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A production process transforming multiple inputs to different outputs is considered in conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models. In various settings, however, there are factors that simultaneously play the roles of both input and output called dual-role factors. In some situations, additional information is available to impose on a DEA model with dual-role factors, or the decision maker is forced to impose some restrictions regarding the importance of dual-role factors on the model. Toward this end, the current research employs two different weighting methods to introduce various weighted DEA models in the presence of dual-role factors. To strengthen the accuracy of the new models, their properties are discussed. Then, each new model is illustrated in details by a numerical example. Moreover, to show that the new models are applicable, they are applied to the Iranian banking sector. To do this, 20 bank branches which have dual-role factors are assessed. At last, to show the outcome of weight restrictions, the results obtained by each new model are compared with those from Cook and Zhu’s model [Eur. J. Oper. Res. 180 (2007) 692–699].

The oral and maxillofacial surgery model of anesthesia delivery is the subject of some controversy. However, a long track record of patient safety provides compelling support for the dual role of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon as proceduralist and anesthetist. Among the elements critical to continued success is a clear understanding of the pharmacology of the agents used to produce sedation and general anesthesia. This review highlights 6 sedation agents used as part of a balanced anesthesia technique in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

The reducing gases produced and NO reduction by sewage sludge combustion were investigated in a self-made cement precalciner. The dual role of O2 concentration (0–5 vol%) in the production characteristics of reducing gases and the reduction efficiency of NO were evaluated experimentally. TG-FTIR analysis demonstrated that the key reducing gaseous species produced by sewage sludge combustion were HCN, NH3, CO, and CH4. And experiments demonstrated that O2 concentration had pronounced effects on NH3 distribution, the maximum production rate was obtained at an O2 concentration of 3 vol%. Meanwhile, the reducing gases NH3 and CO were the key species for NO reduction in the cement precalciner, and the reduction efficiency of NO, when reduced by NH3, increased with an increase in O2 concentration, while the reduction performance of NO by CO was limited by O2 concentration. Therefore, O2 concentration greatly influences NO reduction efficiency by sewage sludge combustion; the maximum NO reduction efficiency was 61.67% at an O2 concentration of 3 vol%. The difference in NO reduction by sewage sludge combustion under different O2 concentrations was primarily attributed to NH3 production rate and NO reduction by NH3 and CO, which is greatly affected by O2 concentration. Sewage sludge combustion can result in NO reduction in the cement kiln flue gas and resource utilisation of sewage sludge.

Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet drei zentrale Diskussionsbereiche mit Blick auf die Anwendung des Wettbewerbsrechts auf kommerzialisierte Sportmärkte im Allgemeinen und Märkte für den europäischen Spitzenfußball im Speziellen. Hierbei handelt es sich um die wettbewerbspolitische und sportökonomische Bewertung der Zentralvermarktung von Übertragungsrechten, der sog. 50plus1-Sonderregel im deutschen Fußball sowie die fundamentale Frage der Marktmacht von marktinternen Regulierern (z.B. UEFA oder DFB) und ihrer Begrenzung. Die Gemeinsamkeit dieser drei Diskussionsbereichen liegt in der sportspezifischen Besonderheit, dass eine (marktinterne) Regulierung in der Regel als notwendig anerkannt wird - allerdings häufig, ohne dass gleichzeitig Handlungsspielräume und Anreize für Marktmachtmissbrauch durch den marktinternen Regulierer angemessen berücksichtigt werden. Anhand der drei Beispiele werden Marktmacht, Handlungsspielraum und antikompetitive Dual-Role-Anreize von Sportverbänden diskutiert, wobei ein Hauptaugenmerk auf die Einbindung von (empirischer) sportökonomischer Evidenz gelegt wird.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many female entrepreneurs are trying to maintain their household financial cycles from the businesses they own. Therefore, they need social support from their family and environment to maintain the business performance that they had built before the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is the initial research of a large umbrella of research with the topic of Analysis of the Effect of Multiple Role Conflicts on Performance Women Entrepreneurs During the COVID-19 Pandemic with Social Support as Moderating Variable. This study examines the picture of dual role conflict and social support on the performance of women entrepreneurs with disabilities during the Covid-19 pandemic. The outputs are expected to help women entrepreneurs with disabilities maintain their business performance by reducing dual role conflicts and getting social support from the surrounding environment. Data collection was carried out with a qualitative approach with snowball sampling which was taken through interviews with six selected respondents. The characteristics of the sample are: 1) Female: married and (was) married, has at least 1 child, 2) Have a business/entrepreneurship for at least the last 6 months, 3) People with hearing disabilities, and 4) Domiciled on the island of Java. Based on the results of the study, the effect of multiple roles on the performance of women entrepreneurs was slightly felt in families with children aged over 12 years, while housewives who had children under 12 years had a considerable influence. The performance of women entrepreneurs during the Covid-19 pandemic has increased, this is due to declining economic conditions. While forms of social support that help women entrepreneurs to maintain their performance as entrepreneurs during the Covid-19 pandemic are instrumental support, informational support, emotional support, and positive assessments obtained from family and friends. Social support is the main thing for women entrepreneurs to overcome dual role conflicts in their families, the social support they get comes from the family so that dual role conflicts in the family do not occur in women entrepreneurs.

