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Objective: To describe hepatic vasculobiliary anatomy important to hilar liver lobe resection in the dog., Study Design: Experimental study., Animals: Canine cadavers (n=7)., Methods: The vasculobiliary system of 7 fresh canine livers was injected with a polymer. The parenchyma was dissected at the level of the hilus to determine the vascular and biliary supply to each liver lobe, and then macerated with a corrosion preparation. The information gathered was used to describe a surgical approach for hilar liver lobe resection., Results: Each liver lobe had a single hepatic artery and biliary duct. The location of these structures was consistent, although minor variations existed (dorsal versus ventral to the lobar portal vein) in the left lateral lobe and papillary process in 2 specimens. Most liver lobes (34/49) were supplied by 1 lobar portal vein and drained by 1 lobar hepatic vein (39/49). The location of the portal and hepatic veins was consistent among specimens., Conclusions: The left division is the most mobile of the liver lobes and each lobe can be removed separately or en bloc. Because of the location of the hepatic veins, the central division is best removed as a single unit. The right lateral lobe can be removed individually or together with the caudate process. The papillary process is removed by itself., Clinical Relevance: A hilar liver lobectomy technique can provide an alternative approach to conventional procedures for tumors that encroach upon the hilus of the liver.

Domoic acid, produced by marine algae, can cause acute and chronic neurologic sequela in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from acute toxicity or sublethal exposure. Eight sea lions, representing acute and chronic cases, both sexes, and all age classes, were selected to demonstrate a concurrent degenerative cardiomyopathy. Critical aspects of characterizing the cardiomyopathy by lesion distribution and morphology were the development of a heart dissection and tissue-trimming protocol and the delineation of the cardiac conducting system by histomorphology and immunohistochemistry for neuron-specific protein gene product 9.5. Histopathologic features and progression of the cardiomyopathy are described, varying from acute to chronic active and mild to severe. The cardiomyopathy is distinguished from other heart lesions in pinnipeds. Based on histopathologic features, immunopositive staining for cleaved caspase-3, and comparison with known, similar-appearing cardiomyopathies, the proposed pathogenesis for the degenerative cardiomyopathy is the primary or at least initial direct interaction of domoic acid with receptors that are suspected to exist in the heart. l-Carnitine, measured in the heart and skeletal muscle, and troponin-I, measured in serum collected at the time of death from additional animals (n = 58), were not predictive of the domoic acid-associated cardiomyopathy. This degenerative cardiomyopathy in California sea lions represents another syndrome beyond central neurologic disease associated with exposure to domoic acid and may contribute to morbidity and mortality.

Anatomical dissection of the temporal regions of 62 cattle demonstrated that lymph nodes and hemal nodes are present in 89% of the animals (bilaterally in 65% and unilaterally in 24% of the cases). Lymph nodes accounted for 60% and hemal nodes for 40% of all examined nodes. They are nearly always round with diameters ranging from 1 to 9mm. Injections of India ink showed that their drainage area consists of the forehead, the upper eyelid, the base of the horn and the temporal muscle. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry revealed that the distribution and percentages of the different cell populations in the lymph nodes and hemal nodes are similar to other cranial lymph nodes. Based on its anatomical location the name temporal lymph node (lymphonodus temporalis) is proposed.

Developing a mental map of the body in three dimensions incorporating normal anatomical variations is a challenge for students of gross anatomy. Acquisition of this ability is facilitated by frequently reassigning students to work on different specimens in gross anatomy laboratories, a significant departure from traditional teaching strategies. This article analyzes student and faculty experiences with a reassignment system over a six-year period, including effects on early professional development and students' attitudes toward the cadavers. Students were strongly supportive of the method, noting that specimen reassignments facilitated learning, encouraged dissection skill building, and fostered collaborative interactions. Students' perception of the value of the contribution of each cadaver to their education was preserved and, for many, enhanced. Frequent specimen reassignments offer an opportunity to model public accountability for work and some aspects of the relationships between multiple health care teams caring for a patient.

