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This review suggests that we are on the threshold of a new epoch in the control of ticks and the diseases transmitted by them. Ecological studies of parasitic and non-parasitic stages of the tick life cycle have shown how strategic dipping can lead to effective control of Boophilus ticks. However, this approach can lead to drastic reduction in tick populations which may favour the development of enzootic instability. On the other hand, mathematical models and field studies indicate that we can eradicate babesiosis without eradicating the tick vector. As no well-established vaccine exists for babesiosis or its vectors, it is important to anticipate the possible effects of low or fluctuating populations of ticks caused by strategic control programmes. Under these conditions, it is probable that babesiosis will disappear before the tick vector does. Prudent use of tick bionomic data from several centres of field research, as well as models to analyse these data, should accelerate the latter process. Epidemiological models should be included in the analysis of babesiosis in areas that run the risk of converting from stable zones to unstable zones due to strategic dipping. These observations and projections underscore the value of integration of traditional and modern techniques in the control of babesiosis and other vector-borne diseases.

WALDEYER in 1870 gave definite form to the belief that the ovaries ceased to function at the menopause. This conclusion has not been questioned until quite recently. Frank,1 Fluhmann2 and others3 have lately found evidence of the presence in the blood and urine of estrogens even long after the cessation of the menses. The source of this estrogen has not been established. It may be suspected, of course, that it has much the same origin as it had before this epoch, vis. the ovaries, although it is known that the anterior pituitary4 and the adrenal cortex5 also produce estrogens. Some few instances of conception after the termination of menstruation at the climacteric are well authenticated, and in such women, of course, there must have been good ovarian function. Very recently Wallart and Scheidegger6 have reported a careful histological study of post′menopausal ovaries these showed a high degree of similarity to those of earlier life.