A convenient synthetic protocol for the unprecedented N-hydroxylation of proline residue in Melanostatin (MIF-1) neuropeptide is reported. This methodology is grounded on the incorporation of N-(cyanoethyl)prolyl residue followed by on-site oxidation by Cope elimination with m-chloroperbenzoic acid, exploring the unrecognized dual role of the cyanoethyl group as an effective N-protecting group under peptide synthesis conditions and as a suitable leaving group during the chemoselective on-site N-oxidation. Following this protocol N-hydroxy-MIF-1 is obtained in 78% global yield from N-(cyanoethyl)-l-proline. This synthetic approach opens a new avenue for access to N-hydroxylated Melanostatin analogues with direct application in neurochemistry and Parkinson’s research.

Malaria is a serious and, in some unfortunate cases, fatal disease caused by a parasite of the Plasmodium genus. It predominantly occurs in tropical areas where it is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. The pathogenesis of malaria is complex and incompletely elucidated. During blood-stage infection, in response to the presence of the parasite, the host’s immune system produces proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, and TNF, cytokines which play a pivotal role in controlling the growth of the parasite and its elimination. Regulatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β and IL-10 maintain the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. However, in many cases, cytokines have a double role. On the one hand, they contribute to parasitic clearance, and on the other, they are responsible for pathological changes encountered in malaria. Cytokine-modulating strategies may represent a promising modern approach in disease management. In this review, we discuss the host immune response in malaria, analyzing the latest studies on the roles of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

The hypothesis that evolved behaviors play a determining role in facilitating and impeding the evolution of other traits has been discussed for more than 100 years with little consensus beyond an agreement that the ideas are theoretically plausible in accord with the Modern Synthesis. Many recent reviews of the genomic, epigenetic, and developmental mechanisms underpinning major behavioral transitions show how facultative expression of novel behaviors can lead to the evolution of obligate behaviors and structures that enhance behavioral function. Phylogenetic and genomic studies indicate that behavioral traits are generally evolutionarily more labile than other traits and that they help shape selective environments on the latter traits. Adaptive decision-making to encounter resources and avoid stress sources requires specific sensory inputs, which behaviorally shape selective environments by determining those features of the external world that are biologically relevant. These recent findings support the hypothesis of a dual role for behavior in evolution and are consistent with current evolutionary theory.

Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common type of intraocular malignant tumor that lowers the quality of life among children worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are reported to play a dual role in tumorigenesis and development of RB. Autophagy is also reported to be involved in RB occurrence. Although several studies of autophagy-related lncRNAs in RB have been explored before, there are still unknown potential mechanisms in RB. In the present study, we mined dataset GSE110811 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and downloaded autophagy-related genes from the Human Autophagy Database for further bioinformatic analysis. By implementing the differential expression analysis and Pearson correlation analysis on the lncRNA expression matrix and autophagy-related genes expression matrix, we identified four autophagy-related lncRNAs (namely, N4BP2L2-IT2, SH3BP5-AS1, CDKN2B-AS1, and LINC-PINT) associated with RB. We then performed differential expression analysis on microRNA (miRNA) from dataset GSE39105 for further analyses of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory mechanisms. With the miRNA-lncRNA module on the StarBase 3.0 website, we predicted the differentially expressed miRNAs that could target the autophagy-related lncRNAs and constructed a potential lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Furthermore, the functional annotations of these target genes in regulatory networks were presented using the Cytoscape and the Metascape annotation tool. Finally, the expression pattern of the four autophagy-related lncRNAs was evaluated via qRT-PCR. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the four autophagy-related lncRNAs could be critical molecules associated with the development of RB and affect the occurrence and development of RB through the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Genes (GRP13B, IFT88, EPHA3, GABARAPL1, and EIF4EBP1) may serve as potential novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers in RB.

