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A study conducted by researchers at Hawler Medical University evaluated the use of a local 'hexagonal' dorsal advancement flap (HDAF) for syndactyly repair without the need for a skin graft. The study included 18 subjects with different types of syndactyly, ranging from congenital to post-burn cases. The results showed that the HDAF technique was safe and effective, with no flap loss or recurrences of syndactyly. The procedure resulted in good aesthetic outcomes and well-functioning fingers. The study concluded that the HDAF technique is a straightforward and successful approach for syndactyly repair, regardless of age or type of syndactyly. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust in London, United Kingdom, examined the optic nerve head morphology in children with craniosynostosis compared to healthy controls. The study used handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure various parameters of the optic nerve head. The results showed that children with craniosynostosis had differences in optic nerve head morphology compared to controls, particularly in syndromic craniosynostosis. These findings could potentially improve ophthalmological monitoring and surgical decision-making for children with craniosynostosis. Further research on longitudinal optic nerve head changes in both syndromic and non-syndromic craniosynostosis is recommended. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Pennsylvania examined the changes in the ventricular system of patients with craniosynostosis after undergoing posterior vault distraction osteogenesis (PVDO). The study found that both patients with syndromic and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis experienced an increase in intracranial volume (ICV) after PVDO. However, only patients with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis experienced a significant change in ventricular volume (VV). The results suggest that patients with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis may have a compensated state that allows for the maintenance of parenchymal health and prevents the development of intracranial hypertension. Further research may explore ventricular volume as a marker for elevated intracranial pressure and the use of cranial vault remodeling for other conditions with cranial disproportion. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Seattle Children's Hospital discusses the development of consensus-based algorithms for genetic testing in patients with craniofacial conditions such as craniosynostosis, orofacial cleft, and branchial arch anomalies. The collaborative effort involved genetics and pediatrics providers from four institutions who developed and modified the algorithms based on feedback. The researchers emphasize that timely and accurate genetic diagnosis can support safer surgical interventions and that algorithms can guide best practices for testing, especially in institutions without easy access to genetics providers. The full article can be accessed for free through the provided link. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the University of Ulsan in Seoul, South Korea, examined the impact of fronto-orbital distraction osteogenesis (FODO) on orbital dysmorphology and the development of strabismus in patients with unicoronal craniosynostosis (UCS). The study analyzed the orbital morphology of 19 patients with UCS before and after FODO, comparing it to age-matched control subjects. The results showed that orbital dysmorphology in UCS is bilateral and that FODO can improve the dysmorphology of the orbital roofs. The study also found that horizontal strabismus, such as esotropia and exotropia, is common after FODO, and that superomedial orbital roof asymmetry may contribute to its development. [Extracted from the article]

A new study published by researchers in the Neuroscience Department explores the effects of endoscopic-assisted strip craniectomy on children with craniosynostosis. Craniosynostosis is a condition that can lead to cranial and skull base deformities and increased intracranial pressure. The study found that endoscopic-assisted craniectomy had an immediate effect on lowering intracranial pressure and improving ophthalmological findings in infants with craniosynostosis. The research provides valuable insights into the management of craniosynostosis in young children. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, examined the incidence of nonsynostotic positional plagiocephaly and/or brachycephaly (PPB) in infants and its association with developmental disorders. The study found that 5.8% of infants had PPB, with a higher incidence in preterm infants. The incidence of craniosynostosis, a related condition, was 0.16%. Additionally, 7.5% of infants with PPB had a confirmed developmental disorder by the age of 7, with a prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at 2.2%. The study suggests that only a small percentage of infants with positional head deformity go on to develop developmental disorders, providing valuable information for counseling families. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the University of Mississippi aimed to understand the geographic and demographic patterns of patients with craniosynostosis (CS) in Mississippi. The study found that among 222,819 live births in Mississippi between 2015 and 2020, 79 pediatric patients presented with CS, resulting in an overall incidence of 0.355/1000 live births. The incidence of CS was higher in the coastal and central regions compared to northeast Mississippi. The study suggests that further research could reveal regional differences in risk factors and access to specialized CS care in the state. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center examined the effect of different lengths of barrel-stave osteotomies on outcomes in patients with sagittal craniosynostosis. The study found that strip craniectomy with the addition of long, medium, or short barrel staves all resulted in successful outcomes. The findings suggest that longer barrel-stave osteotomies may not be necessary for a successful outcome, potentially reducing risks, operative time, and hospital length of stay. The study provides valuable insights for managing sagittal craniosynostosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Yale University School of Medicine examined the impact of scarring resulting from craniosynostosis surgery. The study used the SCAR-Q, a patient-reported outcome measure, to evaluate the appearance, symptoms, and psychosocial impact of scars in patients aged 8 and older. The results showed that higher dissatisfaction with scar appearance correlated with more scar-related symptoms and a greater psychosocial impact. The researchers emphasized the importance of discussing patients' aesthetic satisfaction following craniosynostosis surgery in order to address and minimize long-term physical and psychosocial consequences. