296 results on '"Edgar Santos"'
Search Results
52. Numerical simulation of asthenospheric flow around cratonic keels
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Edgar Santos and Victor Sacek
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In this work, we studied the mantle flow around cratonic keels using numerical models to simulate the thermochemical convection in the terrestrial mantle taking into account the relative displacement between the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The numerical simulations were performed using the finite element code developed by Sacek (2017) to solve the Stokes Flow for an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Several synthetic models in 2D and 3D were constructed considering different keel geometries and different regimes of relative displacement between the lithosphere and asthenosphere. In the present numerical experiments, we adopted a rheology in which the viscosity of the mantle is controlled by temperature, pressure and composition, assuming that the cratonic keel is compositionally more viscous than the surrounding asthenosphere, using a factor f to rescale the lithospheric viscosity compared to the asthenospheric one. We tested different f values, reference viscosity for the asthenosphere, and relative velocity between the lithosphere and the base of the upper mantle, quantifying the amount of deformation of the cratonic keel in each scenario. In general, we conclude that for a relatively low compositional factor (f < 20), the lithospheric keel can be significantly deformed in a time interval of few tens of million years when the lithosphere is moving horizontally relative to the base of the upper mantle, does not preserving its initial geometry. The synthetic models can be helpful for a better understanding of the interaction in the lithosphere-asthenosphere interface such as the deformation and flow patterns in the mantle around the keels, the rate of erosion of the root of the continental lithosphere due to the convection in the upper mantle and how it affects the thermal flow to the surface.Sacek, V. (2017). Post-rift influence of small-scale convection on the landscape evolution at divergent continental margins. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 459, 48-57.
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- 2020
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53. Shared-Use Infrastructure Along the World's Largest Iron Ore Operation: Lessons Learned from the Carajás Corridor
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Brauch, Martin Dietrich, Maennling, Nicolas Wolfram, Toledano, Perrine, Monteiro, Edgar Santos, and Botelho Tavares, Felipe
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Infrastructure (Economics)--Planning ,Public interest ,Mining corporations - Abstract
From a government perspective, shared-use or open-access infrastructure arrangements can provide significant prospects for sustainable development. The shared use of infrastructure built by mining companies can spur and support additional mining projects and other economic activities and services to the benefit of surrounding communities and other third-party beneficiaries. From the viewpoint of a mining company, however, such arrangements pose risks to profitability and may, in some instances, benefit competitors. This study uses lessons learned from the shared-use arrangements along the Carajás railway corridor in Brazil to shed light on how to strike a balance between divergent private and public interests, and how countries may learn from this approach in order to increase the benefits of existing and future shared-use projects.
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- 2020
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54. Carbon footprint of microalgae production in photobioreactor
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Luis Almeida Costa, Edgar Santos, António A. Martins, Madalena Cameira, Sara Badenes, Vitor Verdelho Vieira, Teresa M. Mata, Francisca Marques, Nídia S. Caetano, and Faculdade de Engenharia
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020209 energy ,Carbon fixation ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Photobioreactor ,Biomass ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,Nutrient ,chemistry ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Carbon footprint ,Production (economics) ,Environmental science ,Microalgae growth ,Carbon ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
This work aims to evaluate the carbon footprint (CF) of microalgae production in a closed pilot-scale multi-tubular photobioreactor (PBR), on a gate-to-gate approach. Primary data from real production conditions complemented with data from the literature and life cycle inventory databases was used. The carbon embedded in the PBR’s construction materials and nutrients necessary for the microalgae growth were considered. A global CF of 68.34 kg CO2-eq/kg dry biomass was obtained. A CF of 1.72 kg CO2-eq/kg dry biomass was calculated for the PBR construction stage, contributing to 3 % of the overall value. For 74 kg of dry biomass/year produced with this PBR, the CF for this stage was 66.62 kg CO2-eq/kg dry biomass, corresponding to 97 % of the total global CF. In this study, electricity production for the reactor operation is the major contributor (79 %) to the overall CF, followed by the production of nutrients used to prepare the culture medium (21 %). CO2 fixation by microalgae reduces the global value by 3 %.
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- 2018
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55. Origem do rápido crescimento populacional de Imperatriz - MA : uma abordagem científica dessa realidade
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EDGAR SANTOS and EDGAR SANTOS
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A origem do rápido crescimento populacional de Imperatriz - MA é apresentada neste livro numa versão fundamentada na ciência, esclarecendo pontos de interrogação obscuros nas propostas apresentadas por outros autores, quando abordam esse fenômeno populacional. As análises dos ciclos econômicos da exploração da madeira, produção do arroz, construção da rodovia Belém? Brasília, produção de castanha em Marabá - PA e o garimpo de Serra Pelada integram esta publicação, buscando entender como foi possível o deslocamento de milhares de pessoas, na segunda metade do século XX, para um espaço cognominado como Sibéria Maranhense, sem conexão direta com a capital do estado. Os meios de transporte constituídos pelo Rio Tocantins, com embarcações movidas pela tração humana (remo), enquanto o transporte terrestre era feito através de animais (cavalo, mula). O primeiro carro (um caminhão) chegou em Imperatriz no período entre o final da década de 1940 e o início da década de 1950. Um estudo realizado incluindo o crescimento vegetativo, a quantidade de mulheres imigrantes em idade fértil, taxa de natalidade e de mortalidade da época esclarece o motivo da expansão rápida dessa população, que apresentava 39.169 habitantes em 1960 e 220.469 em 1980. Considerando a grande extensão do município de Imperatriz, naquela época, neste livro, consta a ocupação populacional do sudoeste maranhense, que se une com imigrantes de outros estados brasileiros, formando a população dessa metrópole, Imperatriz.
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- 2021
56. Effects of imperfect testing on presence-absence sampling plans
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Kondaswamy Govindaraju, Geoff Jones, and Edgar Santos-Fernández
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0301 basic medicine ,Engineering ,Food industry ,biology ,business.industry ,030106 microbiology ,Bayesian probability ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Bayesian inference ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sampling inspection ,Statistics ,Christian ministry ,Operations management ,0101 mathematics ,Presence absence ,Cronobacter ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,business ,Food quality - Abstract
Sampling inspection plans are used in the food industry to determine whether a batch of food is contaminated or not. Testing for pathogens is mandatory in several foodstuffs because some bacteria pose a significant risk to human health, even when these are consumed in minute quantity. Test performance measures such as sensitivity and specificity are generally ignored in microbiological risk assessment and food quality assurance. In this research, we examine the impact of imperfect analytical tests on sampling inspection plans for presence-absence characteristics. We discuss several plausible scenarios and assess the risk for the consumers. The method is illustrated using data collected over 2 years for Cronobacter spp (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) in skimmed milk powder. The probability of contamination and the test sensitivity and specificity are estimated using Bayesian methods. We examine the sampling plans proposed by the Codex Alimentarius and by the New Zealand's Ministry of Primary Industries for this pathogen. A cost analysis is performed to show the economic loss due to measurement errors. We describe the strengths and limitations of these plans under different conditions and propose a plan that could provide better protection to the consumers as well as to the producers.
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- 2017
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57. Contrarreforma na política de saúde brasileira e impactos no Serviço Social
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Raquel Cavalcante Soares, Edgar Santos, Ruthelcy Andrade, Irla Silva, Renato Silva, and Ana Cristina De Souza Vieira
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Cultural Studies ,History ,Literature and Literary Theory - Published
- 2017
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58. New two-stage sampling inspection plans for bacterial cell counts
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Geoff Jones, Edgar Santos-Fernández, R. Kissling, and Kondaswamy Govindaraju
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0301 basic medicine ,business.industry ,030106 microbiology ,Two stage sampling ,Sampling (statistics) ,Consumer protection ,Poisson distribution ,01 natural sciences ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,symbols.namesake ,Double sampling ,Sample size determination ,Statistics ,symbols ,Medicine ,0101 mathematics ,business ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Microbiological testing represents a significant expenditure for producers. Two new double sampling plans employing a compressed limit in the first stage of inspection were proposed to reduce the testing costs. These plans were designed for sanitary characteristics where the bacterial count generally fits a Poisson or a mixed-Poisson distribution. Both plans showed improved consumer protection with substantially smaller average sample size. The application of the new plans was validated using an empirical dataset of aerobic plate counts observed in milk powder samples. The new plans enabled a sample size reduction of between 20 and 75% compared to the actual sampling procedures.
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- 2017
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59. Heterogeneous propagation of spreading depolarizations in the lissencephalic and gyrencephalic brain
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Jens P. Dreier, Edgar Santos, Renán Sánchez-Porras, Oliver W. Sakowitz, and Markus Dahlem
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0301 basic medicine ,Physics ,Swine ,Cortical Spreading Depression ,Isotropy ,Brain ,Depolarization ,Human brain ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Neurology ,Commentary ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Neurology (clinical) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Incidence (geometry) - Abstract
In the recently published article, “Heterogeneous incidence and propagation of spreading depolarizations,” it is shown, in vivo and in vitro, how KCl-induced spreading depolarizations in mouse and rat brains can be highly variable, and that they are not limited, as once thought, to a concentric, isotropic, or homogenous depolarization wave in space or in time. The reported results serve as a link between the different species, and this paper contributes to changing the way in which SD expansion is viewed in the lissencephalic brain. Here, we discuss their results with our previous observations made in the gyrencephalic swine brain, in computer simulations, and in the human brain.
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- 2017
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60. Development and evaluation of a matrix for assessing fatigue-related risk, derived from a national survey of nurses' work patterns
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Jinny Willis, Edgar Santos-Fernández, Annette Huntington, Karyn O'Keeffe, Leonie Walker, and Philippa H. Gander
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Gerontology ,030504 nursing ,Univariate ,Nurses ,Bayes Theorem ,Test (assessment) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Patient safety ,0302 clinical medicine ,Bayesian information criterion ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Work Schedule Tolerance ,Linear regression ,Predictive power ,Survey data collection ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Akaike information criterion ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,Sleep ,General Nursing ,Fatigue - Abstract
Background Multiple aspects of nurses’ rosters interact to affect the quality of patient care they can provide and their own health, safety and wellbeing. Objectives (1) Develop and test a matrix incorporating multiple aspects of rosters and recovery sleep that are individually associated with three fatigue-related outcomes - fatigue-related clinical errors, excessive sleepiness and sleepy driving; and (2) evaluate whether the matrix also predicts nurses’ ratings of the effects of rosters on aspects of life outside work. Design Develop and test the matrix using data from a national survey of nurses’ fatigue and work patterns in six hospital-based practice areas with high fatigue risk. Methods Survey data included demographics, work patterns (previous 14 days), choice about shifts, and the extent to which work patterns cause problems with social life, home life, personal relationships, and other commitments (rated 1 = not at all to 5 = very much). Matrix variables were selected based on univariate associations with the fatigue-related outcomes, limits in the collective employment contract, and previous research. Each variable was categorised as lower (score 0), significant (score 1), or higher risk (score 2). Logistic multiple regression modelling tested the independent predictive power of matrix scores against models including all the (uncategorised) work pattern and recovery sleep variables with significant univariate associations with each outcome variable. Model fit was measured using Akaike and Bayesian Information Criterion statistics. Results Data were included from 2358 nurses who averaged at least 30 h/week in the previous fortnight in one of the target practice areas. Final matrix variables were: total hours worked; number of shift extensions >30 min, night shifts; breaks After controlling for gender, ethnicity, years of nursing experience, and the extent of shift choice, the matrix score was a significant independent predictor of each of the three fatigue-related outcomes, and for all four aspects of life outside work. For all outcome variables, the model including the matrix score was a better fit to the data than the equivalent model including all the (uncategorised) work pattern variables. Conclusions A matrix that predicts the likelihood of nurses reporting fatigue-related safety outcomes can be used to compare the impact of rosters both at work and outside work. It can be used for roster design and management, and to guide nurses’ choices about the shifts they work.
