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1 Urotensin II (bladder-contracting activity) is present in the caudal spinal cords of teleosts, elasmobranchs, holosteans, and chondrosteans, in order of decreasing activity. It is questionably present in holocephalans and probably absent from lungfishes. 2 Cyclostomes and tailed amphibians show no evidence for any specific caudal urotensin II. 3 The pharmacological evidence parallels the cytological evidence for the occurrence of a caudal neurosecretory system.

synopsis. Hydromineral balance in teleosts is reviewed in an effort to define common elements, as well as inter- and intra-species variation in its endocrine control. Processes at the gill, gut, kidney, and urinary bladder are compared. The difficulty in deriving functional generalities is discussed; the stimulation of both sodium influx and efflux by cortisol, the ingestion of equal amounts of water by some fishes in either fresh or sea water, and the equal glomerular filtration rates in both hypotonic and hypertonic environments for other fish confound such efforts at generalization. An attempt is made to explain these inconsistencies through an examination of variation in hor? monal balances and effector organ responses. Evidence for Na+/K+-ATPase involvement at the gill, gut, kidney, and urinary bladder is summarized. Patterns in cortisol and prolactin availability as a function of synthesis, storage, and secretion are con? sidered. A rather consistent antagonism of cortisol and prolactin in sodium move? ment and water permeability at several teleost effector organs is substantiated.

Steroid hormone biosynthesis and catabolism in teleost fishes present numerous distinctive features when compared with the biochemical systems operating in tetrapods. The fish testis, unlike that of mammals, synthesizes androgens with a hydroxyl or keto group at the 11 position; the routes of synthesis and interconversion still need to be completely elucidated. In two species, the testis has been found to be equipped with efficient enzymatic systems for steroid conjugation of unknown physiological significance. The ripe teleost ovary shows a conspicuous production from progesterone of 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, whose function is probably to induce ovulation. However, when ovulation is temporarily impaired, as in species which must migrate to spawn, 11-deoxycorticosteroids are absent, and 11-oxygenated androgens of the testicular type are formed, which may be responsible for an antiovulatory action. With the interrenal, steroid profiles obtainable in vitro from radioactive progesterone incubated with minced tissue preparations, have different patterns in different species with good reproducibility. In the posterior (mesonephric) kidney, 21-hydroxylase activity has been noted only in Salmo gairdnerii but not in other fishes. Teleost liver is an effective catabolizing site for corticosteroids but contains only a minimum of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity when compared with mammalian liver. In the anterior kidney of the ganoids Amia calva and Lepisosteus osseus , the metabolic pathways leading to the formation of both corticosterone and cortisol have been determined. They seem to be equally important in these fishes. Aldosterone was not detected in any of the fishes examined.

Incubations of minced ovarian preparations of the teleost fish Leptocottus armatus, Gillichthys mirabilis , and Microgadus proximus yielded the following metabolites identifiable by their isopolarity and isomorphicity with standard compounds: 11-deoxycorticosterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone. In addition, 11-deoxycortisol was found in the incubates of the last two species. Integration of the product yield-time curves indicated that more 11-deoxycorticosteroids were synthesized by Gillichthys ovary than androgens; that the converse was true with Leptocottus ; and that in Microgadus androgens and 11-deoxycorticosteroids were equally important. Preliminary evidence was also obtained of the formation of water-soluble metabolites by Microgadus ovary. Taking into account previous work by other authors, it is proposed that, in teleosts, ovarian 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol may act as local hormones mediating the pituitary gonadotropin-induced maturation and ovulation of oocytes.

SUMMARY Sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) activity increased in the urinary bladder of the euryhaline teleost Platichthys stellatus after transfer from sea-water to fresh water. This increase also occurred after injection of prolactin into seawater Platichthys, simulating the results of freshwater transfer. In Kareius bicoloratus, which does not survive transfer to fresh water, prolactin does not increase bladder Na-K-ATPase activity. The differences in response of these two species to prolactin may be related to the degree of their euryhalinity. There may be a relationship between adaptability to fresh water and responsiveness of bladder Na-K-ATPase to prolactin.

