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Today's workers spend upwards of 80% of their time collaborating and teams have become the fundamental unit within organizations. Creative Success in Teams summarizes for practitioners and researchers what drives team creativity. Utilizing research from psychology, organizational behavior/management, business, and education, the book discusses how best to start, manage, and foster creativity in team environments, how to encourage participation and collaboration, what makes for the most creative team, and how best to lead and evaluate creative teams. - Summarizes creativity research from psychology, education, and business - Identifies how best to form a team for creative output - Discusses how to foster team participation and collaboration - Includes multicultural, interdisciplinary, and diverse teams

This insightful book explores the importance and influence of contextual heterogeneity in the field of entrepreneurship research, illuminating the circumstances, conditions or environments that may enable or constrain entrepreneurship. Expert contributors present the results of empirical studies in a wide variety of contexts, describing their depth and meaning both for entrepreneurship research and practice. Chapters illustrate a range of topics and research methods, including business model innovation in start-up companies, the challenges and opportunities for women entrepreneurs in STEM, and the use of technology signalling in explaining the performance of immigrant entrepreneurship in market economies. Presenting new scientific evidence in the field, together with research-informed policy and practical implications, the book demonstrates that a multitude of research approaches must be used to reflect the multi-dimensional nature of context in entrepreneurship. Warning against simplistic interpretations and superficial conclusions of research, this book will prove to be an invaluable resource for scholars and students of entrepreneurship. Its use of empirical studies will also be beneficial for practitioners in this field.

Shared Service Organisationen (SSOs), die in vielen Unternehmen deren interne Geschäftsprozesse (z. B. Rechnungswesen/Finanzen, Personal, Beschaffung, IT) bündeln und als Dienstleistungen für operative und funktionale Einheiten anbieten, werden durch die Digitalisierung nachhaltig verändert. Dies erfordert eine Neubewertung der Shared Service-Strategie und ermöglicht es, die Stärken von SSOs hinsichtlich ihrer Kosten- und Qualitätsvorteile weiter auszubauen. Gleichzeitig können sich SSOs durch die Bündelung von Fach-, IT- und Prozesskompetenzen sowie ihre stark ausgeprägten dynamischen Fähigkeiten zum Wegbereiter der digitalen Transformation für die Geschäftsprozesse im Konzern entwickeln. Neue digitale Geschäftsmodelle im Bereich intelligenter Automatisierungsplattformen und Business Analytics bieten den SSOs zusätzliche Optionen zur Erzielung von nachhaltigen Wertbeiträgen für ihre Kunden und den gesamten Konzern. Der vorliegende Sammelband zeigt anhand zahlreicher aktueller Beispiele von SSOs namhafter Unternehmen die wesentlichen Schritte für eine erfolgreiche digitale Transformation. Gleichzeitig werden die Erfolgspotenziale verdeutlicht, die von SSOs als Promotoren der digitalen Transformation im Konzern realisiert werden können.

Mirjam von Buttlar betrachtet die bisher kaum beachteten Zusammenhänge von (nachhaltigem) Personalmanagement und nachhaltigkeitsorientierten Geschäftsmodellen und untersucht fünf mit dem deutschen Nachhaltigkeitspreis ausgezeichnete Unternehmen bezüglich ihres Personalmanagements. Es wird gezeigt, dass einzelne Funktionen wie z. B. die Personalgewinnung und die Kommunikationskultur wichtige Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Geschäftsmodelle darstellen und dass das Personalmanagement eine vielseitige und strategische Rolle in nachhaltigen Unternehmen einnimmt. Abschließend werden Anregungen zur Weiterentwicklung des Konzepts nachhaltigen Personalmanagements gegeben.

