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The paper presents the most important parasitic infections of wild rabbits and hares, which harmful effect in this animal population is manifested as a gradual weakening of the immune system, reduction in fertility, weight loss and constant exhaustion. Order of Lagomorpha (hares or lagomorphs) belongs to superorder of higher mammals which includes the family of rabbits (Leporidae) which are represented in Europe as well as the family of whistleblowers (Ochotonidae) which live only in North America and Northern regions of Asia. The most important representatives of Leporidae family are European hare (Lepus europeus) and wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The most important endoparasitosis of hares and wild rabbits are: coccidiosis, encephalitozoonosis (nosemosis), toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, protostrongylosis, trichostrngylodosis, passalurosis, anoplocephalidosis, cysticercosis and fasciolosis. The most frequent ectoparasites of rabbits and wild hares are fleas, lice and ticks. Reduction in hare population, which is noticed in whole Europe including Serbia, is caused by changed living conditions, quantitatively and qualitatively insufficient nutrition, increased use of herbicides as well as various infectious diseases and the diseases of parasitic etiology. Since wild rabbits and hares pose a threat to health of domestic rabbits and people, knowledge of parasitic fauna of these wild animals is of extreme epizootiological and epidemiological importance., U radu su prikazane najznačajnije parazitske infekcije divljih kunića i zečeva, čiji se štetan uticaj kod ove populacije divljači manifestuje kao postepeno slabljenje imuniteta, smanjenje plodnosti, gubitak telesne mase i konstantna iscrpljenost organizma. Red Lagomorpha (zečevi ili dvojezupci) pripada nadredu viših sisara i obuhvata porodicu zečeva (Leporidae), koji su zastupljeni u Evropi i porodicu zečeva zviždača (Ochotonidae), koji žive samo u Severnoj Americi i severnim predelima Azije. Najznačajniji predstavnici familije Leporidae su evropski zec (Lepus europeus) i divlji kunić (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Najznačajnije endoparazitoze žečeva i divljih kunića su: kokcidioza, encefalitozoonoza (nozemoza), toksoplazmoza, sarkocistioza, đardioza, kriptosporidioza, protostrongiloza, trihostrongilidoza, pasaluroza, anoplocefalidoza, cisticerkoza i fascioloza. Najčešći ektoparaziti zečeva i divljih kunića su vaši, buve, krpelji, grinje i šugarci. Na smanjenje brojnosti populacije zečeva, koje je poslednjih godina utvrđeno u celoj Evropi i Srbiji, odgovorni su izmenjeni životni uslovi, kvalitativno i kvantitativno nezadovoljavajuća ishrana, sve veća upotreba herbicida, kao i različita oboljenja zarazne i parazitske etiologije. Pošto divlji kunići i zečevi predstavljaju rizik za zdravlje domaćih kunića i ljudi, od izuzetnog je epizootiološko/epidemiološkog značaja poznavanje parazitske faune ove vrste divljih životinja.

Populations of wildfowl have been categorised taxonomically into five families: Phasianidae, Tetraonidae, Scolopacidae, Otidae and Anatidae. They are of particular importance for agriculture, forestry and the game economy, and certain species also have an important role in the epizootiology of parasitic infections in domestic fowl and fish. That is why it is extremely important for the process of promoting the system of animal health protection to have knowledge regarding the etiology and epizootiology of parasitic infections in wildfowl. Diseases in wildfowl caused by protozoa are histomoniasis, trichomoniasis, malaria, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis, and giardiasis. The most represented helminthiases in wildfowl are singamosis, capillariasis, trichostrongyliasis, ascaridiosis, heteraciosis, nematodosis of the glandular stomach, cestodoses and trematodoses. The most significant ectoparasites in wildfowl are mites, ticks, and fleas. The reduction of populations of certain widlfowl species in nature could present a major problem, having in mind the important role of these birds in ecosystems and biocenosis. The incidence, maintaining and spreading of parasitic infections among widlfowl are just some of the factors that affect the numbers of their populations., Populacije divljih ptica su taksonomski kategorisane u pet familija - Phasianidae, Tetraonidae, Scolopacidae, Otidae i Anatidae. One su od posebnog značaja za poljoprivredu, šumarstvo i lovnu privredu, a pojedine vrste imaju važnu ulogu i u epizootiologiji parazitskih infekcija domaćih ptica i riba. Zato je poznavanje etiologije i epizootiologije parazitskih infekcija divljih ptica od izuzetnog značaja za proces unapređenja sistema zaštite zdravlja životinja. Oboljenja divljih ptica prouzrokovana protozoama su histomonoza, trihomonoza, malarija, kokcidioza, kriptosporidioza, sarkocistioza, toksoplazmoza i đardioza. Najzastupljenije helmintoze divljih ptica su singamoza, kapilarioza, trihostrongilidoza, askaridioza, heterakioza, nematodoze žlezdanog želuca, cestodoze i trematodoze. Najznačajniji ektoparaziti divljih ptica su šugarci, buve, pavaši, grinje i krpelji. Smanjenje populacija pojedinih vrsta divljih ptica u prirodi može predstavljati značajan problem, s obzirom na važnu ulogu ovih jedinki u ekosistemima i biocenozama. Pojava, održavanje i širenje parazitskih infekcija divljih ptica su samo neki od činilaca koji utiču na brojnost njihovih populacija.

