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Eirene viridula (Péron & Lesueur, 1809) Distribution in South America: medusa—Atlantic Ocean, Colombia to Brazil, from 10°N to 0° (Equator) (Alvariño 1968; Migotto et al. 2002).

Eirene sp. Distribution in South America: polyp—Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, at 23.85°S 45.42°W (Spiritus & Migotto 2008, abstract); medusa—Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, from 26°S to 26.5°S, and at 27.84°S 46.91°W (Correia 1983; Nogueira Jr. 2012; Nogueira Jr. et al. 2015a). Habitat: polyp—interstitial, loosely attached to sand grains (Spiritus & Migotto 2008).

Eirene lactea (Mayer, 1900) Distribution in South America: medusa���Pacific Ocean, Colombia, at 4��N 78��W (Baldrich 2007); Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, from 26.50��S to 27.42��S (Correia 1983)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

In this contribution a benchmark of the 2D edge codes TECXY and EDGE2D-EIRENE is presented. A conventional DEMO scenario is considered by assuming a simplified geometry, with the target plates perpendicular to the separatrix, and a pure Deuterium plasma. Despite the different models adopted in the two codes, mainly related to the description of the neutral dynamics and to the different boundary conditions, the results show a good match both in terms of power load profiles on the outer target and predicted trends for global quantities. A scan in density and in diffusion coefficients is performed in order to identify the characteristic conditions and the different regimes of the SOL. Comparable values and similar dependency of the global quantities as a function of the power decay length is also observed. Keywords: EDGE2D, EIRENE, TECXY, DEMO, Divertor

Learning for peace implies that people that go into the process is not the same people as before. This is because they might have unlearned violent behavior and have got other pacifists behaviors. Understanding that human beings are not instinctive as animals that always respond to stimulus. Human beings have the freedom to delay the normal answer, invent another one or not respond at all. It has to do with a change of personality, characterized by opening to each other, where they now maintain even relations though they have different way of thinking.The peace learning means to recognize that during the first years of post-conflict many things would not change. The Colombian army will not disappear, assuring the forever roman concept of Pax. The Colombian State will continue being neo liberal, maintaining the globalization that day by day produces social inequality. The time of peace does not take people to submission but the outreach of the greek concept of peace Eirene. This will make citizens the possibility of making claims to the state, well thought and without violence. El aprendizaje para la paz implica que las personas que realizan dicho proceso ya no son las mismas de antes, por cuanto han desaprendido conductas violentas y han adquirido otras, pacifistas, entendiendo que el ser humano no es instintivo como los animales, que siempre tienen que responder ante los estímulos, sino que tiene libertad para retrasar la respuesta habitual, inventar otra o, sencillamente, no responder. Se trata de un cambio de personalidad, caracterizado por la apertura hacia el otro, con quien ahora se mantienen relaciones equilibradas, que posibilitan compartir actos ejecutados con base en las distintas formas de pensar de ambas partes, las cuales antes eran mutuamente excluyentes.El aprendizaje para la paz también implica reconocer que durante los primeros años del post-conflicto no muchas cosas cambiarán. El Ejército Nacional de Colombia no dejará de existir, garantizando así la perpetuidad del concepto romano de Pax, y el Estado colombiano seguirá siendo neoliberal, inmerso en una globalización que día a día genera desigualdad social. Pero la era de la paz no conlleva sumisión acrítica de las personas, sino la incorporación del concepto griego de paz, Eirene, que les posibilita a los ciudadanos hacer reclamos responsables al Estado, bien pensados y dialogados sin violencia. L’apprentissage pour la paix implique que les personnes qui réalisent le dit processus ne sont pas déjà les mêmes de d’avant, en plus qu’ils ont désappris une conduite violente et ont acquis les autres, des pacifistes, en entendant que l’être humain n’est pas instinctif comme les animaux, qui ont à toujours répondre devant les stimulations, mais qui ont la liberté pour retarder la réponse habituelle, pour inventer une autre ou, simplement, ne pas répondre. Il s’agit d’un changement de personnalité, caractérisé par l’ouverture envers l’autre, dont maintenant se maintiennent les relations équilibrées, qui facilitent