La vertiginosa realidad de Internet impide en muchas ocasiones reflexionar en profundidad sobre la vida digital. Y en gran medida ése el desafío que nos propusimos con estos ensayos sobre las audiencias, el contenido y los negocios alrededor de Internet. Desde la Unión Argentina de Agencias Interactivas reunimos diversas opiniones y miradas sobre el estado de situación y panorama futuro de la actividad profesional y cotidiana de los usuarios. ¿Qué están haciendo las marcas en el escenario digital? ¿Cómo y para qué se aceran los usuarios a las redes sociales? ¿Qué proponen y qué se espera de los medios y de la publicidad en este momento del siglo XXI? ¿Cómo está Latinoamérica con relación a las estrategias de marketing en comparación con otras regiones? El recorrido incluye textos que indagan en los medios, el nuevo consumidor online, las marcas que corren desde atrás a los usuarios, las estrategias de comunicación sobre territorios movedizos, los cambios discursivos de cada uno de los actores de este universo, los roles y la performance que promueven las redes sociales. Es un análisis global pero con una mirada latina, a veces teórica, otras, muy pragmática, pero fundamental en momentos de incertidumbre. Logramos una propuesta amplia de temas y de autores que promueven un diálogo con los lectores con el objetivo de comenzar a entender qué es la vida digital, qué implicancias tiene, de dónde viene y sugerir hacia dónde se dirige.

This book serves as a convenient entry point for researchers, practitioners, and students to understand the problems and challenges, learn state-of-the-art solutions for their specific needs, and quickly identify new research problems in their domains. The contributors to this volume describe the recent advancements in three related parts: (1) user engagements in the dissemination of information disorder; (2) techniques on detecting and mitigating disinformation; and (3) trending issues such as ethics, blockchain, clickbaits, etc. This edited volume will appeal to students, researchers, and professionals working on disinformation, misinformation and fake news in social media from a unique lens.

This book provides a comprehensive exploration into the identification and development of sustainable business models as well as their implementation, management and evaluation. With ever-increasing pressure on organisations to respond to societal change and improve competition through sustainable business model innovation (SBMI), this book aims to contribute to the knowledge of their design and management. The chapters explore the role of partnerships, the Internet of Things and the circular economy, among other factors, in developing SBM and how SBMI is facilitated through ideation and in entrepreneurial settings. Providing new typologies, patterns and a framework to evaluate the level of sustainability of business models, this book critically reviews existing literature on the topic to examine the potential of SBMI in research and in practice. The contributing authors employ a number of case studies and case examples to illustrate the integration of sustainable business models throughout the value chain, and their influence on wider social, environmental and business activities.

In recent years, the Circular Economy (CE) has gained worldwide attention as an effective alternative economic system to the current take-make-waste model of production and consumption. As more and more firms begin to recognize the potential of this novel approach, the CE quickly moves from theory to practice and the demand for a coherent and structured strategic approach – one that companies can rely upon when commencing their circular journey – grows accordingly. Strategic Management and the Circular Economy aims to bridge the theory-practice gap by putting forward a detailed step-by-step process for analysis, formulation, and planning of CE strategies. Starting from a solid framework of easy-to-grasp constructs (key principles, business objectives and areas of intervention), the authors guide the reader through an understanding of how conventional tools for strategic management can be re-programed under a CE perspective. To assist learning and encourage circular thinking, the reader is constantly prompted with examples of how forward-looking companies across industries and geographies are already applying circular strategies to future-proof their operations, boost innovation, penetrate new markets and secure customer loyalty.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 18th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services, and e-Society, I3E 2019, held in Trondheim, Norway, in September 2019. The total of 61 full and 4 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 138 submissions. The papers were organized in topical sections named: e-business; big data analytics, open science and open data; artificial intelligence and internet of things; smart cities and smart homes, social media and analytics; digital governance; digital divide and social inclusion; learning and education; security in digital environments; modelling and managing the digital enterprise; digital innovation and business transformation; and online communities.

The Routledge Companion to Reward Management provides a prestige reference work and a state-of-the-art compilation, mapping out contemporary developments and debates on rewarding people in employment, and how they relate to business, corporate governance and management. Reward management stands at the interdisciplinary interface between economics, industrial relations and HRM, industrial psychology and organisational sociology, and increasingly corporate governance incorporating debates around equity and fairness in and around the employment relationship and wider capital-labour relations. In recent years, trade union decline and widening differentials between those employed at the top of organisations have generated critical commentary in the popular media which can negatively impact on social cohesion. Theoretically underpinned but practically oriented, this Companion will synthesise these trends and controversies around issues while tracing conceptual and empirical provenance, currency and future prospects. It will be an invaluable resource for student and researchers in reward management, corporate governance, management and HRM seeking convenient access to an area which is highly complex and controversial in application.