Purpose We investigated schoolteachers' emotional reactions to COVID-19 and mental health during three phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. We further analyzed if teachers, who belonged to a COVID-19 risk group, had more emotional reactions and poorer mental health than "non-risk" groups. Methods We collected questionnaire data in May, June, and November-December 2020 and used data from 2665 teachers at public schools (871 individuals participated in all three surveys). Participants reported their fear of infection, fear of transmission of infection to their home or pupils, perceived burnout and stress, and worries about their ability to manage the working conditions. We included information about COVID-19 risk group status, gender, age, organization of teaching (physical presence or remote teaching), and the pupils' grade. We estimated prevalence ratios and took repeated measures into account. Results Emotional reactions and poor mental health increased significantly with 27-84% from May to November-December 2020. Teachers, who were particularly vulnerable to the adverse consequences of COVID-19, had the highest prevalence of fear of infection and poor mental health. Conclusion Teachers play a crucial role in a society's response to a pandemic. Yet, the dual role of teaching and virus control along with concerns regarding the health consequences of an infection may contribute to the observed increase in emotional reactions to COVID-19 and poor mental health.

Global change poses new challenges for pest management. Omnivorous predatory arthropods play an important role in pest management, yet their potential has not been fully explored. Not only do they consume prey, but their plant-feeding induces plant defences that decrease herbivores' performance, and increases production of volatiles that attract natural enemies. Growing evidence from different plant-arthropod systems indicates the generality of plant defence induction following omnivore plant-feeding. Furthermore, these responses appear to affect other organisms (e.g. plant viruses), altering multi-trophic interactions. Here, we review the dual role of omnivores (as predators and plant inducers), identify knowledge gaps and provide future perspectives to increase our understanding of omnivores' multiple functions, and how this can be applied to advance plant protection strategies.

This paper presents a hitherto unpublished essay by the Danish symbolist poet Sophus Claussen (1865-1931). The essay entitled ‘Leonardo da Vinci’ was intended for the collection Løvetandsfnug (‘dandelion fluff’), 1918, but was for unknown reasons omitted in the final edition. In the essay, Claussen recalls when, at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence in 1902–03, he saw a painting (perhaps by Leonardo da Vinci) depicting the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary. At the time, the Virgin Mary of the painting reminded Claussen of a young Danish girl with whom he had been hopelessly in love some ten years prior. The remembrance of this past experience, at the time of writing the essay in early or mid 1918, causes him to contemplate not only the artistic method of Leonardo, but also, more generally, the relationship between chastity and lust, nature and imitation, and art and science. ‘Leonardo da Vinci’ has never been described in the secondary sources on Claussen’s work. It is, however, arguably both interesting and exemplary for its dual role as both a biographical and poetological lead in his essays and in his oeuvre as a whole.

PurposeThis research seeks to establish the roles of marketer-driven relationship-building strategies – relationship-marketing orientation and knowledge sharing with customers on intrinsic customer motivation and the continued usage of mobile banking apps.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was conducted among 342 m-banking users in India. Data were analyzed and the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling.FindingsRelationship-marketing orientation was found to have a positive and significant influence on customer intrinsic motivation and knowledge sharing with customers. Customer intrinsic motivation was found to play a dual role as a driver of continued mobile banking usage and as an intervening mechanism between relationship-marketing orientation and continued usage of mobile banking.Research limitations/implicationsThis research was conducted only in one country. It was therefore not possible to consider varying regulations across markets and their effects on continued usage of mobile banking.Originality/valueFirst time in the m-banking literature, this research establishes the pivotal role of intrinsic customer motivation in the continued usage of mobile banking. While evaluating drivers of continued usage of m-banking, most studies considered various aspects of the technology itself. This research instead evaluates consumer-centric and marketer-led antecedents in driving the continued usage of mobile banking.

School rabbi-teachers are responsible for both the religious education and the daily classroom routines of their pupils. There are many conflicts that arise from the tension between these dual role...