A study was performed to evaluate the performance of equivalent drag area single parachute systems and cluster parachute systems during the early inflation and initial deceleration phase. Analytical work showed that the cluster system could exhibit better performance during this unsteady aerodynamic phase due to a significant decrease in the apparent mass of air influenced by the parachutes. Two test programs have been performed in support of these assumptions. The first compared systems with parachute drag areas of approximately 750 ft/sup 2/ and a payload of 2400 lbs. The cluster system exhibited increased performance and less susceptibility to parachute collapse due to wake recontact. The second series compared systems with parachute drag areas of approximately 260 ft/sup 2/ with a payload of 800 lbs. The advantages of the cluster system were less apparent but performance was moderately improved. 4 refs., 7 figs.

The determination of the optimum time and environmental conditions for initial feeding of sea bass larvae will contribute to the feasibility of their profitable culturing. Survival and growth of larvae were increased when ambient salinity (38‰) was reduced (10‰ and 20‰). Intermediate salinity (26‰) produced consistently better growth. Although increased temperatures (18 and 21°C) improved growth rates, survival was decreased below that at ambient (15°C). Feeding of cultured sea bass larvae has commonly begun at initiation of mouth opening (4 days after hatching). At reduced salinity (13‰ and 26‰) delaying initial feeding until the fifth day resulted in survival equal to that of those fed on the first day after mouth opening. Initial feeding can be delayed 2–4 days without adversely affecting survival or growth of sea bass larvae if they are held at ambient temperature in dilute sea water.

This paper describes the effect of elevated softbake temperatures, up to 150A‚°C, on the behavior of diazoquinone/novolac high resolution positive photoresists. The advantages of higher softbakes include improved thermal stablity, contrast and process latitude. For a standard g-line photoresist using a 2,1,5-diazo/THBP PAC (EPA-914-27, MacDermid Inc.), it was found that by increasing the softbake from 110° to 130°C, gamma increased from 2.4 to 3.8 and the thermal stability (the start of image rounding) increased from 120° to 130°C; while the required exposure energy increased by only about 30%. UV absorption revealed that about 90% (compared to 110°C softbake) of the diazo is retained at 130°C, and about 55% at 150°C. GPC analysis showed that resin/PAC reactions occurred to some extent at a softbake of 130°C, and extensively at 150°C. These resin/PAC interactions appear to be the source of the improved properties observed with higher softbake temperatures. Similar results were not found with 2,1,4-type resin. Several other systems were also investigated to further understand the photoresist chemistry.

Positive photoresists are currently being pushed to their limits to develop new processes for fine line lithography. Much of this processing is done in high temperature environments or with processes which generate a great deal of localized heat. Other processes use highly reactive free radical or ionic species. Further, current requirements demand that this processing be accomplished with minimal degredation of the resist image. All these requirements put increasing demands on the thermal stability of photoresist products. In view of these demands, a more complete understanding of the thermal chemistry of resist products would be of beneficial interest to those utilizing or designing these processes. This is of major importance in the development of new equipment, materials, and processes; especially where considerable heat is generated in the presence of resist materials. This paper attempts to provide a basic background to develop this understanding. It provides a description of the effects of thermal processing on positive photoresists. The paper discusses the thermal chemistry, particularly at temperatures above 100 degrees C, of the major positive photoresists used in microelectronic applications. The major emphasis is placed on common positive photoresist products containing diazo-oxide PAC and novolak resin. The paper gives a brief description of composition of the resists, and then an analysis of the thermolysis products at various temperatures. Analysis of the thermal reactions of the PAC, resin, and resist are given. The chemistry of the bulk films as well as the localized surface effects are examined. Finally, the effects of thermolysis are related to their impact on subsequent processing steps.