Because of indirect and direct damages, parasitic infections of cattle pose a threat to animals, so it is necessary to suppress them continuously. In order to carry out the action successfully, it is of crucial importance to deal with current data on their presence. The investigation was carried out in the region of North Bačka District during 2009. and 2010., in 224 heads of cattle grown at farms of various hygienic status and housing conditions. In this study, there are presented the results relating to helminthosis and mange prevalence in different age categories of cattle. Positive parasitological findings were determined in 43.30% of tested animals. There were diagnosed cestodes of Moniezia and Dicrocoelium dendriticum strain, gastro intestinal strongilides as well as mites of Psoroptes strain. During two years' investigation, there was found out the greatest prevalence of infections caused by gastro intestinal strongilides (19.78% and 29.32%). On the basis of the obtained results, it will be possible to use modern antihelmintics more effectively, as well as to implement measures in order to prevent both growth and survival of preparasitic stadiums in the environment and animal infection. The ultimate goal is to help providing more economical cattle production in the investigated region., Zbog indirektnih i direktnih šteta parazitske infekcije goveda predstavljaju opasnost za životinje i potrebno ih je kontinuirano suzbijati, a da bi se taj proces uspešno sproveo neophodno je imati na raspolaganju realne podatke o njihovoj zastupljenosti. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na području Severnobačkog okruga, tokom 2009. i 2010. godine, kod 224 govečeta, uzgajana na farmama različitog higijenskog statusa i u različitim uslovima držanja. U radu su prikazani rezultati koji se odnose na prevalenciju helmintoza i šuge kod različitih starosnih kategorija goveda. Pozitivan parazitološki nalaz je ustanovljen kod 43,30% pregledanih životinja. Dijagnostikovane su cestode iz roda Moniezia, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, želudačno-crevne strongilide i šugarci roda Psoroptes. Tokom obe godine istraživanja ustanovljena je najveća prevalencija infekcije želudačno-crevnim strongilidama (19,78% i 29,32%). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata biće omogućena efikasnija primena modernih antihelmintika, sprovođenje mera u cilju sprečavanja razvoja i preživljavanja preparazitskih stadijuma u spoljašnjoj sredini i sprečavanje infekcije životinja, a sve sa ciljem da se obezbedi ekonomičnija govedarska proizvodnja u ispitivanom području.

Trichinellosis is parasitic disease affecting wildlife, domestic animals and humans, caused by the nematode of the genus Trichinella. Primary infection route is consumption of infected meat, thus trichinellosis represents a considerable health and economic problem. In the Republic of Srpska, the most common source of human infection is the meat of domestic pigs. Since recently, an increasing number of trichinellosis outbreaks have been attributed to consumption of meat of wild animals, which corresponds with the situation in other countries. During the last decade of the 20th century, numerous outbreaks involving large number of infected people have been reported. In the period 2001-2010, 1256 cases of animal trichinellosis were reported, 1166 of which were identified in domestic swine. In the municipality of Bijeljina, 656 cases were reported, which makes 56.26% of the total number of domestic pig infections recorded in the Republic of Srpska. The latest findings about the incidence of various Trichinella species in wild and domestic animals in Europe indicate that, regardless of application of preventive measures such as proper animal management and veterinary control of meat after slaughter, this disease remains the major health problem in this area., Trihineloza je parazitsko oboljenje različitih vrsta divljih, domaćih životinja i ljudi, prouzrokovano nematodama iz roda Trichinella. Put prenosa bolesti je konzumacija inficiranog mesa, zbog čega trihineloza predstavlja značajan zdravstveni i ekonomski problem. U Republici Srpskoj najčešći izvor infekcije ljudi je meso domaće svinje, a u poslednje vreme sve veći broj epidemija je, kao i u svetu, uzrokovan mesom divljih životinja. Tokom poslednje decenije 20. veka zabeležene su brojne epidemije ljudi sa velikim brojem obolelih. U periodu od 2001. do 2010. godine prijavljeno je 1256 slučajeva trihineloze životinja, od čega 1166 slučajeva trihineloze domaćih svinja. Na teritoriji opštine Bijeljina prijavljeno je 656 slučajeva, odnosno 56,26% od ukupnog broja infekcija domaćih svinja u Republici Srpskoj. Najnovija saznanja o rasprostranjenosti različitih vrsta iz roda Trichinella kod divljih i domaćih životinja Evrope ukazuju da će i pored preduzimanja preventivnih mera, kao što su odgovarajuće držanje životinja i veterinarska kontrola mesa nakon klanja, ovo oboljenje još dugo predstavljati značajan zdravstveni problem na ovom području.

Coccidiosis is a world-wide and permanent health problem in poultry production, especially in the intensive systems with large number of animals. It is the most important parasitic poultry disease as far as economy is concerned since yearly costs of prophylaxis, as well as of therapy exceed 2 billion Euros, at the global level per year. In Serbia the disease has the highest prevalence in chicken, less in turkeys, gees, ducks and pheasants. The incidence of the disease depends on the lack of space on the farm, high temperature and high relative humidity, improper feeding, other diseases and all factors that can compromise bird immunity and general resistance to infectious diseases. The cause of the infection is protozoa belonging to the Eimeridae family, with oocyst spores as infective form. The source of the infection are infected birds, whereas the disease can spread in the sussceptible bird population by direct and indirect contact such as dust, objects on the farm, people, rodents, wild birds, as well as insects. Coccidiosis is the disease of the spring and fall, i.e. humid seasons with plenty of rain. The parasite develops in the epithelial cells of the intestine of all bird species. The parasite can develop also in epithelial cells of the kidney glomerully in gees whereas merozoits and shizonts (as a developing form of the parasite) cause severe lesions and desquamation of the mucus. Local symptoms are accompanied with general health disturbance and typical diarrhea which is the characteristic symptom. Diagnosis is based on the clinical symptoms, pathomorphologicaly and pathohystologicaly, as well by microscopicaly in feces samples. To control coccidiosis in poultry, there is a prophylactic measures – common measures as mechanical cleaning, washing and disinfection; as well as using the vaccines and by adding the anticoccidials into the feed mixtures (coccidiostatics and coccidiocides). Economical consequences of the coccidiosis in poultry are: smaller weight g