partager les actes exécutés avec la base des formes distinctes de penser de deux parties, lesquelles étaient d’avance mutuellement exclusives.L’apprentissage pour la paix implique aussi reconnaître que pendant les premières années du post-conflit beaucoup de choses ne changeront pas. L’Armée Nationale de la Colombie ne cessera pas d’exister, en garantissant ainsi la perpétuité du concept romain de Pax, et l’État colombien continuera d’être néolibéral, immergé dans une globalisation qui génère jour au jour une inégalité sociale. Mais l’ère de la paix n’implique pas de soumission acritique des personnes, mais l’incorporation du concept grec de paix, d’Eirene, qui facilite aux citoyens faire des appels responsables à l’État, bien pensés et dialogués sans violence. A aprendizagem para a paz implica para as pessoas que realizam dito processo já não é o mesmo de antes, porquanto tem sido desaprendido condutas violentas e tem adquirido outras, pacifistas, entendendo que o ser humano não é instintivo quanto os animais, que sempre tem que responder ante os estímulos, senão que tem a liberdade para retardar a resposta habitual, inventar outra ou, simplesmente, não responder. Compreende-se de um câmbio de personalidade, caracterizado pela apertura ao outro, com quem agora se mantem relações equilibradas, que possibilitam compartilhar atos executados baseados nas distintas formas de pensamento das duas partes, as quais anteriormente foram mutuamente exclusivos.A aprendizagem para a paz, também implica reconhecer que durante os primeiros anos do pós-conflito não muitas das coisas mudaram. O Exército Nacional da Colômbia não deixará de existir, garantindo assim a perpetuidade do conceito Romão de Pax, e o Estado colombiano continuará sendo neoliberal, imerso um uma globalização em que diariamente gera desigualdade social. Mas a época da paz não leva à submissão acrítica das população, senão à incorporação do conceito grego de paz, Eirene, que lhes possibilita aos cidadãos fazer reclamações responsáveis ao Estado, bem pensadas e dialogadas sem violência.

Eirene viridula (P��ron and Lesueur, 1810) Fig. 58 A, B See Kramp (1961) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 65 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (after Metschnikoff 1886 a; Russell 1953; Cornelius 1995): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as branching or anastomosing stolons; colonies erect; hydrocauli short, with perisarc smooth to sinuous throughout; hydranths of Campanopsis type, with cylindrical body tapering slightly basally, ca 5 on each hydrocaulus; hypostome conical-rounded; with about 10���24 amphicoronate oral filiform tentacles, intertentacular membranous basal web reported; hydrothecae reduced or lacking, depending on age; gonothecae oblong, round-truncated above and below, with thin walls, long, possibly dropping during medusa development, probably containing a single medusa bud each. Habitat type. Depth range: 0.5��� 3 m (Faucci & Boero 2000). Substrate. Cystoseira (brown alga). Seasonality. February���December (Faucci & Boero 2000; Galea 2007) in the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. April���May, June���October (Gili 1986) in the western Mediterranean. Medusa. Adult. Umbrella hemispherical, up to 30 mm wide or even larger, mesoglea of middle portion fairly thick, thinner at sides; manubrium fairly short, small, mounted on an elongated and slender gastric peduncle reaching beyond exumbrellar margin; mouth with 4 very long pointed lips with crenulated margins; 4 radial canals and circular canal narrow; gonads linear, straight, slightly sinuous, limited to disk of subumbrella, extending from somewhat beyond base of peduncle almost to exumbrellar margin; velum narrow; about 70 or more conical marginal bulbs; each with one tentacle of different size, small and large alternating; with distinct excretory papillae; 50 or more statocysts. Colours: colourless except for greenish tinge on stomach. Developmental stages. The first stage of E. viridula, after liberation from the hydroid, has not been observed. The youngest observed specimens have bell-shaped umbrella, 1.5 mm high and wide; manubrium short, without gastric peduncle; mouth with 4 distinct short lips; 4 narrow radial canals and ring canal; gonads not visible; 4 perradial marginal tentacles with rounded bases; 8 statocysts, one on either side of each marginal tentacle, each with one concretion. E. viridula medusa is already differentiated at a size of 2.0���2.5 mm by having a small peduncle. The gonads usually appear as elongated thickenings on the radial canals when the medusa is 3.5���4.0 mm in diameter (for more details about the medusa development see Russell 1953). Colours: brown pigment in the endoderm of the bases of the marginal tentacles, and also at the base of the stomach and extending interradially as far as the mouth. Cnidome. Atrichous and basitrichous isorhizas (hydroid); atrichous isorhizas and microbasic mastigophores (medusa). Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (Russell 1953; Cornelius 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Rare at La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000). Remarks. Perigonimus nudus Stechow, 1919 was recognized as a new synonym of Eirene viridula (P��ron and Lesueur, 1810) by Schuchert (2007). In its earliest stages, the medusa of E. viridula bears a very close resemblance to that of Clytia hemisphaerica, but its gonads are more elongated and more proximally placed than in Clytia (Russell 1953). Gonothecae and medusae not seen in the present study. References. Mayer (1910), Russell (1953), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957), Picard (1958 a), Anichini (1959), Rossi (1971), Goy (1973), Schmidt (1973), Benović (1977), Schmidt & Benović (1979), Dowidar (1984), Lakkis & Zeidane (1985), Castello i Tortella (1986), Gili (1986), Benović & Bender (1987), Goy et al. (1988, 1990, 1991), Benović & Lučić (1996), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Benović et al. (2000), Faucci & Boero (2000), Bouillon et al. (2004), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 84-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347","Metschnikoff, E. (1886 a) Medusologische Mittheilungen. Arbeiten aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Wien, 6, 237 - 266.","Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae. Vol. I & II. Washington, Carnegie Institution, 735 pp.","Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93].","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Anichini, C. (1959) Risultati dei primi dodici mesi delle ricerche planctonologiche eseguite dall'Instituto di Zoologia di Cagliari nell'Anno Geofisico Internazionale. Bollettino di Zoologia, 26 (2), 669 - 682. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250005909439316","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Goy, J. (1973) Les Hydromeduses de la mer Ligure. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Serie 3 (Zoologie), 83 (62), 965 - 1008.","Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. & Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22","Benovic, A. (1977) Bathymetric distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria) at one station in the Southern Adriatic. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 24 (10), 101 - 102.","Schmidt, H. E. & Benovic, A. (1979) Cruises of R / V \" Vila Velebita \" in the Kvarner region of the Adriatic Sea, XII. Hydromedusae (Cnidaria). Thalassia Jugoslavica, 15 (3 - 4), 193 - 202.","Dowidar, N. M. (1984) Medusae of the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. In: Rapport de Journees d'etude sur la proliferation anormales de meduses en Mediterranee. United Nations Environment Programme, pp. 9 - 16.","Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1985) Les hydromeduses des eaux neritiques libanaises: composition et distribution. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 29 (9), 179 - 180.","Castello, I & Tortella, G. (1986) Cnidarios planctonicos de superficie: Faunistica y factores de distribucion en la costa Catalana. Memoria realizada por D. Gabriel Castello i Tortella para optar al grade de Licenciado por la facultad de Biologia de la Universidad de Barcelona, 201 pp.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1988) Les Meduses de la Mediterranee orientale. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 31 (2), 299.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1990) Les Meduses de la Mediterranee orientale. In: Godeaux, J. (Ed.), A propos des migrations lessepsiennes. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, No. Spec. 7, pp. 79 - 88.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1991) Les meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. The medusae Cnidaria of Lebanese waters. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 67 (2), 99 - 128.","Benovic, A. & Lucic, D. (1996) Comparison of hydromedusae findings in the northern and southern Adriatic Sea. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 129 - 135.","Benovic, A., Lucic, D., Onofri, V., Peharda, M., Caric, M., Jasprica, N. & Bobanovic-Colic, S. (2000) Ecological characteristics of the Mljet Island seawater lakes (South Adriatic Sea) with special reference to their resident populations of medusae. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), 197 - 206. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1197"]}