This paper studies the chemistry of image reversal resists composed of diazonaphthoquinone/novolac resins and varying amounts of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Special emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanism of decarboxylation as impacted by 2,1,4- vs. 2,1,5-diazonaphthoquinone esters. It is shown that the electron-withdrawing effect of the sulfonyl group in the 4- position of the diazo is much stronger compared to the same effect of the same group in the 5- position. The 2,1,4-type resists are therefore more effective in image reversal, requiring lower amine concentrations to be operative. The impact of the weaker electron-withdrawing effect in the 2,1,5-type sensitizer can be compensated for by increasing the concentration of the amine. Higher basicity of the amine allows lower concentrations for satisfactory image reversal performance. Unlike image reversal systems based on acid-catalyzed, heat-induced crosslinking, which tend to favor negative slopes, sidewall profiles of the systems studied here can be controlled from negative, to vertical, to positive, by changing the diazo content of the resist and the PEB temperature. It has also been found that some of the decarboxylation type, image reversal formulations display shelf-life stabilities greater than six months, making them viable production products.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Orwell's world of 1984 utilizes a highly sophisticated computer and telecommunications network. At this time photoresists are still considered a necessary and vital component in the high volume microminiturization needed to produce these sophisticated electronics. Philip A. Hunt Chemical Corporation is deeply dedicated to the advancement of current photoresist technology, and presently has active research programs in electron beam, x-ray, and deep-uv lithography. The major aim of this paper will be to show how successfully the goals of our programs have been met. The primary emphasis will be to describe the results of our program to develop a marketable x-ray resist, and secondly, to discuss the current status of our programs on e-beam and deep-uv resists. Data will be given to show the performance of the various resists under active investigation.

A study of Mycobacterium avium infected swine in an Idaho herd was made to obtain information on morbidity and to evaluate some control measures. Of 867 pigs slaughtered during a 30-day period in May and June, 1974, 100 carcasses were condemned or passed for cooking and 406 carcasses had lesions in one lymph node and were passed without restriction. Mycobacteriologic examinations were made on 33 pigs which were tuberculin tested. Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 21 of 26 tuberculin positive pigs and from 4 to 7 tuberculin negative pigs. Lymphocyte stimulation tests were completed for 12 pigs. Positive results were observed in 11 and M. avium was isolated from 7. Mycobacterium avium serotypes 1,2,4,8, and 9 were identified.

Seawater-adapted starry flouder show a much greater rate of water movement through the urinary bladder wall (reabsorption from mucosa to serosa) than fish from fresh water. When isolated bladders were filled with 20% Ringer solution and incubated for 1 hr in aerated Ringer solution, water loss from the mucosal side was 20% and 5% for concentrated (133%) seawater and freshwater bladders, respectively. Treatment ( in vivo ) of seawater flounder with prolactin (0.5 μg/g body weight) decreased in vitro water movement to the level seen with bladders from freshwater fish. Treatment in vivo with STH, TSH, T 3 , AVT, aldosterone, ACTH, and cortisol, and addition in vitro of AVT, were without significant effects on bladder water movement. In addition, neither injection of urophysial extract nor urophysectomy had an effect. Sodium flux was measured by introducing 22 NaCl into either the mucosal or serosal solution in the absence of an osmotic gradient. Sodium efflux (serosa to mucosa) from flounder bladders was 20% of the influx (mucosa to serosa), with a net influx of 3–4 μmoles/cm 2 /hour. This net flux (mucosa to serosa), as well as water movement, was completely inhibited by in vitro treatment with ouabain, suggesting that water movement is linked to active transport of sodium. Prolactin treatment of seawater fish produced an increase in sodium influx (reabsorption). There was no difference in sodium influx between seawater and freshwater bladders, although net flux of water was markedly lower in freshwater bladders. This appears ecologically significant, since freshwater flounder retain sodiym and excrete large quantities of dilute urine. Thus the prolactin-sensitive urinary bladder is capable of contributing to hydromineral balance in flounder by modifying urine concentration.

This study, extending over several years, clearly demonstrated that dental assistants can be successfully trained according to the expanded-function concept. In this research program, assistants were trained to perform procedures accounting for more than two fifths of the dentist’s chairside time. Throughout the study, all procedures were coded and timed, and selected dental services were evaluated according to a set of guidelines established for quality assessment.