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Woldia University in Northeast Ethiopia discusses a clinical case of a 3-month-old male infant diagnosed with Goldenhar syndrome. The baby, born to a retroviral-infected mother receiving antiretroviral therapy, presented with upper respiratory system complaints. The examination revealed typical signs and symptoms of Goldenhar syndrome, including an asymmetrical face, small left facial bones, a low-set ear, left anophthalmia, an atretic left ear, and a complete cleft lip and palate. The baby was treated for severe community-acquired pneumonia and is now undergoing multidisciplinary follow-up for possible medical and surgical management of the syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on a new study from Medical Center Blvd introducing the Scaphocephalic Index, a novel measure for assessing scaphocephaly severity. Topics include the development of the vertex narrowing index and its combination with existing indices, the comparison of this index with computed tomography and three-dimensional photography, and the improved diagnostic and surgical planning capabilities offered by the Scaphocephalic Index.

A report from Naples, Italy discusses the rare congenital cranial malformation known as craniosynostosis (CRS). CRS occurs when one or more cranial or facial sutures are fused in utero or rapidly fused in early infancy. The condition affects approximately 1 in 2100 to 1 in 2500 births and can be either nonsyndromic or syndromic. Treatment for CRS is primarily surgical, but patients may still experience deficits in intellectual ability and cognitive function. The research proposes the creation of a biobank dedicated to CRS, which would include the collection of biological materials and radiological images for research purposes. The activation of this biobank would improve translational research on CRS and benefit both the scientific community and patients and their families. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Texas Children's Hospital in Austin, Texas, examined the effectiveness of a modified pi craniectomy technique in improving the occipital shape in patients with sagittal synostosis. The researchers used morphometric analysis and compared the results to age-matched normal controls. They found that the occipital remodeling modification resulted in stable improvement in the angle of the inferior occiput, which persisted two years after surgery. However, it did not affect the posterior vertical height. The authors recommend direct inferior occipital remodeling for young patients with acute occipital incline angles and occipital constriction. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) discusses the management of a rare condition called synostosis, specifically the case of a patient with metopic and unilateral lambdoid synostosis. The report describes the staged surgical approach used to treat the patient's craniosynostosis, with initial posterior cranial vault remodeling followed by fronto-orbital advancement. The research emphasizes that multi-suture craniosynostosis is rare and requires a tailored approach for each patient. This study adds to the limited literature on the topic and provides valuable insights into the management of this rare condition. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Children's Hospital Philadelphia aimed to determine if orbital morphology could predict metopic craniosynostosis (MCS), a condition characterized by the premature fusion of the skull bones. The study analyzed preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) scans of patients who underwent surgical correction for MCS. The researchers found that orbital dysmorphology, specifically the supraorbital notches and nasion angle, showed a strong association with MCS severity. The study concluded that measuring the supraorbital notches and nasion angle on a 3D-CT scan could be a practical tool for assisting with the diagnosis of MCS. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by investigators at Yale University analyzed the impact of race and ethnicity on postoperative outcomes for pediatric patients undergoing cranial vault repair for craniosynostosis. The study found that there were racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes, with non-Hispanic White patients experiencing the least adverse events and shorter hospital stays compared to non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients. However, there were no significant differences in rates of complications, readmissions, or mortality between the racial and ethnic groups. The study suggests that further investigations are needed to address these disparities and provide equitable healthcare to at-risk populations. [Extracted from the article]

A report from Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital in Denmark discusses the role of pathogenic TCF12 variants in children with coronal craniosynostosis, a common congenital cranial malformation. The study reviews the growing knowledge of TCF12-related coronal craniosynostosis, highlighting its high degree of genotype and phenotype variability. The researchers estimate that pathogenic TCF12 variants have a prevalence of at least 2% in children with coronal craniosynostosis. They recommend genetic counseling for all children with craniosynostosis, particularly those with involvement of the coronal suture(s). [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Children's Hospital Philadelphia investigated the intracranial pressure (ICP) patterns in children with sagittal craniosynostosis, a condition where the bones in the skull fuse prematurely. The researchers used spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to evaluate infants and children with sagittal craniosynostosis and control subjects. They found that elevated ICP was rare in children younger than 6 months with sagittal craniosynostosis, but became more common after 6 months of age and correlated with the severity of scaphocephaly. The study provides valuable insights into the natural history of ICP in this population and may inform treatment decisions. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin discusses research findings on Poland syndrome, a rare congenital musculoskeletal condition. The syndrome is characterized by various physical abnormalities, including hand deformities, chest deformities, and underdeveloped breasts. These physical abnormalities can have social, somatic, and psychological impacts on affected individuals, leading them to seek corrective surgery. The management of Poland syndrome is multidisciplinary, involving thoracic, plastic, and pediatric surgeons, as well as psychologists and developmental growth specialists. The goal of surgery is to achieve both structural and cosmetic correction to improve the psychological and social well-being of patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Medical University of Lodz explores the formation and clinical implications of the metopic suture in craniosynostosis. The timing of suture closure and the clinical significance of the metopic suture are still uncertain. Premature fusion of the suture can lead to craniofacial dysmorphology and neurodevelopmental problems. The study highlights the need for further research to understand the timing of suture closure and the causes of craniosynostosis and metopism. Diagnosis is typically achieved through physical examination and computed tomography scans, and treatment involves surgical correction of craniofacial dysmorphology and prevention of complications. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery discusses a case of unexpected massive bleeding during surgery for Crouzon syndrome, a rare genetic disorder affecting craniofacial structures. The patient, a 14-year-old female, underwent the modified LeFort III osteotomy and experienced complications including dysrhythmia, hypothermia, and cyanosis. Post-surgery, coagulation tests suggested a diagnosis of von Willebrand disease subtype 1. The research highlights the importance of vigilant monitoring for postoperative complications and the use of appropriate management strategies for patients with craniosynostosis syndromes like Crouzon syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital in Kolkata, India, focused on Goldenhar syndrome (GHS), a rare condition characterized by various craniofacial abnormalities. The study examined a 9-year-old boy with GHS who presented with ear tags, ocular dermoid, and mandibular hypoplasia. The diagnosis was made based on clinical features, and the researchers emphasized the importance of early treatment to improve the patient's quality of life. The study highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach to address the complex nature of GHS. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Iran has identified a new type of Multiple Synostosis Syndrome2 (SYNS2) in a large Iranian pedigree. The study focused on the GDF5 gene and found a heterozygote missense mutation in exon2 of GDF5 that was present in all affected patients but not in unaffected individuals. This discovery suggests a new role for GDF5 in the pathogenesis of SYNS2 and could have implications for genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and potential molecular therapy. Further research is needed to explore the potential interactions and implications of this mutation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden compared two surgical methods for treating unilambdoid craniosynostosis, a condition where the bones in a baby's skull fuse prematurely. The traditional method involves extensive cranial vault reconstructions (CVRs), while a less invasive technique called spring-assisted surgery (SAS) uses specially designed springs. The study found that both methods resulted in similar improvements in skull shape, but SAS had a shorter operation duration and less perioperative bleeding. The researchers concluded that early diagnosis and operation allow for less extensive SAS without compromising results. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Children's Hospital Philadelphia have conducted a study on the treatment of syndromic craniosynostosis, a condition characterized by the premature fusion of the skull bones. The study compared the outcomes of patients who underwent early posterior vault distraction osteogenesis (PVDO) with those who received conventional treatment. The results showed that patients who underwent PVDO had a reduced need for subsequent craniofacial procedures, such as fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) and revisionary frontal procedures. This research suggests that early PVDO may change the treatment paradigm for syndromic craniosynostosis and lead to better long-term outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands, explores the use of 3D photogrammetry in analyzing craniofacial shape in patients with craniosynostosis. The study reviewed 63 publications that utilized various methods for measuring cranial, forehead, and facial shape. The researchers found that while 3D photogrammetry shows promise, there is a need for a standardized protocol to ensure consistent clinical and research applications. This research provides valuable insights for future studies in this field. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Health Sciences discusses a case of an adolescent female with anosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, intellectual disability, and papillary thyroid carcinoma. The patient exhibited symptoms such as obesity, epilepsy, poor school performance, and delayed puberty. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous deletion of the TCF12 gene, which is associated with craniosynostosis and various cancer types. The study suggests that further research on TCF12 variations could enhance our understanding of craniosynostosis and its potential link to Kallmann syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