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- 2019
61. Process simulation and techno-economic assessment for direct production of advanced bioethanol using a genetically modified Synechocystis sp
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Alberto Reis, Francisco M. Gírio, Diana Fonseca, L. Tiago Guerra, André M. N. Silva, Tiago Lopes, Catarina Cabanas, Edgar Santos, and Con Sheahan
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Environmental Engineering ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,020209 energy ,Bioengineering ,Bioethanol ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,Modelling ,Genetically modified organism ,Biorefinery ,Biogas ,Biofuel ,Bioproducts ,Biofuels ,Phycocyanin ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Microalgae ,Production (economics) ,Environmental science ,Ethanol fuel ,Process simulation ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
A techno-economic assessment for the direct production of ethanol using a genetically-modified microalgae has been studied. It was considered two main scenarios for process modelling: i) bioenergy-driven microalgae plant, i.e., focused on the production of fuel-grade ethanol and biogas for CHP and, ii) biorefinery-driven microalgae plant, focused on the recovery of added-value bioproducts (zeaxanthin and phycocyanin) along with ethanol and CHP production. These main scenarios and several variants were modelled and optimized for a small-scale demo plant of 1000 Lethanol/day and extrapolated for larger production capacities. Results showed that despite the innovative approach of direct production of ethanol by microalgae, the bioenergy-driven scenario is non-feasible under the studied conditions. Conversely, ethanol production becomes economically feasible as co-product in the biorefinery-driven scenario although having payback periods>10 years. Furthermore, if only bio-based products are produced the NPV and the payback are even more positive, 104.8 M€ and ca. 5 years, respectively. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2019
62. Detection of spreading depolarizations in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model in swine
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Arturo Olivares-Rivera, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Roland Zerelles, Edgar Santos, Andreas Unterberg, Modar Kentar, Martina Mann, Felix Sahm, and Renán Sánchez-Porras
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Male ,Middle Cerebral Artery ,Swine ,animal diseases ,Cerebral arteries ,Blood volume ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Membrane Potentials ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.artery ,Occlusion ,medicine ,Animals ,cardiovascular diseases ,Stroke ,Electrocorticography ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Optical Imaging ,Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ,Blood flow ,medicine.disease ,Cerebral blood flow ,Cerebrovascular Circulation ,Middle cerebral artery ,cardiovascular system ,Surgery ,Neurology (clinical) ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The main objective of this study was to generate a hemodynamically stable swine model to detect spreading depolarizations (SDs) using electrocorticography (ECoG) and intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging and laser speckle flowmetry (LSF) after a 30-h middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (MCAo) in German Landrace Swine. A total of 21 swine were used. The study comprised a training group (group 1, n = 7), a group that underwent bilateral craniectomy and MCAo (group 2, n = 10) and a group used for 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining (group 3, n = 5). In group 2, nine animals that underwent MCAo survived for 30 h, and one animal survived for 12 h. We detected MCA variants with 2 to 4 vessels. In all cases, all of the MCAs were occluded. The intensity changes exhibited by IOS and LSF after clipping were closely correlated and indicated a lower blood volume and reduced blood flow in the middle cerebral artery territory. Using IOS, we detected a mean of 2.37 ± (STD) 2.35 SDs/h. Using ECoG, we detected a mean of 0.29 ± (STD) 0.53 SDs/h. Infarctions were diagnosed using histological analysis. TTC staining in group 3 confirmed that the MCA territory was compromised and that the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries were preserved. We confirm the reliability of performing live monitoring of cerebral infarctions using our MCAo protocol to detect SDs.
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- 2019
63. Abstract: Multispectral Imaging Enables Visualization of Spreading Depolarizations in Gyrencephalic Brain
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Adrián Hernández-Aguilera, Sebastian J. Wirkert, AS Vermuri, Mildred A. Herrera, Leonardo Ayala, Edgar Santos, and Lena Maier-Hein
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Physics ,Neuroimaging ,Multispectral image ,Neuron membrane ,Depolarization ,Spatiotemporal resolution ,Neuroscience ,Visualization - Abstract
Spreading Depolarization (SD) is a phenomenon in the brain related to the abrupt depolarization of neurons in gray matter which results from a break-down of ion gradients across the neuron membrane and propagates like a wave of ischemia. While modulating the hemodynamic response of the SDs is a therapeutic target, the lack of imaging methods that allow for monitoring SDs with high spatiotemporal resolution hinder progress in the field. In this work, we address this bottleneck with a new method for brain imaging based on multispectral imaging (MSI).
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- 2019
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64. Photoacoustics can image spreading depolarization deep in gyrencephalic brain
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Thomas Kirchner, Lena Maier-Hein, Mildred Gutierrez Herrera, Adrián Hernández-Aguilera, Janek Gröhl, Edgar Santos, and Tim Adler
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0301 basic medicine ,Swine ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Hemodynamics ,lcsh:Medicine ,Neuroimaging ,Brain surface ,Article ,Potassium Chloride ,Photoacoustic Techniques ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Gray Matter ,lcsh:Science ,Stroke ,Ultrasonography ,Cerebral Cortex ,High contrast ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Cortical Spreading Depression ,lcsh:R ,Depolarization ,Translational research ,Neuronal depolarization ,medicine.disease ,Physics - Medical Physics ,Oxygen ,030104 developmental biology ,Blood oxygenation ,Tissue hypoxia ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Medical Physics (physics.med-ph) ,Electrocorticography ,business ,Biomedical engineering ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is a self-propagating wave of near-complete neuronal depolarization that is abundant in a wide range of neurological conditions, including stroke. SD was only recently documented in humans and is now considered a therapeutic target for brain injury, but the mechanisms related to SD in complex brains are not well understood. While there are numerous approaches to interventional imaging of SD on the exposed brain surface, measuring SD deep in brain is so far only possible with low spatiotemporal resolution and poor contrast. Here, we show that photoacoustic imaging enables the study of SD and its hemodynamics deep in the gyrencephalic brain with high spatiotemporal resolution. As rapid neuronal depolarization causes tissue hypoxia, we achieve this by continuously estimating blood oxygenation with an intraoperative hybrid photoacoustic and ultrasonic imaging system. Due to its high resolution, promising imaging depth and high contrast, this novel approach to SD imaging can yield new insights into SD and thereby lead to advances in stroke, and brain injury research.
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- 2019
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65. Live Monitoring of Haemodynamic Changes with Multispectral Image Analysis
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Mildred A. Herrera, Anant Vemuri, Lena Maier-Hein, Adrián Hernández-Aguilera, Leonardo Ayala, Edgar Santos, Sebastian J. Wirkert, and Janek Gröhl
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0303 health sciences ,Pixel ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Deep learning ,Multispectral image ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Inverse problem ,Imaging data ,Bottleneck ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Robustness (computer science) ,Preprocessor ,Computer vision ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
State-of-the-art concepts in the field of computer assisted medical interventions are typically based on registering pre-operative imaging data to the patient. While this approach has many relevant clinical applications, it suffers from one core bottleneck: it cannot account for tissue dynamics because it works with “offline” data. To overcome this issue, we propose a new approach to surgical imaging that combines the power of multispectral imaging with the speed and robustness of deep learning based image analysis. Core innovation is an end-to-end deep learning architecture that integrates all preprocessing steps as well as the actual regression task in a single network. According to a quantitative in silico validation, our approach is well-suited for solving the inverse problem of relating multispectral image pixels to underlying functional tissue properties in real time. A porcine study further suggests that our method is capable of monitoring haemodynamic changes in vivo. Deep learning based multispectral imaging could thus become a valuable tool for imaging tissue dynamics.
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- 2019
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66. Central versus local radiological reading of acute computed tomography characteristics in multi-center traumatic brain injury research
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R.H.M.A. Bartels, Paul M. Parizel, Thomas Van Essen, Daniel Kondziella, Maria A. Poca, Juan Sahuquillo, Oliver Sakowitz, Rafael Badenes, Johnny Collett, Lars Wessels, Angelos Kolias, Ana M Castaño-Leon, Thijs Vande Vyvere, Morten Blaabjerg, Giuseppe Citerio, Rahul Raj, Linda Lanyon, Edgar Santos, Jussi Posti, Renán Sánchez-Porras, Andreea Rădoi, Sandra Rossi, Pedro Gomez, Virginia Newcombe, William Stewart, Jonathan Coles, Diederik Dippel, Helen Dawes, Arminas Ragauskas, Vande Vyvere, T, Wilms, G, Claes, L, Martin Leon, F, Nieboer, D, Verheyden, J, Van Den Hauwe, L, Pullens, P, Maas, A, Parizel, P, Citerio, G, CENTER-TBI Investigators, Molecular Neuroscience and Ageing Research (MOLAR), Section Neuropsychology, Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, RS: MHeNs - R1 - Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, RS: FPN NPPP I, Public Health, Neurosurgery, Vande Vyvere, Thij, Wilms, Guido, Claes, Lene, Martin Leon, Francisco, Nieboer, Daan, Verheyden, Jan, van den Hauwe, Luc, Pullens, Pim, Maas, Andrew I R, Parizel, Paul M, and Beretta, Luigi
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030506 rehabilitation ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Subarachnoid hemorrhage ,Traumatic brain injury ,FEATURES ,Other Research Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 0] ,DIAGNOSIS ,HEMORRHAGE ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,McNemar's test ,Cohen's kappa ,Midline shift ,Brain Injuries, Traumatic ,medicine ,Humans ,Observer Variation ,central radiology review ,business.industry ,Research ,traumatic brain injury ,Head injury ,agreement, central radiology review, traumatic brain injury ,HEAD-INJURY ,Brain ,Reproducibility of Results ,COMMON DATA ELEMENTS ,medicine.disease ,ta3124 ,PROGNOSTIC VALUE ,Reconstructive and regenerative medicine Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 10] ,Radiological weapon ,Human medicine ,Neurology (clinical) ,Radiology ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,0305 other medical science ,business ,agreement ,SCAN ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Kappa ,CT - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 206372.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Observer variability in local radiological reading is a major concern in large-scale multi-center traumatic brain injury (TBI) studies. A central review process has been advocated to minimize this variability. The aim of this study is to compare central with local reading of TBI imaging datasets and to investigate the added value of central review. A total of 2050 admission computed tomography (CT) scans from subjects enrolled in the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study were analyzed for seven main CT characteristics. Kappa statistics were used to calculate agreement between central and local evaluations and a center-specific analysis was performed. The McNemar test was used to detect whether discordances were significant. Central interobserver and intra-observer agreement was calculated in a subset of patients. Good agreement was found between central and local assessment for the presence or absence of structural pathology (CT+, CT-, kappa = 0.73) and most CT characteristics (kappa = 0.62 to 0.71), except for traumatic axonal injury lesions (kappa = 0.37). Despite good kappa values, discordances were significant in four of seven CT characteristics (i.e., midline shift, contusion, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cisternal compression; p = 0.0005). Central reviewers showed substantial to excellent interobserver and intra-observer agreement (kappa = 0.73 to kappa = 0.96), contrasted by considerable variability in local radiological reading. Compared with local evaluation, a central review process offers a more consistent radiological reading of acute CT characteristics in TBI. It generates reliable, reproducible data and should be recommended for use in multi-center TBI studies.
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- 2019
67. Connecting virtual reality and ecology: a new tool to run seamless immersive experiments in R
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Edgar Santos-Fernández, Julie Vercelloni, Erin E. Peterson, Tanya Dodgen, Grace Heron, Kerrie Mengersen, Jon Peppinck, and Miles McBain
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General Computer Science ,Computer science ,Emerging technologies ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Remote ecosystems ,Virtual reality ,01 natural sciences ,Rendering (computer graphics) ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Emerging technology ,0101 mathematics ,Public engagement ,Emerging Technologies ,WebXR ,Ecology ,Online database ,Elicitation ,QA75.5-76.95 ,Environmental conservation ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Workflow ,Learning curve ,Electronic computers. Computer science ,Data collection ,Software ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) technology is an emerging tool that is supporting the connection between conservation research and public engagement with environmental issues. The use of VR in ecology consists of interviewing diverse groups of people while they are immersed within a virtual ecosystem to produce better information than more traditional surveys. However, at present, the relatively high level of expertise in specific programming languages and disjoint pathways required to run VR experiments hinder their wider application in ecology and other sciences. We present R2VR, a package for implementing and performing VR experiments in R with the aim of easing the learning curve for applied scientists including ecologists. The package provides functions for rendering VR scenes on web browsers with A-Frame that can be viewed by multiple users on smartphones, laptops, and VR headsets. It also provides instructions on how to retrieve answers from an online database in R. Three published ecological case studies are used to illustrate the R2VR workflow, and show how to run a VR experiments and collect the resulting datasets. By tapping into the popularity of R among ecologists, the R2VR package creates new opportunities to address the complex challenges associated with conservation, improve scientific knowledge, and promote new ways to share better understanding of environmental issues. The package could also be used in other fields outside of ecology.
