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The hydrogeology of an aquifer within the dolomite/limestone formation that dominates the Gibraltar peninsula has been studied with a view to the possible development of contained groundwater resources taht occur as a thin lens of fresh water overlying sea water. Recharge rates (calculated by soil moisture and chloride balance) could be of the order of 400 000 m 3 per year. This is significant in relation to the current demand for potable water of some 1 000 000 m 3 per year, 900f which is provided by desalination. Exploration drilling focused on fracture zones, but tested vertical boreholes generally demonstrated a rapid decline in water quality, even where drawdowns were very small. Exploration also revealed oil pollution of the groundwater within the Rock, most significantly near the Naval Dockyards to the soutwest and less so beneath the North Face. The greatest potential for sustained discharge was found to occur in shallowly inclined boreholes. Discharge quality was clearly sensitive to a range of factors including immediate rainfall events, tidal fluctuations, vertical permeability of the aquifer, borehole design and anthropogenic effects. Further studies are needed to determine the significance of these controls and to assess whether development of the likely resources is practicable.

Immunoglobulins were separated from ostrich sera by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. Two classes of immunoglobulin could be identified, corresponding to IgG and IgM of other species, based on elution profiles from ion-exchange columns and molecular mass estimation on gel-filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). On SDS-PAGE, the heavy chains of IgG and IgM were shown to have molecular masses of 67.5 kDa and 65 kDa, respectively, and the light chains common to both were shown to have a molecular mass of 27 kDa. The ostrich immunoglobulins were not recognized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against immunoglobulins of many species of animals tested, nor by antibodies against chicken immunoglobulins.

PURPOSE: To evaluate alternative automated methods of collecting data on quality of life (QOL) in cancer patients. After initial evaluation of a range of technologies, we compared computer touch-screen questionnaires with paper questionnaires scanned by optical reading systems in terms of patients' acceptance, data quality, and reliability. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a randomized cross-over trial, 149 cancer patients completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Core 30, version 2.0 (EORTC QLQ-C30), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) on paper and on a touch screen. In a further test-retest study, 81 patients completed the electronic version of the questionnaires twice, with a time interval of 3 hours between questionnaires. RESULTS: Fifty-two percent of the patients preferred the touch screen to paper; 24% had no preference. The quality of the data collected with the touch-screen system was good, with no missed responses. At the group level, the differences between scores obtained with the two modes of administration of the instruments were small, suggesting equivalence for most of the QOL scales, with the possible exception of the emotional, fatigue, and nausea/vomiting scales and the appetite item, where patients tended to give more positive responses on the touch screen. At the individual patient level, the agreement was good, with a kappa coefficient from 0.57 to 0.77 and percent global agreement from 61% to 97%. The electronic questionnaire had good test-retest reliability, with correlation coefficients between the two administrations from 0.78 to 0.95, kappa coefficients of agreement from 0.55 to 0.90, and percent global agreement from 56% to 100%. CONCLUSION: Computer touch-screen QOL questionnaires were well accepted by cancer patients, with good data quality and reliability.

Immunoglobulins were separated from ostrich sera by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. Two classes of immunoglobulin could be identified, corresponding to IgG and IgM of other species, based on elution profiles from ion-exchange columns and molecular mass estimation on gel-filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). On SDS-PAGE, the heavy chains of IgG and IgM were shown to have molecular masses of 67.5 kDa and 65 kDa, respectively, and the light chains common to both were shown to have a molecular mass of 27 kDa. The ostrich immunoglobulins were not recognized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against immunoglobulins of many species of animals tested, nor by antibodies against chicken immunoglobulins.