Efforts to establish the measurement and control of sustainability have produced notable tools, but those instruments lack applicability in practice. Increasing the level of standardization of such tools also seems difficult to achieve, because the contexts surrounding the focal organizations differ considerably. Therefore, what we need is a systematic, interdisciplinary assessment of how to measure and control sustainability, so that we can establish an essential definition and up-to-date picture of the field. Measuring and Controlling Sustainability attempts to provide such an assessment in 17 chapters, organized into four main topic sections: (a) organizations and social value creation: concepts, responsibilities, and barriers; (b) accounting, measurement, performance, and diffusion of social value; (c) practical and managerial insights from real-life cases; and (d) choices, incentives, guidance, and ethics.This research anthology provides a comprehensive collection of cutting-edge theories and research that will further the development and advancement of measuring and controlling sustainable efforts in theory and managerial practice.

This book offers innovative ideas and frameworks for sustainable strategizing to advance business by scaling-up its positive impact, which is so urgently needed at this time in the 21st century. It shows practitioners how to effectively deal with socio-ecological systems'disruptions to their operating environments and play an active role in transforming markets toward a sustainable future. In short, the book demonstrates how to make business sense of sustainability, highlighting new approaches and examples that translate sustainability into strategy and action. The ultimate goal is to provide a path toward a thriving future for both business and society. This book was written for strategy practitioners and decision makers who want to understand why sustainable strategizing is important in today's business world and are seeking actionable business knowledge they can apply in their companies. It was also written for students of management and can be used as a supplemental text to support traditional graduate and undergraduate management courses.

The Handbook of Sustainable Innovation maps the multiple lineages of research and understanding that constitute academic work on how technological change relates to sustainable practices of production and consumption. Leading academics contribute by mapping the general evolution of this academic field, our understanding of sustainable innovation at the firm, user, and systems level, the governance of sustainable innovation, and the methodological approaches used. The Handbook explores the distinctiveness of sustainable innovation and concludes with suggestions for generating future research avenues that exploit the current diversity of work while seeking increased systemic insight. This unique and original book will have a broad appeal among scholars, researchers and advanced students interested in innovation, environmental studies and technological transitions.

Masterarbeit aus dem Jahr 2018 im Fachbereich BWL - Investition und Finanzierung, Note: 1,7, FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management gemeinnützige GmbH, Düsseldorf früher Fachhochschule (Institute for Strategic Finance), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Zentrale Fragestellung dieser Masterarbeit ist es, ob eine Verbindung von Bestandteilen der Dividenden- und Value-Investing Ansätze langfristig, auf Grundlage eines für Privatanleger zugeschnittenen und investierbaren Portfolios, zu einem positiven Alpha führen kann. Zeitgleich stellt sich damit auch die Frage, ob sich aktives Portfoliomanagement lohnt. Da die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Investment Ansätze, im Sinne eines privaten Anlegers, streng mechanisch und ohne signifikanten Aufwand vollzogen werden sollen, wird ebenfalls der Frage nachgegangen, ob eine Outperformance auch mit geringem zeitlichem und informationstechnischem Einsatz möglich ist. Aktuell sehen sich private Kapitalanleger diversen Schwierigkeiten ausgesetzt. Zentralbanken in Europa und den USA halten weiterhin an einer Niedrigzinspolitik fest, deren Folgen noch unklar sind, oder erhöhen nur schrittweise die Leitzinsen. Dadurch bleiben die Zinsen in Festgeld und auf Sparkonten auf anhaltend geringem Niveau. Gleichzeitig strebten Kryptowährungen mit hoher Volatilität neuen Rekorden entgegen. Wer allerdings nicht an Spekulationen um Kryptowährungen interessiert ist, der Werbung von CFDs und Online Brokern aus Zypern entgehen kann und dennoch eine vernünftige Rendite erzielen möchte, investiert vermehrt in ETFs. Auf diese Weise wird nicht versucht, eine überdurchschnittliche Rendite zu erwirtschaften, sondern an der Performance der Benchmark partizipiert. Die positive Börsenentwicklung, seit Ausklang der Weltwirtschaftskrise 2009, verstärkt diesen Trend. Dabei entsteht der Eindruck, das Streben nach maximaler Rendite wäre für den Anleger nicht mehr das zentrale Ziel. Der Fokus scheint auf Spekulation oder passivem Investieren zu liegen. Selbst Warren Buffet dämpft die Erwartungen seiner Investoren auf seine zukünftige Performance und bezweifelt, damalige Renditen in gleicher Weise erreichen zu können. Insbesondere junge Menschen, interessieren sich für Alternativen, um bei den anhaltenden Entwicklungen der staatlichen Rentenvorsorge für das Lebensalter vorzusorgen oder finanzielle Unabhängigkeit zu erreichen.