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- 2021
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68. Variation in neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury: a survey in 68 centers participating in the CENTER-TBI study
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van Essen, Thomas A., den Boogert, Hugo F., Cnossen, Maryse C., de Ruiter, Godard C. W., Haitsma, Iain, Polinder, Suzanne, Steyerberg, Ewout W., Menon, David, Maas, Andrew I. R., Lingsma, Hester F., Peul, Wilco C., Cecilia, Ackerlund, Hadie, Adams, Vanni, Agnoletti, Judith, Allanson, Krisztina, Amrein, Norberto, Andaluz, Nada, Andelic, Lasse, Andreassen, Azasevac, Antun, Audny, Anke, Anna, Antoni, Hilko, Ardon, Gerard, Audibert, Kaspars, Auslands, Philippe, Azouvi, Luisa, Azzolini Maria, Camelia, Baciu, Rafael, Badenes, Ronald, Bartels, Pal, Barzo, Ursula, Bauerfeind, Romuald, Beauvais, Ronny, Beer, Francisco Javier, Belda, Bo-Michael, Bellander, Antonio, Belli, Remy, Bellier, Habib, Benali, Thierry, Benard, Maurizio, Berardino, Luigi, Beretta, Christopher, Beynon, Federico, Bilotta, Harald, Binder, Erta, Biqiri, Morten, Blaabjerg, Hugo, den Boogert, Pierre, Bouzat, Peter, Bragge, Alexandra, Brazinova, Vibeke, Brinck, Joanne, Brooker, Camilla, Brorsson, Andras, Buki, Monika, Bullinger, Emiliana, Calappi, Rosa, Calvi Maria, Peter, Cameron, Lozano Guillermo, Carbayo, Marco, Carbonara, Elsa, Carise, Carpenter, K., Ana M, Castano-Leon, Francesco, Causin, Giorgio, Chevallard, Arturo, Chieregato, Giuseppe, Citerio, Maryse, Cnossen, Mark, Coburn, Jonathan, Coles, Lizzie, Coles-Kemp, Johnny, Collett, Jamie, Cooper D., Marta, Correia, Amra, Covic, Nicola, Curry, Endre, Czeiter, Marek, Czosnyka, Claire, Dahyot-Fizelier, Francois, Damas, Pierre, Damas, Helen, Dawes, Veronique, De Keyser, Francesco, Della Corte, Bart, Depreitere, Godard, de Ruiter C. W., Dula, Dilvesi, Diederik, Dippel, Abhishek, Dixit, Emma, Donoghue, Jens, Dreier, Guy-Loup, Duliere, George, Eapen, Heiko, Engemann, Ari, Ercole, Patrick, Esser, Erzsebet, Ezer, Martin, Fabricius, Valery, Feigin L., Kelly, Foks, Francesca, Fossi, Gilles, Francony, Ulderico, Freo, Shirin, Frisvold, Alex, Furmanov, Pablo, Gagliardo, Damien, Galanaud, Dashiell, Gantner, Karin, Geleijns, Pradeep, George, Alexandre, Ghuysen, Lelde, Giga, Benoit, Giraud, Ben, Glocker, Jagos, Golubovic, Pedro, Gomez A., Francesca, Grossi, Russell, Gruen L., Deepak, Gupta, Juanita, Haagsma A., Iain, Haitsma, Jed, Hartings A., Raimund, Helbok, Eirik, Helseth, Daniel, Hertle, Astrid, Hoedemaekers, Stefan, Hoefer, Lindsay, Horton, Jilske, Huijben, Peter, Hutchinson J., Kristine, Haberg Asta, Bram, Jacobs, Stefan, Jankowski, Mike, Jarrett, Bojan, Jelaca, Kelly, Jones, Konstantinos, Kamnitsas, Mladen, Karan, Ari, Katila, Maija, Kaukonen, Thomas, Kerforne, Riku, Kivisaari, Angelos, Kolias G., Balint, Kolumban, Erwin, Kompanje, Ksenija, Kolundzija, Daniel, Kondziella, Lars-Owe, Koskinen, Noemi, Kovacs, Alfonso, Lagares, Linda, Lanyon, Steven, Laureys, Fiona, Lecky, Christian, Ledig, Rolf, Lefering, Valerie, Legrand, Jin, Lei, Leon, Levi, Roger, Lightfoot, Hester, Lingsma, Dirk, Loeckx, Angels, Lozano, Andrew, Maas I. R., Stephen, MacDonald, Marc, Maegele, Marek, Majdan, Sebastian, Major, Alex, Manara, Geoffrey, Manley, Didier, Martin, Francisco, Martin Leon, Costanza, Martino, Armando, Maruenda, Hugues, Marechal, Alessandro, Masala, Julia, Mattern, Charles, McFadyen, Catherine, McMahon, Bela, Melegh, David, Menon, Tomas, Menovsky, Cristina, Morganti-Kossmann, Davide, Mulazzi, Visakh, Muraleedharan, Lynnette, Murray, Holger, Muehlan, Nandesh, Nair, Ancuta, Negru, David, Nelson, Virginia, Newcombe, Daan, Nieboer, Quentin, Noirhomme, Jozsef, Nyiradi, Mauro, Oddo, Annemarie, Oldenbeuving, Matej, Oresic, Fabrizio, Ortolano, Aarno, Palotie, Paul, Parizel M., Adriana, Patruno, Jean-Francois, Payen, Natascha, Perera, Vincent, Perlbarg, Paolo, Persona, Anna, Piippo-Karjalainen, Sebastien, Pili Floury, Matti, Pirinen, Horia, Ples, Maria Antonia, Poca, Suzanne, Polinder, Inigo, Pomposo, Jussi, Posti, Louis, Puybasset, Andreea, Radoi, Arminas, Ragauskas, Rahul, Raj, Malinka, Rambadagalla, Ruben, Real, Veronika, Rehorcikova, Jonathan, Rhodes, Samuli, Ripatti, Saulius, Rocka, Cecilie, Roe, Olav, Roise, Gerwin, Roks, Jonathan, Rosand, Jeffrey, Rosenfeld, Christina, Rosenlund, Guy, Rosenthal, Rolf, Rossaint, Sandra, Rossi, Daniel, Rueckert, Martin, Rusnak, Marco, Sacchi, Barbara, Sahakian, Juan, Sahuquillo, Oliver, Sakowitz, Francesca, Sala, Renan, Sanchez-Porras, Janos, Sandor, Edgar, Santos, Luminita, Sasu, Davide, Savo, Nadine, Schaeffer, Inger, Schipper, Barbara, Schloesser, Silke, Schmidt, Herbert, Schoechl, Guus, Schoonman, Frederik, Schou Rico, Elisabeth, Schwendenwein, Michael, Schoell, Ozcan, Sir, Toril, Skandsen, Lidwien, Smakman, Dirk, Smeets, Peter, Smielewski, Abayomi, Sorinola, Emmanuel, Stamatakis, Simon, Stanworth, Nicole, Steinbuechel, Ana, Stevanovic, Robert, Stevens, William, Stewart, Ewout, Steyerberg W., Nino, Stocchetti, Nina, Sundstrom, Anneliese, Synnot, Fabio Silvio, Taccone, Riikka, Takala, Viktoria, Tamas, Paivi, Tanskanen, Steven, Taylor Mark, Braden, Te Ao, Olli, Tenovuo, Ralph, Telgmann, Guido, Teodorani, Alice, Theadom, Matt, Thomas, Dick, Tibboel, Christos, Tolias, Luaba, Tshibanda Jean-Flory, Tony, Trapani, Maria, Tudora Cristina, Peter, Vajkoczy, Shirley, Vallance, Egils, Valeinis, Gregory, Van der Steen, Mathieu, Van der Jagt, Joukje, Van der Naalt, Jeroen, van Dijck T. J. M., Thomas, Van Essen A., Wim, Van Hecke, Caroline, van Heugten, Dominique, Van Praag, Thijs, Vande Vyvere, Julia, Van Waesberghe, Audrey, Vanhaudenhuyse, Alessia, Vargiolu, Emmanuel, Vega, Kimberley, Velt, Jan, Verheyden, Paul, Vespa M., Anne, Vik, Rimantas, Vilcinis, Giacinta, Vizzino, Carmen, Vleggeert-Lankamp, Victor, Volovici, Daphne, Voormolen, Peter, Vulekovic, Zoltan, Vamos, Derick, Wade, Kevin, Wang K. W., Lei, Wang, Lars, Wessels, Eno, Wildschut, Guy, Williams, Lindsay, Wilson, Maren, Winkler K. L., Stefan, Wolf, Peter, Ylen, Alexander, Younsi, Menashe, Zaaroor, Yang, Zhihui, Agate, Ziverte, Fabrizio, Zumbo, van Essen, Thomas A., den Boogert, Hugo F., Cnossen, Maryse C., de Ruiter, Godard C. W., Haitsma, Iain, Polinder, Suzanne, Steyerberg, Ewout W., Menon, David, Maas, Andrew I. R., Lingsma, Hester F., Peul, Wilco C., Cecilia, Ackerlund, Hadie, Adams, Vanni, Agnoletti, Judith, Allanson, Krisztina, Amrein, Norberto, Andaluz, Nada, Andelic, Lasse, Andreassen, Azasevac, Antun, Audny, Anke, Anna, Antoni, Hilko, Ardon, Gerard, Audibert, Kaspars, Auslands, Philippe, Azouvi, Luisa, Azzolini Maria, Camelia, Baciu, Rafael, Badenes, Ronald, Bartels, Pal, Barzo, Ursula, Bauerfeind, Romuald, Beauvais, Ronny, Beer, Francisco Javier, Belda, Bo-Michael, Bellander, Antonio, Belli, Remy, Bellier, Habib, Benali, Thierry, Benard, Maurizio, Berardino, Luigi, Beretta, Christopher, Beynon, Federico, Bilotta, Harald, Binder, Erta, Biqiri, Morten, Blaabjerg, Hugo, den Boogert, Pierre, Bouzat, Peter, Bragge, Alexandra, Brazinova, Vibeke, Brinck, Joanne, Brooker, Camilla, Brorsson, Andras, Buki, Monika, Bullinger, Emiliana, Calappi, Rosa, Calvi Maria, Peter, Cameron, Lozano Guillermo, Carbayo, Marco, Carbonara, Elsa, Carise, Carpenter, K., Ana M, Castano-Leon, Francesco, Causin, Giorgio, Chevallard, Arturo, Chieregato, Giuseppe, Citerio, Maryse, Cnossen, Mark, Coburn, Jonathan, Coles, Lizzie, Coles-Kemp, Johnny, Collett, Jamie, Cooper D., Marta, Correia, Amra, Covic, Nicola, Curry, Endre, Czeiter, Marek, Czosnyka, Claire, Dahyot-Fizelier, Francois, Damas, Pierre, Damas, Helen, Dawes, Veronique, De Keyser, Francesco, Della Corte, Bart, Depreitere, Godard, de Ruiter C. W., Dula, Dilvesi, Diederik, Dippel, Abhishek, Dixit, Emma, Donoghue, Jens, Dreier, Guy-Loup, Duliere, George, Eapen, Heiko, Engemann, Ari, Ercole, Patrick, Esser, Erzsebet, Ezer, Martin, Fabricius, Valery, Feigin L., Kelly, Foks, Francesca, Fossi, Gilles, Francony, Ulderico, Freo, Shirin, Frisvold, Alex, Furmanov, Pablo, Gagliardo, Damien, Galanaud, Dashiell, Gantner, Karin, Geleijns, Pradeep, George, Alexandre, Ghuysen, Lelde, Giga, Benoit, Giraud, Ben, Glocker, Jagos, Golubovic, Pedro, Gomez A., Francesca, Grossi, Russell, Gruen L., Deepak, Gupta, Juanita, Haagsma A., Iain, Haitsma, Jed, Hartings A., Raimund, Helbok, Eirik, Helseth, Daniel, Hertle, Astrid, Hoedemaekers, Stefan, Hoefer, Lindsay, Horton, Jilske, Huijben, Peter, Hutchinson J., Kristine, Haberg Asta, Bram, Jacobs, Stefan, Jankowski, Mike, Jarrett, Bojan, Jelaca, Kelly, Jones, Konstantinos, Kamnitsas, Mladen, Karan, Ari, Katila, Maija, Kaukonen, Thomas, Kerforne, Riku, Kivisaari, Angelos, Kolias G., Balint, Kolumban, Erwin, Kompanje, Ksenija, Kolundzija, Daniel, Kondziella, Lars-Owe, Koskinen, Noemi, Kovacs, Alfonso, Lagares, Linda, Lanyon, Steven, Laureys, Fiona, Lecky, Christian, Ledig, Rolf, Lefering, Valerie, Legrand, Jin, Lei, Leon, Levi, Roger, Lightfoot, Hester, Lingsma, Dirk, Loeckx, Angels, Lozano, Andrew, Maas I. R., Stephen, MacDonald, Marc, Maegele, Marek, Majdan, Sebastian, Major, Alex, Manara, Geoffrey, Manley, Didier, Martin, Francisco, Martin Leon, Costanza, Martino, Armando, Maruenda, Hugues, Marechal, Alessandro, Masala, Julia, Mattern, Charles, McFadyen, Catherine, McMahon, Bela, Melegh, David, Menon, Tomas, Menovsky, Cristina, Morganti-Kossmann, Davide, Mulazzi, Visakh, Muraleedharan, Lynnette, Murray, Holger, Muehlan, Nandesh, Nair, Ancuta, Negru, David, Nelson, Virginia, Newcombe, Daan, Nieboer, Quentin, Noirhomme, Jozsef, Nyiradi, Mauro, Oddo, Annemarie, Oldenbeuving, Matej, Oresic, Fabrizio, Ortolano, Aarno, Palotie, Paul, Parizel M., Adriana, Patruno, Jean-Francois, Payen, Natascha, Perera, Vincent, Perlbarg, Paolo, Persona, Anna, Piippo-Karjalainen, Sebastien, Pili Floury, Matti, Pirinen, Horia, Ples, Maria Antonia, Poca, Suzanne, Polinder, Inigo, Pomposo, Jussi, Posti, Louis, Puybasset, Andreea, Radoi, Arminas, Ragauskas, Rahul, Raj, Malinka, Rambadagalla, Ruben, Real, Veronika, Rehorcikova, Jonathan, Rhodes, Samuli, Ripatti, Saulius, Rocka, Cecilie, Roe, Olav, Roise, Gerwin, Roks, Jonathan, Rosand, Jeffrey, Rosenfeld, Christina, Rosenlund, Guy, Rosenthal, Rolf, Rossaint, Sandra, Rossi, Daniel, Rueckert, Martin, Rusnak, Marco, Sacchi, Barbara, Sahakian, Juan, Sahuquillo, Oliver, Sakowitz, Francesca, Sala, Renan, Sanchez-Porras, Janos, Sandor, Edgar, Santos, Luminita, Sasu, Davide, Savo, Nadine, Schaeffer, Inger, Schipper, Barbara, Schloesser, Silke, Schmidt, Herbert, Schoechl, Guus, Schoonman, Frederik, Schou Rico, Elisabeth, Schwendenwein, Michael, Schoell, Ozcan, Sir, Toril, Skandsen, Lidwien, Smakman, Dirk, Smeets, Peter, Smielewski, Abayomi, Sorinola, Emmanuel, Stamatakis, Simon, Stanworth, Nicole, Steinbuechel, Ana, Stevanovic, Robert, Stevens, William, Stewart, Ewout, Steyerberg W., Nino, Stocchetti, Nina, Sundstrom, Anneliese, Synnot, Fabio Silvio, Taccone, Riikka, Takala, Viktoria, Tamas, Paivi, Tanskanen, Steven, Taylor Mark, Braden, Te Ao, Olli, Tenovuo, Ralph, Telgmann, Guido, Teodorani, Alice, Theadom, Matt, Thomas, Dick, Tibboel, Christos, Tolias, Luaba, Tshibanda Jean-Flory, Tony, Trapani, Maria, Tudora Cristina, Peter, Vajkoczy, Shirley, Vallance, Egils, Valeinis, Gregory, Van der Steen, Mathieu, Van der Jagt, Joukje, Van der Naalt, Jeroen, van Dijck T. J. M., Thomas, Van Essen A., Wim, Van Hecke, Caroline, van Heugten, Dominique, Van Praag, Thijs, Vande Vyvere, Julia, Van Waesberghe, Audrey, Vanhaudenhuyse, Alessia, Vargiolu, Emmanuel, Vega, Kimberley, Velt, Jan, Verheyden, Paul, Vespa M., Anne, Vik, Rimantas, Vilcinis, Giacinta, Vizzino, Carmen, Vleggeert-Lankamp, Victor, Volovici, Daphne, Voormolen, Peter, Vulekovic, Zoltan, Vamos, Derick, Wade, Kevin, Wang K. W., Lei, Wang, Lars, Wessels, Eno, Wildschut, Guy, Williams, Lindsay, Wilson, Maren, Winkler K. L., Stefan, Wolf, Peter, Ylen, Alexander, Younsi, Menashe, Zaaroor, Yang, Zhihui, Agate, Ziverte, and Fabrizio, Zumbo
