower serologic response after two COVID-19 vaccine doses. Data regarding a third vaccine dose are scarce. An Israeli multicenter prospective observational study recruited 319 subjects: 220 with IBD (79 treated with anti-TNFα) and 99 healthy control (HC) participants. All patients received two mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccines (Pfizer/BioNTech), 80% of whom received a third vaccine dose. Evaluation included disease activity, anti-spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antibody levels, anti-TNFα drug levels, and adverse events (AEs). All participants showed significant serologic response one month after receiving a third dose. However, three months later, the anti-S levels decreased significantly in patients treated with anti-TNFα compared with the non-anti-TNFα and HC groups. A correlation between serologic response to the third vaccine dose and anti-TNF drug levels was not found. No significant AE or IBD exacerbation was observed. Importantly, lower serologic response after the third vaccine dose predicted infection. A third dose of BNT162b2 is effective and safe in patients with IBD. Lower serologic response predicted infection, even in seropositive subjects. Lower serologic responses and their rapid decline suggest a fourth vaccine dose in this patient population.

Background: The diagnostic accuracy of colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) depends on a well-cleansed bowel. Evaluating the cleansing quality can be difficult with a substantial interobserver variation. Objectives: Our primary aim was to establish a standard of agreement for bowel cleansing in CCE based on evaluations by expert readers. Then, we aimed to investigate the interobserver agreement on bowel cleansing. Design: We conducted an interobserver agreement study on bowel cleansing quality. Methods: Readers with different experience levels in CCE and colonoscopy evaluated bowel cleansing quality on the Leighton–Rex scale and Colon Capsule CLEansing Assessment and Report (CC-CLEAR), respectively. All evaluations were reported on an image level. A total of 24 readers rated 500 images on each scale. Results: An expert opinion-based agreement standard could be set for poor and excellent cleansing but not for the spectrum in between, as the experts agreed on only a limited number of images representing fair and good cleansing. The overall interobserver agreement on the Leighton–Rex full scale was good (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.84, 95% CI (0.82–0.85)) and remained good when stratified by experience level. On the full CC-CLEAR scale, the overall agreement was moderate (ICC 0.62, 95% CI (0.59–0.65)) and remained so when stratified by experience level. Conclusion: The interobserver agreement was good for the Leighton–Rex scale and moderate for CC-CLEAR, irrespective of the reader's experience level. It was not possible to establish an expert-opinion standard of agreement for cleansing quality in CCE images. Dedicated training in using the scales may improve agreement and enable future algorithm calibration for artificial intelligence supported cleansing evaluation. Trial registration: All included images were derived from the CAREforCOLON 2015 trial (Registered with The Regional Health Research Ethics Committee (Registration number: S-20190100), the Danish data protection agency (Ref. 19/29858), and ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT04049357)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Pan-enteric capsule endoscopy (PillCam Crohn's capsule [PCC]) is a useful tool in diagnosing and monitoring Crohn's disease [CD]. Eliakim score [ES] reliability and its strong correlation to Lewis score [LS] and to inflammatory biomarkers have been previously demonstrated using PCC in quiescent CD. We aimed to examine ES performance in active CD and its responsiveness to clinical/biochemical change over time. Methods Patients with CD who have started biologics were included, and were prospectively followed based on clinical visits, biomarkers, and PCC at baseline, after 14 and 52 weeks. Crohn's disease activity index [CDAI], C-reactive protein [CRP], and faecal calprotectin [FC] levels were determined, and LS and ES were calculated [independently reviewed by two experienced readers]. Inter-class classification [ICC], Spearman's baseline correlation, and repeated-measures correlation [RMC] analyses were performed. Results Seventy-four patients were included (age: 30.5 [range 23.3–45.0] years old, male 50%). In total, 142 PCCs were read [baseline, 62; week 14, 58; week 52, 22]. Inter-rater agreement was high for both LS and ES (ICC: 0.872 [ p  < 0.001] and 0.925 [<0.001], respectively). Baseline correlations between FC&ES [ r  = 0.509 [ p  < 0.001]) and FC&LS (r  = 0.467 [ p  < 0.001]) were comparable [ p  = 0.56]. RMCs between the inflammatory biomarkers and ES were higher than between the former and LS (Reader 1: CRP r  = 0.306 vs r  = 0.138 [ p  = 0.057], FC r  = 0.479 vs r  = 0.297 [ p  = 0.034]; Reader 2 CRP r  = 0.376 vs r  = 0.204 [ p  = 0.035], FC r  = 0.549 vs r  = 0.412 [ p  = 0.075]). Moreover, ES was better correlated to CDAI than LS [ p  = 0.036]. Conclusions ES is a reliable scoring system in assessing pan-enteric mucosal inflammation in active CD, and might have a better responsiveness to clinical/biochemical change over time compared to LS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Following the Hamas terror attack on Israeli towns on October 2023, 250 individuals were taken into captivity. On November–December 2023, during the cease‐fire deal, 26 women and children were released. This study is the first to describe the physical and behavioural findings in children and their mothers in the immediate phase of returning home from captivity. Methods: This is a retrospective study describing the clinical characteristics of the returnees after 49–53 days in captivity. Patients were admitted to a designated unit in the Schnieder Children's Medical Center of Israel on November–December 2023. The hospitalisation duration was 1–9 days. All