Cyrenaica, excluding the Jebel Akhdar, forms part of the Libyan Sahara. It is a true desert with a mean annual rainfall generally less than 20 mm, and a land surface of sand, gravel or rock, largely devoid of vegetation (Plate 1). Yet a few thousand years ago, the Libyan Sahara, as elsewhere in North Africa, enjoyed an abundant rainfall and supported a varied flora and fauna as can be seen from pre-historic rock paintings. The abundant rainfall filled huge subterranean reservoirs which since then have been slowly draining to the Mediterranean Sea or low lying sabkhats and inland lakes. In consequence of the moderate relief of the Sahara and the wide regional extent and uniform structure of the sedimentary basins which form the reservoirs, the groundwater bodies occur in huge flow systems which may extend over several hundreds of miles. The reservoirs' thicknesses vary but the two most important series, the Continental Intercalaire or Nubian, and the Continental Terminal of mid-Tertiary to recent age, frequently exceed 3000 feet. Two major flow systems occur in Cyrenaica, in the Sirte and Kufra basins (Fig.1).Until oil was discovered in the late nineteen fifties, groundwater development in Cyrenaica was mainly concentrated in coastal areas where the prevailing rainfall is sufficient to permit some recharge, and in a few interior scattered oases — Giarabub, Jalo-Augila, Kufra and Tazerbo, where the ground surface lies close to the upper phreatic (water table) surface of regional groundwater systems.Oil exploration requires fairly large supplies of water for the main drilling operations. During exploration in the Sirte basin it was discovered that water of variable quality could be found virtually anywhere at moderate depths between 100 and 500 feet below ground level. Oil company practice to obtain temporary water supplies is to drill two or three simply constructed water wells to a few hundred feet below the water table, and to pump by air lift. The wells are subsequently capped, when no longer required.

The Gaborone Granite is a mushroom-shaped intrusion with a surface area of over 5000 km 2 . The intrusion is layered, consisting of a central core of rapakivi granite (Thamaga Granite) surrounded by successive shells of an equigranular leucocratic granite (Kgale Granite), a porphyritic granophyre or microgranite (Ntlhantlhe Microgranite) and an outermost zone of massive felsite (Kanye Volcanics). The whole lithological sequence is deduced to have been derived from a single, highly viscous magma body emplaced into the crust at a high level. The genesis is proposed as follows. The outer felsites represent quenched primary magma with the underlying porphyritic granophyres having formed during a subsequent tranquil period after emplacement. The rapakivi granite core was also of early crystallization above the floor but with significant textural characters impressed during updoming in the late crystallization stage. Residual liquid rich in SiO 2 , K 2 O and volatiles migrated upwards to form the Kgale Granite. The Gaborone Granite was emplaced in the Kaapvaal Craton at about 2400 Ma and its morphology was controlled by pre-existing structures in the crust. The country rock consists of Archaean gneisses, Lobatse Volcanic Group supracrustals and locally Transvaal Supergroup strata. Chemically the Gaborone Granite is identical to other early Proterozoic non-orogenic granites of the Kaapvaal Craton. It is also similar in many respects to the Fennoscandian rapakivi granites

Summary It has generally been assumed that little attention need be given to the design and construction of rural water supply wells as the yield requirements are small and the construction costs low. A different view is presented in this paper, illustrated by examples from several African countries. New thinking is required if limited financial and trained manpower resources are to be used effectively in providing reasonably low-cost but adequate and reliable groundwater supplies. The argument that a substantial hydrogeological input will be expensive is countered by demonstrating that neglect of hydrogeological principles and practices can result in very much higher costs. The need for hydrogeologists and water engineers to be aware of the social and institutional aspects of rural water supply work is stressed.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from antibody-producing Rh- donors were fused with mouse myeloma cells, and the hybrids were screened for anti-Rh antibody production. Although the resulting hybrids were not stable in long-term culture, they provided a useful test system for an investigation of ways to stimulate human lymphocytes in vitro before fusion in order to maximize the recovery of hybrids producing antibodies with a desired specificity. Although 6-day culture with PWM or with antigen (Rh+ erythrocytes) increased slightly the yield of desired hybrids, exposure of the PBL to antigen in the presence of human endothelial cells was dramatically more effective. This effect was not produced with endothelial cell culture supernatants (HECS) that had been shown previously to enhance hybridoma growth. Culture of PBL before fusion with both PWM and antigen also improved the proportion of active hybridomas, and incubation with antigen plus endothelial cells plus PWM resulted in a very high number of hybridomas, with a very high proportion producing antibody to the immunizing antigen. There are several alternatives to explain the mechanisms involved, but in any case, the technique should be particularly useful when the possibility of fusion of human PBL with a human myeloma line becomes more widely available.

SUMMARYDog faeces collected from a public park were cultured on selective media forCampylobacterspp.Campylobacter jejuniwas isolated from 12 (4·6%) of 260 specimens. In contrastSalmonellaspp. were found in only three (1·2%). Six of the 12 isolates were nalidixic acid-resistant thermophilic campylobacters (NARTC), whereas during the same period of study none were found among human isolates. Most of the campylobacter positive faeces were found during June and July. Dog faeces deposited in public places constitute only a small potential source of infection by this organism.