Dieses Buch beschreibt, wie soziale, ökologische und wirtschaftliche Aspekte mittels innovativer Geschäftsmodelle gewinnbringend miteinander in Einklang gebracht werden können. Anhand zahlreicher Praxisbeispiele und Fachbeiträge zeigen Autoren aus Wissenschaft und Praxis wie Unternehmen in gleichem Maße Mehrwert für die eigene Organisation und die Gesellschaft schaffen. Aufgrund der globalen Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts stehen Unternehmen vor der Konfrontation mit sich rasant verändernden wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen. Der Klimawandel, das Bevölkerungswachstum oder der demographische Wandel sind nur einige Themen auf die sich Unternehmen einstellen müssen. Zum einen um konkurrenzfähig zu bleiben, zum anderen um Ihre gesellschaftliche Verantwortung wahrzunehmen. Dieses Buch zeigt, dass gesellschaftlicher Nutzen und unternehmerisches Eigeninteresse nicht im Widerspruch zueinander stehen sondern ihre Verschmelzung im Rahmen von Geschäftsmodellen vielseitige Chancen undMöglichkeiten bietet.

This book provides a rich overview and takes a closer look at the current state of theory and practice in the field of sustainable business models. The chapters in this book examine and analyze existing and new approaches towards sustainable business models and showcase the implementation of sustainable business through both quantitative and qualitative studies, including several case studies and many practical examples. It approaches these issues from the standpoints of diverse business disciplines to yield new insights and ideas that are relevant from both an academic and professional perspective. In its essence, the book examines how firms'value creation processes can be driven by sustainability and social responsibility and how this impacts business and society. Readers will find a range of sustainable business models that have been employed and are being pioneered in various industries around the globe – which are thoroughly investigated and discussed, and put into a comprehensive conceptual framework.

Edited by three renowned specialists in comparative human resource management (CHRM) this expanded and updated Handbook explores the range of approaches for conceptualizing CHRM and highlights different policies and practices across the world.Leading experts challenge the assumption that there are consistent solutions for managing human resources across nations. Valuing the importance of context, particularly at a national and regional level, the chapter authors question the ‘best practice'solutions by discussing theoretical, issue-based and regional-based distinctions in HRM. New to this edition:• an extended focus on the most essential theoretical underpinnings of CHRM including an anthropological comparative methodadditional in-depth studies in comparative areas covering the range of current HRM practice, including sustainable HRM•a broader set of countries and regions now including Central and South America, North and Sub-Saharan Africa, and Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, to create the most comprehensive global coverage of comparative HRM research.This extensive Handbook is an essential resource for researchers and postgraduate students in international business, business administration, HRM, socio-economics and cross-cultural management.Contributors include: I. Aust, H. Bainbridge, C. Bischoff, T. Bondarouk, A. Bos-Nehles, P. Boselie, P. Boxall, J. Brandl, J. Briscoe, M.Y. Brannen, C. Brewster, P. Budhwar, H. Chung, D.G. Collings, N. Collins, G. Combs, A. Davila, P. Debroux, M. Dickmann, P.J. Dowling, M Elvira, A.D. Engle Sr., E. Farndale, M. Festing, S. Frenkel, B. Gerhart, L. Golden, D.T. Hall, R. Haq, W. Harry, S. Hayashi, N. Heraty, M. Hermans, M. Hirekhan, H.J. Huang, K. Jackson, S.E. Jackson, A. Kim, T. Kiyomiya, A. Klarsfeld, M. Lazarova, Y.-t. Lee, P.E.M. Ligthart, J.A. Los Baños, S.M. Madero-Gómez, W. Mayrhofer, K. Mellahi, E.K. Metwally, S. Michailova, D. Minbaeva, F. Moore, M.J. Morley, M. Muller-Camen, W. Nienhüser, I. Nikandrou, M.R. Olivas-Luján, J. Paauwe, L. Panayotopoulou, E. Parry, T. Peltonen, A. Pendleton, E. Poutsma, A. Psychogios, J. Quintanilla, B.S. Reiche, H.J.M. Ruel, I. Sahakiants, R.S. Schuler, P. Sparrow, E. Suarez, V.T. Supangco, L. Susaeta, S. Sweet, L.T. Szamosi, T. Tantoush, O. Tregaskis, E. Vaara, A. Varma, C. Warhurst, M. Warner, I. Weller, G. Wood, Y. Zhu, D.B. Zoogah