Reason for Performing Study: Studies are required to define more accurately and completely the neuroanatomy of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle as a prerequisite for developing a neuroprosthesis for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy., Objectives: To describe the anatomy, innervation, fibre types and function of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle., Methods: Thirty-one larynges were collected at necropsy from horses with no history of upper airway disease and 25 subjected to gross dissection. Thereafter, the following preparations were made on a subset of larynges: histochemical staining (n = 5), Sihler's and acetylcholinesterase staining for motor endplates (n = 2). An additional 6 larynges were collected and used for a muscle stimulation study., Results: Two neuromuscular compartments (NMC), each innervated by a primary nerve branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, were identified in all larynges. Stimulation of the lateral NMC produced more lateral displacement of the arytenoid cartilage than the medial NMC (P<0.05). The medial NMC tended to rotate the arytenoid cartilage dorsally. Motor endplates were identified at the junction of the middle and caudal thirds of each NMC. If fibre type grouping was present it was always present in both NMCs., Conclusions: The equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle has 2 distinct muscle NMCs with discrete innervation and lines of action. The lateral NMC appears to have a larger role in increasing cross-sectional area of the rima glottidis., Potential Relevance: This information should assist in planning surgical reinnervation procedures and development of a neuroprosthesis for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.

This article is designed to aid the practitioner by maximizing the effectiveness of field postmortem diagnostic investigations. Contents include an outline of the procedure for field necropsy of ruminants, recommended tools and supplies, and guidelines for sample collection and submission.

Animal dissections have been dropped from the curriculum in several developed countries, and virtual laboratories are taking their place, or at least the concept of the "three R's" is becoming accepted. Yet, the scenario in the developing countries in this regard has been dismal. However, recently, a movement has started in India in this area, thanks to the aggressive approach of PfA, I-CARE and InterNICHE, supported by a few zoology educators and policy makers, who joined this movement as freelancers. The aggressive campaigners against animal dissections put up convincing arguments to the orthodox zoology educators and higher education planners with such veracity that the arguments cannot be ignored. The arguments, to be presented in detail at the conference, and the campaign have been rewarded with success such that a few universities and autonomous colleges have revamped their zoology curricula so as to dispense with or reduce animal dissections. The Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India, has been the trendsetter, evolving what is known as the "Bharathidasan University Model". A memorandum from I-CARE and PfA to the University Grants Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, was sent out by the UGC to the universities with a request to consider the points positively. However, there is still a need to bring about an attitudinal change in the zoology educators and higher education planners such that they participate willingly in this endeavour. The role-players at all levels are identified and approached with a language that is understandable to each and are adequately supported by hands-on training in the alternative methods. Ultimately, the responsibility in this regard lies with the educators themselves, since they are the ones who, working in the academic committees that design the curricula, can cut down on the requirement for dissections.

The vascularization of the cranial cervical ganglion [superior cervical ganglion (SCG)] of 10 adult guinea-pigs (Cavia porcellus) was investigated by latex injection and dissection techniques. Compared with other species, there were differences in the arterial supply of SCG and in the number of branches originating from these vessels. The SCG received arterial blood from branches of the ascending pharyngeal and internal carotid arteries. In addition, it was demonstrated that the superior thyroid and occipital arteries contribute rarely to the vascularization of the SCG.

Gross anatomy is time consuming to teach and to learn. Because the process of dissection takes up so much student time, assistance in the form of an in-lab instructional DVD program might improve student performance. The DVD could be viewed with a portable device by individual dissection groups at their tables. Groups could dissect at their own pace, with access to step-by-step demonstrations and answers to frequently asked anatomical questions. We created an instructional DVD program demonstrating dissection of the canine ventral neck and thoracic limb. The effect on student exam scores of using the DVD versus not using it was measured in a controlled, two-sample study using incoming first-year veterinary students as volunteers. Volunteers were told the study was of two different dissection methods; the DVD was not specifically mentioned until after the students were separated into two groups (Blue/DVD group and Orange/No DVD group), and then only to volunteers in the Blue group. Except for the DVD, the two groups had the same resources. The difference in scores on an exam given after a single dissection period did not differ sufficiently to conclude that DVD use raised the mean score; however, 73% of the DVD group scored 60% or higher, while only 38% of the No DVD group scored 60% or higher. The difference in mean scores overall was 2.3 points out of a possible 49, suggesting that the DVD helped students, especially those with lower scores, to earn two to three more points than they would have otherwise.