- Abstract
BackgroundNeurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is challenging, with only low-quality evidence. We aimed to explore differences in neurosurgical strategies for TBI across Europe.MethodsA survey was sent to 68 centers participating in the Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. The questionnaire contained 21 questions, including the decision when to operate (or not) on traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) and intracerebral hematoma (ICH), and when to perform a decompressive craniectomy (DC) in raised intracranial pressure (ICP).ResultsThe survey was completed by 68 centers (100%). On average, 10 neurosurgeons work in each trauma center. In all centers, a neurosurgeon was available within 30min. Forty percent of responders reported a thickness or volume threshold for evacuation of an ASDH. Most responders (78%) decide on a primary DC in evacuating an ASDH during the operation, when swelling is present. For ICH, 3% would perform an evacuation directly to prevent secondary deterioration and 66% only in case of clinical deterioration. Most respondents (91%) reported to consider a DC for refractory high ICP. The reported cut-off ICP for DC in refractory high ICP, however, differed: 60% uses 25mmHg, 18% 30mmHg, and 17% 20mmHg. Treatment strategies varied substantially between regions, specifically for the threshold for ASDH surgery and DC for refractory raised ICP. Also within center variation was present: 31% reported variation within the hospital for inserting an ICP monitor and 43% for evacuating mass lesions.ConclusionDespite a homogeneous organization, considerable practice variation exists of neurosurgical strategies for TBI in Europe. These results provide an incentive for comparative effectiveness research to determine elements of effective neurosurgical care.
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- 2019
69. Large field-of-view movement-compensated intrinsic optical signal imaging for the characterization of the haemodynamic response to spreading depolarizations in large gyrencephalic brains
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Oliver W. Sakowitz, Rudolf Graf, Yuan Gang, Andreas Unterberg, Markus Gramer, Humberto Silos, Hartmut Dickhaus, Michael Schöll, Zelong Zheng, Edgar Santos, Anthony J. Strong, Renán Sánchez-Porras, and Modar Kentar
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Swine ,Haemodynamic response ,Hemodynamics ,Brain damage ,Signal ,03 medical and health sciences ,Speckle pattern ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neuroimaging ,medicine ,Animals ,Electrocorticography ,Cerebral Cortex ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Cortical Spreading Depression ,Optical Imaging ,Original Articles ,Stroke ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,Neurology ,Cerebrovascular Circulation ,Cortical spreading depression ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Haemodynamic responses to spreading depolarizations (SDs) have an important role during the development of secondary brain damage. Characterization of the haemodynamic responses in larger brains, however, is difficult due to movement artefacts. Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging, laser speckle flowmetry (LSF) and electrocorticography were performed in different configurations in three groups of in total 18 swine. SDs were elicited by topical application of KCl or occurred spontaneously after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Movement artefacts in IOS were compensated by an elastic registration algorithm during post-processing. Using movement-compensated IOS, we were able to differentiate between four components of optical changes, corresponding closely with haemodynamic variations measured by LSF. Compared with ECoG and LSF, our setup provides higher spatial and temporal resolution, as well as a better signal-to-noise ratio. Using IOS alone, we could identify the different zones of infarction in a large gyrencephalic middle cerebral artery occlusion pig model. We strongly suggest movement-compensated IOS for the investigation of the role of haemodynamic responses to SDs during the development of secondary brain damage and in particular to examine the effect of potential therapeutic interventions in gyrencephalic brains.
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- 2016
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70. Incidence, hemodynamic, and electrical characteristics of spreading depolarization in a swine model are affected by local but not by intravenous application of magnesium
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C. William Shuttleworth, Fiorella León, Humberto Silos, Andreas Unterberg, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Renán Sánchez-Porras, and Edgar Santos
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0301 basic medicine ,Swine ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Hemodynamics ,Brief Communication ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Bolus (medicine) ,medicine ,Animals ,Magnesium ,Electrocorticography ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Incidence ,Cortical Spreading Depression ,Optical Imaging ,Depolarization ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,Neurology ,chemistry ,Cortical spreading depression ,Anesthesia ,Neurology (clinical) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Intravenous magnesium ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Porcine brain ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
The aim was to characterize the effects of magnesium sulfate, using i.v. bolus and local administration, using intrinsic signal imaging, and on electrocorticographic activity during the induction and propagation of spreading depolarizations in the gyrencephalic porcine brain. Local application of magnesium sulfate led to a complete inhibition of spreading depolarizations. One hour after washing out the topical magnesium sulfate, re-incidence of the spreading depolarizations was observed in 50% of the hemispheres. Those spreading depolarizations showed attenuation in hemodynamic characteristics and speed in intrinsic optical signal imaging. The electrical amplitude decreased through electrocorticographic activity. Intravenous magnesium therapy showed no significant effects on spreading depolarization incidence and characteristics.
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- 2016
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71. The continuum of spreading depolarizations in acute cortical lesion development: Examining Leão’s legacy
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Frank Richter, Sergei A. Kirov, Cenk Ayata, Maren K.L. Winkler, Jens P. Dreier, Jed A. Hartings, Eric Rosenthal, Renán Sánchez-Porras, Christoph Drenckhahn, Raimund Helbok, Brandon Foreman, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Anja Urbach, Johannes Woitzik, Otto W. Witte, Jason M. Hinzman, R. David Andrew, Markus Dahlem, C. William Shuttleworth, Anthony J. Strong, Ana I Oliveira-Ferreira, Kevin C. Brennan, M. Brandon Westover, Eszter Farkas, Delphine Feuerstein, Rudolf Graf, Michael Schöll, Martyn G. Boutelle, Andrew P. Carlson, Martin Lauritzen, Edgar Santos, Christian Dohmen, Sebastian Major, Martin Fabricius, and Wellcome Trust
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0301 basic medicine ,diffusion weighted MRI ,cerebral blood flow ,cardiac arrest ,Brain ischemia ,0302 clinical medicine ,Review Articles ,brain edema ,Cerebral Cortex ,PERIINFARCT DEPOLARIZATIONS ,system biology ,Penumbra ,DIRECT-CURRENT SHIFTS ,Cortical Spreading Depression ,Depolarization ,Hematology ,ANEURYSMAL SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE ,stroke ,cerebrovascular disease ,EXTRACELLULAR POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION ,neurocritical care ,Neurology ,Cerebral blood flow ,FOCAL CEREBRAL-ISCHEMIA ,Cerebrovascular Circulation ,Cortical spreading depression ,brain trauma ,neuroprotection ,medicine.symptom ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,APPARENT DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENT ,subarachnoid hemorrhage ,Traumatic brain injury ,neurovascular coupling ,Spreading depression ,selective neuronal death ,TRAUMATIC BRAIN-INJURY ,ANOXIC DEPOLARIZATION ,1102 Cardiovascular Medicine And Haematology ,two photon microscopy ,Lesion ,Endocrinology & Metabolism ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,vasospasm ,Science & Technology ,Neurology & Neurosurgery ,BLOOD-FLOW ,business.industry ,Neurosciences ,1103 Clinical Sciences ,ACUTE SUBDURAL-HEMATOMA ,electrophysiology ,medicine.disease ,brain ischemia ,global ischemia ,Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,030104 developmental biology ,Ion homeostasis ,Brain Injuries ,focal ischemia ,Neurosciences & Neurology ,Electrocorticography ,Neurology (clinical) ,1109 Neurosciences ,business ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
A modern understanding of how cerebral cortical lesions develop after acute brain injury is based on Aristides Leão’s historic discoveries of spreading depression and asphyxial/anoxic depolarization. Treated as separate entities for decades, we now appreciate that these events define a continuum of spreading mass depolarizations, a concept that is central to understanding their pathologic effects. Within minutes of acute severe ischemia, the onset of persistent depolarization triggers the breakdown of ion homeostasis and development of cytotoxic edema. These persistent changes are diagnosed as diffusion restriction in magnetic resonance imaging and define the ischemic core. In delayed lesion growth, transient spreading depolarizations arise spontaneously in the ischemic penumbra and induce further persistent depolarization and excitotoxic damage, progressively expanding the ischemic core. The causal role of these waves in lesion development has been proven by real-time monitoring of electrophysiology, blood flow, and cytotoxic edema. The spreading depolarization continuum further applies to other models of acute cortical lesions, suggesting that it is a universal principle of cortical lesion development. These pathophysiologic concepts establish a working hypothesis for translation to human disease, where complex patterns of depolarizations are observed in acute brain injury and appear to mediate and signal ongoing secondary damage.