Summary Two major sedimentary basins occur in eastern Libya. The uppermost horizons in each—post-Eocene in the Sirte and Cretaceous Nubian in the Kufra basin—constitute regional hydrogeological systems. The deposits of the Sirte basin include mainly fluviatile sands and clays in the S with marine carbonates and sandy carbonates with some evaporites progressively increasing to the north. In addition to a northwards thickening of the deposits there is an ‘inwards increase’ which attains a maximum thickness of about 1800 m along a broad N-S trending axial trough. The Nubian sandstone of the Kufra basin has a maximum thickness of 900 m and includes mainly cross-bedded sandstones, subordinate shales and conglomerates, which are fluvio-glacial and limnic in origin. The Cretaceous sandstone aquifer in the Kufra basin is essentially phreatic and groundwater flow is to the northeastwards discharging into the main Nubian artesian basin of Egypt. Present development of the aquifer occurs at only a few locations but at these the water quality is very fresh with dissolved solids typically less than 100 mg/1. The basin is bounded to W and S by highlands from which appreciable run-off can be assumed. Although not measured, assumptions of recharge from run-off of some 10–20% of annual rainfall over the elevated areas seems not unreasonable; this is approximately equivalent to the computed order of outflow from the basin of between 70–160 M m 3 /a based on transmissivity and piezometric gradient. Vertical recharge is unlikely to occur over the main basin where the rainfall is probably less than 3 mm/a. The age of the water at Kufra in the north of the basin is in excess of 30 000 years. The phreatic aquifer cannot therefore be in equilibrium with current recharge but it is believed that an approach to equilibrium may exist in marginal recharge areas. The groundwater in the S of the Sirte basin is fresh but in the N it becomes brackish to saline in the direction of flow. The known groundwater ages range from 30 000 to 5000 years BP and fall into three main groups. Water from recent recharge may also exist in the uppermost phreatic levels. Various evolutionary trends have been considered and modelling techniques are used to assist elucidation. The results demonstrate that present water levels may be fairly close to equilibrium, with recharge to the aquifer system occurring from several sources including lateral inflow from the Kufra basin, marginal recharge via run-off from the highlands to the W and SW, and direct recharge from precipitation in the N of the basin. Discharge occurs in the N into sabkhat areas between the Gulf of Sirte and Qattara.

SUMMARYDuring November and December 1981 more than 50 residents in a village in Derbyshire had an acute gastrointestinal illness. One month later a second outbreak occurred affecting another 22 people. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 12 patients; no other gastrointestinal pathogens were identified. A casecontrol study showed an association with the consumption of unpasteurized milk from one particular farm. No new cases were identified for 6 months following the application of a Pasteurization Order from 26 January to 23 February 1982.

SUMMARYLiving flies collected from three locations were cultured on selective medium forCampylobacterspp.Campylobacter jejuniwas isolated from five (2·4%) of 210 flies examined.These results suggest that the potential hazard to health from the transmission of campylobacters from animals to human food by flies is small.

An ivory and a white earthenware body fired in different positions of periodic and tunnel kilns and maturing to various absorptions were subjected to autoclave steam treatments at the pressures of 100 and 150 lbs. per sq. inch. The ivory body resisted the crazing induced by this test for absorptions from 7 to 8% in the 100-1b. pressure treatment. The white body withstood the destructive effect up to an absorption of 8.5%. Within a narrow range, thorough glost firing had some effect in increasing the resistance. In the 150-1b. test, the critical resisting absorption was lowered to 6% for each body.

A 66-year-old man presented with arthritis of the right knee of 3 months' duration. Cytologic examination of synovial fluid (SF) showed numerous lipid laden macrophages. Radiographs and a nuclear scintigram established the presence of a fracture of the lateral tibial plateau. The diagnostic significance of lipid laden macrophages in SF is reviewed.

Summary A case of a 61-year-old woman with a history of infestation by Taenia saginata lasting over 20 years is described. The patients repeatedly denied eating raw or inadequately cooked beef. Despite many attempts using different taenicides during those years, the patient continued to pass tapeworm segments until niclosamide was administered. Eighteen months after treatment with niclosamide the patient remains symptom-free.

Levels of serum immunoglobulins were measured in healthy Vietnamese and in leprosy patients. Healthy Vietnamese had higher levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE than did healthy Dutch controls, as well as higher levels of three of the four subclasses of IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3). Lepromatous leprosy patients had significant increases in all classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins, except for IgG2, in comparison with local controls. Tuberculoid leprosy patients had more IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 than did local controls and had higher total IgG levels. The patients had no increase in autoantibodies against tissue antigens compared to local or Dutch controls.

Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against a stock of Leishmania parasites which were isolated from a patient with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Sudan. This stock did not react with monoclonal antibodies to L. donovani, and monoclonal antibodies raised to this stock were not reactive with stocks of L. donovani. They did react with stocks of L. tropica. The antibodies recognized antigens of high and of low molecular weights which were detectable in immunofluorescence on cultured promastigotes and on amastigotes cultured in macrophages. The taxonomy of the species responsible for the different clinical manifestations of infection with Leishmania is not yet clear; there has been for example discussion as to whether the different forms of the disease in the Sudan are caused by one or more species of parasite. Studies with highly specific monoclonal antibodies can help to clarify this picture.

L. donovani antigens were analyzed by a direct agglutination test (DAT), by ELISA using intact promastigotes and by the SDS-PAGE immunoperoxidase technique (SGIP). Sera of Chagas' disease patients cross-reacted in the ELISA and SGIP but not in the DAT. Trypsin treatment of the parasites removed concanavalin A-binding sites but not epitopes for antibodies present in Chagas' disease and in leishmaniasis sera, as seen in the SGIP. Eight bands were revealed after incubation of the gel sections with kala-azar or Chagas' disease sera, three of which were common to both sera. The major antigenic component recognized by leishmaniasis sera was a glycoprotein of 57 kD, and the major cross-reacting protein recognized by Chagas' disease sera was a glycoprotein doublet of 71.5-68 kD.

A steady rise in the number of isolations of Mycobacterium xenopi from patients in a general hospital led to an examination of water taps. Most patients had been accommodated in a group of wards which had a common water supply. This organism was recovered from 35 of 69 outlets, mostly from hot and mixer taps in those wards. Mycobacterium kansasii was also isolated from 14, mostly cold and mixer taps. Ten strains of Myco. xenopi were recovered from 131 taps sampled at 10 other locations. We conclude that colonization of water supplies by mycobacteria is a likely source of contamination of clinical specimens.

Clinical material collected from various body sites, but excluding faeces, was cultured on either selective or non-selective media for Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni was found in only two (0.18%) of 1100 specimens; both positive specimens were urine. From these results it is suggested that C jejuni is an uncommon finding in clinical material other than faeces.

Recently Terry and Hanchard1 gave an extensive list of the allusions to food and drink in medical publications. I believe, however, that the frequency with which allusions have been made to animals is just as impressive. In this review I have omitted any disease whose name is derived from the animal associated with the problem?for example, erysipeloid that follows handling raw seal meat may be described as seal finger. Also excluded are descriptions of human personality that are likened to animal characteristics?for example, an obstinate person may be called pig-headed. Despite these omissions I have managed to chase, corner, and capture 197 examples from various publications and present them for viewing.

We have previously reported complete responses and long-term survival in patients with metastatic poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDC) of unknown primary site who received intensive cisplatin-containing chemotherapy regimens. We reviewed the light microscopic specimens from 113 patients with PDC in an attempt to identify common histopathologic features in the chemotherapy-responsive subgroup, and to rule out the presence of previously unrecognized germ cell tumors. Relatively few diagnoses more specific than PDC could be made. We could identify no histopathologic features by light microscopy that distinguished responsive from unresponsive neoplasms. Only one patient was found to have a previously unrecognized yolk sac carcinoma, and in five other patients the possibility of a germ cell neoplasm was considered in the differential diagnosis by at least one reviewer. The remaining tumors had no histologic features suggestive of germ cell neoplasms. Ninety-six patients had received combination chemotherapy (89 with cisplatin-containing regimens); 27 patients (28%) achieved complete remission, and 16 remain free of disease at a median of 65 months after completion of therapy. Patients with PDC of unknown primary site who are responsive to cisplatin-containing chemotherapy regimens cannot be reliably identified by light microscopy. At present, all such patients should be considered for an empiric trial of chemotherapy with cisplatin-based regimens, since cure is achievable in a minority.