A recent systematic review conducted by researchers at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) examined the geospatial and socioeconomic disparities that may impact the management and outcomes of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. The review found that socioeconomic factors such as race, insurance payor, and median zip code income quartile were predictors of suboptimal surgical management outcomes, including older age at the time of surgery and more invasive surgical approaches. However, there is a lack of research on geospatial access to craniosynostosis care centers, suggesting a need for further investigation. The study acknowledges limitations, including potential publication bias and reviewer bias. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Utah explores a novel surgical treatment for frontosphenoidal craniosynostosis (FSC), a rare condition characterized by the premature fusion of the frontosphenoidal suture. The researchers propose the use of distraction osteogenesis as a viable option for correcting isolated synostosis deformities in FSC patients. This approach offers advantages such as shorter operating time, reduced hospital stays, and improved final head contour. The study concludes that distraction osteogenesis shows promise in the management of FSC. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia examined the efficacy of cranial vault expansion in patients with refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) or shunted hydrocephalus. The study found that cranial vault expansion, particularly utilizing posterior vault distraction osteogenesis (PVDO), reduced intracranial hypertension-related symptoms and the need for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion procedures. The study included 13 patients, with 4 having IIH and 9 having shunted hydrocephalus. The findings suggest that cranial vault expansion should be considered as a treatment option for patients with significant shunt morbidity. [Extracted from the article]

A recent systematic review conducted by researchers at the Cleveland Clinic examined non-invasive methods for measuring intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with craniosynostosis, a condition characterized by the premature fusion of the skull bones. While direct measurements are currently considered the gold standard for measuring ICP, the review identified several non-invasive modalities that showed promise in accurately measuring ICP, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ocular ultrasonography. However, further investigation is needed before these modalities can replace invasive measurements. The study provides valuable insights into the current state of non-invasive ICP measurement in patients with craniosynostosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, explores a technique for treating lambdoid craniosynostosis, a rare condition characterized by the premature fusion of the lambdoid suture in the skull. The technique involves the removal and repositioning of parietal bones to correct skull asymmetry. The authors of the study believe that this technique can effectively correct the appearance of the skull and reduce the risk of complications. However, further research is needed to confirm the long-term efficacy of this technique. The study was supported by the St. Louis Children's Hospital Foundation and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Seattle Children's Hospital compared two surgical techniques, open middle and posterior cranial vault expansion (OPVE) and endoscopic strip craniectomy (ES), for treating isolated sagittal synostosis. The study analyzed cranial morphometrics of patients who underwent these procedures before 4 months of age and compared them to age-matched controls. The researchers found that both techniques resulted in normalization of cranial shape after 2 years, with minimal morphometric differences. The choice between the two approaches should be based on factors such as age at presentation, avoidance of blood transfusion, scar pattern, and availability of helmet molding, rather than expected outcome. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at New York University (NYU) Langone Medical Center has identified a genetic mutation associated with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (CS), a common cranial birth defect. The researchers analyzed data from 876 children with nonsyndromic CS and found that 1% of the cases had rare mutations in the AXIN1 gene, which is involved in regulating osteoblast differentiation. The findings suggest a link between AXIN1 mutations and cranial suture patency, and have implications for genetic testing in families with CS. The study provides valuable insights into the genetic causes of craniosynostosis and may contribute to future treatment strategies. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Women's and Children's Hospital in Adelaide, Australia discusses the potential link between VACTERL association and metopic synostosis, a condition characterized by the premature fusion of the skull bones. The researchers found three female patients with both conditions, despite there being no known connection between them in the literature. The study suggests that this co-occurrence is rare and that further research is needed to identify any underlying genetic factors. The research has been peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Children's Hospital Philadelphia has found that the supraorbital notch-nasion-supraorbital notch (SNS) angle can be used as a marker to identify the severity of metopic craniosynostosis (MCS). The study analyzed the records of 212 patients and compared the SNS angles, craniofacial dysmorphology rankings, and CranioRate metopic severity scores (MSSs) among different cohorts. The results showed that both the SNS angle and MSS accurately predicted the need for surgical intervention. This research provides valuable insights into the diagnosis and treatment of MCS. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands, examined the satisfaction levels of child-patients who underwent surgery for sagittal synostosis, a condition where the bones of the skull fuse prematurely. The study found that the majority of child-patients were satisfied with the outcome of the surgery, but 33% expressed a desire to change the shape of their head. The study also revealed differences between child-patients and their parents in reporting adaptive behavior. The researchers concluded that the child's perspective is valuable in evaluating the success of sagittal synostosis surgery. [Extracted from the article]

