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Over the years, technological advances have enabled speech researchers to directly track the skilled, sound-producing movements of the vocal tract, both intraoral and laryngeal articulators normally hidden from view (the tongue, velum, and glottis) and orofacial articulators directly visible on talkers’ faces (the lips and jaw). Despite these advances, however, no single instrument is capable of concurrently recording movements of all the articulators, which has impeded progress in characterizing inter-articulator control and coordination. To explore how inter-articulator coordination subserves linguistic structure, tools that co-register and temporally align different signals from different recording devices are necessary. This tutorial introduces optimal methods for studying the temporal coordination between laryngeal, intraoral, and orofacial articulators by combining various signals from electromagnetic articulography (EMA), electroglottography (EGG), and audio recordings, and displaying the time-aligned signals in the same analysis space. The multimodal data is processed using a set of MATLAB-based functions, which co-register and display positional and velocity trajectories of the lips, tongue, and jaw in tandem with the EGG waveform, F0 trajectory, and acoustic waveform and spectrogram. The coordination of laryngeal and supralaryngeal speech movements can then be measured and analyzed. [Work supported by an Emerging Research Grant from the Hearing Health Foundation.]

The present study tested whether there is cross interference between state-of-the-art electromagnetic articulography (EMA) and electroglottography (EGG) during the acquisition of kinematic speech data. In Experiment 1, we calibrated EMA sensors with and without EGG electrodes present in the EMA field. In Experiment 2, EMA was used to record lip, tongue, and jaw movements for one male talker and one female talker, with and without simultaneous EGG recording. Collectively, the results provide no evidence of signal artifacts in either direction, suggesting that current EMA and EGG technology can be combined to reliably assess laryngeal and supralaryngeal motor coordination in speech.

Laryngeal toxicity (LT) following concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) for non-laryngeal headneck cancers(NLHNC) has been inadequately studied. Electroglottography (EGG), a non-invasive technique for objective quantification of LT, measures the change in electrical impedance generated by glottic closure.Objective and subjective assessment of acute LT post-CCRT in NLHNC.A prospective study on 30 NLHNC patients, treated with CCRT; 66-70Gy/33- 35fractions with weekly Cisplatin. Flexible laryngoscopic examination and EGG were performed at baseline, 6weeks, and 3months post-CCRT; Grades of LT and contact quotients(CQ) were documented. Patientreported outcomes of voice-related quality of life(QoL) performed at the same intervals, using a 30-item Voice Symptom Scale (VoiSS) questionnaire.Results of continuous measurements were studied by mean +/- standard deviation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison of pretreatment and post-treatment results in more than two groups. Significance was assessed at 5% level ofsignificance. Post- hoc analysis has been done using Tukey-Krammer method for multiple comparisons. Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test.26/30 patients completed CCRT; 14 were available at 6weeks; 10 at 3months post-CCRT for analysis. At 6 weeks, 3/14(21.5%) patients had Grade II LT; 11/14(78.57%) had grade III. At 3months, 2/10(20%) had Grade I, 6/10(60%) had grade II but 2/10(20%) had worsened to grade IV. Mean CQ at baseline was 50.77 +/- 5.55; which decreased at 6 weeks to 48.56 +/- 4.66 and further at 3months to 45.56 +/- 4.66 (0.05) suggestive of glottic hypo-adduction. VoiSS responses showed a significant impact on QoL in all three domains at six weeks and three months post-CCRT, compared to baseline (P0.0001).Electroglottography is a potential tool to quantify acute LT post CCRT. Patient-reported outcomes may not correlate to the objective measures of laryngeal toxicity and require separate recording and reporting. A larger sample size would be required to draw further significant correlations. Key Words: Electroglottography; laryngeal toxicity; head neck cancer; voice; chemo-radiotherapy.

This paper reports on the concurrent use of electroglottography (EGG) and electromagnetic articulography (EMA) in the acquisition of EMA trajectory data for running speech. Static and dynamic intersensor distances, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation associated with inter-sample distances were compared in two conditions: with and without EGG present. Results indicate that measurement discrepancies between the two conditions are within the EMA system's measurement uncertainty. Therefore, potential electromagnetic interference from EGG does not seem to cause differences of practical importance on EMA trajectory behaviors, suggesting that simultaneous EMA and EGG data acquisition is a viable laboratory procedure for speech research.