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- 2016
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72. Ketamine modulation of the haemodynamic response to spreading depolarization in the gyrencephalic swine brain
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Andreas Unterberg, Humberto Silos, Michael Schöll, Edgar Santos, Christian Stock, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Renán Sánchez-Porras, and Kevin Kunzmann
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Swine ,Haemodynamic response ,Hemodynamics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,Laser-Doppler Flowmetry ,medicine ,Animals ,Ketamine ,Cerebral Cortex ,business.industry ,Cortical Spreading Depression ,Optical Imaging ,Depolarization ,Original Articles ,Laser Doppler velocimetry ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Neurology ,Cerebral blood flow ,Cerebral cortex ,Cerebrovascular Circulation ,Cortical spreading depression ,Anesthesia ,Neurology (clinical) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) generates significant alterations in cerebral haemodynamics, which can have detrimental consequences on brain function and integrity. Ketamine has shown an important capacity to modulate SD; however, its impact on SD haemodynamic response is incompletely understood. We investigated the effect of two therapeutic ketamine dosages, a low-dose of 2 mg/kg/h and a high-dose of 4 mg/kg/h, on the haemodynamic response to SD in the gyrencephalic swine brain. Cerebral blood volume, pial arterial diameter and cerebral blood flow were assessed through intrinsic optical signal imaging and laser-Doppler flowmetry. Our findings indicate that frequent SDs caused a persistent increase in the baseline pial arterial diameter, which can lead to a diminished capacity to further dilate. Ketamine infused at a low-dose reduced the hyperemic/vasodilative response to SD; however, it did not alter the subsequent oligemic/vasoconstrictive response. This low-dose did not prevent the baseline diameter increase and the diminished dilative capacity. Only infusion of ketamine at a high-dose suppressed SD and the coupled haemodynamic response. Therefore, the haemodynamic response to SD can be modulated by continuous infusion of ketamine. However, its use in pathological models needs to be explored to corroborate its possible clinical benefit.
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- 2016
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73. Changes in electrocorticographic beta frequency components precede spreading depolarization in patients with acute brain injury
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Roland Veltkamp, Andreas Unterberg, Rudolf Graf, Christina M. Kowoll, Edgar Santos, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Michael Schöll, Christian Dohmen, Jennifer Diedler, Daniel N. Hertle, and Marina Heer
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Spreading depolarization ,PREDICTION ,Electroencephalography ,Beta frequency ,09 Engineering ,0302 clinical medicine ,Hypnotics and Sedatives ,EEG ,TRAUMA ,Analgesics ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Depolarization ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,Middle Aged ,DEPRESSION ,Sensory Systems ,ISCHEMIC-STROKE ,Neurology ,Anesthesia ,ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY ,Female ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,medicine.drug ,Subarachnoid hemorrhage ,medicine.drug_class ,Traumatic brain injury ,Clinical Neurology ,Alpha (ethology) ,17 Psychology And Cognitive Sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Physiology (medical) ,medicine ,Humans ,Ketamine ,Beta (finance) ,SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE ,Science & Technology ,Neurology & Neurosurgery ,business.industry ,KETAMINE ,Neurosciences ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Brain Injuries ,Sedative ,Neurosciences & Neurology ,Neurology (clinical) ,CLUSTERS ,Beta Rhythm ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Objective Spreading depolarization (SD) occurs after traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, malignant hemispheric stroke and intracranial hemorrhage. SD has been associated with secondary brain injury, which can be reduced by ketamine. In this present study frequency bands of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings were investigated with regards to SDs. Methods A total of 43 patients after acute brain injury were included in this retrospective and explorative study. Relative delta 0.5–4Hz, theta 4–8Hz, alpha 8–13Hz and beta 13–40Hz bands were analyzed with regards to SD occurrence and analgesic and sedative administration. Higher frequencies, including gamma 40–70Hz, fast gamma 70–100Hz and high frequency oscillations 100–200Hz were analyzed in a subset of patients with a sampling rate of up to 400Hz. Results A close association of relative beta frequency and SD was found. Relative beta frequency was suppressed up to two hours prior to SD when compared to hours with no SD. This finding was partially explained by administration of ketamine. Even after removal of all patient data during administration of ketamine, SDs occurred predominantly during times with low relative beta frequency in a patient-independent analysis. Conclusion Suppression of beta frequency by ketamine or without ketamine is associated with low SD counts. Significance Alteration of beta frequency might help to predict occurrence of SDs in acutely brain injured patients.
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- 2016
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74. Quantity-based microbiological sampling plans and quality after inspection
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Geoff Jones, Kondaswamy Govindaraju, and Edgar Santos–Fernández
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0301 basic medicine ,media_common.quotation_subject ,030106 microbiology ,Theoretical research ,Contamination ,Reliability engineering ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sampling inspection ,Microbiological sampling ,Homogeneous ,Environmental science ,Quality (business) ,Statistical dispersion ,Lot quality assurance sampling ,Food Science ,Biotechnology ,media_common - Abstract
Sampling inspection plans are principally used to determine whether a batch of food is contaminated or not. In this theoretical research, we study the effect of increasing the analytical unit amount on the performance of microbiological sampling plans, and on the resulting quality after inspection. We discuss several scenarios of homogeneous and inhomogeneous contamination for assessing the consumer's risk. Several statistical approaches to describe the effect of an increase in analytical amount are studied. We provided a procedure for designing of the sampling plan for a given consumer's risk and according to different dispersion parameters and contamination levels.
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- 2016
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75. Compressed limit sampling inspection plans for food safety
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Govindaraju Kondaswamy, Edgar Santos-Fernández, and Geoff Jones
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0301 basic medicine ,Matching (statistics) ,R software ,Optimal sampling ,Computer science ,business.industry ,030106 microbiology ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Food safety ,computer.software_genre ,01 natural sciences ,General Business, Management and Accounting ,Standard deviation ,Reliability engineering ,Reduction (complexity) ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sampling inspection ,Modeling and Simulation ,Limit (mathematics) ,Data mining ,0101 mathematics ,business ,computer - Abstract
The design of attribute sampling inspection plans based on compressed or narrow limits for food safety applications is covered. Artificially compressed limits allow a significant reduction in the number of analytical tests to be carried out while maintaining the risks at predefined levels. The design of optimal sampling plans is discussed for two given points on the operating characteristic curve and especially for the zero acceptance number case. Compressed limit plans matching the attribute plans of the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods are also given. The case of unknown batch standard deviation is also discussed. Three-class attribute plans with optimal positions for given microbiological limit M and good manufacturing practices limit m are derived. The proposed plans are illustrated through examples. R software codes to obtain sampling plans are also given. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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- 2016
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76. Monitoring through many eyes: Integrating disparate datasets to improve monitoring of the Great Barrier Reef
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Manuel González-Rivero, Samuel Clifford, Kenneth R. N. Anthony, Alan R. Pearse, Jennifer Loder, Ross Brown, Bryce Christensen, Camille Mellin, Kerrie Mengersen, Chris Roelfsema, Julie Vercelloni, M. Julian Caley, Erin E. Peterson, Allan James, Carla Chen, Tomasz Bednarz, and Edgar Santos-Fernández
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0106 biological sciences ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Community engagement ,Computer science ,Ecological Modeling ,Bayesian inference ,computer.software_genre ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Data science ,Great barrier reef ,Data quality ,Coral cover ,Citizen science ,Stewardship ,computer ,Software ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Data integration - Abstract
Numerous organisations collect data in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), but they are rarely analysed together due to different program objectives, methods, and data quality. We developed a weighted spatio-temporal Bayesian model and used it to integrate image-based hard-coral data collected by professional and citizen scientists, who captured and/or classified underwater images. We used the model to predict coral cover across the GBR with estimates of uncertainty; thus filling gaps in space and time where no data exist. Additional data increased the model's predictive ability by 43%, but did not affect model inferences about pressures (e.g. bleaching and cyclone damage). Thus, effective integration of professional and high-volume citizen data could enhance the capacity and cost-efficiency of monitoring programs. This general approach is equally viable for other variables collected in the marine environment or other ecosystems; opening up new opportunities to integrate data and provide pathways for community engagement/stewardship.
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- 2020
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77. Water footprint of microalgae cultivation in photobioreactor
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Sara Badenes, Edgar Santos, Madalena Cameira, Nídia S. Caetano, Teresa M. Mata, Francisca Marques, Vitor Verdelho Vieira, António A. Martins, Luis Almeida Costa, and Faculdade de Engenharia
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Nutrient ,020209 energy ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental engineering ,Biomass ,Environmental science ,Photobioreactor ,02 engineering and technology ,Water consumption ,Water use ,Life cycle inventory - Abstract
This work aims to evaluate the water footprint of microalgae cultivation in a closed pilot-scale multi-tubular photobioreactor, taking into account the life cycle stages of reactor construction and its operation for microalgae cultivation, on a gate-to-gate approach. The data was obtained from real production conditions complemented with data from the literature and life cycle inventory databases. Results indicate that the total water footprint lies in the range of 2.4-6.8 m3/kg dry biomass, being the PBR operation stage responsible for the largest contribution (> 60 %), mainly due to water consumption associated to electricity and nutrients production for the PBR operation.
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- 2018
78. Early blood-brain barrier dysfunction predicts neurological outcome following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Edgar Santos, Jens P. Dreier, Alon Friedman, Stefan Wolf, Svetlana Lublinsky, Sebastian Major, Hartmut Vatter, Johannes Woitzik, Johannes Platz, Rudolf Graf, Viktor Horst, Christian Dohmen, Peter Vajkoczy, Michael Scheel, Ilan Shelef, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Peter Martus, and Vasilis Kola
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0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Subarachnoid hemorrhage ,Research paper ,Computed Tomography Angiography ,Glasgow Outcome Scale ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Odds Ratio ,Medicine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Humans ,European union ,Stroke ,Pathological ,media_common ,Aged ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Brain ,Reproducibility of Results ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,Intracranial Aneurysm ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Patient Outcome Assessment ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Early Diagnosis ,ROC Curve ,Blood-Brain Barrier ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cohort ,Cardiology ,Disease Progression ,Female ,Subarachnoid space ,business ,Biomarkers - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Disease progression and delayed neurological complications are common after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We explored the potential of quantitative blood-brain barrier (BBB) imaging to predict disease progression and neurological outcome. METHODS: Data were collected as part of the Co-Operative Studies of Brain Injury Depolarizations (COSBID). We analyzed retrospectively, blinded and semi-automatically magnetic resonance images from 124 aSAH patients scanned at 4 time points (24–48 h, 6–8 days, 12–15 days and 6–12 months) after the initial hemorrhage. Volume of brain with apparent pathology and/or BBB dysfunction (BBBD), subarachnoid space and lateral ventricles were measured. Neurological status on admission was assessed using the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies and Rosen-Macdonald scores. Outcome at ≥6 months was assessed using the extended Glasgow outcome scale and disease course (progressive or non-progressive based on imaging-detected loss of normal brain tissue in consecutive scans). Logistic regression was used to define biomarkers that best predict outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to assess accuracy of outcome prediction models. FINDINGS: In the present cohort, 63% of patients had progressive and 37% non-progressive disease course. Progressive course was associated with worse outcome at ≥6 months (sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 97%). Brain volume with BBBD was significantly larger in patients with progressive course already 24–48 h after admission (2.23 (1.23–3.17) folds, median with 95%CI), and persisted at all time points. The highest probability of a BBB-disrupted voxel to become pathological was found at a distance of ≤1 cm from the brain with apparent pathology (0·284 (0·122–0·594), p
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- 2018
79. Monitoring the Effectiveness of Fatigue Risk Management: A Survey of Pilots' Concerns
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Adrienne Phillips, Philippa H. Gander, Lora J. Wu, Edgar Santos-Fernández, and Jim Mangie
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Context (language use) ,Audit ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Work Schedule Tolerance ,0502 economics and business ,Hum ,Humans ,Operations management ,Safety culture ,Risk management ,Fatigue ,Occupational Health ,Response rate (survey) ,Risk Management ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,General Medicine ,030210 environmental & occupational health ,Organizational Culture ,Pilots ,Attitude ,Safety assurance ,business ,Psychology ,050203 business & management - Abstract
Introduction Airlines are required to monitor the effectiveness of their pilot fatigue risk management. The present survey sought the views of all pilots at Delta Air Lines on fatigue-related issues raised by their colleagues participating in regular airline safety audits. Methods All 13,217 pilots from 9 aircraft fleets were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey. Questions related to aspects of scheduling, fatigue mitigations, and fatigue safety culture. Results There were 1108 pilots who completed the survey (response rate = 8.4%). On 7/9 fleets, most pilots thought 5- to 7-d rotations were too long (exceptions: B747, median = 14 d; A330 median = 8.5 d). In the previous year, on average across all fleets, 60.6% of pilots had worked up to or beyond their personal rotation limit (minimum, B747 = 6.3%; maximum, MD88/90 = 75.9%). Rotations where duty periods start progressively earlier were considered highly fatiguing by 73.8% of pilots, compared to 14.7% for rotations where duty periods started progressively later and 1.6% for rotations with successive duty periods starting at the same time. The median optimum break length between rotations was 3-4 d. On 7/9 fleets, fewer than 20% of pilots tried to build their monthly schedules with back-to-back rotations (exceptions: B747, 43.8%; A330, 34.3%). Awareness of fatigue and perceptions of company fatigue risk management activities varied widely among fleets. Discussion The findings identify possible improvements in fatigue risk management and highlight that care is needed when extrapolating from one operational context to another. As a safety assurance exercise, we recommend repeating the survey biannually, or sooner if warranted by specific circumstances.Gander P, Mangie J, Phillips A, Santos-Fernandez E, Wu LJ. Monitoring the effectiveness of fatigue risk management: a survey of pilots' concerns. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(10):889-895.