The new magnetic configurations for tokamak divertors, snowflake and super-X, proposed to mitigate the problem of the power exhaust in reactors have clearly evidenced the need for an accurate and reliable modeling of the physics governing the interaction with the plates. The initial effort undertaken jointly by ENEA and IPPLM has been focused to exploit a simple and versatile modeling tool, namely the 2D TECXY code, to obtain preliminary comparison between the conventional and snowflake configurations for the proposed new device FAST that should realize an edge plasma with properties quite close to those of a reactor. The very interesting features found for the snowflake, namely a power load mitigation much larger than expected directly from the change of the magnetic topology, has further pushed us to check these results with the more sophisticated computational tool EDGE2D coupled with the neutral code module EIRENE. After a preparatory work that has been carried out in order to adapt this code combination to deal with non-conventional, single null equilibria and in particular with second order nulls in the poloidal field generated in the snowflake configuration, in this paper we describe the first activity to compare these codes and discuss the first results obtained for FAST. The outcome of these EDGE2D runs is in qualitative agreement with those of TECXY, confirming the potential benefit obtainable from a snowflake configuration. � 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Eirene sp. (young E. viridula?) (Figs. 28���30) Material examined. 01/ 24 / 2008: one medusa (MZUSP 1617); 04/ 25 / 2008: one medusa (MZUSP 1616). Description. Umbrella transparent, flat (MZUSP 1616) or somewhat globular (MZUSP 1617), with very thick jelly especially at the apex. The gastric peduncle is very thick and short, with length of 0.8 mm in the medusa with 6 mm in bell diameter (MZUSP 1617) and 1.4 mm in the medusa with 6.5 mm (MZUSP 1616). The peduncle passes beyond the bell margin since the sub-umbrellar cavity is almost absent. Manubrium short (0.5 and 1 mm in length respectively), with four relatively short and pointed lips. Gonads small, elongated to slightly oval on the four radial canals near the margin, but not in contact with the ring canal; 23 or 28 tentacles with round or conical bulbs with different sizes. Almost one rudimentary bulb between every tentacle. All bulbs without lateral cirri and with an adaxial excretory pore. Nearly one very small statocyst between every bulb (rudimentary or not). Remarks. The two medusae reported here clearly belong to the genus Eirene Eschscholtz due to the presence of a distinct gastric peduncle, tentacular bulbs with excretory pores, complete absence of cirri and the presence of several closed statocysts (Russell 1953; Kramp 1961; Bouillon 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004, 2006). Within this genus 22 species are recognized (Schuchert 2009 a; Du et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2010) and the medusae studied here resemble that of E. viridula (P��ron & Lesueur) (see Russell 1953; Bouillon 1999), the only species of the genus recorded at the Brazilian coast and in the South Atlantic as well (Bouillon 1999; Migotto et al. 2002). However both individuals sampled are still young with small, developing gonads and differ from E. viridula in some characteristics: i) the peduncle is relatively shorter, being not larger than �� of bell diameter in the present material; ii) their gonads are short, elongated-to-oval-shaped placed on the distal fourth of radial canals, while those of E. viridula are linear across the whole radials canals; iii) all accounts of E. viridula mention evident adaxial excretory papillae on both tentacular and rudimentary bulbs, while the bulbs of the present material all have a distinct adaxial excretory pore but lack the papillae. These differences may all be attributed to the early stage of development of the two medusae examined. A detailed comparison of the early stages of E. viridula from Russell (1953) shows several similarities with the present material, including the initial position of the gonads. However, Eirene medusae commonly undergo a considerable morphological change throughout development (e.g. Kubota & Horita 1992; Guo et al. 2008) and the only record of E. viridula from the Southwestern Atlantic is several thousand kilometers northwards (off Amazonas River; Alvari��o 1968), therefore more material is needed to confirm the identification of this species. Distribution. The genus Eirene is widespread worldwide (except Arctic and Antarctic regions), as also is E. viridula (Bouillon 1999). In Brazil there is a single record of E. viridula on its North Coast (~0�� Lat; Alvari��o 1968) and the present investigation is the first record of the genus Eirene on the south Brazilian coast., Published as part of J��nior, Miodeli