We dissected the forearms and hands of a female chimpanzee and systematically recorded mass, fiber length, and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of all muscles including those of intrinsic muscles that have not been reported previously. The consistency of our measurements was confirmed by comparison with the published data on chimpanzees. Comparisons of the hand musculature of the measured chimpanzee with corresponding published human data indicated that the chimpanzee has relatively larger forearm flexors but smaller thenar eminence muscles, as observed in previous studies. The interosseous muscles were also confirmed to be relatively larger in the chimpanzee. However, a new finding was that relative PCSA, which reflects a muscle's capacity to generate force, might have increased slightly in humans as a result of relatively shorter muscle fiber length. This suggests that the human intrinsic muscle architecture is relatively more adapted to dexterous manipulative functions. Shortening of the metacarpals and the intervening interosseous muscles might accordingly be a prerequisite for the evolution of human precision-grip capabilities.

This paper discusses a technique used to evaluate rumen development in young calves, including removal, dissection, and analysis of tissue. The method allowed for examination of the different sacs of the rumen (dorsal, ventral, cranial, and caudal) using scanning electron microscopy to measure papillae denseness and histology slides to measure papillae length and width. Computer software was used to produce accurate measurements of papillae. The rumens of young calves were dissected, and samples were taken from the cranial, caudal, ventral, and dorsal sections. Calves were part of a nutrition research study, and dietary treatments did have an effect on development measurements such as length, width, and papillae denseness.

The cranial cervical ganglion comprises neurons of especial functional importance for the head. Six specimens of heads of adult donkeys of both sexes, all of which had been exsanguinated and perfused with 10% neutral formalin for teaching purposes, were dissected to derive a gross description of the location, arrangement and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion (ganglion cervicale craniale) bilaterally. The ganglion was irregular fusiform-shaped or flattened, and reddish-grey in colour. It was 1.9-2.1 mm in length and 0.7-0.8 mm in thickness. The ganglion was located beneath the mandibular gland, caudal to the ramus of the mandible and diverticle of the guttural pouch, and ventral to the atlanto-axial joint. The branches of the ganglion were the internal and external carotid nerves, the jugular nerve, and a branch communicating with the ventral branch of the first cervical nerve fibres.

Objective: To determine the feasibility of indirect suture passage around the right portal vein for attenuation of right-sided intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IHPSS)., Study Design: Anatomic study of cadavers and prospective evaluation of clinical cases., Animals: Nine canine cadavers (median weight, 20.5 kg) and 6 client-owned dogs suspected of having right-sided IHPSS., Methods: Silicone casts of the caudal vena cava and pre- and intrahepatic portal veins were made in fresh canine cadavers. A suture was passed dorsal to the portal vein above and below its bifurcation and pulled laterally so that it surrounded the right portal vein. The number and size of portal and caudal vena cava branches that interfered with the suture passage were recorded. Intra- and postoperative complications were evaluated in 3 dogs with right-sided IHPSS and 3 dogs suspected of having right-sided IHPSS that had right portal vein dissection and occlusion using this technique., Results: Suture passage and placement around the right portal vein were easily accomplished in all 9 specimens. A 1 mm branch from the dorsal surface of the right portal vein was included in the encircling ligature in 4 specimens. The dissection technique was used successfully in 3 dogs with right-sided IHPSS and 2 other clinical cases. The portal branch to the papillary process of the caudate lobe interfered with suture placement in 1 dog with a central IHPSS., Conclusions: Indirect suture passage for ligation of the right portal vein can be successfully performed in normal dogs and dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts., Clinical Relevance: Hemorrhage, vascular trauma, and surgery time may be reduced using this technique for attenuation of right-sided IHPSS.

The Modular Resource Center (MRC) at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University was created in 1993 as a way to provide visual resources in support of a newly implemented problem-based curriculum in which the anatomical sciences are taught primarily in the first tutorial-based course, The Animal Body. Over two dozen modules have been created specifically in support of this course, whereas additional modules have been created in support of other basic science courses. The basic unit of organization of the MRC is a module presented in a carrel that provides students a way to study, either alone or in groups, a given topic. The topic is presented through a script and an integrated set of anatomical materials including plastinated dissected specimens, vascular casts, skeletal preparations, models, radiographs, histological slides, and photo- and electron micrographs. The key feature of this resource center is that it is not a museum; rather it is more analogous to an interactive library, that can be used for reference, study, and review, not only by veterinary students but also by faculty, interns, residents, and undergraduates. A unique aspect is that all materials have been made by veterinary students working with faculty during the summer. Although started as a resource in support of a tutorial-based curriculum, the MRC has evolved over a decade into an anatomy resource that would be highly valued in any curricular format., (Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

