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OBJECTIVE: Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana (SAM) is common among U.S. college students, but little research has examined specific substance use behaviors during SAM use episodes. This study identified latent classes of SAM users based on their SAM, alcohol-only, and marijuana-only use episodes. METHOD: College student SAM users (N = 284; 50.7% female; M age = 19.8 years) completed up to five surveys each day across two 4-week bursts. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to characterize SAM users based on seven latent class indicators of use behavior. Sex was examined in relation to latent class membership. RESULTS: Five unique classes emerged: Frequent Marijuana-Focused SAM users (21%); Frequent Alcohol-Initiating SAM users (29%); Heavy-Drinking Infrequent SAM users (12%); Moderate SAM users (29%); and Light Infrequent SAM users (9%). These groups were differentiated primarily by their frequency of SAM use, form of marijuana, whether marijuana was used on non-SAM occasions, and whether consequences were experienced. Groups differed significantly by sex. CONCLUSIONS: College student SAM users are heterogeneous with respect not only to their degree of SAM use but also in their pattern of drinking, type of marijuana use, relative focus on alcohol versus marijuana, and risk of experiencing acute negative consequences. Describing this heterogeneity is an important step toward developing interventions for different types of users.

To evaluate if question phrasing and patient numeracy impact estimation of urinary frequency.We conducted a prospective study looking at reliability of a patient interview in assessing urinary frequency. Prior to completing a voiding diary, patients estimated daytime, and nighttime frequency in 3 ways: (1) how many times they urinated (2) how many hours they waited in between urinations (3) how many times they urinated over the course of 4 hours. Numeracy was assessed using the Lipkus Numeracy Scale.Seventy-one patients completed the study. Correlation of estimates from questions 1, 2, and 3 to the diary were not statistically different. Prediction of nighttime frequency was better than daytime for all questions (correlation coefficients 0.751, 0.754, and 0.670 vs 0.596, 0.575, and 0.460). When compared to the diary, Question 1 underestimated (8.5 vs 9.7, P = .014) while Question 2 overestimated (11.8 vs 9.7, P = .027) recorded voids on a diary. All questions overpredicted nighttime frequency with 2.6, 2.9, and 3.9 predicted versus 1.6 recorded voids (P.001). Although not statistically significant, for each question, the predicted frequency of numerate patients was more correlated to the diary than those of innumerate patients.When compared to a voiding diary for daytime urinary frequency, asking patients how many times they urinated underestimated, and asking patients how many hours they waited between urinations overestimated the number recorded voids. Regardless of phrasing, patients overestimated nighttime urination. Patients in our functional urology population have limited numeracy, which may impact accuracy of urinary frequency estimation.

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed social life. This secondary qualitative analysis aimed to better understand the impact of the pandemic on bereaved hospice family caregivers' experiences of social connection and isolation in a time of social distancing and general anxiety. Six caregivers in 3 states recorded audio diaries (N = 59) between March 13 and May 15, 2020. Caregivers were, on average, 56.80 years old (SD, 14.22; range, 32-67 years old) and consisted of spouses (n = 2), adult children (n = 3), and a sibling (n = 1). Using NVIVO 12, caregiver diaries were coded for (1) "social connection" (n = 23), defined as being able to access or seeking informal or formal social support networks; (2) "isolation" (n = 17), defined as being unable or reluctant to access informal or formal social support networks, or feeling alone; and (3) "bereavement processes" (n = 147), informed by the dual process model of bereavement (restoration and loss-oriented stressors). Content analysis revealed that caregivers were able to connect with others despite physical distancing expectations, expressed loneliness and grief while in isolation, and described moving on in the face of uncertainty. Findings provide insight into how caregivers experienced bereavement during the initial period of the pandemic and highlight implications for hospice bereavement services.

Objective Thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (CMC1 OA) is typically understood as part of the disease entity of hand OA. However, CMC1 OA often occurs in isolation or is a primary source of symptoms and thus management can be improved by treatments that account for its unique characteristics. The aim of the current study was to explore the experiences of New Zealanders with CMC1 OA to better understand the unique impact of this condition, ascertain outcomes of importance, and identify treatment targets. Methods In this pragmatic qualitative study people who either reported a history suggestive of CMC1 OA or had been physician diagnosed were recruited from health and community settings in two centres in the South Island of New Zealand. Thirty participants (11 men and 19 women, mean age (SD) 65.4 (11.36) years) took part in individual face-to-face interviews and solicited diaries. The interviews were audio recorded and, along with the diaries, transcribed. Data were analysed by thematic analysis using a primarily inductive approach. The Health Impact Model was employed to aid interpretation of results. Results Five inter-related levels of health impact were identified: symptom status, functional limitations, restrictions in social activities and roles, negative thoughts and feelings, and an altered sense of self. Constant pain and pain at night were key symptoms which were associated with impact at the other levels. Conclusions Constant pain, pain at night, functional capacity, medication burden, emotional impact, and sense of self are important outcomes and treatment targets in people with CMC1 OA.