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- 2018
80. Systematic review of the pharmacological agents that have been tested against spreading depolarizations
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Renán Sánchez-Porras, Edgar Santos, and Anna Klass
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0301 basic medicine ,Drug ,medicine.drug_class ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Bioinformatics ,Hypnotic ,03 medical and health sciences ,Therapeutic approach ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neuronal damage ,Medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacological modulation ,Review Articles ,media_common ,Neurons ,business.industry ,030104 developmental biology ,Neurology ,Sedative ,Brain Injuries ,Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents ,Anesthetic ,Neurology (clinical) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Neurovascular coupling ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) occurs alongside brain injuries and it can lead to neuronal damage. Therefore, pharmacological modulation of SD can constitute a therapeutic approach to reduce its detrimental effects and to improve the clinical outcome of patients. The major objective of this article was to produce a systematic review of all the drugs that have been tested against SD. Of the substances that have been examined, most have been shown to modulate certain SD characteristics. Only a few have succeeded in significantly inhibiting SD. We present a variety of strategies that have been proposed to overcome the notorious harmfulness and pharmacoresistance of SD. Information on clinically used anesthetic, sedative, hypnotic agents, anti-migraine drugs, anticonvulsants and various other substances have been compiled and reviewed with respect to the efficacy against SD, in order to answer the question of whether a drug at safe doses could be of therapeutic use against SD in humans.
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- 2018
81. Early focal brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage correlates with spreading depolarizations
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Vasilis Kola, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Nina Eriksen, Michael Scheel, Peter Martus, Johannes Woitzik, Bente Pakkenberg, Martin Lauritzen, Edgar Santos, Egill Rostrup, Peter Vajkoczy, Jens P. Dreier, Sebastian Major, Georg Bohner, Martin Fabricius, Jed A. Hartings, Clemens Reiffurth, and Maren K.L. Winkler
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Subarachnoid hemorrhage ,Time Factors ,Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed ,03 medical and health sciences ,symbols.namesake ,0302 clinical medicine ,Interquartile range ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Electrocorticography ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Fisher's exact test ,Aged ,Intracerebral hemorrhage ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Cortical Spreading Depression ,Middle Aged ,Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ,medicine.disease ,Confidence interval ,Brain Injuries ,symbols ,Cardiology ,Biomarker (medicine) ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate whether spreading depolarization (SD)-related variables at 2 different time windows (days 1–4 and 5–8) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) correlate with the stereologically determined volume of early focal brain injury on the preinterventional CT scan.MethodsIn this observational multicenter study of 54 patients, volumes of unaffected brain tissue, ventricles, cerebellum, aSAH, intracerebral hemorrhage, and focal parenchymal hypodensity were stereologically estimated. Patients were electrocorticographically monitored using subdural electrodes for 81.8 hours (median) (interquartile range: 70.6–90.5) during days 1–4 (n = 54) and for 75.9 (59.5–88.7) hours during days 5–8 (n = 51). Peak total SD-induced depression duration of a recording day (PTDDD) and peak numbers of (1) SDs, (2) isoelectric SDs, and (3) spreading depressions of a recording day were determined following the recommendations of the Co-Operative Studies on Brain Injury Depolarizations.ResultsThirty-three of 37 patients with early focal brain injury (intracerebral hemorrhage and/or hypodensity) in contrast to 7 of 17 without displayed SDs during days 1–4 (sensitivity: 89% [95% confidence interval, CI: 75%–97%], specificity: 59% [CI: 33%–82%], positive predictive value: 83% [CI: 67%–93%], negative predictive value: 71% [CI: 42%–92%], Fisher exact test, p < 0.001). All 4 SD-related variables during days 1–4 significantly correlated with the volume of early focal brain injury (Spearman rank order correlations). A multiple ordinal regression analysis identified the PTDDD as the most important predictor.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that early focal brain injury after aSAH is associated with early SDs and further support the notion that SDs are a biomarker of focal brain lesions.
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- 2018
82. Variation in general supportive and preventive intensive care management of traumatic brain injury: a survey in 66 neurotrauma centers participating in the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study
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R.H.M.A. Bartels, Paul M. Parizel, Thomas Van Essen, Daniel Kondziella, Juan Sahuquillo, Oliver Sakowitz, Rafael Badenes, Marek Czosnyka, Mathieu Van der Jagt, Steven Laureys, Angelos Kolias, Ana M Castaño-Leon, Ari Ercole, Thijs Vande Vyvere, Morten Blaabjerg, David Nelson, Giuseppe Citerio, Victor Volovici, Rahul Raj, Linda Lanyon, Pim Pullens, Edgar Santos, Renán Sánchez-Porras, Peter Hutchinson, Sandra Rossi, Pedro Gomez, Virginia Newcombe, William Stewart, Jonathan Coles, Monika Bullinger, Diederik Dippel, Helen Dawes, Jilske (Antonia) Huijben, Alfonso Lagares, Arminas Ragauskas, Barbara Sahakian, Emmanuel Andreas Stamatakis, Ragauskas, Arminas, Ročka, Saulius, Vilcinis, Rimantas, Molecular Neuroscience and Ageing Research (MOLAR), CTR-TBI Investigators Participants, Neurokirurgian yksikkö, Clinicum, Huijben, Jilske A, Volovici, Victor, Cnossen, Maryse C, Haitsma, Iain K, Stocchetti, Nino, Maas, Andrew IR, Menon, David K, Ercole, Ari, Citerio, Giuseppe, Nelson, David, Polinder, Suzanne, Steyerberg, Ewout W, Lingsma, Hester F, Van der Jagt, Mathieu (CENTER-TBI investigators and participants), Beretta, Luigi, Rocka, Saulius, „Springer' grupė, Public Health, Neurosurgery, Intensive Care, Menon, David [0000-0002-3228-9692], Ercole, Ari [0000-0001-8350-8093], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Section Neuropsychology, RS: MHeNs - R1 - Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, RS: FPN NPPP I, Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, Huijben, J, Volovici, V, Cnossen, M, Haitsma, I, Stocchetti, N, Maas, A, Menon, D, Ercole, A, Citerio, G, Nelson, D, Polinder, S, Steyerberg, E, Lingsma, H, and van der Jagt, M
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Male ,Comparative Effectiveness Research ,Placebo-controlled study ,use of corticosteroid ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL ,GUIDELINES ,VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Klinisk medisinske fag: 750::Nevrologi: 752 ,3124 Neurology and psychiatry ,law.invention ,survey, Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury, CENTER-TBI, circulatory and respiratory management ,0302 clinical medicine ,Traumatic brain injury ,seizure prophylaxis and treatment ,Trauma Centers ,law ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Brain Injuries, Traumatic ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Surveys and Questionnaire ,intensive care unit ,traumatic brain injury ,glucose ,nutrition ,fever ,ventilation ,blood pressure ,seizure ,survey ,Europe ,fever control ,Survey ,Intracranial pressure ,OUTCOMES ,Trauma Center ,Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy ,RESUSCITATION ,nutrition and glucose management ,Head injury ,lcsh:Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid ,INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION ,Intensive care unit ,Seizure ,3. Good health ,Intensive Care Units ,Blood pressure ,Female ,CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS ,Human ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Fever ,Comparative effectiveness research ,Other Research Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 0] ,IMPROVEMENT ,ALBUMIN ,Glucose ,Nutrition ,Ventilation ,Quality of Health Care/standards ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,Cerebral perfusion pressure ,Quality of Health Care ,MRC CRASH ,Intensive Care Units/organization & administration ,business.industry ,Research ,HEAD-INJURY ,030208 emergency & critical care medicine ,lcsh:RC86-88.9 ,medicine.disease ,3126 Surgery, anesthesiology, intensive care, radiology ,Trauma Centers/organization & administration ,Program Evaluation/statistics & numerical data ,Emergency medicine ,VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Clinical medical disciplines: 750::Neurology: 752 ,MODERATE ,Human medicine ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Program Evaluation - Abstract
Background General supportive and preventive measures in the intensive care management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) aim to prevent or limit secondary brain injury and optimize recovery. The aim of this survey was to assess and quantify variation in perceptions on intensive care unit (ICU) management of patients with TBI in European neurotrauma centers. Methods We performed a survey as part of the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. We analyzed 23 questions focused on: 1) circulatory and respiratory management; 2) fever control; 3) use of corticosteroids; 4) nutrition and glucose management; and 5) seizure prophylaxis and treatment. Results The survey was completed predominantly by intensivists (n = 33, 50%) and neurosurgeons (n = 23, 35%) from 66 centers (97% response rate). The most common cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) target was > 60 mmHg (n = 39, 60%) and/or an individualized target (n = 25, 38%). To support CPP, crystalloid fluid loading (n = 60, 91%) was generally preferred over albumin (n = 15, 23%), and vasopressors (n = 63, 96%) over inotropes (n = 29, 44%). The most commonly reported target of partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) was 36–40 mmHg (4.8–5.3 kPa) in case of controlled intracranial pressure (ICP)
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- 2018
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83. Early Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Predicts Neurological Outcome Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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Vasilis Kola, Alon Friedman, Hartmut Vatter, Svetlana Lublinsky, Johannes Woitzik, Jens P. Dreier, Viktor Horst, Stefan Wolf, Rudolf Graf, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Christian Dohmen, Johannes Platz, Sebastian Major, Ilan Shelef, Edgar Santos, Michael Scheel, and Peter Vajkoczy
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Subarachnoid hemorrhage ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Glasgow Outcome Scale ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology ,medicine.disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Aneurysm ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Subarachnoid space ,business ,Pathological ,Stroke - Abstract
Background: Disease progression and delayed neurological complications are common after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We explored the potential of quantitative blood-brain barrier (BBB) imaging to predict disease progression and neurological outcome. Methods: Data were collected as part of the Co-Operative Studies of Brain Injury Depolarizations (COSBID). We analyzed retrospectively, blindly and semi-automatically magnetic resonance images from 124 aSAH patients scanned at 4 time points (24-48 h, 6-8 days, 12-15 days and 6-12 months) after the initial hemorrhage. Volume of brain with apparent pathology and BBB dysfunction (BBBD), subarachnoid space and lateral ventricles were measured. Neurological status on admission was assessed using the Fisher grades, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies and Rosen-Macdonald (RMS) scores. Clinical outcome at 6 months or later was assessed using the extended Glasgow outcome scale. Findings: Based on repeated volumetric measures of pathological brain tissue and CSF, patients were categorized as having either progressive (increased pathology; 64%) or nonprogressive (36%) disease course. No differences were found between the two groups in aneurysm locations, neurological status on admission, initial brain pathology or treatment (coiling or clipping). Females were older and more likely to have a non-progressive course compared to males (p=0·01). Progressive course was associated with worse outcome at ≥6 months. A substantial brain volume with BBBD was found already 24-48 h after admission, and persisted at all time points. Brain volume with BBBD was significantly larger in patients with progressive course. BBBD increased the likelihood of a normal brain tissue to become pathological (p
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- 2018
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84. Variables sampling plans using composite samples for food quality assurance
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Edgar Santos-Fernández, Geoff Jones, and Kondaswamy Govindaraju
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Sampling inspection ,Composite sample ,Computer science ,Statistics ,Composite number ,Sampling (statistics) ,Perfect mixing ,Food quality ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Testing composite samples is a useful strategy to achieve sampling economy. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of this technique under the assumption of perfect mixing of primary samples. This paper investigates the effect of imperfect composite sample preparation on the performance of two and three-class variables sampling inspection plans, and identifies scenarios in which testing composite samples is not advantageous. The design of sampling plans using composite samples is discussed and an implementation guide based on two points of the OC curve for perfect and imperfect mixing is provided.