Background The objective of this study was to investigate the experiences of caregiver-employees (CEs) from the Korean-Canadian community in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area. Methods Nine participants were recruited and invited to partake in data collection, which consisted of the completion of a sociodemographic questionnaire as well as a qualitative, semi-structured interview. The interview transcripts were thematically analyzed. Result The thematic analysis revealed four primary themes, each of which had three sub-themes. The four primary themes are:: (i) tensions, (ii) adaptations to the dual role of being a CE, (iii) coping mechanisms, and (iv) desired changes to the status quo. Conclusion The result of this study suggest that Korean-Canadian CEs, as a consequence of their position at the convergence of Korean and Western cultural values, would be best supported through the provision of culturally sensitive supports and greater workplace accommodation.

Using the setting of corporate site visits, this study examines the information interpretation role of board secretaries on market information efficiency. We find that the presence of the board secretary during corporate site visits can significantly improve the information content of such visits. From the perspective of information interpretation ability, when the board secretary has a dual role, receives high relative compensation, and has a high level of education, his or her participation in site visits has a greater effect on improving the informativeness of such visits. From the perspective of information asymmetry, the information interpretation role of the board secretary is more pronounced when the level of information asymmetry between the firm and its investors is high. Further analysis shows that when the board secretary attends more site visits, the level of analyst forecast error is lower. In summary, we confirm the information interpretation role of board secretaries, which is useful for opening the “black box” of their participation in the information assimilation process and for better understanding of how to improve market information efficiency.

The spread of Acinetobacter baumannii in clinical settings is a great concern at the time being, given the epidemic potential and the capacity to elude the effects of drugs of this bacterial species. How A. baumannii achieves its resistance determinants is not yet exactly understood, hence the need for new studies aimed at resolving its structure and functions. In this work, we employ Re-scan Confocal Microscopy (RCM), an emerging super-resolution technique, for investigating the morphology of this pathogen. Interestingly, about 1.5% of the imaged cells were found to be filamentous without internal division septa, in both logarithmic and stationary phases, which, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. Since filamenting represents one of the first mechanisms adopted by bacteria to resist antibiotic effects, we also focus on evaluating the sensitivity of A. baumannii to colistin. For this, the LIVE/DEAD ratio is assessed by means of a fluorometric approach based on SYTO9 and KK114 dyes, two stains that we also used for RCM imaging. Their dual role demonstrated here can potentially be exploited in-tandem in multimodal systems for imaging and fluorometry.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the financial decision-making process of farmers and to highlight the potential role that improved farm financial management (FFM) could play in developing sustainable farm enterprises. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a qualitative approach with 27 semi-structured interviews exploring farmers’ financial decision-making processes. Subsequently, the interview findings were presented to a focus group. Sensemaking theory is adopted as a theoretical lens to develop the empirical findings. Findings The evidence highlights that FFM has a dual role to play in farmer decision-making. Some FFM activities may act as a cue, which triggers a sensebreaking activity, causing the farmer to enter a process of sensemaking whilst some/other FFM activities are drawn upon to provide a sensegiving role in the sensemaking process. The role of FFM in farmer decision-making is strongly influenced by the decision type (strategic or operational) being undertaken and the farm type (dairy, tillage or beef) in operation. Originality/value The literature suggests that the majority of farmers spend little time on financial management. However, there are farmers who have quite a high level of engagement in FFM activities, when undertaking strategic farm expansion decisions. Those FFM activities help them to navigate through operational decision-making and to make sense of their strategic decision-making.

The book’s foreword by Laszlo Felkai, State Secretary for Administration of the Ministry of the Interior, begins with „Respect to the reader and the administration!” Consonant with the intention of the authors, he considers the use of the term filling the gap to be justified because, “this type of authentic textbook has not yet been prepared on the period of system change and modernization of the Ministry of the Interior between 1989-1994.” In his writing he covers that the authors of the book take on a dual role of the socio-state processes affecting the home affairs administration and the radical transformation of certain sub-areas of the home affairs administration through their experiences. We are talking about a multiple author’s book, which was published as a compilation of Imre Verebelyi’s ingenious editorial work.

This research is based on the results of observations made by the author, namely the number of victims of traffic accidents aged 16-30 years, many victims of traffic accidents, traffic accidents in Karawang every year lose up to 500 children's lives under the age of 25 years, and including six students from class XII SMK Texmaco Purwasari among them. The author assumes that the incident was caused by the low awareness of students in understanding traffic laws. This study aimed to find out the answers to assumptions regarding students' awareness in understanding traffic laws and the role of teachers in shaping traffic awareness, especially at SMK TEXMACO Purwasari. The approach used by the researcher is a descriptive qualitative approach with theoretical analysis of -O-R (Stimulus Organism Response) to identify that student awareness can be formed through the communication of the role of the PAI teacher. This study indicates that the role of the PAI teacher in shaping student traffic law awareness includes: a) the first as an Informator, b) the dual role as an organizer, c) the third role as a motivator. d) The fourth role is as a facilitator, e) the fifth role is as a supervisor, f) the last role is as a class manager.