This book constitutes the refereed conference proceedings of the 17th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 201, held in Kuwait City, Kuwait, in October/November 2018.The 65 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 99 submissions. Topics of interest include, amongst others, the following: social media; information systems; marketing and communications; management and operations; public administration; economics, sociology, and psychology; e-finance, e-banking, and e-accounting; computer science and computer engineering; and teaching and learning.

Management Research: European Perspectives brings together experts in the field to take stock of European management research and reflect on its distinctiveness. Building on a successful series of papers published in the European Management Journal, this book contains international contributions providing a range of scholarly perspectives on the reality of European management research.The state of management scholarship has recently been a topic of great interest, focusing on such matters as the role of universities versus businesses in shaping research agendas, the so-called ‘rigour–relevance'debate, the use of measurements in quality assessment of research outputs, the role of journal rankings, and the merits of the journal review system. Missing, however, is any discussion of what, if anything, constitutes a European approach to management research, how does it differ from other styles used in the rest of the world and why is there a need for such distinctiveness? It has been noted that European management scholars have a lower success rate for publishing theoretical papers than their North American counterparts, which is surprising given that Europe has been the cradle of many generative intellectual traditions. European scholars may be the heirs to those traditions, but they are sometimes criticised for failing to channel this legacy into authoritative theoretical contributions in elite US-based management journals. This book provides insightful contributions to the debate and offers critical reflections on what European-based scholars have to offer the study of management.

Das Sonderheft „Erfolgreiche Führung von Shared Services“ der ZfbF fasst die Ergebnisse des Arbeitskreises'Shared Services'der Schmalenbach-Gesellschaft zusammen, welche in den fünf Jahren seit Gründung des Arbeitskreises entwickelt wurden. Neben einer grundlegenden Systematisierung von Shared Services zeigen zahlreiche Beispiele, wie führende deutsche Unternehmen diese Organisationsform einsetzen, um ihre Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu erhöhen. Das Sonderheft ist in drei Teile gegliedert. Teil I beginnt mit der Darstellung von Relevanz und zentralen Merkmalen des Shared-Service-Konzeptes. Danach werden die konstitutiven Entscheidungen, welche in der Praxis für die erfolgreiche Implementierung von Shared Services bedeutsam sind, erläutert. Teil II stellt Prozessstandardisierung, Dienstleistungsqualität und Kundenzufriedenheitsmessung als wichtige Erfolgsfaktoren im Wertschöpfungssystem von Shared Services vor. Teil III zeigt die Besonderheiten des Performance-Controlling von Shared-Service-Organisationen (SSO) und die Möglichkeiten zur Geschäftsentwicklung von Shared Services auf.

This book constitutes the refereed conference proceedings of the 16th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2017, held in Delhi, India, in November 2017. The 45 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 92 submissions. They are organized in the following topical sections: Adoption of Smart Services; Assessment of ICT Enabled Smart Initiatives; Analytics for Smart Governance; Social Media and Web 3.0 for Smartness; and Smart Solutions for the Future.