patients were evaluated according to a detailed protocol and were treated respectively. Results: Patient population included 19 children (ranged 2–18 years old) and 7 women (ranged 34–78 years old). The most common clinical findings upon return included significant weight loss, psychological trauma, complications of poor hygiene and complications of recent shrapnel injuries. Microbiology tests were positive for multiple gastrointestinal pathogens. Serologic screening tests were positive for various infectious diseases. Conclusion: Clinical findings in this time period were diverse and required the attention of a multidisciplinary team. Long term clinical and psychological effects are yet to be known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the relationship between Achilles-tendon (AT) and patellar-tendon (PT) structure, clinical-examination and tendon pain in young gymnasts; and, to explore the associations between these factors and age, maturation, and training-load. Two hundred and seventy-four female gymnasts (aged 12.1±1.9 yrs) were assessed for anthropometric measures, pubertal-stage, and training-load. They had clinical-tests (pain-on-palpation for AT and pain-on-palpation and Royal-London Hospital-Test for PT), were asked about tendon-pain during-loading and were assessed for tendon-structure. Gymnasts with positive clinical-tests (with and without pain during-loading) presented a significantly higher prevalence of disorganized AT and PT compared to gymnasts with negative clinical-tests (with and without pain during-loading) (p<0.05). A significant pubertyXpositive clinical-test interaction was found for disorganized PT structure, whereby a disorganized structure was more prevalent among post-pubertal gymnasts with positive clinical-tests compared to pre-pubertal participants with negative clinical-tests (F(1, 263)=9.436, p=0.002). In gymnasts with positive clinical-tests, significant correlations were found between disorganized AT and PT structures and age, and training-load (p<0.05). An increased prevalence of disorganized tendon structure (regardless of pain during-loading) was seen in participants with positive clinical-tests. This disorganized tendon-structure was found to be significantly related to increased age, post-pubertal stage, and higher training hours in gymnasts with positive clinical-tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A successful swimming performance is a multi-factorial accomplishment, resulting from a complex interaction of physical, biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors, all of which are strongly affected by the special medium of water as well as by genetic factors. The nature of competitive swimming is unique, as most of the competitive events last less than four minutes. Yet training regimens have an endurance nature (many hours and many kilometres of swimming every day), which makes it impossible to classify swimming by definitions of aerobic-type or anaerobic-type events, as in track and field sports. Therefore, genetic variants associated with swimming performance are not necessarily related to metabolic pathways, but rather to blood lactate transport (MCT1), muscle functioning (IGF1 axis), muscle damage (IL6) and others. The current paper reviews the main findings on the leading 12 genetic polymorphisms (located in the ACE, ACTN3, AMPD1, BDKRB2, IGF1, IL6, MCT1, MSTN, NOS3, PPARA, PPARGC1A, and VEGFR2 genes) related to swimming performance, while taking into consideration the unique environment of this sport.

Abstract Background Population external validity is the extent to which an experimental study results can be generalized from a specific sample to a defined population. In order to apply the results of a study, we should be able to assess its population external validity. We performed an investigator-initiated randomized controlled trial (RCT) (AIDA study), which compared colistin-meropenem combination therapy to colistin monotherapy in the treatment of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In order to examine the study’s population external validity and to substantiate the use of AIDA study results in clinical practice, we performed a concomitant observational trial. Methods The study was conducted between October 1st, 2013 and January 31st, 2017 (during the RCTs recruitment period) in Greece, Israel and Italy. Patients included in the observational arm of the study have fulfilled clinical and microbiological inclusion criteria but were excluded from the RCT due to receipt of colistin for > 96 h, refusal to participate, or prior inclusion in the RCT. Non-randomized cases were compared to randomized patients. The primary outcome was clinical failure at 14 days of infection onset. Results Analysis included 701 patients. Patients were infected mainly with Acinetobacter baumannii [78.2% (548/701)]. The most common reason for exclusion was refusal to participate [62% (183/295)]. Non-randomized and randomized patients were similar in most of the demographic and background parameters, though randomized patients showed minor differences towards a more severe infection. Combination therapy was less common in non-randomized patients [31.9% (53/166) vs. 51.2% (208/406), p = 0.000]. Randomized patients received longer treatment of colistin [13 days (IQR 10–16) vs. 8.5 days (IQR 0–15), p = 0.000]. Univariate analysis showed that non-randomized patients were more inclined to clinical failure on day 14 from infection onset [82% (242/295) vs. 75.5% (307/406), p = 0.042]. After adjusting for other variables, non-inclusion was not an independent risk factor for clinical failure at day 14. Conclusion The similarity between the observational arm and RCT patients has strengthened our confidence in the population external validity of the AIDA trial. Adding an observational arm to intervention studies can help increase the population external validity and improve implementation of study results in clinical practice. Trial registration The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01732250 on November 22, 2012.