Parasitoses in cats are one of the most common diseases of this species. Parasites violate homeostasis of organism by their specific pathogenic mechanisms, mechanicaly, by making their hosts hypersensitive... Some cat parasitoses have zoonotic character, too, provoking serious diseases of people. In Belgrade area there are different ectoparasites and endoparasites, which representation is directly linked with cat’s way of life, and also with preventive actions that are taken by their owners on that issue. It has revealed the presence of giardiasis, coccidiosis, toxocariosis, ancylostomatidosis, pulicosis, cheyletielosis and Otodectes mange. Prevalence is significantly higher when cats are kept in groups and if they are free to go outside, unlike specimens hеld in controled and indoor conditions. However, by adequate preventive measures, it is possible to make a balance between good health state and animal welfare, even in large populations., Parazitske bolesti mačaka svrstavaju se u red najčešćih oboljenja kod ove vrste životinja. Paraziti narušavaju homeostazu organizma na više načina: direktnim specifičnim patogenim delovanjem, mehaničkim smetnjama, izazivanjem stanja preosetljivosti... Neke parazitoze mačaka imaju i zoonozni karakter, izazivajući ozbiljna oboljenja ljudi. Na području Beograda prisutni su različiti ektoparaziti i endoparaziti, čija je zastupljenost u direktnoj vezi sa načinom života mačaka, kao i preventivnim merama koje po tom pitanju preduzimaju njihovi vlasnici. Utvrđeno je prisustvo đardijaze, kokcidioze, toksokaroze, ankilostomatidoze, pulicidoze, heilecijeloze i Otodectes šuge. Prevalenca je značajno veća u uslovima grupnog držanja mačaka i pri slobodnom držanju, za razliku od jedinki držanih u kontrolisanim i zatvorenim uslovima. Međutim, adekvatnom preventivom moguće je napraviti balans između dobrog zdravstvenog stanja i dobrobiti jedinke, čak i u većim populacijama.

In 2009 canine filarial infections were investigated in two northern areas of Serbia (Pancevo and Veliko Gradiste), applying morphometry, biochemical staining, and immunological kit to detect Dirofilaria immitis antigens, and two home-made ELISAs to detect antibodies to D. repens and D. immitis somatic/metabolic polyproteins. Moreover, molecular tools were applied to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of the isolates. The microfilariae detected in 21/122 dogs (17.2%) were identified as D. repens (n = 21) and D. immitis (n = 2). D. immitis antigens were found in another 13 animals with occult infection. All of the 15 heartworm-positive dogs also had antibodies to this parasite, which were detected in another 13 subjects, indicating an overall D. immitis seroprevalence rate of 22.9%. Serology for D. repens revealed evidence of antibodies in 42.6% of the dogs, but was negative for 4 microfilaremic dogs. As for the two different areas, the prevalence of microfilariae and/or D. immitis antigens, mainly due to D. repens microfilaremic animals, was not significantly higher in Veliko Gradiste (33.3%) than in Pancevo (22%). However, serology showed a different epidemiological picture. Heartworm infection occurred more often in both areas, and antibodies to dirofilarial nematodes were detected in 72.9% of dogs living in Pancevo, a rate higher than in those living in Veliko Gradiste (57.1%). No risk factors for infection were found, confirming the uselessness of prophylactic drugs against D. repens, and suggesting the presence in these areas of sunrise- or sunset-biting mosquitoes as important vectors. The results indicate the need for both appropriate entomological studies and further research on the intra-species variability shown by D. repens.

The family of wild canids belongs to the order Carnivora and comprises 16 genuses that are distributed in most countries all over the world. The most important endoparasitic diseases of wild canids are toxocariasis, uncinariasis, capillariasis, trichinellosis, echinococcosis, cestodiasis, opisthorchiasis, and alariasis. Ectoparasites that most often exist as parasites in wild canids are mites, fleas, ticks and scabies.Wild canids have a large epizootiological-epidemiological significance since they are hosts to parasites that cause certain vector diseases, the most important of which are leishmaniasis, ehrilichiosis, babesiasis, borreliosis, dirofilariasis, bartonellosis, and hepatozoonosis. The increased frequency of interaction between domestic and wild canids steps up the risk of the appearance, spread, and maintaining of the disease in domestic dog populations. Observed from the aspect of the biological and ecological risk, that can be caused by zoonotic infections, the knowledge of the etiology and epizootiology of parasistic infections of wild canids is of particular importance for the region of the Republic of Serbia., Familija divljih kanida pripada redu Carnivora (mesojedi) i obuhvata 16 rodova, koji su rasprostranjeni u većini zemalja sveta. Najznač ajnije endoparazitoze divljih kanida su toksokaroza, uncinarioza, kapilarioza, trihineloza, ehinokokoza, cestodoze, opistorhoza i alarioza. Ektoparaziti koji najčešće parazitiraju kod divljih kanida su krpelji, buve, pavaši i šugarci. Divlje kanide imaju veliki epizootiološko-epidemiološ ki značaj, s obzirom na to da kod njih parazitiraju uzročnici izvesnih vektorskih bolesti, od kojih su najvažnije lajšmanioza, erlihioza, babezioza, borelioza, dirofilarioza, bartoneloza i hepatozoonoza. Poveć anje učestalosti interakcije između domaćih i divljih kanida, poveć ava i rizik za pojavu, širenje i održavanje bolesti kod populacije domaćih pasa. Posmatrano sa aspekta biološkog i ekološkog rizika, koji može biti prouzrokovan zoonoznim infekcijama, poznavanje etiologije i epizootiologije parazitskih infekcija divljih kanida, od posebnog je značaja za region države Srbije.

Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease of numerous species of domestic animals, wild animals and humans. It is caused by eight species and four genotypes of nematodes of the genus Trichinella that differ in geographical distribution and degree of pathogenicity for different host species. Trichinellosis in domestic pigs, wild boars and humans has been registered on the epizootiological area of the Republic of Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina year in year out. In the past period a source of infection for humans most frequently was the meat of domestic pig, and today it is increasingly the meat of wild boar. Although numerous species of animals that can be hosts for Trichinella sp. live on the territory of the Republic of Srpska, trichinellosis was determinated only in domestic pigs and wild boars in the period from 2001 to 2010. According to the assessment of the number of game in the habitats of the Republic of Srpska, the populations of domestic pigs and foxes are the most numerous, hence they present the most suitable game species for monitoring of the movement of trichinellosis among wild animals. Trichinellosis of wild boars is caused by several species of trichinella, of which in the neigbouring countries the presence of species T. Spiralis has been confi rmed in Serbia and Croatia, and species T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis in Croatia. Species T. Spiralis, T. britovi and T. Pseudospiralis have been identifi ed in wild boars in Hungary. T. spiralis is the most common in domestic pigs, wild boars and rodents, and its epidemiology depends on a high level of adaptation of this species to pigs. Epidemiology of T.britovi is more Review paper 903 adapted to parasitism with carnivorous animals, while T. Pseudospiralis is kept and spread not only by mammals but also by some bird species. The data are important when selecting wild animals - bioindicators of the incidence of trichinellosis in a certain area. Wild boars are of utmost signifi cance for maintaining of the