Thyroid disorders have become one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. It is a gland that is located below the Adam’s apple in the neck region. The increase or decrease in the secretion of the thyroid hormones causes hyperfunction or hypofunction of the gland respectively. Electroglottogram (EGG) is a non-invasive method of assessing the glottal function based on the impedance that exists between the opposite electrodes that are placed in the glottis region. Hence, for people who are suffering from thyroid disorders have considerable variability of in the EGG signal due to the variation in the glottal function. The variability in the signal is analysed through various time domain and frequency domain features from the signal acquired. There are specific features such as Opening quotient, Closing quotient, Moment closure, Closing moment, Opening moment etc. which can show high variability between normal and thyroid subjects. A hardware prototype was developed that includes instrumentation amplifiers and active filters. Signal acquisition was carried out using the proposed hardware prototype. The recorded signal is analysed for various time and frequency domain features. Hence the paper is aimed at optimizing the hardware design for EGG acquisition and employing them for non-invasive thyroid diagnosis.

Objectives: To use an electroglottography (EGG)-based videostroboscopy tool to assess the anatomical and morphologic characteristics of the pharyngoesophageal (PE) segment in tracheoesophageal (TO) speakers. Study d0 esign: Cross-sectional cohort study. Subjects: Fifty-two post-laryngectomy patients with no recurrence and using prosthetic (Blom-Singer) speech. Intervention: An electroglottography (EGG)-based videostroboscopy tool EGG-based rigid videostroboscopy as well as perceptual evaluation. Outcome m0 easures: Stroboscopic protocol included nine subjective/visual parameters to evaluate the neoglottis and study correlation of the G (GRBAS scale) and the overall voice quality (OVQ) with the treatment variables. Results: Of the 52 laryngectomees, videostroboscopic recordings were possible in 46 patients (36 males and 10 females) with a mean age of 63.4 ±10.5 (SD) an electroglottography (EGG)-based videostroboscopy tool years. All used the Blom-Singer valve and the median time since Total Laryngectomy was 2 years. The neoglottis was assessable in 26 patients. We were able to strobe only 9 patients. There was excellent correlation between G and OVQ (Spearman rho > 0.9). Statistically significant correlation was found between G1 and saliva (P = 0.03) and between good OVQ and saliva (P = 0.02); similarly, there was significant correlation between G1 and LVV (P = 0.05) and between good OVQ and LVV (P = 0.03). Conclusions: This study is the first to examine the use of an EGG-based stroboscopy instrument to evaluate TO speech. Our observations suggest that from the standpoint of functional voice, saliva and the LVV had statistically significant effect in determining voice quality.

Electroglottography (EGG) is a low-cost, non-invasive method for documenting laryngeal sound production during vocalization. The EGG signal represents relative vocal-fold contact area and thus delivers physiological evidence of vocal-fold vibration. While the method has received much attention in human voice research over the last five decades, it has seen very little application in other mammals. Here, we give a concise overview of mammalian vocal production principles. We explain how mammalian voice production physiology and the dynamics of vocal-fold vibration can be documented qualitatively and quantitatively with EGG, and we summarize and discuss key issues from research with humans. Finally, we review the limited number of studies applying EGG to non-human mammals, both in vivo and in vitro. The potential of EGG for non-invasive assessment of non-human primate vocalization is demonstrated with novel in vivo data of Cebus albifrons and Ateles chamek vocalization. These examples illustrate the great potential of EGG as a new minimally invasive tool in primate research, which can provide important insight into the ‘black box’ that is vocal production. A better understanding of vocal-fold vibration across a range of taxa can provide us with a deeper understanding of several important elements of speech evolution, such as the universality of vocal production mechanisms, the independence of source and filter, the evolution of vocal control, and the relevance of non-linear phenomena.

44 p. El umbral de presión de la fonación es la presión pulmonar mínima requerida para iniciar el contacto de los pliegues vocales; se puede medir a través de procedimientos no invasivos, determinando la presión intraoral durante la repetición de consonantes áfonas y vocales. A nivel clínico, dicho umbral se ha correlacionado con características de fatiga vocal, frecuencia fundamental, hidratación sistémica, esfuerzo fonatorio, carga vocal, entre otras variables.

