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The article discusses issues related to the evaluation of art education. Evaluation is an integral part of every innovative effort in education and psychometrics has evolved an entire subject to assess effects of any new educational programs on learning and teaching. A model named as "Program analysis" was conceived under a pilot project for comprehensive evaluation in arts education. Program analysis emphasizes on process rather than outcome on artistic developments. Program analysis also has the potential for discovering basic knowledge about processes of artistic development and about students and arts educators themselves.

The article focuses on a theory of description in art education. It is stated that in art education, there is a need for a theory of description, because different writers in the field do not agree with each other regarding the meanings of commonly used words and phrases. Research in art education has demanded that there should be a clarification of the terminology used in the field. It is stated that a technical language in art education would enhance communication at different levels of the field.

Background: Participants in trials evaluating preventive interventions such as screening are on average healthier than the general population. To decrease this ‘healthy volunteer effect’ (HVE) women were randomly invited from population registers to participate in the United Kingdom Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening(UKCTOCS) and not allowed to self refer. This report assesses the extent of the HVE still prevalent in UKCTOCS and considers how certain shortfalls in mortality and incidence can be related to differences in socioeconomic status. Methods: Between 2001 and 2005, 202 638 postmenopausal women joined the trial out of 1 243 312 women randomly invited from local health authority registers. The cohort was flagged for deaths and cancer registrations and mean follow up at censoring was 5.55 years for mortality, and 2.58 years for cancer incidence. Overall and cause-specific standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) and Standardised Incidence Ratios (SIRs) were calculated based on national mortality (2005) and cancer incidence (2006) statistics. The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD 2007) was used to assess the link between socioeconomic status and mortality/cancer incidence, and differences between the invited and recruited populations. Results: The SMR for all trial participants was 37%. By subgroup, the SMRs were higher for: younger age groups, extremes of BMI distribution and with each increasing year in trial. There was a clear trend between lower socioeconomic status and increased mortality but less pronounced with incidence. While the invited population had higher mean IMD scores (more deprived) than the national average, those who joined the trial were less deprived. Conclusions: Recruitment to screening trials through invitation from population registers does not prevent a pronounced HVE on mortality. The impact on cancer incidence is much smaller. Similar shortfalls can be expected in other screening RCTs and it maybe prudent to use the various mortality and incidence rates presented as guides for calculating event rates and power in RCTs involving women. Trial Registration: This study is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN22488978. Medical Research Council (grant no. G990102), Cancer Research UK (grant no. C1479/A2884) and Department of Health

Objective: To describe the factors that contributed to successful recruitment of more than 200,000 women to the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening, one of the largest ever randomised controlled trials. Design Descriptive study. Setting 13 NHS trusts in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Participants Postmenopausal women aged 50-74; exclusion criteria included ovarian malignancy, bilateral oophorectomy, increased risk of familial ovarian cancer, active non-ovarian malignancy, and participation in other ovarian cancer screening trials. Main outcome measures: Achievement of target recruitment, acceptance rates of invitation, and recruitment rates. Results: The trial was set up in 13 centres with 27 adjoining local health authorities. The coordinating centre team was led by one of the senior investigators, who was closely involved in planning and day to day trial management. Of 1,243,282 women invited, 23.2% (288,955) replied that they were eligible and would like to participate. Of those sent appointments, 73.6% (205,090) attended for recruitment. The acceptance rate varied from 19% to 33% between trial centres. Measures to ensure target recruitment included named coordinating centre staff supporting and monitoring each centre, prompt identification and resolution of logistic problems, varying the volume of invitations by centre, using local non-attendance rates to determine the size of recruitment clinics, and organising large ad hoc clinics supported by coordinating centre staff. The trial randomised 202,638 women in 4.3 years. Conclusions: Planning and trial management are as important as trial design and require equal attention from senior investigators. Successful recruitment needs constant monitoring by a committed proactive management team that is willing to explore individual solutions for different centres and use central resources to improve local recruitment. Automation of trial processes with web based trial management systems is crucial in large multicentre randomised controlled trials. Recruitment can be further enhanced by using information videos and group discussions.

The article reflects on the changes and developments of art in the future. According to the author, visual arts have an important role to play in anticipating the future because they are intrinsically prophetic, and broaden the imagination and behavioral repertoire. Meanwhile, it has been stated that political, economic and social structures will determine the context of an artist's destiny. If the artist's environment changes, his inspiration and content of his work will change as well. Furthermore, contemporary art suggests that the artist of the future will continue to emphasize techniques and materials while performing socially useful functions.

The author offers his positive forecasts to all women who continue to be active in the arts in the U.S. He mentions the names of Eva Hesse who built a large format sculpture that so often presumed to be a masculine prerogative, Imogene Cunningham whose life revolves around photography, and Nancy Hanks of the National Endowment, who has risen to position of importance in art administration. To the author, the, art critics and art historians must be aware of the capacity of female in doing works that exude interests. Art, he further alleges, is the only means for women to demonstrate their power.

The article reviews the periodical "The Journal of Art & Design Education."

The author reports on the new phase of "Art Education," journal which will have some positive improvements in the succeeding issues. He relates that "Art Education," is not just a house organ of professional association but rather a source of multiple networks of dialogue, enlightenment, and change in the field of art education. Readers will notice the changes in the tone and personality of the journal which includes added features and a broad base of interests. According to the author, the most important contribution of this journal will still be the reflection and exchange of ideas.