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- 2015
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85. Short pressure reactivity index versus long pressure reactivity index in the management of traumatic brain injury
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Magdalena Kasprowicz, Peter Smielewski, John D. Pickard, Erhard W. Lang, Marek Czosnyka, and Edgar Santos
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Adult ,Male ,Traumatic brain injury ,Cerebral autoregulation ,Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Risk Factors ,medicine ,Humans ,Glasgow Coma Scale ,Cerebral perfusion pressure ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Intracranial pressure ,Trauma Severity Indices ,Receiver operating characteristic ,business.industry ,Middle Aged ,Reference Standards ,medicine.disease ,Pressure reactivity ,Treatment Outcome ,Blood pressure ,Brain Injuries ,Anesthesia ,Female ,business - Abstract
OBJECT The pressure reactivity index (PRx) correlates with outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is used to calculate optimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPPopt). The PRx is a correlation coefficient between slow, spontaneous changes (0.003–0.05 Hz) in intracranial pressure (ICP) and arterial blood pressure (ABP). A novel index—the so-called long PRx (L-PRx)—that considers ABP and ICP changes (0.0008–0.008 Hz) was proposed. METHODS The authors compared PRx and L-PRx for 6-month outcome prediction and CPPopt calculation in 307 patients with TBI. The PRx- and L-PRx–based CPPopt were determined and the predictive power and discriminant abilities were compared. RESULTS The PRx and L-PRx correlation was good (R = 0.7, p < 0.00001; Spearman test). The PRx, age, CPP, and Glasgow Coma Scale score but not L-PRx were significant fatal outcome predictors (death and persistent vegetative state). There was a significant difference between the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves calculated for PRx and L-PRx (0.61 ± 0.04 vs 0.51 ± 0.04; z-statistic = −3.26, p = 0.011), which indicates a better ability by PRx than L-PRx to predict fatal outcome. The CPPopt was higher for L-PRx than for PRx, without a statistical difference (median CPPopt for L-PRx: 76.9 mm Hg, interquartile range [IQR] ± 10.1 mm Hg; median CPPopt for PRx: 74.7 mm Hg, IQR ± 8.2 mm Hg). Death was associated with CPP below CPPopt for PRx (χ2 = 30.6, p < 0.00001), and severe disability was associated with CPP above CPPopt for PRx (χ2 = 7.8, p = 0.005). These relationships were not statistically significant for CPPopt for L-PRx. CONCLUSIONS The PRx is superior to the L-PRx for TBI outcome prediction. Individual CPPopt for L-PRx and PRx are not statistically different. Deviations between CPP and CPPopt for PRx are relevant for outcome prediction; those between CPP and CPPopt for L-PRx are not. The PRx uses the entire B-wave spectrum for index calculation, whereas the L-PRX covers only one-third of it. This may explain the performance discrepancy.
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- 2015
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86. Medical residency in Germany: an open option for Mexican physicians
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Edgar Santos, Humberto Silos, Arturo Olivares-Rivera, Valente Fragosa-Padilla, and Renán Sánchez-Porras
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Germany ,Humans ,Internship and Residency ,General Medicine ,Foreign Medical Graduates ,Mexico - Published
- 2017
87. Residencia médica en Alemania: una opción de excelencia abierta para médicos mexicanos
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Humberto Silos, Edgar Santos, Valente Fragosa-Padilla, Arturo Olivares-Rivera, and Renán Sánchez-Porras
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General Medicine - Published
- 2017
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88. Microalgae Biotechnologies Possible Frameworks from Biofuel to Biobased Products
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Vitor Verdelho Vieira, Diana Fonseca, Joana F. Lapa, Edgar Santos, Luis Almeida Costa, and Luis T. Guerra
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Biofuel ,Environmental science ,Biochemical engineering - Published
- 2017
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89. Mass balance analysis of carbon and nitrogen in industrial scale mixotrophic microalgae cultures
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Edgar Santos, João Navalho, Luís Costa, Diana Fonseca, L. Tiago Guerra, Joana Silva, Manuel Simões, Ana Barros, and Faculdade de Engenharia
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020209 energy ,Chlorella vulgaris ,Biomass ,Photobioreactor ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,Nitrogen ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutrient ,Total inorganic carbon ,chemistry ,Botany ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Ammonium ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Carbon ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Large-scale cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris is of great interest given the extent of products and potential applications that can derive from its biomass. From an industrial point of view it is imperative to consistently obtain high productivities and high quality biomass at the lowest production costs. The mass balance of critical nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen is therefore necessary to quantify its recovery and consumption yields, the efficiency of the biomass production system and to identify operational optimization opportunities. The mass balance of C. vulgaris mixotrophic growth throughout scale-up from 10 m 3 to 100 m 3 on acetate and urea as carbon and nitrogen sources was calculated using a black-box model developed to illustrate the inputs and outputs of the system in quasi - real time and resulted on recovery factors of 0.99 ± 0.08 and 0.99 ± 0.25, respectively. Under these conditions C. vulgaris cultivation yielded a maximal productivity of 0.14 g L − 1 d − 1 and maximal growth rate of 0.38 d − 1 . Both parameters decreased throughout scale up reaching an average productivity of 0.09 g L − 1 d − 1 with an average growth rate of 0.13 d − 1 for the whole process. Global carbon and nitrogen yields measured were 0.76 mol C-X mol C − 1 and 0.72 mol N-X mol N − 1 . The mass balance determination indicates the incorporation of both acetate and urea carbon atoms into the biomass. Therefore, external inorganic carbon from CO 2 was concluded to have little influence on microalgae growth in the conditions studied apart from pH control. Urea and ammonium were found to be effectively used by C. vulgaris cells. However, despite the satisfactory yield obtained for nitrogen, the metabolism of urea resulted in ammonium build-up in the culture medium. To our knowledge this is the first report of growth parameters and mass balance analysis of a Chlorella sp. culture in industrial scale closed tubular photobioreactors.
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- 2017
90. Radial, spiral and reverberating waves of spreading depolarization occur in the gyrencephalic brain
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Markus Dahlem, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Hartmut Dickhaus, Andreas Unterberg, Humberto Silos, Michael Schöll, Renán Sánchez-Porras, and Edgar Santos
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Male ,Materials science ,Swine ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Wavelet Analysis ,Brain surface ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Cortex (anatomy) ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,medicine ,Animals ,Electrocorticography ,Spiral ,Cerebral Cortex ,Paraffin Embedding ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Cortical Spreading Depression ,Optical Imaging ,Electroencephalography ,Depolarization ,Wavelength ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Neurology ,Cerebrovascular Circulation ,Reflection (physics) ,Ringer lactate - Abstract
Objectives The detection of the hemodynamic and propagation patterns of spreading depolarizations (SDs) in the gyrencephalic brain using intrinsic optical signal imaging (IOS). Methods The convexity of the brain surface was surgically exposed in fourteen male swine. Within the boundaries of this window, brains were immersed and preconditioned with an elevated K+ concentration (7 mmol/l) in the standard Ringer lactate solution for 30–40 min. SDs were triggered using 3–5 μl of 1 mol/l KCl solution. Changes in tissue absorbency or reflection were registered with a CCD camera at a wavelength of 564 nm (14 nm FWHM), which was mounted 25 cm above the exposed cortex. Additional monitoring by electrocorticography and laser-Doppler was used in a subset of animals (n = 7) to validate the detection of SD. Results Of 198 SDs quantified in all of the experiments, 187 SDs appeared as radial waves that developed semi-planar fronts. The morphology was affected by the surface of the gyri, the sulci and the pial vessels. Other SD patterns such as spirals and reverberating waves, which have not been described before in gyrencephalic brains, were also observed. Diffusion gradients created in the cortex surface (i.e., KCl concentrations), sulci, vessels and SD–SD interactions make the gyrencephalic brain prone to the appearance of irregular SD waves. Conclusion The gyrencephalic brain is capable of irregular SD propagation patterns. The irregularities of the gyrencephalic brain cortex may promote the presence of re-entrance waves, such as spirals and reverberating waves.
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- 2014
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91. A new variables acceptance sampling plan for food safety
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Kondaswamy Govindaraju, Edgar Santos-Fernández, and Geoff Jones
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business.industry ,Computer science ,Plan (drawing) ,Consumer protection ,Food safety ,Software ,Transformation (function) ,Acceptance sampling ,Sample size determination ,Statistics ,Log-normal distribution ,business ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Variables sampling plans for microbial safety are usually based on the log transformation of the observed counts. We propose a new variables plan for lognormal data using the angular transformation. In a comparison with the classic approach, this new method shows more stringency and allows the use of smaller sample sizes to obtain the same level of consumer protection. This transformation is robust when the underlying distribution departs from the lognormal distribution as well as in the presence of contamination. A description of the new plan and the software codes are provided.
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- 2014
- Full Text
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92. Despolarización cortical extendida: un nuevo mecanismo fisiopatológico en las enfermedades neurológicas
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Renán Sánchez-Porras, Adriana Robles-Cabrera, and Edgar Santos
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business.industry ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,business ,Humanities - Abstract
La despolarizacion cortical extendida (cortical spreading depolarization en ingles) es una onda de despolarizacion casi completa de las celulas neuronales y de la glia acoplada a una respuesta de vasoconstriccion y dilatacion vascular que ocurre en la migrana con aura, la hemorragia subaracnoidea, la hemorragia intracerebral, el traumatismo craneoencefalico y el ictus isquemico. Estas ondas de despolarizacion se caracterizan por un cambio de potencial negativo con una amplitud de entre -10 a -30 mV, una duracion de ~1 min y cambios en la homeostasis ionica cerebral intracelular y extracelular. Bajo situaciones patologicas de hipoperfusion estas ondas despolarizantes pueden conducir a estres oxidativo, agravamiento de estados hipoxicos y muerte neuronal debido a vasoconstriccion arterial intensa causada por una repuesta hemodinamica inversa, fenomeno denominado isquemia extendida (spreading ischemia). En los ultimos anos se ha podido confirmar electrofisiologicamente la presencia de estas ondas despolarizantes propagandose en el cerebro humano y se ha visto una asociacion entre su incidencia y el deterioro neurologico. Actualmente se esta recogiendo evidencia clinica que apoya no solo su coexistencia con el dano neuronal, sino su causalidad. Existen medidas terapeuticas probadas en laboratorio que podrian reducir los efectos de este elemento fisiopatologico en el dano cerebral
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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93. Evaluation of a New Brain Tissue Probe for Intracranial Pressure, Temperature, and Cerebral Blood Flow Monitoring in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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Andreas Unterberg, Gord von Campe, Edgar Santos, Christopher Sikorski, Martin Seule, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Emanuela Keller, and Berk Orakcioglu
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neurology ,Subarachnoid hemorrhage ,Intracranial Pressure ,Brain tissue ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,Body Temperature ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Intracranial pressure ,Reproducibility ,Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ,business.industry ,Intracranial Aneurysm ,Middle Aged ,Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ,medicine.disease ,Neurophysiological Monitoring ,Oxygen tension ,chemistry ,Cerebral blood flow ,Anesthesia ,Cerebrovascular Circulation ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Nuclear medicine ,Indocyanine green ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
To evaluate an intraparenchymal probe for intracranial pressure (ICP) and temperature (TEMP) monitoring as well as determination of cerebral hemodynamics using a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and indocyanine green (ICG) dye dilution method (NIRS-ICP probe).The NIRS-ICP probe was applied after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage if multimodal monitoring was established due to poor neurological condition. ICP and TEMP values were obtained from ventricular catheters and systemic temperature sensors. Repeated NIRS-ICG measurements (2 injections within 30 min) were performed daily for determination of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time of ICG (mttICG). Secondary neurologic dysfunction was defined as brain tissue oxygen tension20 mmHg and/or lactate/pyruvate ratio35 obtained from cerebral probing.A total of 128 NIRS-ICG measurements were performed in ten patients. The correlation coefficients between ICP and TEMP values obtained with the NIRS-ICP probe and values from routine monitoring were r = 0.72 and r = 0.96, respectively. The mean values were 30.3 ± 13.6 ml/100 g/min for CBF, 3.3 ± 1.2 ml/100 g for CBV, and 6.8 ± 1.6 s for mttICG. The coefficients of variation from repeated NIRS-ICG measurements were 10.9 % for CBF, 11.7 % for CBV, and 3.8 % for mttICG. The sensitivity for detection of secondary neurologic dysfunction was 85 % and the specificity 83 % using a CBF-threshold of 25 ml/100 g/min.Multimodal monitoring using the NIRS-ICP probe is feasible with high reproducibility of measurement values and the ability to detect secondary neurologic dysfunction. No safety concerns exist for the routine clinical use of the NIRS-ICP probe.