In this paper are presented the growth performances (live weight, average daily weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio) of broilers Hybro G+ provenience. Feeding, zoohygienic and zootechnical measures met technological normative for this provenience. Broilers were fed with the complete feed mixtures (producer 'Dren', Novi Sad) with added anticoccidial salinomycine in the amount of 66 mg/kg up to 35. day of fattening. In last week of the fattening period, salinomycine was not added (drug waiting period is 5 days). Live weight of broilers at the end of trial was 1959.74 g to 2750.48 g (average 2340.62 g). During the fattening period, average daily weight gain was 54.70 ± 5.03 g; it was in the range 45.71-64.39 g. Average daily feed consumption was 87.97 g for all fattening period and feed conversion ratio was 87.97 g., U radu su prikazani proizvodni rezultati (masa brojlera tokom tova, prosečan dnevni prirast i utrošak hrane, konverzija hrane) brojlera Hybro G+ provenijencije. Ishrana, smeštaj, zoohigijenske i zootehničke mere odgovarale su tehnološkim normativima za ovu provenijenciju. Brojleri su hranjeni potpunim krmnim smešama (proizvođač 'Dren', Novi Sad) kojima je dodat antikokcidijal salinomicin u količini od 66 mg/kg, do 35. dana tova. U smeše korišćene za poslednju nedelju tova, salinomicin nije dodat da bi se ispoštovala karenca leka koja za pileće meso iznosi 5 dana. Prosečna masa brojlera na kraju tova bila je od 1959,74 g do 2750,48 g (prosečno 2340,62 g). Za ceo period tova, prosečan dnevni prirast brojlera bio je 54,70 ± 5,03 g, odnosno bio je u opsegu od 45,71 do 64,39 g. Prosečan dnevni utrošak hrane bio je 87,97 g za ceo period tova, a konverzija hrane 1,76.

Wild ruminants and wild boar belong to the order Artiodactyla, the suborders Ruminantia and Nonruminantia and are classified as wild animals for big game hunting, whose breeding presents a very important branch of the hunting economy. Diseases caused by protozoa are rarely found in wild ruminants in nature. Causes of coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, sarcocystiosis, giardiasis, babesiosis, and theileriosis have been diagnosed in deer. The most significant helminthoses in wild ruminants are fasciosis, dicrocoeliasis, paramphistomosis, fascioloidosis, cysticercosis, anoplocephalidosis, coenurosis, echinococcosis, pulmonary strongyloidiasis, parasitic gastroenteritis, strongyloidiasis and trichuriasis, with certain differences in the extent of prevalence of infection with certain species. The most frequent ectoparasitoses in wild deer and doe are diseases caused by ticks, mites, scabies mites, and hypoderma. The most represented endoparasitoses in wild boar throughout the world are coccidiosis, balantidiasis, metastrongyloidiasis, verminous gastritis, ascariasis, macracanthorhynchosis, trichinelosis, trichuriasis, cystecercosis, echinococcosis, and less frequently, there are also fasciolosis and dicrocoeliasis. The predominant ectoparasitoses in wild boar are ticks and scabies mites. Knowledge of the etiology and epizootiology of parasitic infections in wild ruminants and wild boar is of extreme importance for the process of promoting the health protection system for animals and humans, in particular when taking into account the biological and ecological hazard posed by zoonotic infections., Divlji preživari i divlje svinje pripadaju redu Artiodactyla, podredovi Ruminantia i Nonruminantia i svrstani su u divljač visokog lova, a njihovo gajenje predstavlja veoma značajnu granu lovne privrede. Kod divljih preživara u prirodi retko se sreću bolesti izazvane protozoama. Kod jelena su dijagnostikovani uzročnici kokcidioze, kriptosporidioze, toksoplazmoze, sarkocistioze, đardioze, babezioze i tajlerioze. Najznač ajnije helmintoze divljih preživara su fascioloza, dikrocelioza, paramfistomoza, fascioloidoza, cisticerkoza, anoplocefalidoza, cenuroza, ehinokokoza, plućna strongilidoza, parazitski gastroenteritis, strongiloidoza i trihurioza, sa izvesnim razlikama u visini prevalencije infekcije pojedinim vrstama. Najčešće ektoparazitoze jelenske i srneće divljač i su oboljenja prouzrokovana vašima, krpeljima, šugarcima i hipodermama. Najzastupljenije endoparazitoze divljih svinja širom sveta su kokcidioza, balantidioza, metastrongilidoza, verminozni gastritis, askarioza, makrakantorinhoza, trihineloza, trihurioza, cisticerkoza, ehinokokoza, a ređe to mogu biti fascioloza i dikrocelioza. Od ektoparazitoza, kod divljih svinja dominiraju vašljivost i šuga. Poznavanje etiologije i epizootiologije parazitskih infekcija divljih preživara i divljih svinja, od izuzetnog je značaja za proces unapređenja sistema zaštite zdravlja životinja i ljudi, naročito ako se uzme u obzir biološki i ekološki rizik uslovljen zoonoznim infekcijama.