The aim of this study has been to describe the effect of varying degrees of fullness of the stomach on liver topography in cats by means of the sectional anatomy of the abdominal cavity. Twenty-four adult healthy cats of both sexes and of different ages were used. The cats were divided into two groups. The first group had empty stomachs and the second group had filled stomachs. Eight cats were dissected. The remaining cats were frozen at - 20 degrees C, eight of these were then sectioned paramedially and the other eight were sectioned transversely. In the dissection and sections, it was observed that the liver shifted considerably to the right and craniodorsally in cats with full stomachs. In this article, the topographical anatomy of the liver according to varying stomach volumes is described in a manner that is useful to veterinary surgeons and clinicians. The sectional findings obtained from the paramedial and transverse sections provide information for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Cambridge mathematician and philosopher W. K. Clifford (1879/1999) con-cluded his famous essay, "The Ethics of Belief" with the bold claim that "it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone to believe anything upon insufficient evidence" (p.77). Clifford's enthusiasm for evidentialism-the principle that one should proportion one's belief to the strength of the evidence-may have been overzealous, but a plausible interpretation of his view is this: Because beliefs of-ten have serious moral consequences, one should base one's beliefs on the evi-dence, and it is intellectually and morally irresponsible not to do so. This per-spective motivates recent so-called "evidence-based" methods in the fields of medicine and education. Balcombe's (2000, 2001) case for replacing learning methods that require pain, suffering, and death for animals with methods that do not (computer-assisted learning, three-dimensional models, videotapes, and other alternatives) can be seen as motivated by this evidentialist perspective. Balcombe provided a wealth of empirical evidence from educational studies to show that in most contexts animal dissection is not necessary-and even counterproductive-to achieve valid educa-tional goals, especially higher order goals (concept learning and problem solving). He demonstrated that no sound defense of dissection has been given. Can we learn as effectively without hurting or killing another being? If so, why do we not try? Many of the studies Balcombe cites have supported sufficiently the adequacy and, often, superiority of learning methods that do not harm animals or students. The first of the aforementioned questions is being answered; we can learn effectively with these non-detrimental methods. Those who seek to educate (and accept the prin-ciple of "do no harm") must seize the second question because they see, in the big pic-ture, the benefit for themselves, their students, their society, and other sentient beings. (p. 132)

This article reviews the roots of comparative medicine and argues that during the 20th century it failed to realise its full potential. New opportunities arise from the growing availability of precise, minimally invasive, clinically compatible techniques, which enable us to benefit from the availability of spontaneous analogues of human disease in animals. Particularly with multifactorial diseases, these offer a unique blend of authenticity and acceptability. To realise the full benefits to both animals and humans, we need much closer alignment of human and veterinary clinical medicine., (Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.)

Trypanosomes in the dissection-positive proboscis of Glossina pallidipes were identified by PCR using species-specific primers. Of the 3741 flies dissected 643 were proboscis positive. PCR was performed on 406 dissection-positive probosces giving positive identifications in 352 (86.7%) and infection rates of 14.8% for congolense-type infections, 2.8% for vivax-type infections and 1.4% for the unidentified group. Of the 352 PCR identified infections 225 were single, 111 were double, 13 were triple infections and there were 3 quadruple infections. Statistical analysis suggests that mixed infections group into 3 largely separate divisions among the tsetse population (i) Trypanosoma congolense savannah and T. congolense Kenya coast, (ii) T. simiae, T. congolense Tsavo and T. godfreyi and (iii) T. vivax. We conclude that either differing feeding patterns among members of the fly population or the ability of the trypanosomes in each of the infection categories to significantly influence the maturation of trypanosomes in the other categories are the most likely causes of the groupings noted. Chi-squared analysis of dissection and PCR methods of trypanosome identification revealed profound differences (chi 2 = 19.1; D.F. = 1; P > 0.05). If confirmed in other studies these findings have serious implications for our understanding of trypanosome epidemiology in tsetse flies, much of which is founded on data from dissection-based trypanosome identifications.