The interrenal and corpuscle of Stannius tissue from a natural population of striped mullet ( Mugil cephalus ) were examined in an attempt to correlate tissue activity with environmental variables, primarily salinity. The interrenal tissue of the striped mullet consists of anastomosing “tubulelike” cylindrical cords folded upon themselves. The pseudolumina within the cell cords were most distinctive in the freshwater population. Interrenal cell nuclear diameter and character, as well as the nature of the cytoplasm, indicated greater interrenal activity in fresh water. Seasonal variation was present. The corpuscles of Stannius consist of extensively folded cylindrical cell cords, often as an anastomosing mass. Corpuscle activity, as indicated by relative cytoplasmic abundance and by nuclear orientation, shape and size, was greater in saltwater than in freshwater mullet. Corpuscle activity was greatest in August and December. Mullet with pathological symptoms possessed corpuscles that differed significantly from those of apparently healthy fish. The activity of both interrenal tissuc and corpuscles of Stannius of striped mullet seems closely related to environmental factors. The influence of temperature and increased gonadal activity in stimulation of interrenal tissue appears conclusive. On the basis of histological evaluation an osmo(iono)regulatory role for the interrenal organ is strongly supported, and a relationship between corpuscle of Stannius activity and osmoregulation is also probable.

THE role of the amphibian urinary bladder in osmoregulation is well documented1,2. In fish, however, maintenance of water and ion balance has been attributed almost entirely to the gill, kidney and intestine. Modification of ionic composition has been reported in the bladder urine of Lophius americanus3, Platichthys flesus4 and Opsanus tau5, and there has been one report of a transient effect of arginine vasotocin on water reabsorption from the bladder of Tilapia mossambica6; there has, however, been no direct Physiological evidence of osmoregulatory activity of the teleost urinary bladder.

The use of SU-8-based optofluidic systems (OFS) is validated as an affordable and easy alternative to expensive glass device manufacturing for small-molecule crystallization studies and, in comparison with other polymers, able to withstand most organic solvents. A comparison between two identical OFS (using SU-8 and poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS) against the 36 most commonly used organic solvents for small-molecule crystallization studies have confirmed both the structural and optical stability of the SU-8, whereas PDMS suffered from unsealing or tearing in most cases. In order to test its compatibility, measurements before and after 24 h of continued exposure against solvents have been pursued. Here, three aspects have been considered: in the macroscale, swelling has been determined by analyzing the variations in the optical path in the OFS. For determining compatibility at microscale, fabricated SU-8 micropatterns were solvent-etched and subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Roughness of the polymer has also been studied through atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements at the nanoscale. Experimental measurements of PDMS swelling were in accordance with previously reported observations, while SU-8 displayed a great stability against all the tested solvents. Through this experimental procedure we also show that the OFS are suitable for real-time, on-chip, UV-vis spectroscopy. Micro- and nanoscale observations did not show apparent corrosion on SU-8 surface. Also, two commonly used carrier fluids for microdroplet generation (FC-70 Fluorinert oil and silicone oil) were also tested against the different solvents with the aim of providing useful information for later microbatch experiments.

tropical fishes. Smiths. Inst. Wash. Ann. Rep. 1918:475-485. 1924. Observations upon Tortugas fishes. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Yr. Book 23: 191-193. MAGNUSON, J. J., AND J. H. PRESCOTT. 1966. Courtship, locomotion, feeding and miscellaneous behaviour of Pacific bonita (Sarda chiliensis). Anim. Behav. 14:54-67. SIEGEL, S. 1956. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. McGraw-Hill, N. Y. SMITH, J. L. B. 1950. The sea fishes of southern Africa. Central News Agency, Capetown. STRASBURG, D. W., AND J. C. MARR. 1961. Banded color phases of two pelagic fishes, Coryphaena hippurus and Katsuwonus pelamis. Copeia 1961:226-228.

HAFFNER, R. E. 1952. Zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish, Chauliodus. Syst. Zool. 1(3): 112-133. IVANENKOV, V. N., V. R. VINTOVKIN, AND K. Z. SHATSKOV. 1964. Distribution of oxygen in the water of the northern part of the Indian Ocean. Trudy Inst. Okeanol. 44:115-127. (In Russian. Reprinted in Internat. Indian Ocean Exped., Collected Reprints 1:435-447.) MORROW, J. E., JR. 1961. Taxonomy of the deep sea fishes of the genus Chauliodus. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 125(9):249-294. 1964. Family Chauliodontidae. In: Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Mem.