This paper presents the results of two-year investigations of parasitic infections of the digestive tract of dogs originating from the territories of eight municipalities of Braničevo District. Investigations were performed on 345 dogs of different breeds and age categories, originating from rural and urban environments. The investigations encompassed dogs bred in decent hygiene conditions, as well as dogs living in unhygienic conditions. Some of the dogs covered by these analyses were dewormed, but the bulk of the sampled material originated from dogs that were not treated with antihelminthics. Eight species of parasites of the digestive tract were diagnosed in the examined dogs from the territory of the Braničevo District: Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Trichuris vulpis, coccidiae, Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp. and Alaria alata. Today, it is still necessary to keep dogs in rural environments and isolated areas, since these animals are used to guard real estate and cattle. For quite some time now, there has also been wide-spread interest in keeping dogs in urban areas as well. It is evident on the grounds of data from big towns that the number of dogs in urban environments has been increasing constantly all over the world. However, the conditions for naturally maintaining dogs in towns have become increasingly more difficult and complicated. The amount of free space and the number of yards are constantly being reduced, so that dog owners are compelled to keep their pets in apartments. These altered living and diet conditions have resulted in more complex and varied health problems of dogs., U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati dvogodišnjeg istraživanja parazitskih infekcija digestivnog trakta pasa, poreklom sa teritorije osam opština Braničevskog okruga. Istraživanje je sprovedeno kod 345 pasa, različitih rasa i starosnih kategorija, koji su poticali iz seoskih i gradskih sredina. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni psi koji se gaje u solidnim higijenskim uslovima, kao i psi koji borave u nehigijenskim uslovima. Pojedini psi obuhvaćeni ovom analizom su bili dehelmintisani, ali je veći deo uzorkovanog materijala vodio poreklo od pasa, koji nisu tretirani antihelminticima. Kod ispitivanih pasa sa teritorije Braničevskog okruga dijagnostikovano je osam vrsta parazita digestivnog trakta: Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Trichuris vulpis, kokcidije, Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp. i Alaria alata. Držanje pasa u seoskim sredinama i zabačenim krajevima i danas je neophodno, s obzirom na to da se psi koriste za čuvanje nepokretne imovine i stoke. Interesovanje za držanje pasa već duže vreme je veoma rasprostranjeno i u gradovima. Na osnovu podataka iz velikih gradova, evidentno je da se broj pasa u urbanim sredinama konstantno povećava u celom svetu. Međutim, uslovi za prirodno držanje pasa u gradovima su sve teži i komplikovaniji. Slobodnog prostora i dvorišta je sve manje, tako da su vlasnici pasa prinuđeni da svoje ljubimce drže u stanovima. Promena uslova života i načina ishrane ima za posledicu pojavu složenije i raznovrsnije zdravstvene problematike pasa.

In order to detect and establish the expression of the CD57 lymphocyte population in the caecum and caecal tonsils in broilers, immunohistochemical studies of tissue samples of broilers experimentally infected with E. tenella at 21 days of age were carried out. Immunohistochemical investigations were performed with the aid of the avidin-biotin technique (LSAB), by using mouse monoclonal anti- CD57 antibodies. Increased immunoreactivity of the lamina epithelialis, mucosal lamina propria and caecal submucosa was detected as early as two days after infection, increasing at its highest at the end of the fourth day after infection. On the fifth, sixth and seventh day after infection the degree of expression of CD57 lymphocytes in the caecal mucosa of experimental birds decreases. The immunoreactivity of the tissue of the stroma of the mucosal and submucosal lamina propria of the caecal tonsils was most intensive the fourth, sixth and seventh day after infection. A discrete immunoreactivity decrease was present during the fifth day after infection. The so established CD57 lymphocyte population activity in the caecum and caecal tonsils substantiates the existence of NK cytotoxic activity of intraepithelial lymphocytes, as well as the role of these cells in the intestinal mucosa defense mechanisms against intracellular microorganisms., U cilju detekcije i utvrđivanja ekspresije CD57 populacije limfocita u cekumu i cekalnim tonzilama pilića, izvedeno je imunohistohemijsko ispitivanje tkivnih isečaka kod jedinki koje su 21. dana starosti eksperimentalno inficirane protozoom E. tenella. Ova ispitivanja su izvedena avidin-biotin tehnikom (LSAB), korišćenjem monoklonskih mišijih anti-CD57 antitela. Pojačana imunoreaktivnost laminae epithelialis, laminae propriae mukoze i submukoze cekuma zapažena je već drugog dana posle infekcije, sa najvećim intenzitetom krajem četvrtog dana. Petog, šestog i sedmog dana posle infekcije, stepen ekspresije CD57 limfocita u mukozi cekuma eksperimentalnih životinja se smanjivao. Imunoreaktivnost tkiva cekalnih tonzila najintenzivnija je četvrtog, šestog i sedmog dana posle infekcije, u stromi laminae propriae mukoze i submukozi, uz postojanje blagog pada u petom danu posle infekcije. Dokazana imunoreaktivnost CD57 populacije limfocita u cekumima i cekalnim tonzilama, potvrđuje NK ćelijsku citotoksičnu aktivnost populacije intraepitelnih limfocita i ukazuje na važnu ulogu ovih ćelija u organizaciji odbrane crevne mukoze protiv intracelularnih mikroorganizama.

To identify areas of risk for canine-related zoonoses in Serbia, the aim of this Study was to provide baseline knowledge about intestinal parasites in 15 1 dogs (65 household pets, 75 stray and I I military working dogs) from Belgrade. The following parasites, with their respective prevalences, were detected: Giardia duodenalis (14.6%), Ancylostomatidae (24.5%), Toxocara canis (30.5%), Trichuris vulpis (47.0%) and Taenia-type helminths (6.6%). Of all examined dogs, 75.5% (114/151) were found to harbour at least one parasite species. Of these, mixed infections with Up to four species per dog occurred in 44.7% (51/114). Infections with all detected species were significantly higher (p lt 0.05) in military working (100%) and stray dogs (93.3%) versus household pets (50.8%). Among all parasites, agents with zoonotic potential including Giardia, Ancylostomatidae and Toxocara were detected in 58.3% (88/151) of all examined dogs with a significant difference (p lt 0.05) among the subgroups (100%, 62.7% and 46.2% for military working dogs, stray dogs and household pets, respectively). The high prevalence of zoonotic parasites registered in the dog population from a highly urban area in south-eastern Europe indicates a potential risk to human health. Thus, veterinarians should play an important role in helping to prevent or minimise zoonotic transmission.