1. The roux plumage sex-linked recessive gene may be used for early sexing of Japanese quail in crossbreeding production systems with wild-type and roux lines. However, associated effects of the gene on carcase and meat composition need to be assessed. 2. Quail carcases from pure Line K males and females (100% K), a heavy meat line which was used as the recipient line for the introgression of the roux gene, and from same-age roux or wild-type females from the second generation of introgression (75% K) were dissected. The effects of sex, line and plumage colour on carcase components and on protein and lipid contents of various tissues were estimated. 3. Expected sex differences in carcase weights were obtained, with marginally higher values for females. However, weights of parts and carcase yield (ratio of empty carcase weight without head, neck and feet over live body weight) were similar for both sexes in pure Line K which had a 68% carcase yield. Lipid contents in leg meat were higher in males (3.1%) than in females (2.7%). 4. The roux gene did not seem to have any major impact on carcase parts or composition. However, in roux birds, leg skin was marginally higher in lipids and pectoralis major lower in proteins than in wild-type ones.

The "Visible Animal Project" (VAP) is comprised of axial anatomic cryosections and corresponding CT and MR images of a mature dog. The digital database is used for the creation of three-dimensional computer graphics of canine anatomy. The technique of cryodissection is described in detail. The combining of the corresponding CT and MR images, and cryosections as well as the data processing for the creation of three-dimensional reconstructions is presented and examples are shown. For the first time a complete high-resolution three-dimensional database of a dog is available, which can be used as the base for further high quality three-dimensional reconstructions, similar to the "Visible Human Project" (VHP).

The aim of this study was to determine the normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the canine shoulder. Fourteen shoulders from 7 clinically normal mid-sized dogs were radiographed and imaged using high frequency ultrasound. Each shoulder was isolated postmortem, and the ultrasonographic and gross anatomy was studied during dissection. The ultrasonographic appearance of the shoulder specimens was similar to that found in the live dogs. Twenty-four shoulders isolated postmortem from 12 variably sized dogs were also used to characterize the normal ultrasound anatomy over a range of sizes. Important anatomic structures that could be consistently evaluated were the biceps tendon and bursa, the bicipital groove surface, the supraspinatous tendon, the infraspinatous tendon, the teres minor tendon, and the caudal aspect of the humeral head. Results of ultrasonographic examination of 4 dogs with shoulder lameness are described to illustrate some applications of canine shoulder ultrasonography in the evaluation of the canine shoulder. In these dogs, ultrasound was a valuable tool to evaluate effusion and synovial proliferation within the bicipital bursa, supraspinatous and biceps tendinitis, biceps tendon strain, and dystrophic calcification.

The gross anatomy of the portal vein (V. portae) and its tributaries was studied through anatomical methods, i.e. dissection, corrosion and diaphanization, in 45 opossums (Didelphis albiventris). In all animals the portal vein was formed by the junction of the cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric and lienal veins (V. mesenterica cranialis, V. mesenterica caudalis and V. lienalis, respectively). Many collateral tributaries were observed running into the portal venous trunk.

Ovarian bursal membranes were dissected using a bipolar coagulator during embryo transfer to the oviducts of pseudopregnant female mice and rats. The bipolar coagulator allowed accurate, fine coagulation of small vessels and wide dissection of ovarian bursal membranes without damage to the oviducts or ovaries.

Sonographic and/or anatomic observations were made of the spleen in 27 dogs. Anatomic studies were used to establish precise correlations between the gross anatomic features of the organ and its ultrasonographic image. In 8 anesthetized dogs, ultrasonographic images of the spleen were made in dorsal, transverse, and sagittal planes. When it was incident to the ultrasonic beam, the splenic capsule was represented by a fine echogenic line that defined the boundaries of the organ. The splenic substance had a uniformly mottled echogenicity apart from the anechoic lumen of the splenic venous rami, which were detected at and near the hilus of the spleen. Less regularly, splenic arterial rami were detected at the hilus, but not within the splenic substance. Dorsal and transverse images were made with the ultrasonic transducer perpendicular to the left thoracic and abdominal wall at the 11th intercostal space and caudoventrad to it. Sagittal images were produced with the transducer's face directed craniad, placed parallel to the left lateral abdominal wall, and pushed under the costal arch. The adoption of such an ultrasonographic imaging protocol ensures that all of the spleen is inspected. A definitive opinion can then be given as to whether the spleen is normal or abnormal. Pathologic changes in the spleen must also be differentiated from changes in adjacent organs or structures.