Nogueira, 2012, Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Ba��a da Babitonga (southern Brazil), pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 3398 on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956, {"references":["Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusa of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, London, 530 pp.","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of Marine Biological Associated of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469.","Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512.","Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D., Pages, F., Gili, J. M., Boero, F. & Gravili, C. (2004) Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina, 68 (2), 1 - 449.","Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to the Hydrozoa. Memoirs du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 591 pp.","Schuchert, P. (2009 a) World Hydrozoa database. Available from http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa (accessed 29 November 2011).","Du, F., Xu, Z.; Huang, J. & Guo, D. (2010) New records of medusae (Cnidaria) from Daya Bay, northern South China Sea, with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 123 (1), 72 - 86.","Kubota, S. & Horita, T. (1992) A new Hydromedusae of the genus Eirene (Leptomedusae; Eirenidae) from Toba, Japan. Zoological Science, 9, 413 - 421.","Guo, D., Xu, Z. & Huang, J. (2008) Two new species of Eirenidae from the coast of southeast China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 27 (1), 61 - 66.","Alvarino, A. (1968) Los Quetognatos, sifonoforos y medusas en la region del Atlantico ecuatorial bajo la influencia del Amazonas. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie ciencias del mar y limnologia, 39, 41 - 76."]}

Eirene sp. (young E. viridula?) (Figs. 28–30) Material examined. 01/ 24 / 2008: one medusa (MZUSP 1617); 04/ 25 / 2008: one medusa (MZUSP 1616). Description. Umbrella transparent, flat (MZUSP 1616) or somewhat globular (MZUSP 1617), with very thick jelly especially at the apex. The gastric peduncle is very thick and short, with length of 0.8 mm in the medusa with 6 mm in bell diameter (MZUSP 1617) and 1.4 mm in the medusa with 6.5 mm (MZUSP 1616). The peduncle passes beyond the bell margin since the sub-umbrellar cavity is almost absent. Manubrium short (0.5 and 1 mm in length respectively), with four relatively short and pointed lips. Gonads small, elongated to slightly oval on the four radial canals near the margin, but not in contact with the ring canal; 23 or 28 tentacles with round or conical bulbs with different sizes. Almost one rudimentary bulb between every tentacle. All bulbs without lateral cirri and with an adaxial excretory pore. Nearly one very small statocyst between every bulb (rudimentary or not). Remarks. The two medusae reported here clearly belong to the genus Eirene Eschscholtz due to the presence of a distinct gastric peduncle, tentacular bulbs with excretory pores, complete absence of cirri and the presence of several closed statocysts (Russell 1953; Kramp 1961; Bouillon 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004, 2006). Within this genus 22 species are recognized (Schuchert 2009 a; Du et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2010) and the medusae studied here resemble that of E. viridula (Péron & Lesueur) (see Russell 1953; Bouillon 1999), the only species of the genus recorded at the Brazilian coast and in the South Atlantic as well (Bouillon 1999; Migotto et al. 2002). However both individuals sampled are still young with small, developing gonads and differ from E. viridula in some characteristics: i) the peduncle is relatively shorter, being not larger than ¼ of bell diameter in the present material; ii) their gonads are short, elongated-to-oval-shaped placed on the distal fourth of radial canals, while those of E. viridula are linear across the whole radials canals; iii) all accounts of E. viridula mention evident adaxial excretory papillae on both tentacular and rudimentary bulbs, while the bulbs of the present material all have a distinct adaxial excretory pore but lack the papillae. These differences may all be attributed to the early stage of development of the two medusae examined. A detailed comparison of the early stages of E. viridula from Russell (1953) shows several similarities with the present material, including the initial position of the gonads. However, Eirene medusae commonly undergo a considerable morphological change throughout development (e.g. Kubota & Horita 1992; Guo et al. 2008) and the only record of E. viridula from the Southwestern Atlantic is several thousand kilometers northwards (off Amazonas River; Alvariño 1968), therefore more material is needed to confirm the identification of this species. Distribution. The genus Eirene is widespread worldwide (except Arctic and Antarctic regions), as also is E. viridula (Bouillon 1999). In Brazil there is a single record of E. viridula on its North Coast (~0° Lat; Alvariño 1968) and the present investigation is the first record of the genus Eirene on the south Brazilian coast.