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Associations between community violence exposure, family management practices, and substance use were compared in a sample of early adolescents in low-income communities from the United States (N = 151; M age = 12.71 years, standard deviation = 0.65; 50.3% female) and South Africa (N = 175; M age = 12.55 years, standard deviation = 0.85; 64.6% female) using home interviews with youth and their maternal caregivers. Past year victimization was associated with recent youth substance use. The moderating role of family management practices varied by type of practice (e.g., parental knowledge, control, solicitation, or child disclosure), reporter, and country. High parental knowledge reported by caregiver was protective against substance use only for South African youth. In youth reports, parental knowledge was protective across the United States and South Africa. Youth reports of their disclosure to parents were negatively associated with substance use in the United States but not South Africa. These data highlight the importance of considering both ecological context and reporter in the links between violence exposure, parenting, and substance use in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While parenting behaviors among anxious parents have been implicated in the familial transmission of anxiety, little is known about whether these parenting behaviors are unique to specific parental anxiety disorders. The current study examined differences in the use of five specific parenting behaviors (i.e., warmth/positive affect, criticism, doubts of child competency, over-control, and granting of autonomy) in anxious parents with ( n = 21) and without ( n = 45) social anxiety disorder (SAD) during a 5-minute task with their non-anxious child (aged 7-12 years, M = 9.14). Parents with SAD demonstrated less warmth/positive affect and more criticism and doubts of child competency than did those without SAD. There were no group differences in over-control or granting of autonomy. Findings help clarify inconsistent results in the literature, inform models of familial transmission, and suggest intervention targets for parents with SAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Most US treatment and recovery services are abstinence-based. However, many people in recovery from an alcohol or other drug (AOD) use problem do not abstain completely. This study estimated the prevalence of and characteristics associated with nonabstinence among US adults in recovery., Methods: Nonabstinence-operationalized as past-month use of alcohol, illicit drugs, or nonmedical use of prescription drugs-was estimated among a sample of 3763 US adults in self-identified recovery from the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, weighted to be nationally representative. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with nonabstinence., Results: An estimated 65.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 62.6-67.8) of adults in self-identified recovery reported past-month AOD use. Half (50.8%) reported alcohol use, and one-third (33.2%) reported cannabis use. Females had lower odds of use than males (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.54-0.99), and lesbian/gay-identified individuals had greater odds of use than heterosexual/straight-identified individuals (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.13-5.07). Greater religiosity (AOR = 0.90, 0.84-0.96) and mutual aid attendance (AOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.06-0.27) were associated with lower odds of use. Significant differences were not detected for self-reported health, psychological distress, and other measures of functioning. However, relative to those without a past-year substance use disorder (SUD), odds of nonabstinence were greater among those with one mild (AOR = 14.60, 9.05-23.55), one moderate or severe (AOR = 13.05, 7.06-24.14), and multiple (AOR = 23.33, 10.59-51.37) past-year SUDs., Conclusions: Most US adults who self-identified as in recovery from an AOD use problem were nonabstinent. Treatment and recovery services may improve engagement and outcomes by supporting nonabstinent goals., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 American Society of Addiction Medicine.)

Background: Emerging adults (aged 18-26 years) are the most at-risk yet underserved age group among people with substance use disorder, especially rural emerging adults, and polysubstance use is common. Recovery capital is lower among emerging adults than older adults, and evidence-based treatments are typically unavailable or not developmentally tailored, especially in rural areas. Both supportive parents (or parental figures) and peer recovery support services (PRSS) can be leveraged to better support these emerging adults. Previous research indicates parents can be engaged to deliver contingency management (CM), an extensively researched evidence-based intervention for substance use., Objective: This protocol describes a funded pilot of Launch, a novel, scalable service package that pairs web-based coaching for parents to deliver CM for emerging adults (CM-EA) at home and in-person PRSS with educational and vocational goal setting. Specifically, this protocol describes feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness testing (implementation-related outcomes) and steps taken to prepare for a future large-scale trial of Launch., Methods: Upon the recruitment of 48 emerging adult and parent pairs from sites serving primarily rural clients, participants will be randomized into 1 of 3 conditions for this randomized controlled trial: virtual parent coaching to deliver CM-EA, in-person PRSS for emerging adults, or both sets of services. Emerging adult eligibility includes polysubstance use, a substance use disorder, and availability of a consenting parent. Emerging adults will be interviewed at baseline and 6 months about substance use, quality of life, recovery capital, parental relationship, and Launch implementation-related outcomes (6-month follow-up only). Parents, peer workers delivering PRSS, and parent CM-EA coaches will be interviewed about implementation-related outcomes at the end of the study period. Peer workers and CM-EA coaches will be asked to complete checklists of services delivered after each session. Finally, payers and providers will be interviewed for additional insights into Launch implementation and to identify key outcomes of Launch. Data analysis for emerging adult outcomes will be primarily descriptive, but parent CM-EA training adherence will be assessed using nested mixed-effects regression models of repeated measures., Results: Launch is currently ongoing, with funding received in August 2023, and is expected to end in September 2025, with data analysis and results in December 2026. Participants are expected to begin enrolling in June 2024., Conclusions: While this pilot is limited by the small sample size and restriction to emerging adults with an involved parent, this is mitigated by the study's strengths and is appropriate for the pilot stage. Launch uses an innovative combination of existing strategies to generate better outcomes for emerging adults while remaining scalable. This pilot will provide insights into the feasibility and acceptability of Launch from the perspectives of service recipients, providers, and payers to inform a larger-scale effectiveness trial., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06414993; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06414993., International Registered Report Identifier (irrid): PRR1-10.2196/60671., (©Tess K Drazdowski, Sierra Castedo de Martell, Ashli J Sheidow, Jason E Chapman, Michael R McCart. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 22.07.2024.)