- Published
- 2016
94. ALGAFARM: A Case Study of Industrial Chlorella Production
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Diana da Fonseca, Luís Guerra, Edgar Santos, Sofia Mendonça, Joana Silva, Luís Costa, and João Navalho
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- 2016
- Full Text
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95. Cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis for Astaxanthin Production
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Luis T. Guerra, Luís Filipe Amaro Da Costa, Sofia H. Mendonça, Diana Fonseca, Edgar Santos, Joana Silva, and João Navalho
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0106 biological sciences ,biology ,business.industry ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Lab scale ,Final product ,Biomass ,Photobioreactor ,Modular design ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Chlorella ,010608 biotechnology ,Production (economics) ,Environmental science ,Process engineering ,business - Abstract
ALGAFARM is an industrial-scale microalgae production facility for the production of Chlorella biomass for food and feed applications. ALGAFARM integrates the entire production process, from small-volume production at a lab scale to final product packaging. It uses a combination of closed photobioreactor (PBR) technologies comprising mainly of large modular arrays of tubular PBRs (Figure 13.1) to cultivate the microalgae. The closed modular PBRs are based on transparent plastic
- Published
- 2016
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96. Recording, analysis, and interpretation of spreading depolarizations in neurointensive care: Review and recommendations of the COSBID research group
- Author
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Erdem Güresir, Sergei A. Kirov, Egill Rostrup, Christoph Drenckhahn, Martyn G. Boutelle, Brian A. MacVicar, Michael Schöll, Andrew I R Maas, Michael Scheel, Daniel Kondziella, Clemens Reiffurth, Johannes Platz, Jason M. Hinzman, Juan Sahuquillo, M. Ross Bullock, Frank Richter, Tomas Watanabe, Ilan Shelef, Kazutaka Sugimoto, Martin Lauritzen, Bart Feyen, Julia S. Bretz, Brandon Foreman, David O. Okonkwo, Eun Jeung Kang, Hartmut Vatter, Markus Dahlem, Anthony J. Strong, Ana I Oliveira-Ferreira, Jens P. Dreier, Nils Hecht, Baptiste Balança, Otto W. Witte, Christina M. Kowoll, Yoash Chassidim, Sharon L. Jewell, Rudolf Graf, Nina Eriksen, Thomas Lieutaud, Gerrit Brinker, Johannes Woitzik, Alon Friedman, Andrew P. Carlson, Nora F. Dengler, Henning Piilgaard, Bente Pakkenberg, Svetlana Lublinsky, Lee S Chung, Maren K.L. Winkler, Gajanan S. Revankar, C. William Shuttleworth, Christian Dohmen, Jan Claassen, Janos Luckl, Delphine Feuerstein, André P. Schulte, Michiyasu Suzuki, Edgar Santos, Michael Reiner, Denny Milakara, Peter Vajkoczy, Jed A. Hartings, Lori Shutter, Sebastian Major, Stéphane Marinesco, Daniel N. Hertle, Martin Fabricius, Michel D. Ferrari, Paul Jahnke, Viktor Horst, Uwe Heinemann, Alois Josef Schiefecker, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Peter Martus, M. Brandon Westover, Cenk Ayata, Renán Sánchez-Porras, Rick M. Dijkhuizen, Kc Brennan, Christian K. Friberg, Norberto Andaluz, R. David Andrew, Karl Schoknecht, Eric Rosenthal, Oscar Herreras, Georg Bohner, Raimund Helbok, Anna Maslarova, Eszter Farkas, and Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg
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0301 basic medicine ,Spreading depolarization ,cerebral blood flow ,Review ,Epileptogenesis ,0302 clinical medicine ,anoxic depolarization ,asphyxial depolarization ,Gray Matter ,Electrocorticography ,Review Articles ,brain edema ,spreading depression ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,spreading ischemia ,Cortical Spreading Depression ,Depolarization ,Stroke ,peri-infarct depolarization ,neurocritical care ,Neurology ,Cerebral blood flow ,Cortical spreading depression ,Cerebrovascular Circulation ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,brain trauma ,neuroprotection ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Critical Care ,subarachnoid hemorrhage ,neurovascular coupling ,Ischemia ,Focal ischemia ,03 medical and health sciences ,Journal Article ,medicine ,Humans ,vasospasm ,business.industry ,Neurointensive care ,medicine.disease ,intracerebral hemorrhage ,Neurophysiological Monitoring ,global ischemia ,030104 developmental biology ,Brain Injuries ,focal ischemia ,epilepsy ,epileptogenesis ,Human medicine ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Spreading depolarizations (SD) are waves of abrupt, near-complete breakdown of neuronal transmembrane ion gradients, are the largest possible pathophysiologic disruption of viable cerebral gray matter, and are a crucial mechanism of lesion development. Spreading depolarizations are increasingly recorded during multimodal neuromonitoring in neurocritical care as a causal biomarker providing a diagnostic summary measure of metabolic failure and excitotoxic injury. Focal ischemia causes spreading depolarization within minutes. Further spreading depolarizations arise for hours to days due to energy supply-demand mismatch in viable tissue. Spreading depolarizations exacerbate neuronal injury through prolonged ionic breakdown and spreading depolarization-related hypoperfusion (spreading ischemia). Local duration of the depolarization indicates local tissue energy status and risk of injury. Regional electrocorticographic monitoring affords even remote detection of injury because spreading depolarizations propagate widely from ischemic or metabolically stressed zones; characteristic patterns, including temporal clusters of spreading depolarizations and persistent depression of spontaneous cortical activity, can be recognized and quantified. Here, we describe the experimental basis for interpreting these patterns and illustrate their translation to human disease. We further provide consensus recommendations for electrocorticographic methods to record, classify, and score spreading depolarizations and associated spreading depressions. These methods offer distinct advantages over other neuromonitoring modalities and allow for future refinement through less invasive and more automated approaches.
- Published
- 2016
97. Outcome, Pressure Reactivity and Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Calculation in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comparison of Two Variants
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John D. Pickard, Erhard W. Lang, Edgar Santos, Marek Czosnyka, Magdalena Kasprowicz, and Peter Smielewski
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Mean arterial pressure ,Correlation coefficient ,business.industry ,Traumatic brain injury ,medicine.disease ,Cerebral autoregulation ,Pressure reactivity ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Anesthesia ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Cerebral perfusion pressure ,business ,Outcome prediction ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Intracranial pressure - Abstract
This study investigates the outcome prediction and calculation of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPPopt) in 307 patients after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on cerebrovascular reactivity calculation of a moving correlation correlation coefficient, named PRx, between mean arterial pressure (ABP) and intracranial pressure (ICP). The correlation coefficient was calculated from simultaneously recorded data using different frequencies. PRx was calculated from oscillations between 0.008 and 0.05Hz and the longPRx (L-PRx) was calculated from oscillations between 0.0008 and 0.016 Hz. PRx was a significant mortality predictor, whereas L-PRx was not. CPPopt for pooled data was higher for L-PRx than for PRx, with no statistical difference. Mortality was associated with mean CPP below CPPopt. Severe disability was associated with CPP above CPPopt (PRx). These relationships were not statistically significant for CPPopt (L-PRx). We conclude that PRx and L-PRx cannot be used interchangeably.
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- 2016
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98. ‘Long’ pressure reactivity index (L-PRx) as a measure of autoregulation correlates with outcome in traumatic brain injury patients
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Oliver W. Sakowitz, Andreas Unterberg, Marek Czosnyka, Zelong Zheng, Edgar Santos, and Renán Sánchez-Porras
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Adult ,Blood Glucose ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neurology ,Intracranial Pressure ,Traumatic brain injury ,Glutamic Acid ,Cerebral autoregulation ,Disability Evaluation ,Pyruvic Acid ,medicine ,Homeostasis ,Humans ,Arterial Pressure ,Autoregulation ,Lactic Acid ,Retrospective Studies ,Intracranial pressure ,Neuroradiology ,business.industry ,Brain ,Prognosis ,medicine.disease ,Survival Rate ,Blood pressure ,Brain Injuries ,Anesthesia ,Female ,Surgery ,Neurology (clinical) ,Neurosurgery ,business ,Algorithms - Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation and, consequently, cerebrovascular pressure reactivity, can be disturbed after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Continuous monitoring of autoregulation has shown its clinical importance as an independent predictor of neurological outcome. The cerebral pressure reactivity index (PRx) reflects that changes in seconds of cerebrovascular reactivity have prognostic significance. Using an alternative algorithm similar to PRx, we investigate whether the utilization of lower-frequency changes of the order of minutes of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) could have a prognostic value in TBI patients.Head-injured patients requiring continued advanced multimodal monitoring, including hemodynamic, ICP and microdialysis (MD) monitoring, were analyzed retrospectively. A low-frequency sample pressure reactivity index (L-PRx) was calculated, using 20-min averages of MAP and ICP data as a linear Pearson's correlation. The mean values per patient were correlated to outcome at 6 months after injury. Differences of monitoring parameters between non-survivors and survivors were compared.A total of 29 patients (mean age 37.2 years, 26 males) suffering from TBI were monitored for a mean of 109.6 h (16-236 h, SD ± 60.4). Mean L-PRx was found to be of 0.1 (-0.2 to 0.6, SD ± 0.20), six patients presented impaired (0.2) values. The averaged L-PRx correlated significantly with ICP (r = 0.467, p = 0.011) and 6-month outcome (r = -0.556, p = 0.002). Significant statistical differences were found in L-PRx, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), lactate, and lactate-pyruvate ratio when comparing patients who died (n = 5) and patients who survived.L-PRx correlates with the 6-month outcome in TBI patients. Very slow changes of MAP and ICP may contain important autoregulation information. L-PRx may be an alternative algorithm for the estimation of cerebral autoregulation and clinical prognosis.
- Published
- 2012
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99. S07. Cortical spreading depolarization in lesional epilepsy surgery
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Mario Alonso-Vanegas, Daniel San Juan Orta, Edgar Santos, Katia Márquez, and Roberto Díaz Peregrino
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Depolarization ,Cortical dysplasia ,medicine.disease ,Lesional epilepsy ,Sensory Systems ,Surgery ,Neurology ,Pituitary adenoma ,Physiology (medical) ,medicine ,Biomarker (medicine) ,Neurology (clinical) ,Cortical surface ,Prospective cohort study ,business ,Craniotomy - Abstract
Introduction Cortical spreading depressions (CSDs) are waves of near-complete cellular depolarization that spread slowly across the cortical surface (2–5 mm/min) and result in transient loss of cell signaling capabilities. CSDs is a biomarker of neuronal damage described in several clinical hypoxic-ischemic conditions However, only has been found in one patient operated for Giant pituitary adenoma. Methods This is a prospective study that included adult patients undergoing elective craniotomy for epileptogenic supratentorial lesions lasting >2 h. Electrocorticographic recordings were obtained from time of dural opening through the time of dural closure, using a standard 1 × 8 silver electrode coupled with a full-spectrum DC amplifier (0–45 Hz, Notch: 60 Hz). We analyzed the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. The data were processed using the COSBID research group methodology to evaluate for slow potential changes coupled with suppression of high-frequency ECoG propagating across the electrodes. Describe statistics were used. Results We included 16 patients, mean age 37 (19–75) years-old, 50% male, underwent 4 callosotomies and 12 temporal lesionectomies (3 cortical dysplasia, 2 cavernomas, 5 gliomas and 2 dermoid cystic). All the patients had history of symptomatic epilepsy and none had postsurgical complications and only 2 patients post-callosotomy continued with seizures at 6 months of follow-up. We didn’t find any CSD during these neurosurgeries. Conclusion CSDs were absent during lesional epilepsy surgery. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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- 2018
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100. Comparative study of friction behaviour of alumina and zirconia ceramics against steel under water lubricated conditions
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Edgar Santos, Catarina Pereira, José M.F. Ferreira, and J. Paulo Davim
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Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Abrasive ,Contact temperature ,Tribology ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,General Energy ,Contact mechanics ,Alumina ceramic ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Cubic zirconia ,Ceramic ,Underwater - Abstract
PurposeThe paper aims to study the friction behaviour of alumina and zirconia against steel DIN‐Ck45K under water lubricated conditions.Design/methodology/approachThe tests were performed with a contact stress of 3.5 MPa and a constant sliding velocity of 0.5 m/s for 5.35 km of sliding distance, using a pin‐on‐disk tribometer.FindingsThe friction coefficient and the energy dissipated in the contact were considered in this comparative study. The zirconia ceramic present less friction coefficient and contact temperature than alumina ceramic. The zirconia present about 70 per cent of the energy dissipated against when compared with the alumina. Abrasive scars of the surface ploughing were observed on every wear track for two pairs in contact.Research limitations/implicationsThis research used only one test condition.Originality/valueThe paper describes the tribological conditions used and a new methodology based on the energy dissipated in the contact is proposed.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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