Economic, social and expert-scientific factors determine activities in connection with the development of the control of parasitic infections in the upcoming period of the 21st century. The primary research activities are directed at studies of the physiological functions of parasites and the ecological relations between the parasite and the host, and all that is undertaken with the objective of securing adequate pharmacotherapy/pharmacoprophylaxis and immunoprophilaxis. As there is a huge expansion in the synthesis of chemical compounds, there is a great number of potential substances for use in the form of a medicine. Along these lines, activities concerning the development of new antiparasitics and/or modification of existing ones are primarily based on securing a quality target spot for its action. Another possibility in the area of research is connected to the problem of resistance of parasites and intensive studies of the biochemical-physiological characteristics of parasites, as well as the development of an active epidemiological-episootiological network for monitoring resistance. In parallel with the development of medicines, the results of investigations of physiological functions of parasites and their mutual relations with their host, are intensely used for the development of immunological control, and the development of vaccines (for example, the development of vaccines for the control of coccidiosis, babesiosis, echinococcosis). The second important approach is related to studies of parasitic zoonoses, the effect of global warming on the epidemiological-episootiological characteristics of parasitic diseases and the selection of resistant animal breeds/hybrids. Animal welfare is also of importance, the perfecting of reliable, rapid and less-costly methods for diagnosing parasitic diseases and the development of in vitro methods for the examination of resistance to antiparasitics., Ekonomski, socijalni i stručno-naučni faktori uslovljavaju aktivnosti vezane za razvoj kontrole parazitskih infekcija, u predstojećem periodu 21.veka. Primarne istraživačke aktivnosti usmerene su ka izučavanju fizioloških funkcija parazita i ekološkog odnosa parazit domaćin, a sve u cilju obezbeđenja adekvatne farmakoterapije/farmakoprofilakse i imunoprofilakse. Kako je sinteza hemijskih jedinjenja u ogromnoj ekspanziji, postoji veliki broj potencijalnih supstanci za primenu u vidu leka. U skladu sa time, i aktivnosti razvoja novih antiparazitika i/ili modifikacije postojećih se zasnivaju prvenstveno na 'obezbeđivanju' kvalitetnog ciljnog mesta delovanja. Druga mogućnost na istraživačkom planu je vezana za problem rezistencije parazita i intenzivno izučavanje biohemijsko-fizioloških karakteristika parazita, kao i razvijanje aktivne epidemiološko epizootiološke mreže za praćenje rezistencije. Paralelno sa razvojem lekova, rezultati ispitivanja fizioloških funkcija parazita i njihovog međusobnog odnosa sa domaćinom, intenzivno se koriste za razvoj imunološke kontrole, odnosno razvoj vakcina (na primer, razvoj vakcina za kontrolu kokcidioze, babezioze, ehinokokoze i sl.). Drugi važan pristup je proučavanje parazitskih zoonoza, uticaja globalnog zagrevanja na epidemiološko-epizootiološke karakteristike parazitskih bolesti i selekcije otpornijih rasa/hibrida životinja. Od značaja je i dobrobit životinja, usavršavanje pouzdanih, brzih i jeftinih metoda za dijagnostikovanje parazitskih bolesti i razvoj in vitro metoda za ispitivanje rezistencije na antiparazitike.

Coccidiosis is the most significant parasitic disease in poultry in contemporary systems of breeding and utilization of their production potentials. It usually inflicts substantial economic damage, regardless of whether it is exhibited in the clinical or subclinical form. In parallel with the industrialization in poultry breeding, measures for the control of coccidiosis have developed in parallel, so that the prevention of this disease today is founded on four basic principles: zoohygiene, genetics, the implementation of anticoccidial drugs, and vaccination. Hemoprophylaxis is the most represented in the prevention of coccidiosis, as a very efficient measure. In Serbia, ionoform antibiotics, amprolium, halofuginone and sulfonamides, are most often used. However, the application of medicines in coccidiosis control has as a consequence also certain undesired effects, of which the most important are toxicity, incompatibility with other drugs or chemical substances, coccidia resistence, and the presence of residue in poultry tissue. The significance of the immunization of poultry with the objective of their protection from the harmful consequences caused by this protozoozis has been known for several decades now. The implementation of a vaccine against coccidiosis has established its practical importance in the world only in the past decade, when the European Union Commission adopted a five-year plan for studies of coccidiosis and its control through vaccination. In our country, two vaccines have been registered for use in veterinary medicine, and their practical implementation has still not quite become regular practice. Each of the listed control measures also implies certain faults, however. More efficient protection can be provided by possible combinations of the coccidiosis control methods., Kokcidioza je najznačajnije parazitsko oboljenje živine u savremenim sistemima uzgoja i iskorišćavanja njihovih proizvodnih potencijala. Najčešće prouzrokuje značajne ekonomske štete, bilo da je ispoljena u kliničkom ili supkliničkom obliku. Uporedo sa industrijalizacijom u živinarstvu, razvijale su se i mere kontrole kokcidioze, tako da je danas preventiva ovog oboljenja zasnovana na četiri osnovna principa: zoohigijena, genetika, primena antikokcidijalnih lekova i vakcinacija. U preventivi kokcidioze hemioprofilaksa je najzastupljenija, kao veoma efikasna mera. Kod nas se najčešće primenjuju jonoforni antibiotici, amprolium, halofuginon i sulfonamidi. Međutim, primena lekova u kontroli kokcidioze ima kao posledicu i neke neželjene efekte, od kojih su najvažniji toksičnost, inkopatibilnost sa drugim lekovima ili hemijskim supstancijama, rezistencija kokcidija i prisustvo rezidua u tkivima živine. Značaj imunizacije živine radi zaštite od štetnih posledica koje izaziva ova protozooza, poznat je unazad nekoliko decenija. Primena vakcine protiv kokcidioze nalazi u svetu svoj praktični značaj tek u poslednjoj deceniji, kada je i pri Komisiji Evropske unije donet petogodišnji plan izučavanja kokcidioze i njene kontrole vakcinacijom. U našoj zemlji registrovane su za upotrebu u veterinarskoj medicini dve vakcine, čija praktična primena još uvek nije u potpunosti zaživela. Svaka od navedenih mera kontrole podrazumeva i izvesne nedostatke. Moguće kombinacije metoda kontrole kokcidioze, pružaju efikasniju zaštitu.