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2012, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2012, “İstanbul’da Bir Orta Bizans Dönemi Kulesi: İrene Kulesi” adlı bu tez, İrene Kulesi olarak adlandırılan ve günümüzde Fatih İlçesi Eminönü semtinde Büyük Valide Hanı içinde varlığını sürdüren bir yapının tarihçesi ve mimari analizi üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Araştırma boyunca İrene Kulesi’nin tarihçesinin oluşumunu sağlayacak bilgi ve belgeler aranmış, mimarisi incelenmiş ve belgeleme çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, İrene Kulesi’nin özgün yapım amacı ve yapım dönemine ışık tutarken bir yandan da yapının varlığını sürdürdüğü 1000 yıllık süreç boyunca geçirmiş olduğu değişimleri, dönemi ve çevresi ile beraber ele almaktır. Bu bağlamda, Bizans ve Osmanlı dönemi yazılı ve görsel kaynakları üzerinden yapıya dair bilgiler aranmıştır., This thesis named “A Middle Byzantine Period Tower in Istanbul: Eirene Tower” is based on the history and architecture of a tower which is placed in Buyuk Valide Khan in Eminonu District of Istanbul. Through the research about the tower while the unknown history of this structure was tried to be determined by searching for any visual or written document or any information from plenty of different kinds of historical sources, the documentation of the tower was also done. The main target of the research is to enlighten the specific year, or period, and function of construction as well as to figure out the evolution of the tower in terms of its architecture and function throughout the history. In this sense, the research done for this thesis comprises both Byzantine and Ottoman periods of the structure., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

Rad opisuje napredne govorne usluge u sklopu tehnologije GSM za željeznice, te je provedeno testiranje funkcionalnosti istih na testnom GSM-R sustavu.

A vacuum pumping system is installed in a Closed Helical Divertor (CHD) in the Large Helical Device (LHD) at the National Institute for Fusion Science for active control of the peripheral plasma density and impurity suppression in the core plasma. In the CHD configuration, the distance between the pumping system and the divertor plates (heat and particle source) is very short (only ?0.1 m). One of the major issues in designing the pumping system is the reduction of heat load by radiation and thermal conduction due to the neutral particles being released from the heated divertor plates while keeping a high pumping efficiency. Here the heat load and the pumping efficiency are analyzed using a neutral particle transport simulation and a finite element method based software for multi-physics analysis. We propose a new design for a pumping system with an expanded area of the inlet of the water-cooled blinds and a bottom slit beneath the pumping system. This increases the pumping efficiency by approximately 60% over that of our previous design. It also predicts that the increase in heat load on the pumping system for the new design would be reasonably suppressed by a buffer plate with high emissivity on the surface of the vacuum vessel on the inboard side of the torus.

The distribution of strike points in a closed divertor configuration with additional baffle plates installed in the toroidal ends of closed divertor components near lower/upper ports is calculated by tracing magnetic field lines from the last closed flux surface in various magnetic configurations (radial position of the magnetic axis, Rax = 3.50 ? 3.90 m). The calculation shows that the ratio of the number of strike points on additional plates is maximum for Rax = 3.60 m, showing that the plates are effective in this magnetic configuration. Neutral particle transport is investigated using a fully three-dimensional code EIRENE with one-dimensional plasma fluid analysis of divertor legs, where the plasma parameter profiles on the legs are obtained by an iterative calculation including interaction processes between the plasma and neutral particles. The plates raise the pressure of molecular hydrogen locally near the baffle plates to more than 0.2 Pa, which is enough for efficient particle control using vacuum pumping systems installed near the plates. The simulation proposes one possible candidate of optimized closed divertor configuration for the three-dimensionally complicated magnetic structure in the LHD plasma periphery.