A systematic review conducted by researchers from Children's National Hospital in Washington, D.C. explores the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on the surgical management and outcomes of patients with craniosynostosis. The review analyzed 13 studies and found that patients with public medical insurance were more likely to experience delays in referral, undergo open procedures instead of minimally-invasive ones, and have more complications, longer hospital stays, and higher medical charges. The study suggests that further investigation is needed to identify interventions that can improve the overall care of patients with craniosynostosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Mississippi Medical Center focused on the implementation of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol for cranial vault remodeling procedures in patients with craniosynostosis. The study found that the use of the ERAS protocol was associated with decreased narcotic usage and a shorter stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, the total hospital length of stay remained unchanged. The researchers concluded that implementing an ERAS protocol for these procedures could potentially improve outcomes and maximize hospital reimbursement. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in Monza, Italy, focused on pediatric patients with craniofacial synostosis undergoing Le Fort III osteotomy. Craniofacial synostosis is a genetic syndrome that causes premature fusion of cranial and facial sutures, resulting in deformities and complications. The study found that the surgical procedure had a complex perioperative course, with patients requiring transfusions and postoperative care in the intensive care unit. The researchers emphasized the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to minimize complications and called for further research to improve perioperative management for this patient population. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine provides new insights into the treatment of rickets, a condition that often leads to craniosynostosis. The study discusses the use of distraction osteogenesis and endoscopic suturectomy as alternative approaches to cranial vault remodeling. The researchers describe two successful cases of patients with rachitic craniosynostosis who underwent posterior-vault distraction osteogenesis. The study concludes that this technique effectively treats rachitic craniosynostosis associated with both genetic and nutritional causes. Long-term follow-up is recommended to monitor potential complications and midface retrusion. [Extracted from the article]

New research from the University of Adelaide in Australia has explored the treatment of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS), a craniosynostosis condition caused by a mutation in the TWIST-1 gene. The current treatment for SCS involves invasive surgery, but this study investigated the use of a chemical inhibitor called crizotinib to suppress the activity of the C-ROS-1 receptor, which promotes bone formation. The researchers found that crizotinib effectively maintained the openness of the coronal sutures in a preclinical mouse model of SCS, with no adverse effects on other tissues. This study lays the groundwork for a potential nonsurgical, targeted approach to treating SCS and other craniosynostosis conditions caused by genetic mutations. [Extracted from the article]

A recent meta-analysis conducted by researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai examined the relationship between ethnicity and suture type in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients. The study found that Hispanic children had higher odds of sagittal suture involvement, while Asian children had higher odds of coronal suture involvement. On the other hand, both Asian and African American children had lower odds of sagittal suture involvement. The researchers concluded that further research with larger and more diverse data is needed to fully understand the relationship between ethnicity and craniosynostosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from Ulster University in Belfast, United Kingdom, explores the interrelations between surgical outcomes and various parameters in the treatment of sagittal synostosis using spring-assisted cranioplasty. Sagittal synostosis is the most common type of craniosynostosis, and spring-assisted cranioplasty is a minimally invasive technique used to correct it. The study found that the elastic modulus of the bones and bone thickness significantly affect the post-operative cranial index in sagittal synostosis after spring-assisted cranioplasty. These findings suggest that understanding and quantifying the mechanical and geometric properties of the skull can improve surgical outcomes in this procedure. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands, has addressed the lack of evidence on optimal diagnostic and treatment practices for facial dysostosis syndromes (FDS). The study involved a collaboration of European experts who developed a clinical consensus statement using the Delphi consensus method. Through a series of voting rounds, consensus was achieved on various statements covering topics such as general care, craniofacial reconstruction, genetics, and psychology. This consensus statement provides valuable insights into FDS care and highlights the commitment of healthcare professionals to improve the understanding and management of these rare syndromes in Europe. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Great Ormond St. Hospital for Sick Children in London have conducted a study on the natural history of metopic synostosis, a condition characterized by the premature fusion of the metopic suture in the skull. The study analyzed the changes in head shape over time in a group of unoperated children with metopic synostosis. The researchers found significant improvements in certain parameters related to head shape, which can provide valuable information for surgical and parental decision-making. The study was supported by various organizations, including the Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research and the National Institutes of Health Research. [Extracted from the article]