Many methods for monitoring diet and food intake rely on subjects self-reporting their daily intake. These methods are subjective, potentially inaccurate and need to be replaced by more accurate and objective methods. This paper presents a novel approach that uses an electroglottograph (EGG) device for an objective and automatic detection of food intake. Thirty subjects participated in a four-visit experiment involving the consumption of meals with self-selected content. Variations in the electrical impedance across the larynx caused by the passage of food during swallowing were captured by the EGG device. To compare performance of the proposed method with a well-established acoustical method, a throat microphone was used for monitoring swallowing sounds. Both signals were segmented into non-overlapping epochs of 30 s and processed to extract wavelet features. Subject-independent classifiers were trained, using artificial neural networks, to identify periods of food intake from the wavelet features. Results from leave-one-out cross validation showed an average per-epoch classification accuracy of 90.1% for the EGG-based method and 83.1% for the acoustic-based method, demonstrating the feasibility of using an EGG for food intake detection. Fil: Farooq, Muhammad. University of Alabama; Estados Unidos Fil: Fontana, Juan Manuel. University of Alabama; Estados Unidos. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Mecánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Sazonov, Edward. University of Alabama; Estados Unidos

International audience; Previous research has suggested that the peaks in the first derivative (dEGG) of the electroglottographic (EGG) signal are good approximate indicators of the events of glottal opening and closing. These findings were based on high-speed video (HSV) recordings with frame rates 10 times lower than the sampling frequencies of the corresponding EGG data. The present study attempts to corroborate these previous findings, utilizing super-HSV recordings. The HSV and EGG recordings (sampled at 27 and 44 kHz, respectively) of an excised canine larynx phonation were synchronized by an external TTL signal to within 0.037 ms. Data were analyzed by means of glottovibrograms, digital kymograms, the glottal area waveform and the vocal fold contact length (VFCL), a new parameter representing the time-varying degree of 'zippering' closure along the anterior-posterior (A-P) glottal axis. The temporal offsets between glottal events (depicted in the HSV recordings) and dEGG peaks in the opening and closing phase of glottal vibration ranged from 0.02 to 0.61 ms, amounting to 0.24-10.88% of the respective glottal cycle durations. All dEGG double peaks coincided with vibratory A-P phase differences. In two out of the three analyzed video sequences, peaks in the first derivative of the VFCL coincided with dEGG peaks, again co-occurring with A-P phase differences. The findings suggest that dEGG peaks do not always coincide with the events of glottal closure and initial opening. Vocal fold contacting and de-contacting do not occur at infinitesimally small instants of time, but extend over a certain interval, particularly under the influence of A-P phase differences.

Electroglottography (EGG) is a low-cost, noninvasive technology for measuring changes of relative vocal fold contact area during laryngeal voice production. EGG was introduced about 60 years ago and has gone through a "golden era" of increased scientific attention in the late 1980s and early 90s. During that period, four eminent review papers were written. Here, an update to these reviews is given, recapitulating some earlier landmark contributions and documenting noteworthy developments during the past 25 years. After presenting an algorithmic bibliographic analysis, some methodological aspects pertaining to measurement technology, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and respective interpretation are discussed. In particular, the interpretation of landmarks in the (first derivative of the) EGG waveform is critically examined. It is argued that because of inferior-superior and anterior-posterior phase differences of vocal fold vibration, vocal fold (de)contacting does not occur instantaneously, but over an interval of time. For this reason, instants of vocal fold closing and opening cannot be resolved exactly from the EGG signal. Consequently, any quantitative analysis parameter relying on the determination of (de)contacting events (such as the EGG contact quotient) should be interpreted with care. Finally, recent developments are reviewed for the various fields of application of EGG, including basic voice science and voice production physiology, speech signal processing and classification, clinical practice including swallowing, phonetics, hearing sciences, psychology, singing, trumpet playing, and mammalian and avian bioacoustics. Overall, EGG has over the past six decades developed into a mature technology with a wide range of applications. However, due to current limitations, the full potential of the methodology has as yet not been fully exploited. Future development may occur on three levels: (a) rigorous validation of existent measurement approaches; (b) introduction and rigorous validation of novel quantitative and interpretative approaches; and (c) advancement of the measurement technology itself.