Abstract Hospital readmissions following severe infections are a major economic burden on the health care system and have a negative influence on patients' quality of life. Understanding the risk factors for readmission, particularly the extent to which they could be prevented, is of a great importance. In this study we evaluated potentially preventable risk factors for 60-day readmission in patients surviving hospitalization for complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI). This was a multinational, multicentre retrospective cohort study conducted in Europe and the Middle East. Our cohort included survivors of hospitalization due to cUTI during the years 2013–2014. The primary outcome was 60-day readmission following index hospitalization. Patient characteristics that could have influenced readmission: demographics, infection presentation and management, microbiological and clinical data; were collected via computerized medical records from infection onset up to 60 days after hospital discharge. Overall, 742 patients were included. The cohort median age was 68 years (interquartile range, (IQR) 55–80) and 43.3% (321/742) of patients were males. The all-cause 60-day readmission rate was 20.1% (149/742) and more than half were readmitted for infection [57.1%, (80/140)]. Recurrent cUTI was the most frequent cause for readmission [46.4% (65/140)]. Statistically significant risk factors associated with 60-day readmission in multivariable analysis were: older age (odds ratio (OR) 1.02 for an one-year increment, confidence interval (CI) 1.005–1.03), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.04–2.55), cancer (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.05–2.77), previous urinary tract infection (UTI) in the last year (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.14–2.83), insertion of an indwelling bladder catheter (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.07–2.45) and insertion of percutaneous nephrostomy (OR 3.68, 95% CI 1.67–8.13). In conclusion, patients surviving hospitalization for cUTI are frequently re-hospitalized, mostly for recurrent urinary infections associated with a medical condition that necessitated urinary interventions. Interventions to avoid re-admissions should target these patients.

Background and aimAnti-TNFα is measurable in infants exposed in utero up to 12 months of age. Data about the exposure effect on the infant’s adaptive immunity are limited. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the distribution and function of T and B cells, in infants of females with inflammatory bowel disease, in utero exposed to anti-TNFα or azathioprine.MethodsA prospective multi-center study conducted 2014–2017. Anti-TNFα levels were measured in cord blood, and at 3 and 12 months. T-cell repertoire and function were analyzed at 3 and 12 months by flow-cytometry, expression of diverse T cell receptors (TCR) and T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) quantification assay. Serum immunoglobulins and antibodies for inactivated vaccines were measured at 12 months. Baseline clinical data were retrieved, and 2-monthly telephonic interviews were performed regarding child infections and growth.Results24 pregnant females, age 30.6 (IQR 26.5–34.5) years were recruited, 20 with anti-TNFα (infliximab 8, adalimumab 12), and 4 with azathioprine treatment. Cord blood anti-TNFα was higher than maternal blood levels [4.3 (IQR 2.3–9.2) vs. 2.5 (IQR 1.3–9.7) mcg/ml], declining at 3 and 12 months. All infants had normal number of B-cells (n = 17), adequate levels of immunoglobulins (n = 14), and protecting antibody levels to Tetanus, Diphtheria, Hemophilus influenza-B and hepatitis B (n = 17). All had normal CD4+, CD8+ T-cells, and TREC numbers. TCR repertoire was polyclonal in 18/20 and slightly skewed in 2/20 infants. No serious infections requiring hospitalization were recorded.ConclusionWe found that T-cell and B-cell immunity is fully mature and immune function is normal in infants exposed in utero to anti-TNFα, as in those exposed to azathioprine. Untreated controls and large-scale studies are needed to confirm these results.