This book brings several original contributions to research and practical applications in the field of mass customization from the designer, manufacturer, and customer perspectives respectively. It presents advancements in product design for mass customization, design of assembly and supply chain processes, variety induced complexity models, complexity management, marketing tools, information systems to support decision-making, and critical success factors of this manufacturing and marketing strategy.. A special focus of interest is also on the use of product configurators in practice and sustainability assessment for mass customization strategy. The aim is to disseminate current developments and approaches for further theoretical investigation and practical applications of mass customized manufacturing systems.

This book constitutes the refereed conference proceedings of the 15th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2016, held in Swansea, UK, in September 2016 The 47 full and 17 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 90 submissions. They are organized in the following topical sections: social media strategy and digital business; digital marketing and customer relationship management; adoption and diffusion; information sharing on social media; impression, trust, and risk management; data acquisition, management and analytics; e-government and civic engagement; e-society and online communities.

This book constitutes the refereed conference proceedings of the 14th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2015, held in Delft, The Netherlands, in October 2015. The 40 revised full papers presented together with 1 keynote panel were carefully reviewed and selected from 65 submissions. They are organized in the following topical sections: adoption; big and open data; e-business, e-services,, and e-society; and witness workshop.

This impressive Handbook provides a dynamic perspective on the international entrepreneurial strategies of SMEs, including the role and experience of their founders, as well as the collaboration of these SMEs in networks with larger firms.The expert contributors from all over the world and the editors explore the origin and evolution of internationalizing SMEs, the changing history and the future outlook of this sector. They study the effects of different cultures on the origin and growth of entrepreneurship and SMEs. The Handbook also outlines the various types of Born Globals that emerge from different parts of the world.This book will prove essential reading for researchers and students of international business, entrepreneurship and SMEs. Founders of internationalizing SMEs will also learn about novel management practices, while educational institutions and governments will find invaluable insights on how to foster and support SMEs in their internationalization efforts.Contributors: P. Belyó, F. Celikel Esser, N.F. Crespo, K. Efrat, M. Fontes, S. Freeman, M. Gabrielsson, P. Gabrielsson, V.V. Geldres, G. Gripsrud, B. Hagen, A. Hunneman, S.H. Jang, M.V. Jones, S. Julkunen, J.S. Kim, S. Kimiagari, O. Kuivalainen, M. Lazaris, L.C. Leonidou, N. Li, I. Mandl, I. Martins, I. Molnár, B. Montreuil, N.E.M. Ngasri, A.Z. Nowak, J. Ohn, K. Puumalainen, M. Raatikainen, A. Rialp-Criado, S. Saarenketo, S. Samiee, R. Shneor, V.C. Simões, C.A. Solberg, M.C. Stoian, L. Torkkeli, Y. Vaillant, A. Zucchella

This book discusses emerging trends in the field of managing knowledge work due to technological innovations. The book is organized in 3 sections. The first section, entitled'Managing Knowledge, Projects and Networks', discusses knowledge processes and their use, reuse or generation in the context of an organization. The second section, entitled'Managing Knowledge using Social Media', focuses on factors influencing adoption and usage, the role of social media in managing knowledge, and factors that influence employees'acceptance and participation. The third section brings into discussion new approaches and technologies for acquiring knowledge. The book will be useful to both academics engaged in research in knowledge management and practitioners who are considering or implementing strategies for managing one of their most important resources.

This book constitutes the refereed conference proceedings of the 13th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2014, held in Sanya, China, in November 2014. The 32 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 submissions. They are organized in the following topical sections: digital services, digital society, and digital business.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Mobile Web and Information Systems, MobiWIS 2014, held in Barcelona, Spain, in August 2014. The 24 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 75 submissions and cover topics such as: mobile software systems, middleware/SOA for mobile systems, context- and location-aware services, data management in the mobile web, mobile cloud services, mobile web of things, mobile web security, trust and privacy, mobile networks, protocols and applications, mobile commerce and business services, HCI in mobile applications, social media, and adaptive approaches for mobile computing.