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Monogamous primates are widely reported as living in small groups of an adult pair and one to three juveniles who are assumed to disperse soon after sexual maturity. Given the scarcity of long-term demographic data on monogamous primates, the ultimate causes of dispersal, as well as the age at which dispersal occurs, have not been systematically examined. This study investigated age of juvenile dispersal in ten groups of Aotus azarai in Formosa, Argentina. Survival analysis techniques for censored data were applied to 42 months of observations to construct age-specific probabilities of remaining in the natal group. Our results show that approximately 50% of the young dispersed around 24 months of age while the other half remained in the natal territory with the natal group for more than 36 months. Dispersal in Aotus has previously been characterized as applying uniformly to all offspring within a set age range. Our results suggest a more complex social structure existing alongside a monogamous mating structure and raise the possibility of selective bequeathal of the territory to the offspring. The ultimate causes of delayed dispersal may be analyzed from the perspectives of offspring and parents. Offspring that do not leave the natal group after maturity may delay their reproductive lives but gain the advantage of prolonged access to, or inheritance of, the territorial resource. Parents that tolerate their offspring in the group beyond their age of maturity may increase the possibility that their territories will be inherited by their own offspring. Patterns of dispersal in this monogamous species may therefore reflect the reproductive value of a capital resource: a territory.

In Colombia, Public-Private Partnerships have emerged as a tool for increasing the development of infrastructure projects for highways. These projects have focused on economic highways and have set aside the social ones. This article proposes a conceptual framework based on shadow toll schemes, cash flows, and the three bands proposed by the World Bank, which are used in this article as mechanisms for funding rural highway projects. Strategic financial indicators were considered in designing the proposal. Thus, it is appropriate to encourage both private investment and financial mechanisms to promote projects which will have a social impact. In addition, this article introduces new policies to be implemented by the Colombian government with the aim of encouraging private investors to invest in social highways. As a result, it is expected that this work will contribute to enhancing the financing process in Colombia. It is concluded that to increase the development of rural highways, the creation of a debt fund with an investment focus on social projects is mandatory. Future research opportunities on this topic are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional societies are characterized by the predominance of religious worldviews, in contrast to modern societies, which open up other avenues of sense, besides religious expression. This study aims to determine the influence of the values of modern societies on religious changes, between 1990 and 2000. We have recourse to data from the European Values Survey for eight Catholic countries. The EVS questionnaire provides a set of guidelines in various areas of life. Several scales have been built with the aim of presenting value orientations. In our analysis we selected two constructs: following Inglehart's thesis, which enables us to explain the change in values, and the Rokeach set of questions to determine the values that individuals considered essential for life. The results allowed us to conclude that we are witnessing a reconfiguration of the mindset that has a decisive influence on younger generations who have assimilated the values of independence and determination and the values of welfare and selfrealization, once the socio-cultural and economic context was favourable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac Sarcoidosis (CS) is a chronic granulomatous disease that can recur in transplanted hearts. There are currently no standardized guidelines for management of CS in heart transplant recipients. A 58-year-old male with end-stage NICM (presumed chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity) presented with shortness of breath, and persistent low flow alarms on his HVAD. His past medical history was significant for leukemia (treated with doxorubicin), non-sustained VT s/p ICD and HVAD as bridge-to-transplant (2016). RHC showed evidence of cardiogenic shock. He was upgraded to UNOS Status 2 and underwent orthotropic heart transplant (OHT) on 7/30/21. He received standard induction (Basiliximab) and maintenance (Tacrolimus, MMF, prednisone) immunosuppression regimen. Unexpectedly, his explanted heart was noted to have non-necrotizing granulomatous myocarditis consistent with CS. He was switched from MMF to Sirolimus at 7 months post-OHT after TTE showed normal biventricular function and surveillance biopsy revealed 0R, AMR0. He was weaned off prednisone at 8 months. Subsequent cardiac biopsy showed recurrence of non-necrotizing granulomas with focal infiltrates (Fig A), suggesting recurrence of CS and mild acute cellular rejection (1R, AMR0). Patient remained asymptomatic with normal biventricular function. He was restarted on high dose prednisone and switched from Sirolimus to MMF. Tacrolimus goal was kept at 8-10. Five months following CS recurrence, cardiac PET showed no evidence of CS on Tacrolimus, MMF and low-dose prednisone. Recurrent CS in a transplanted heart is rare and usually manifests itself once immunosuppression is weaned. While there are no standard guidelines for its management, standard dose MMF plus low-dose prednisone in addition to Tacrolimus was effective in preventing further recurrence in our patient. Routine monitoring for recurrence is important for early detection and prevention of life-threatening complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El actual conjunto de Normas que regulan la oferta de servicios de planificación familiar por parte de los organismos oficiales de salud en Colombia, tuvo su origen a mediados de 1984. Pese a que los documentos técnicos que especificaban las normas y procedimientos de dicha actividad fueron preparados en el año mencionado, sólo hasta 1987 la División Materno Infantil del Ministerio de Salud Pública pudo contar con una publicación especialmente preparada para hacer conocer las normas de la mayoría de los organismos oficiales de salud, instituciones de educación superior, escuelas de auxiliares de enfermería y otros en el país.

From the teachers' point of view one of the key issues concerning the teaching/ learning process is the students' lack of motivation, either because of the inadequacy of the teaching methods, which do not create involving situations, or because the students simply don't want to study and consequently don't want to learn. To study motivation in learning involves a deeper understanding of a complex system of interrelated factors which operate as a whole in the students' motivation. We have based the present study on Boruchovitch and Neves (2006), Siqueira and Wechsler (2006) and Simões and Alarcão (2011), who defend the use of a quantitative scale to measure students' motivation, with the aim of setting up and validating evaluation tools on students' learning motivation. Our practical procedure consisted on the designing of these instruments, following the theoretical models; its application to a determined number of subjects; the application of other psychological tools for the study of convergent validity and for the verification of theoretical hypothesis; a factor analysis for item construction in the factors which will determine the final instruments and, finally, the study of the time stability for the test application and re-testing after a determined time lapse. The final results allow us to verify that it is possible to measure motivation for learning. We consider it is relevant to continue this research so that we may understand the students' real motivations. This analysis will be essential for the setting up of a set of strategies to fight school failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Spanish-based study found that some adolescents link attractiveness with violence. Previous research showed that a socialization process within teenagers' contexts promotes this association. The results suggest that this link is one of the possible causes of the high rates of gender violence among youth. Debates regarding this research already have had political repercussions. Although the 2004 Spanish Act Against Gender Violence--the first of its kind in Europe--acknowledged violence with romantic partners or ex-partners, the 2008 Catalan Act on the Right of Women to Eradicate Chauvinist Violence also recognizes gender violence in dating, and considers preventive socialization as a main measure. This study provides key knowledge to support this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to compare and combine data quantitatively is becoming morefrequent in studies of animal behaviour, ecology and conservation. Using a hypothetical data set, I point out some limitations of combining and comparing data using Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST). First, I discuss three different aspects of data analysis that should regularly be considered: (1) effect size estimation, (2) confidence intervals estimation and, (3) power analysis. I then suggest meta- analysis as a sensible alternative method to account for some limitations of NHST. Meta-analysis is a quantitative technique for the combination and comparison of independent but similar studies. Meta-analysis allows comparison and summary of effect sizes across studies. When testing hypotheses framed in evolutionary theory, where small effects may have profound consequences, a knowledge of the magnitude of the association may be as important as knowing whether the data complywith the arbitrary, sacred and dogmatic significance criterion of p < 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]