The background of the problem: The working mother / career woman first meets the economic needs of the family, the two wives have a bachelor's degree to develop knowledge, the third can share time. The importance of this research is to know and analyze how the role of women according to their nature, Islamic views of housewives career outside the home and the role of career women in children's education. The research method uses qualitative where the data primary and secondary obtained through interviews, observation and documentation. Respondents were female teachers at SDIT Al Bina Purwakarta. The results showed that career women / teachers of SDIT Al Bina can help families in the field of economy / money income. Carry out his nature fitroh properly and correctly. Carry out its functions as a housewife, wife and teacher well, and can raise children at home properly. Can practice science, can pursue a career as a professional teacher and can play a dual role as a mother Wife and Teacher. Keywords: Career woman, Al Bina SDIT teacher

Lipases play an important dual role in the dairy industry. Lipases improve quality but cause deterioration and changes in quality during the processing and storage of dairy products. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive method for determining lipase activity is needed. A new reagent, called a ‘Clarifying Buffer’, was developed for the clarification of opaque milk and the direct detection of lipase activity in milk using spectrophotometry. The present study successfully used a microplate-based method to analyze lipase activity in milk products. The lipase activities of raw milk samples subjected to different heat treatments were evaluated using the new method. The new method was sensitive to the activity of trace lipase in milk samples treated at 135 °C for 5, 10, and 30 s.

Charitable giving is often seen as voluntary prosocial behavior. However, compulsory donations are not uncommon in countries such as China. This paper explores this understudied phenomenon by exami...

Purpose Little research has explored the experiences and perspectives of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses who have also experienced being NICU parents. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of these nurses who have or have ever had an infant hospitalized in a NICU. Design and methods A qualitative descriptive design using semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 9 registered Jordanian NICU nurses who have or have had a child admitted to a NICU. Results Findings suggest an oscillation between the role of being a nurse and the role of being a mother. The nurses' background clinical experience has an impact on how they provided and received care and on the decisions they made regarding their infants' care plans. Nurses reported fears of the “recommended patient syndrome” and tried to avoid being labeled as “nagging” by other healthcare providers. Conclusions Study findings shed light on the needs of NICU nurses with NICU admitted infants and the struggle faced by nurses-mothers as a result of their dual role, and highlights the importance of the family centered developmental care approach that recognizes the family as the cornerstone of the NICU health care team. Practice implications Findings highlight issues related to the shared needs between mothers and nurse-mothers in relation to proximity and involvement in newborn care plan.

Background: Work–family conflict (WFC) and Family–work conflict (FWC) are likely to exert negative influences on an individual’s mental health, resulting in lower life satisfaction and greater internal conflict at work-family interface. Existing literature on WFC ignores the teaching profession, despite it being a universal phenomenon. This study expands on WFC & FWC occurring in the lives of female teachers, with special mention of psychological distress and wellbeing of the working women. Methods: The main objectives of the study were to compare WFC with FWC among married teachers of urban Meerut and to assess various factors associated with them. It was a cross-sectional study conducted in schools of urban block of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh on 384 teachers aged 20 - 50 years, and married for at least 3 years. Data was collected using a questionnaire containing Breyer’s work family conflict scale and analysed using SPSS V25, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation Results: FWC (Mean 5.97; SD=1.962) was found to be greater than WFC (Mean 4.93.01; SD=1.571). More than 60% of the participants were always or often asked to bear the brunt of dual role, even when most of them (~58%) were working solely due to family needs. Variables like reason for working, work experiences and demand for dual roles were found to be important in deciding WFC as well as FWC. Conclusions: This study explores WFC/ FWC and governing factors in these conflicts. Present study found that family roles created more friction towards work roles in teachers rather than work roles creating friction in family roles. Keywords: Work Family conflict, Teachers, Married, Women.