El presente artículo busca identificar y analizar algunas de los principales tratamientos poéticos y artísticos del binomio paz/riqueza en una perspectiva diacrónica y comparativa, intentando aislar las más frecuentes imágenes, metáforas y epítetos relacionados con ese tema. El estudio de los pasajes elegidos deja claro cómo ambos, poetas y artistas plásticos, conocían y manipulaban con su arte un mismo patrimonio bastante antiguo., The aim of this paper is to identify and analyse some of the main poetic and artistic manifestations of the pair peace/wealth, adopting a diachronic and comparative perspective and trying to isolate the most frequent images, metaphors and epithets in relation to that subject. The study of the selected passages intends to clarify how both poets and plastic artists knew and made use of the same very ancient heritage., Centro de Estudios Helénicos

Numerical simulation of the tokamak scrape-off layer (SOL) is an essential tool for the prediction of the conditions to be expected in future fusion reactors such as the ITER project, now under construction in Southern France. One particularly important issue regards the estimation of the expected transient power loads on plasma-facing components (PFC) due to magnetohydrodynamic plasma relaxations, known as Edge Localised Modes (ELMs). These loads are a major cause of concern for ITER owing to the very severe restrictions on PFC lifetime (especially the divertor targets) that they will impose if their amplitude is not maintained below a given size. Even though SOL plasma modelling has reached a comparatively high level of sophistication (the ITER divertor is being designed in part with complex edge plasma codes), the majority of simulations are performed for steady state conditions, necessarily excluding the description of transient events. This thesis explores the utility and validity of the fluid plasma, Monte-Carlo neutrals approach to SOL and divertor modelling in the presence of time dependent ELM phenomena. It aims to test the most complex tool of this type currently available, the fluid (B2.5)-neutral Monte-Carlo (EIRENE) code package SOLPS5, against a variety of ELM sizes in two very different tokamaks, TCV and JET. Although the SOLPS package has been the modelling tool of choice for ITER design, it has not yet been systematically used for the study of ELM transients. A key element throughout is rigorous benchmarking – seeking the best possible agreement between both experiment and simulation and between different codes for the same experiment, using as many different measurements as possible to constrain the model. Such benchmarking attempts are still, unfortunately, comparatively rare on today's machines. Fully time-dependent simulations (2-D plasma, 3-D neutrals) have been performed of four H-mode plasmas, two each on TCV and JET, covering Type III and Type I ELMs over a range of pedestal collisionality and energy expelled per ELM from ΔWELM ∼ 0.005 → 0.7 MJ. The high end of this limit corresponds to the current maximum ΔWELM which is thought to be tolerable on ITER for acceptable divertor target lifetime. The two tokamaks differ radically in size, input power and divertor geometry, but share carbon as the main PFC material. The SOLPS5 simulations have thus been performed with all carbon charge states included but do not feature activated poloidal drift terms. The approach is first to seek the closest match to experimental upstream, pedestal/SOL and downstream target profiles during the inter-ELM phase. This is achieved through the specification of radially varying perpendicular particle and heat diffusivities and/or convective radial velocity in order to account for the different transport levels in the edge and SOL regions. Poloidal variation of these transport coefficients is also applied to distinguish between main chamber SOL and divertor regions. This is important in a device like TCV with rather unconventional divertor geometry. Similar reasoning applies even more to the ELM itself, which is known to burst into the SOL in the outboard, unfavourable curvature region and is thus extremely poloidally localized. This has also been accounted for especially in the attempts to simulate the TCV ELM events. The complexity of the ELM instability continues to prevent a complete theoretical description of the evolution of transport during the event. In SOLPS5, the simplest and currently only method by which the ELM can be simulated is to increase the anomalous transport coefficients used to simulate the pre-ELM state during a brief interval corresponding to the ELM duration, such that the total energy expelled during this time is compatible with that measured experimentally. In the case of TCV Type III ELM, where reasonable upstream and downstream data are available and for which the largest number of sensitivity studies have been performed in this thesis with SOLPS, agreement is good in the pre-ELM phase and reasonable, but less satisfactory during the ELM. This ELM is a largely convective event in terms of pedestal temperature collapse and