Parasitic helminthoses in domestic animals are triggered by causes originating from the classes: Trematoda (fiatworms), Cestoda (tapeworms) and Nematoda (roundworms), which are in most cases endoparasites. The big presence of different parasitoses in our country are a result of the geographic position and the climatic conditions of certain areas, large agglomerations of cattle in certain localities, an unsatisfactory level of zoohygienic conditions in cattle facilities and on pastures, a diet that is inadequate both in quality and in quantity, a low hygiene level of the diet and watering, limited areas for grazing and their poor quality, extensive maintend diet of the animals, the presence of corresponding vectors or transitory hosts, s a low professional and cultural level of cattle farmers. The prevention of parasitic infections and the fight against their causes implies the severing of the chain of the parasite's biological cycle during one of the stages of its development. That is why it is necessary to destroy the most sensitive ones and the most available development forms of the parasite. Under the conditions when the epizootiological situation in the field is changing unexpectedly, it is necessary to apply the adequate therapeutic methods and prophylaxis in veterinary medicine, and to conduct an organized and planned fight against parasitic infections., Veliku zastupljenost različitih parazitoza u našoj zemlji uslovljavaju geografski položaj i klimatski uslovi pojedinih područja, velike aglomeracije stoke na nekim lokalitetima, nezadovoljavajući nivo zoohigijenskih uslova u objektima za stoku i na ispustima, kvalitativno i kvantitativno neodgovarajuća ishrana, nizak higijenski nivo ishrane i napajanja, ograničene pasne površine i njihov slab kvalitet, ekstenzivan način držanja i ishrane životinja, prisustvo odgovarajućih vektora ili prelaznih domaćin, kao i nizak stručni i kulturni nivo stočara. Preveniranje parazitskih infekcija i borba protiv njihovih uzročnika podrazumeva prekidanje lanca biološkog ciklusa parazita u nekom od stadijuma njihovog razvoja. Zato je neophodno da se uništavaju najosetijiviji i u momenta tretiranja, najdostupniji razvojni oblici parazita. U uslovima kada se dinamika epizootiološke situacije na terenu neočekivano menja, neophodno je da se adekvatnom primenom metoda terapije i profilakse u veterinarskoj medicini sprovodi organizovana i planska borba protiv parazitskih infekcija.

The biggest number of parasitic diseases in our country are caused by helminths. The causes of these diseases differ among each other according to biomorphological characteristics, which consequently accounts for the different nature of the disease that they cause. In order to approach the curbing and treatment of these diseases in animals, it is necessary to make a precise etiological diagnosis. A correct and timely diagnosis secures insight into the episootiological situation concerning the existing parasitic diseases in the studied field. Moreover, it enables an estimate of the health condition of animals, which determines the quality of the production process in cattle breeding. Coprological diagnostic methods are among the direct diagnostic methods and are of great practical importance in diagnosing parasitic diseases, because they are based on the finding of the immediate causes (parasites) in any stage of development. These methods are mostly applied for diagnosis of helminthoses, since the biggest number of helminths is localized in the digestive tract and the communicating organs, which is why their eggs and larvae are eliminated into the outer environment through the feces of the diseased animals., Najveći broj parazitskih bolesti u našoj zemlji su helmintoze. Uzročnici ovih bolesti razlikuju se međusobno po biomorfološkim osobinama, što ima kao posledicu i različit karakter bolesti koje oni prouzrokuju. Da bi se na adekvatan način pristupilo suzbijanju i lečenju obolelih životinja, neophodno je da se postavi tačna etiološka dijagnoza. Ispravna i na vreme postavljena dijagnoza obezbeđuje uvid u epizootiološku situaciju postojećih parazitskih bolesti, na ispitivanom terenu. Takođe, omogućuje procenu zdravstvenog stanja životinja, od koga zavisi kvalitet proizvodnog procesa u stočarstvu. Metode koprološke dijagnostike ubrajaju se u direktne dijagnostičke metode. One imaju veliki praktični značaj u dijagnostikovanju parazitskih bolesti, zato što se zasnivaju na nalazu samih uzročnika (parazita) u bilo kom razvojnom stadijumu. Ove metode se najviše primenjuju za dijagnostikovanje helmintoza pošto je najveći broj helminata lokalizovan u digestivnom kanalu i organima koji sa njim komuniciraju, usled čega se njihova jaja i larvice fecesom životinja eliminišu u spoljašnju sredinu.

The aim of this investigation was to detect and examine the distribution of the CD3-T lymphocyte cell population of the Bursa Fabricius in chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella. Slices of archived samples of Bursa were examined using the of direct peroxidase (DP) method. CD3-T lymphocytes were detected with human anti-CD3 antibody. They were localized in the cortico-medullary layer of Bursa follicles in uninfected chickens. The immunoreactivity of bursal tissue was directly correlated with the stage of development of E. tenella, with the highest intensity in the epithelium of the folds and in the layers of follicles between 3 and 5 days after the infection, predominantly in the cortico-medullary layer of the follicles. These results demonstrate the existence of an early cellular immunological response to infection with E. tenella., Ispitivanja u ovom radu su imala za cilj detekciju i utvrđivanje distribucije CD3-T limfocitne populacije u Fabricijusovoj burzi pilića veštački inficiranih sa E. tenella. Za izvođenje imunohistohemijskih ispitivanja korišćeni su parafinski isečci burzi, koji su nakon standardne procedure obrađeni metodom direktne peroksidaze (DP). CD3-T limfocitna populacija detektovana humanim CD3 antitelom, lokalizovana je u kortiko-medularnom sloju folikula burze, kod neinficiranih pilića. Imunoreaktivnost tkiva burze u direktnoj je zavisnosti od stadijuma razvoja E. tenella, a najintenzivnija je u epitelu plike i slojevima folikula između 3. i 5. dana posle infekcije, sa dominacijom u kortiko-medularnom sloju folikula. Rezultati dobijeni u okviru navedenih ispitivanja dokazuju postojanje ranog imunološkog odgovora na infekciju prouzrokovanu sa E. tenella, koji je celularnog karaktera.