The dual role experienced by female employees can create stress which, if it happens continuously, will interfere with employee productivity and performance in the company. This study aims to determine the effect of work family conflict on employee performance through job stress management as an intervening variable and social support as a moderating variable. The research was conducted on women employees at PT Krakatau Steel (Persero) Tbk with a total sample of 100 people. The data analysis in this study used the Structural Equation Modeling approach which was processed by SmartPLS program. From the research conducted, it is concluded that 1) work family conflict has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, 2) work family conflict has a positive and significant effect on work stress management, 3) job stress management has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, 4) social support does not moderate the relationship of work family conflict to job stress management, 5) social support weakens the relationship of work family conflict to employee performance.

ABSRACTSelf management means putting everything on a regular basis in life, in the use of time, choice, interests, activities, as well as in the physical and mental balance. It also means pushing self to get ahead, arrange all the elements of the personal, controlling potential willingness to accomplish good things, and develop various aspects of private life to make it more perfect. The first requirement for all students to achieve their education goals is self-motivation. Secondly, self organization is setting up as well as possible against the thought, effort, time, places, objects and all other resources in one's life so that students achieved personal efficiency. So that his dual role as students and workers can go hand in hand. From recognition of the informant about the students apply learning strategies in regards to qualify themselves indicate that there are a number of students who are aware of a good self management will bring a profit for them. Among them, the Division of time between lectures and other activities are not interrupted, his schedule became organized, as students and other activities are not disrupted, could set out the lesson, as well as being able to tackle the problems facing it. Keywords: Self Management, Students, Multiple Roles

Despite remarkable advances in our knowledge about the function of autophagy in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, the debate continues over whether autophagy is protective or deleterious in cardiac I/R. Due to the complexity of autophagy signaling, autophagy can play a dual role in the pathological processes of myocardial I/R injury. Thus, more researches are needed to shed light on the complex roles of autophagy in cardioprotection for the future clinical development. Such researches can lead to the finding of new therapeutic strategies for improving cardiac I/R outcomes in patients. Several preclinical studies have targeted autophagy flux as a beneficial strategy against myocardial I/R injury. In this review, we aimed to discuss the complex contribution of autophagy in myocardial I/R injury, as well as the therapeutic agents that have been shown to be useful in reducing myocardial I/R injury by targeting autophagy. For this reason, we provided an updated summary of the data from in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro experimental studies about the therapeutic agents that exert positive effects against myocardial I/R injury by modulating autophagy flux. By addressing these valuable studies, we try to provide a motivation for the promising hypothesis of "autophagy modulation as a therapeutic strategy against cardiac I/R" in the future clinical studies.

This paper provides rigorous analytical discussions of the dual-role factor classification problem in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). We study two approaches taking opposite directions: one (the conventional and popular approach) clarifies the input/output roles prior to analysis, while the other incorporates the dual roles into the analysis. We show that both approaches are necessary and related. The former requires modification and the latter is a special empirical implication of the former after modifying. Two pitfalls are discussed, i.e., providing underestimated efficiency and a benchmark contradicting the role classification. Finding pitfalls in the form of observing slacks in the empirical implementation applying the standard DEA models with pre-classified roles, we suggest that a Pareto-Koopmans efficiency measure can help avoid unmeaningful outcomes even without considering the interaction among the dual-role factor and other inputs and outputs.

HR is perhaps the most decisive asset for organizational prosperity. In today's era of globalization being enforced by today's rapidly increasing knowledge and innovation, advice is progressively blurring the limitations of the types of work for people. The title of thiis researrch is The Effect of Multiple Role Conflict and Worrk Enviironment on Emplloyee Perforrmance (Case Study of Employee Indomaret, Bengkulu City). Thiis type of researrch is a quantitative descriptive research type, the object of this research is per Indomaret area in the city of Bengkulu, namely the Hybrid area, Panorama, West Circle, KM 6.5, Derivation, Padang teak, Tanah Broken, Suprapto, Rawa makmur and Kampung Bali. With the metthod of collectiing datta by means of observation, distributing questionnaires or questionnaires. The number of respondents in thiis sttudy were 50 people. By using data analysis techniques using Multiiple Liinear Regressiion Analysiis Test, and Hypothesis Test, namely test t and test f.The resullts of thiis sttudy can be concluded that the multiple role conflict variable has a negative and signifiicant effeect on employee performance, meaning that employee performance can increase if the dual role conflict can be suppressed or reduced, while the worrk enviironment variiable has a posiitive and signifiicant efefect on employee performance, meaning that employee performance can increase. if the workplace has a safe and comfortable environment and is supported by good air circulation.