is, by virtue of its low ΔWELM, the "least kinetic" of the four events studied. Nevertheless, comparison of the SOLPS5 simulation results at the divertor target with those from dedicated Particle-in-Cell kinetic transport code calculations for the same ELM, demonstrate that kinetic effects are important and must be properly accounted for (by appropriate adjustment of kinetic coefficients in the fluid simulations). This presumably becomes even more important as the ELM size increases, but can only be tested to the extent that the appropriate experimental data is available. As a consequence, the tentative conclusion from the work presented here is that the use of SOLPS in a predictive sense for ITER would at best provide indicative results. In addition to the code-experiment benchmark, a code-code comparison has also been performed, checking SOLPS5 against published and well known time dependent Type I ELM simulations obtained with the dedicated JET code suite EDGE2D-Nimbus. A benchmark of this complexity has not previously been attempted and has been reassuringly somewhat successful, albeit with some unresolved discrepancies. A key feature of ELM boundary physics occupying much current research are the energy deposition asymmetries observed at the targets, which favour the inner target during the ELM for forward toroidal field direction and which appear to reverse when the field direction is inverted. These trends are opposite to the behaviour seen in inter-ELM phases, behaviour which is conventionally understood to result from toroidal geometry and the contribution of poloidal drift physics. Added complexity comes from magnetic geometry, a prominent feature of the TCV-JET comparisons described in this thesis, the results of which seem to influence the simulation results (which do not include drift effects). A recent development has been the suggestion that the ELM, in convecting plasma from pedestal to SOL regions, carries with it memory of the high toroidal rotation velocity known to characterise the H-mode pedestal on all devices. This hypothesis has been tested here in a preliminary manner, and for the first time in this kind of simulation, by imposing a toroidal velocity inside the magnetic separatrix in the simulations and studying the radial transport of this toroidal momentum into the SOL. Applied in the first instance to the TCV Type III ELM, the indications are that transfer of this rotation into the SOL can drive target asymmetries in the direction seen experimentally, though there are significant negative consequences for the resulting target profiles in other parameters for which a potential resolution would require protracted further study which has not been possible here.

Predictions for the operation of tokamak divertors are reliant on edge plasma simulations typically consisting of a fluid plasma code in combination with a Monte-Carlo (MC) code for neutral species. Pilot-PSI is a linear device operating with a cascaded arc plasma source that produces plasmas comparable to those expected during the inter-ELM phase in the ITER divertor (T e ∼ 1 eV, n e ∼ 1020 m-3). In this study, plasma discharges in Pilot-PSI have been modelled using the Soledge2D fluid plasma code (Bufferand et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion 55) coupled to the Eirene neutral MC code (Reiter et al 2005 Fusion Sci. Technol. 47, 172-186) in order to (a) investigate which phenomena need to be included in the modelling to reproduce experimental trends and (b) provide new insights to the interpretation of experiments. The simulations highlight the key role of ion/molecule elastic collisions in determining the ion flux reaching the target. Recombination is likely to play a role at high molecular background pressure. However, even with the most advanced atomic and molecular model used in this work, T e at the target is overestimated with respect to the measurements using TS and spectroscopy. T e in the simulations appears to saturate at 0.7 eV for a wide range of parameters, while experimentally values of 0.1-0.3 eV are found. As a consequence, in the simulations the volume recombination is underestimated, which is a strong function of T e when it is below 1 eV. Further analysis of simulation results using a two-point formalism shows that inelastic collisions between electrons and neutral background particles remove most of the energy flux, mainly via dissociation of molecules and molecular ions. However this happens mostly in the upstream region of the beam where T e > 1 eV. For T e < 1 eV, there seems to be no significant energy removal mechanism in the simulated cases. The results also indicate that conclusions on the importance of volume processes, e.g. recombination, cannot be solely based on T e or the dominance of certain reaction rate coefficients over others, but rather the complete transport picture, including macroscopic flow, has to be taken into account. In the cases studied here, the plasma is typically advected to the wall too fast for recombination to remove a significant fraction of the particle flux.