THE northern regions of Africa that border on the Mediterranean Sea would form a deeply interesting study for the historian. Perhaps no other portion of the world's surface has passed through more marked phases of civilisation, yet all of these have passed away and left but small trace behind them. Placed between a wondrously teeming offshoot of the Broad Atlantic and a markedly sterile desert, this strip of territory seemingly wanting in none of Nature's riches save flowing rivers, has been conquered successively by the Romans, the Vandals, the Byzantines, the Greeks, and the Arabs. All these several possessors came and conquered and settled on these lands; but the first four civilisations died away, and the last is disappearing, in at least the large central portion of this district known as Algeria, and now under French rule. Who can tell whether this new phase will have any more vitality than the rest ?—for the native tribes seem to be as unreclaimable as their own Sahara. Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis; Illustrated by Facsimiles of his Original Drawings. By Lieut,-Col. R. L. Playfair, H.B.M. Consul-General in Algeria. (London: C. Kegan Paul and Co., 1877.)

THERE are not wanting signs that the study of botany is steadily increasing in this country. An immense number of text-books or manuals have been published in English during the last thirty years on the subject, some of which have been very popular, to judge by the many editions they have passed through. Referring to these introductions to the study of botany in general terms, it was to be noted that they all, in a more or less complete manner treated of the vegetable kingdom from a morphological and classificatory point of view; but that the morphological portions were deficient in clear descriptions or conceptions of the origin or development of the members of the plant's body which they described, and the student who required instruction as to physiological, anatomical, or embryological details, had to look for such in the pages of the botanical periodical literature of the day. Most modern workers in biology will agree that the greater portion of this literature was derived from German sources, and it is scarcely to be denied that the first general compendium of note appeared in the German text-book of Sachs. This work had reached a fourth edition in 1874, but the previous editions had found their way into several of the centres of botanical teaching in Great Britain and Ireland, and had caused a considerable change in the older methods of teaching botany. Still it must have been a matter requiring some courage for the delegates of the Clarendon Press to undertake the costly work of translating, editing, and printing in English this work of Sachs', forming a large octavo volume of nearly 1000 pages, a text-book one would think far too large and expensive for most ordinary students. This work was, however, issued from the Clarendon Press in the spring of 1875, and it is not without interest to note that for the last two or three years it has been completely out of print, so that the edition must have been exhausted in the course of the first four or five years after its issue. It was most unfortunate that this edition, so ably translated by Messrs. Bennett and Thiselton Dyer, had not been based on the fourth German edition, which had been published nearly a year before the English translation made its appearance. The success of the translation may, however, be looked on as to a certain extent condoning this misfortune, and there can be doubt as to the revolution in the study of botany in these kingdoms, which has been brought about by its appearance. Instead of to an endless catalogue of under- and above-ground forms of stems, instead of a list as long as that of the ships in Homer of the forms of simple and compound leaves, the student has had his attention—at least in some schools—called to the important structures to be met with in these varied portions of a plant and to their peculiar functions and ontogeny. The subject of plant life and development seems to have become of more especial interest and to have fallen like a new story on many even old ears. It was not, under these circumstances, surprising that a new edition was called for, but it did excite some surprise that, having in a great measure made the demand, the Delegates of the Clarendon Press seemed unable for a time to supply it, and let several Long Vacations glide by without its appearance; even this new edition comes to us late in the autumn season of the year, when the year's fruits have been well garnered in. Still it is welcome as an important contribution to the study of a science that has of old and for long been fostered by the University of Oxford. Text-Book of Botany, Morphological and Physiological. By Julius Sachs, Professor of Botany in the University of Wurzburg. Edited, with an Appendix, by Sidney H. Vines, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Fellow and Lecturer of Christ's College, Cambridge. Second Edition. (Oxford, 1882.)

The geology of the northern Kalahari region in Botswana is described. The discussion is concerned with the Kalahari Beds which may range in age from the Cretaceous to Recent. The observed occurrences correlate to some extent with the established sequence of the Kalahari Beds in the adjacent Zaire basin. Expressions of six major post-Karroo geomorphological cycles are thought to be present. The older Kalahari Beds of residual and fluviatile silcretes and silcalcretes are relatively thin compared to probably equivalent formations in the main Kalahari region to the south and it is considered that they accumulated in an independent drainage system separated from the main Kalahari basin by the stable Ghanzi ridge. The dune-bedded Kalahari Sands are common to both regions although they may also have been attenuated over the ridge. The youngest deposits are the sands and silts of the Okavango delta which accumu? lated in a downwarped area. A hypothesis is presented linking the early flow of the Okavango with the Zambezi and relating a major change of course and consequential formation of the swamps to Plio-Pleistocene cymatogenic move