In order to investigate cecal coccidiosis in broilers fed zeolite mixtures two experiments were performed. The first was carried out in vitro, where the concentration of anticoccidial medicine not adsorbed by zeolites was determined by a spectrophotometric method. In the second experiment 100 one-day old broilers were divided into two groups that were fed with mixed feed containing the anticoccidial (salinomycin-Na) with or without a zeolite additive. Two to 7 days after artificial infection with an Eimeria tenella culture, the birds were killed and pathoanatomical, pathohistological and coprological investigations carried out. The results showed that the intensity of infection was more pronounced in animals that received salinomycin-Na and zeolite in their feed than in those that received no zeolite. Both the experiment in vitro as well as the coprological investigation showed that bonding of salinomycin-Na by zeolite occurred leaving a smaller amount of anticoccidial, that was not able to provide the anticipated protective effect., U cilju ispitivanja cekalne kokcidioze brojlera u uslovima ishrane smešama sa zeolitom izvedena su dva ogleda. Prvi ogled je izveden u "in vitro", uslovima, gde je spektrofotometrijskom metodom određivana koncentracija antikokcidijala koji nije adsorbovan od strane zeolita. Drugi ogled je izveden na 100 jednodnevnih brojlera podeljenih u dve grupe, koji su hranjeni krmnom smešom sa dodatkom antikokcidijala i zeolita u zavisnosti od ogledne grupe. Nakon veštačke infekcije kulturom E. tenella, vršena su patoanatomska, patohistološka i koprološka ispitivanja žrtvovanih jedinki od drugog do sedmog dana posle infekcije. Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da je intenzitet promena bio izraženiji kod jedinki ogledne grupe koje su u hrani dobijale salinomycin-Na i zeolit u odnosu na jedinke koje su dobijale samo salinomycin-Na. I rezultati "in vitro" ogleda i koprološkog ispitivanja su pokazali da je došlo do vezivanja salinomycin-Na od strane zeolita, usled čega je na raspolaganju ostala manja količina antikokcidijala, koja nije bila u stanju da pruži očekivani zaštitni efekat.

An immunohistochemical study of caecum tissue samples was performed on chickens that had been infected with E. tenella when 14 days old. Using antibodies of rabbits against T-CD3 lymphocytes (DAKO EPOS N0U 0026) and applying the direct peroxidase method, CD3 positive lymphocytes in caeca were marked. This lymphocyte subpopulation, was localized in the lamina epithelial mucosa of the caecum. Increased immunoreactivity in the lamina epithelial mucosa of the caecum and stroma of the lamina propria mucosa, was observed already on the first day after infection with E. tenella, with the greatest intensity occuring between the third and fifth day. These findings demonstrate the existence of an early immunological response to infection caused by E. tenella, that is cell mediated, which is one of its most important characteristics., Imunohistohemijska ispitivanja tkivnih isečaka cekuma, izvedena su kod pilića koji su 14. dana starosti inficirani sa E. tenella. Korišćenjem komercijalnih kit-antitela kunića protiv T-CD3 limfocita i primenom metode direktne peroksidaze (DP), obeleženi su CD3 pozitivni limfociti u cekumima. Navedena limfocitna subpopulacija detektovana CD3 antitelom, lokalizovana je u lamina epithelialis mucosa cekuma. Pojačana imunoreaktivnost u lamina epithelialis mucosa cekuma i strome lamina propria mucosa, zapažena je već prvog dana posle infekcije, sa najvećim intenzitetom između 3. i 5. dana. Ovakvi nalazi dokazuju postojanje ranog imunološkog odgovora na infekciju prouzrokovanu sa E. tenella, koji je ćelijskog karaktera, što predstavlja jedno od njegovih najvažnijih obeležja.

Giardia infection is an ongoing problem in Serbia, since 8,0% of the children in the Belgrade area are infected. In the light of the zoonotic potential of Giardia infection, a total of 248 companion animals (167 dogs and 81 cats) were examined for giardiasis in the same urban area. The overall rates of infection in dogs and cats were 14.4% (24/167) and 22.2 % (18/81), respectively. Significantly (p lt 0.05, p lt 0.01) higher infection rates were found in stray (18.7%) and farm (36.4%) dogs than in household pets (7.4%). Furthermore, the rate of infection was significantly (p lt 0.01) higher in domestic cats than in household dogs (22.2%vs. 7.4%). The owners and all 16 of their family members of five out of the six household pet dogs excreting Giardia were Giardia-negative, while both the owner of one dog and the only other family member were Giardia-positive. The data demonstrate that potential animal reservoirs (dogs and cats) exist in urban Serbia and underline the possibility of transmission between dog and man in close contact, thus having important implications for the epidemiology of giardiasis in urban areas., Kako nalaz 8% inficirane dece u Beogradu pokazuje da Giardia predstavlja važan zdravstveni problem u Srbiji, a postoje indicije da je đardijoza zoonoza, u cilju provere pretpostavki o mogućoj ulozi pasa i mačaka urbanih sredina kao potencijalnih rezervoara infekcije ljudi, u studiji je ispitano 248 ovih životinja (167 pasa i 81 mačaka) sa područja grada Beograda. Ustanovljena je prevalenca infekcije od 14,4% (24/167) kod pasa i 22,2% (18/81) kod mačaka. Značajno su češće (p lt 0,05, p lt 0,01) bill inficirani kako psi lutalice (18,6%) i psi savojnefarme (36,4%), tako i kućne mačke (14,4%) u odnosu na pse kućne ljubimce (7,4%). Kod šest pasa kućnih ljubimaca koji su bili Giardia-pozitivni, pet vlasnika i 16 članova njihovih porodica su bili Giardia-negativni, dok je u jednim slučaju ustanovljena istovremena infekcija psa, vlasnika i preostalog člana te porodice. Rezultati ove studije doprinose boljem razumevanju epidemiologije ove patogene protpzoe na našim prostorima, dokazujući postojanje značajnih izvora Giardia infekcije kod pasa i mačaka u urbanim uslovima, koji zbog bliskih kontakta kućnih ljubimca i ljudi, mogu biti odgovorni za humanu infekciju.