Electroglottography (EGG) is a low-cost, non-invasive method for documenting laryngeal sound production during vocalization. The EGG signal represents relative vocal-fold contact area and thus delivers physiological evidence of vocal-fold vibration. While the method has received much attention in human voice research over the last five decades, it has seen very little application in other mammals.\ud Here, we give a concise overview of mammalian vocal production principles. We explain how mammalian voice production physiology and the dynamics of vocal-fold vibration can be documented qualitatively and quantitatively with EGG, and we summarize and discuss key issues from research with humans. Finally, we review the limited number of studies applying EGG to non-human mammals, both in vivo and in vitro. The potential of EGG for non-invasive assessment of non-human primate vocalization is demonstrated with novel in vivo data of Cebus albifrons and Ateles chamek vocalization. These examples illustrate the great potential of EGG as a new minimally invasive tool in primate research, which can provide important insight into the ‘black box’ that is vocal production. A better understanding of vocal-fold vibration across a range of taxa can provide us with a deeper understanding of several\ud important elements of speech evolution, such as the universality of vocal production mechanisms, the independence of source and filter, the evolution of vocal control, and the relevance of non-linear phenomena.

PURPOSE To combine vocal tract measurements with dynamic MRI of the lungs to provide fundamental insights into the lung physiology during singing. METHODS To analyze vocal fold oscillatory patterns during dynamic lung MRI, an electroglottography (EGG) system was modified to allow for simultaneous EGG measurements during MR image acquisitions. A low-pass filter was introduced to suppress residual radiofrequency (RF) coupling into the EGG signal. RF heating was tested in a gel phantom to ensure MR safety, and functionality of the EGG device was assessed in a volunteer experiment at singing frequencies from A5 to A3. In the recorded EGG signals, remaining RF interferences were removed by independent component analysis post processing, and standard EGG parameters such as fundamental frequency, contact quotient and jitter were calculated. In a second volunteer experiment, EGG recordings were compared with lung diameter measurements from 2D time-resolved trueFISP acquisitions. RESULTS RF heating measurements resulted in less than 1.2°C temperature increase in the gel phantom. EGG parameters measured during MR imaging are within the range of ideal values. In the lung measurement, both the lung diameter and the EGG recordings could be successfully performed with only minimal interference. CONCLUSION EGG recording is pos sible during dynamic lung MRI, and glottal activity can be studied safely at 1.5T. Magn Reson Med 76:1629-1635, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Summary Source-filter interaction is a phenomenon in which acoustic airway pressures influence the glottal airflow at the source (level 1) and the vibration pattern of the vocal folds (level 2). This interaction is most significant when dominant source harmonics are near airway resonances. The influence of acoustic airway pressures on vocal fold vibration (level 2) was studied systematically by changing the supraglottal vocal tract length in human subjects with tube extensions. The subjects were asked to perform fundamental frequency (fo) glides while phonating through tubes of various lengths. An algorithm was developed using the quasi-open quotient extracted from the electroglottograph. Regions of sudden vocal fold vibration pattern change due to source-filter interaction were inferred from contact area changes. The algorithm correctly identified 89% of male and 84.8% of female quantal changes in contact pattern associated with interactions between source harmonics and formants during ascending glides. During the descending glides, the algorithm correctly identified 84% of male and 81.1% of female quantal changes in contact pattern. These results are in comparison with those obtained from the fo-based algorithm (Maxfield et al).

O Método Multiparamétrico de Avaliação Vocal Objetiva Assistida (EVA) foi projetado para o estudo da maioria dos parâmetros de produção da fala. OBJETIVO: Definir as medidas médias dos parâmetros eletroglotográficos em falantes do português brasileiro para o EVA. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram analisadas 40 vozes, 20 homens e 20 mulheres sem queixa vocal, extraindo-se as medidas eletroglotográficas, a fim de obter valores de referência de normalidade. Estudo de caso: estudo descritivo com corte transversal. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios de normalidade encontrados nas vozes masculinas foram: F0 = 127,77 Hz, coeficiente de variação de F0 = 2,51%, jitter absoluto = 1,707 Hz, perturbação média relativa = 0,0083, jitter factor = 1,34%, jitter ratio = 13,45%, e QF = 0,447. Para vozes femininas, foram: F0 = 204,87 Hz, coeficiente de variação de F0 = 1,58%, jitterabsoluto = 3,30 Hz, perturbação média relativa = 0,0102, jitter factor = 1,60%, jitter ratio = 16,23%, e QF = 0,443. O tipo de onda foi em 100% da amostra classificada como pulso inclinado em ambos os gêneros. CONCLUSÃO: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao gênero para os parâmetros de média F0 e jitterabsoluto. Ao utilizar um programa de análise acústica, os usuários devem basear-se em parâmetros inerentes ao próprio programa para realizar a análise dos dados coletados.EVA was designed to study various speech production parameters. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to define the mean values for electroglottography tests of Brazilian Portuguese speakers on EVA. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The voices of 20 men and 20 women without voice-related complaints were analyzed through electroglottography so as to obtain reference values for normality. Case study: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The mean values for normal male voices were: F0 = 127.77 Hz; F0 coefficient of variation = 2.51%; absolute jitter = 1.707 Hz; relative average perturbation = 0.0083; jitter factor = 1.34%; jitter ratio = 13.45%; QF = 0.447. The values for female voices were: F0 = 204.87 Hz; F0 coefficient of variation = 1.58%; absolute jitter = 3.30Hz; relative average perturbation = 0.0102; jitter factor = 1.60%; jitter ratio = 16.23%; QF= 0.443. Wave type for the entire sample was categorized as tilted pulse. CONCLUSION: Statistically significant differences were found for gender on parameters average FO and absolute jitter. While using acoustic analysis software, users must be based on parameters inherent to the software program when analyzing the collected data.