Objective To evaluate the durability of response 3 months after the third BNT162b2 vaccine in adults aged 60 years and older.Design Prospective cohort study.Setting Single tertiary centre.Participants Healthcare workers/family members aged ≥60 years old who received the third BNT162b2 dose.Interventions Blood samples were drawn immediately before (T0), 10–19 days (T1) and 74–103 days (T2) after the third dose.Primary and secondary outcome measures Anti-spike IgG titres were determined using a commercial assay and seropositivity was defined as ≥50 arbitrary units (AU)/mL. Neutralising antibody titres were determined at T2. Adverse events, COVID-19 infections and Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) levels were documented.Results The analysis included 97 participants (median age, 70 years (IQR, 66–74), 58% CFS level 2). IgG titres, which increased significantly from T0 to T1 (median, 440 AU/mL (IQR, 294–923) and median, 25 429 AU/mL (IQR, 14 203–36 114), respectively; p

We describe four cases of COVID-19 infection during the Omicron wave, in patients treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. All cases follow a similar biphasic clinical course consisting of respiratory deterioration, which occurred a few weeks after convalescence from initial mild to asymptomatic infection. Possible explanations are discussed.

Background: The diagnosis of proximal small bowel involvement in Crohn’s disease (CD) can be challenging at magnetic resonance enterography (MRE). The inflammatory process in CD can be associated with peri-intestinal inflammatory reactions, including the presence of inflamed mesenteric lymph nodes. Objectives: To evaluate the significance of inflamed mesenteric lymph nodes adjacent to the jejunum at MRE in CD and the association with proximal bowel disease as detected by video capsule endoscopy (VCE). Design: This retrospective study was performed in two tertiary medical centres, and included 64 patients with CD who underwent MRE as well as VCE within 1 year. Methods: Data were collected for examinations performed between August 2013 and February 2021. MRE images were independently reviewed by radiologists who were blinded to the clinical data. Association between the presence of mesenteric lymph nodes adjacent to jejunum at MRE and disease activity according to VCE Lewis scores of proximal small bowel was examined. Results: VCE detected proximal disease in 24/64 patients (37.5%). Presence of regional lymph nodes in the jejunal mesentery was significantly associated with jejunal disease as seen on VCE ( p

Background: The ACSL A/G single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with endurance trainability. It was previously demonstrated that AA carriers had a reduced maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) in response to training compared to GG carriers, and that this polymorphism explained 6.1% of the variance in the VO2 max response to training. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the ACSL A/G polymorphism among soccer players. Methods: One hundred and sixty-seven male athletes (60 soccer players, 48 sprinters and jumpers, 59 long distance runners) and 60 non-athletic controls participated in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells using standard protocol for ACSL genotyping. Results: The prevalence of the ACSL AA genotype was significantly higher among soccer players (35%) compared to controls (12%), sprinters and jumpers (15%) and long-distance runners (15%). The findings suggest that despite the importance of aerobic capacity for soccer performance, the prevalence of ACSL AA carriers – a genotype that was related to reduced endurance trainability – is significantly higher among soccer players compared to endurance and power athletes and controls. This genetically unfavorable predisposition should be considered when selecting the team squad and when planning fitness training modalities throughout the competitive season. Keywords: sprinters, long-distance runners, soccer players, ACSL genetic polymorphism.

COVID-19 vaccines were introduced soon after the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in 2020. Various side effects were reported worldwide, including several types of common systemic side effects such as fever and general fatigue. Reports of other rare manifestations also emerged. We report the case of an adult male with a rare systemic syndrome mimicking lymphoma after he had received the first dose of an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. After nearly 6 months of investigation with suspicion for an infection or malignancy, all symptoms resolved, laboratory tests normalized, and imaging showed no sign of active disease.

Roberto Bolzani Filho é bacharel e licenciado em Filosofia pela Universidade de São Paulo (USP), onde defendeu a Dissertação de Mestrado O ceticismo pirrônico na obra de Sexto Empírico (1992) e a Tese de Doutorado O ceticismo acadêmico e a ideia de subjetividade (2003), ambos sob a orientação de Oswaldo Porchat Pereira. Desde 1988, leciona História da Filosofia Antiga na mesma instituição, na qual também obteve o título de Livre-Docente, com a tese Ensaios sobre Platão (2013). Dentre a publicação de inúmeros artigos em revistas especializadas, bem como do livro Acadêmicos versus pirrônicos (São Paulo: Alameda, 2013), destaca-se a sua participação na redação de Filosofia: temas e percursos (1ª ed. 2013; 2ª ed. 2016), o qual integrou a escolha do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD, 2018) para a área de filosofia, tornando-se uma importante referência para a seleção de livros didáticos a serem adotados nas escolas e ao trabalho desenvolvido pelos professores, em seu cotidiano.