The anatomy of each feature and structure of the laryngeal and adjacent regions, as perceived by palpation, is described for clinically normal standing horses. Visible skin contours produced by some of the superficial structures are also described. Concurrent dissection was performed on fresh cadavers to confirm initial findings. The procedure of systematic palpation in relation to clinical diagnosis and surgical procedure is discussed.

The purpose of this article is to provide guidelines for the necropsy of a calf with diarrhea. Figures and tables are designed to help this procedure. With proper tools and a systematic approach, the entire necropsy should take only 20 to 30 minutes. The efficient and thorough completion of a necropsy often improves the relationship between owner and veterinarian.

A method is described for the rapid dissection of seventeen areas of the rat brain. Regions from fresh unfrozen brain tissue are dissected from coronal brain slices obtained with use of a cutting block. This method is applicable to pharmacological and behavioral studies which require the dissection of numerous brains during short time intervals.

Deboning pigs' heads is a labour-intensive process. According to information supplied by the industry, mechanical separation of pigs' heads offers good prospects. Data on the hygienic implications of this process were not known. These were studied more closely in an experimental design. The bacteriological and sensory qualities as well as the chemical and histological composition of the product were compared with those of manually obtained pig's head meat. In addition, the yield of the process of separation was determined. Three groups of heads were mechanically separated, viz. untreated heads and heads which had previously been dipped in water having an initial temperature of 100 degrees C for one minute and five minutes respectively. These studies served to verify the fact that mechanical separation of pigs' heads is technically possible. Previous dipping of the heads in water at a temperature of 100 degrees C produced a considerable improvement of the yield in meat, which was due to setting of the rind. The chemical composition of the product was roughly identical with that of manually obtained head meat. However, tissue composition and structure of the tissues differed markedly. An important drawback is the higher count of Enterobacteriaceae in the product. These bacteria are probably released on compression from sites which are difficult of access such as the nose, the pharyngeal cavity and the alveoli. In addition, they may be possibly protected by a covering layer of mucus. Therefore, mechanical separation is not regarded as acceptable from the point of view of hygiene.

The use of the wick catheter to measure intracompartmental muscle pressure in equine muscle was documented. The presence of muscle compartments involving the extensor carpi radialis muscle and the long head of the triceps brachii was demonstrated by anatomic dissection and radiographic technique. The wick catheter was capable of accurately measuring pressures within both of these compartments. Furthermore, the wick catheter was sensitive to pressure changes resulting from external compression of muscle compartments. Manipulation of systemic blood pressure and PaCO2 in 1 anesthetized horse did not affect intracompartmental muscle pressure.

Techniques for the necropsying of animals and the trimming of tissues for histologic sections have been described for scientific research. It has been helpful to refer to the description, records, fixatives, and to other special procedures. The comment explains the reasons for using some of the procedures.

A rapid rate of isolation of molar-tooth germs from rodents aged from 19 embryonic days to 7 days postnatal can be achieved. The procedure is of direct application to biochemical studies of odontogenesis where relatively large amounts of tissue are often required. The quality of dissection, assessed by morphological and organ culture criteria, extends the application of this procedure to general use in the isolation of molar-tooth germs from rodents.

There is considerable controversy in the literature concerning the topography of the parathyroid glands in the calf. In the present study, the position of the parathyroids III (external parathyroids) and of the parathyroids IV (internal parathyroids) was examined in 25 young calves, 10 veal calves and 5 adult oxen. Detailed data for the recognition and the collection of these glands are provided. The parathyroids III are well suited for removal in a fresh state, since they can readily be located. They are situated medial to the carotid bifurcation and ventrolateral to the vagus nerve, where the latter gives off the cranial laryngeal nerve. In all young calves and in most veal calves, they lie embedded in the sub-basilar portion of the thymus, from which they can usually be differentiated easily by their color. However, they should not be confused with lymph nodes and hemal nodes, which are located in the neighborhood. Light-microscopical substantiation is therefore advisable. The parathyroids IV are not suited for collection, since they cannot be distinguished macroscopically from the adjacent thyroid gland.