International audience; A human vocal production is characterized by the use of different laryngeal mechanisms(Roubeau,1993 ; Henrich et al., 2003), among which laryngeal mechanisms M1 and M2 arethe most frequently used and studied in speech and singing. Chest, or modal voice, isproduced in M1, while falsetto, or female head voice is produced in M2. Besides that, anothermechanism known as laryngeal mechanism 0 (M0) can also be found in speech and sometypes of singing. Vocal fry, pulse register, creaky voice, glottal fry are the terms frequentlyused to refer to this vocal production. Yet, these terms are sometimes considered assynonymous (Hollien, 1974), while in other cases, they would characterize different vocalproductions. The M0 mechanism has mainly been studied for pathological voices, but it isalso of interest for linguists, as it can be found in hesitations and at the end of utterances.Thus our aim is to investigate the different vibratory patterns that can be involved in M0thanks to high speed cinematography and to compare them with the EGG signal. The glottalvibratory movement has been simultaneously investigated in two ways: first, with the help ofelectroglottography (EGG), and secondly, with high-speed cinematography. The high-speedimages have been recorded using a high-speed camera unit Wolf HS Endocom 5560, and theEGG signal has been recorded using a Laryngograph Ltd. Two male speakers were asked toproduce a sustained vowel in M0 with or without vocal effort, and transitions between M1and M0. The high-speed images and the EGG signal were recorded simultaneously atdifferent sampling frequencies, respectively 4000 Hz and 44170 Hz. The data were thenprocessed using Matlab. The EGG signal was differentiated, and both EGG and DifferentiatedEGG (DEGG) signals were synchronized with the high-speed images, so as to compare theEGG and DEGG data with the vibratory movements observed on the images. An imageprocessing algorithm based on the detection of contrast (light energy threshold) wasdeveloped for relative measurement of glottal area, antero-posterior and transversal distances.It is a known fact that the glottal area function in M0 is characterized by short pulses, whichcan be single, double or triple within a fundamental period (Whitehead et al., 1984 ; Childersand Lee, 1991).On a physiological point of view, the thyroarytenoid muscles tend to shorten, subsequentlythickening the anterior-posterior dimension of the vocal folds, and allowing the anterior partof the vocal ligaments to vibrate (Hollien, 1974). However the physiological propertiesassociated with the multiple vibratory patterns mentioned above are not fully described,especially regarding the precise movements of the vocal folds margins, the degree of vocalfold adduction and the contribution of the ventricular folds.The analysis shows that different realizations of M0 can be found in this corpus especiallywhen comparing (i) the M0 realized with vocal effort from (ii) the M0 realized without vocaleffort. The first one is more likely to be characterized by a single pulse, while the second oneis frequently produced with multiple pulses - both realizations having different typical EGGshapes. We also found that in the case of single pulse pattern, the anterior portion of the vocalfolds is more involved in the vibrating process than the posterior one, while the posteriorportion of the vocal folds can also be active in the case of a multiple pulse pattern. Transitionsproduced by the two speakers were also investigated, thus revealing different which werepossibly used. The validity of EGG signals rendering the different vibratory patterns will bediscussed as well as implications for synthesis.