Literature review of patients with KCNQ2 developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (KCNQ2‐DEE) reveals, based on 16 reports including 139 patients, a clinical phenotype that includes age‐ and disease‐specific stereotyped seizures. The typical seizure type of KCNQ2‐DEE, focal tonic, starts within 0‐5 days of life and is readily captured by video‐electroencephalography VEEG for clinical and genetic diagnosis. After initial identification, KCNQ2‐DEE seizures are clinically apparent and can be clearly identified without the use of EEG or VEEG. Therefore, we propose that the 2019 recommendations from the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE), the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC), for capturing and recording seizures for clinical trials (Epilepsia Open, 4, 2019, 537) are suitable for use in KCNQ2‐DEE‒associated antiseizure medicine (ASM) treatment trials. The ILAE/PERC consensus guidance states that a caregiver‐maintained seizure diary, completed by caregivers who are trained to recognize seizures using within‐patient historical recordings, accurately captures seizures prospectively in a clinical trial. An alternative approach historically endorsed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) compares seizure counts captured on VEEG before and after treatment. A major advantage of the ILAE/PERC strategy is that it expands the numbers of eligible patients who meet inclusion criteria of clinical trials while maintaining accurate seizure counts (Epilepsia Open, 4, 2019, 537). Three recent phase 3 pivotal pediatric trials investigating ASMs to treat syndromic seizures in patients as young as 2 years of age (N Engl J Med, 17, 2017, 699; Lancet, 21, 2020, 2243; Lancet, 17, 2018, 1085); and ongoing phase 2 open‐label pediatric clinical trial that includes pediatric epileptic syndromes as young as 1 month of age (Am J Med Genet A, 176, 2018, 773), have already used caregiver‐maintained seizure diaries successfully. For determining the outcome of a KCNQ2‐DEE ASM treatment trial, the use of a seizure diary to count seizures by trained observers is feasible because the seizures of KCNQ2‐DEE are clinically apparent. This strategy is supported by successful precedent in clinical trials in similar age groups and has the endorsement of the international pediatric epilepsy community.

PURPOSE This study examined the 1-yr reliability and construct validity of survey items relating to time spent on muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) in a subset of a large prospective cohort. METHODS Participants (n = 293 men, 433 women; age, 32-73 yr) were selected from the Cancer Prevention Study-3. Information was collected using a 1-yr presurvey and postsurvey and four 7-d diaries throughout the year. The presurvey and postsurveys collected time spent on MSE in two ways: one question captured MSE activities performed during a typical 24-h period (24-h survey), and another question captured leisure-time physical activities performed in hours per week and months per year (LTPA survey). Time spent on MSE using the LTPA survey was calculated for individual MSE items and summed for total MSE time. One-year reliability was assessed by comparing the responses between the presurvey and postsurvey using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Construct validity was assessed by computing Spearman's correlation coefficients between responses from the postsurvey items and the diary. Additional analyses were conducted to examine whether reliability or validity varied by sociodemographic factors. RESULTS Reliability estimates for all MSE items were moderate (≥0.40) or strong (≥0.60) overall and across demographic strata. Reliability estimates were strongest for total MSE on the LTPA survey (Spearman ρ = 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.71-0.78) compared with the 24-h survey (0.59; 95% CI, 0.54-0.64). In contrast, the validity estimates were similarly strong for the total MSE on the LTPA survey (Spearman ρ = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.67-0.75) and the 24-h survey (Spearman ρ = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.64-0.72). CONCLUSIONS The CPS-3 surveys have acceptable 1-yr reliability and validity for self-reported time spent on MSE. Reliability and validity estimates are acceptable across all sociodemographic subgroups.

Objective To develop and internally validate a multivariable predictive model for days with new-onset migraine headaches based on patient self-prediction and exposure to common trigger factors. Background Accurate real-time forecasting of one's daily risk of migraine attack could help episodic migraine patients to target preventive medications for susceptible time periods and help decrease the burden of disease. Little is known about the predictive utility of common migraine trigger factors. Methods We recruited adults with episodic migraine through online forums to participate in a 90-day prospective daily-diary cohort study conducted through a custom research application for iPhone. Every evening, participants answered questions about migraine occurrence and potential predictors including stress, sleep, caffeine and alcohol consumption, menstruation, and self-prediction. We developed and estimated multivariable multilevel logistic regression models for the risk of a new-onset migraine day vs a healthy day and internally validated the models using repeated cross-validation. Results We had 178 participants complete the study and qualify for the primary analysis which included 1870 migraine events. We found that a decrease in caffeine consumption, higher self-predicted probability of headache, a higher level of stress, and times within 2 days of the onset of menstruation were positively associated with next-day migraine risk. The multivariable model predicted migraine risk only slightly better than chance (within-person C-statistic: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.58). Conclusions In this study, episodic migraine attacks were not predictable based on self-prediction or on self-reported exposure to common trigger factors. Improvements in accuracy and breadth of data collection are needed to build clinically useful migraine prediction models.

Background Although diaries are an evidence-based practice that improves the quality of life of patients in an intensive care unit and their loved ones, centers in the United States are struggling to successfully implement diary programs in intensive care units. Currently, few published recommendations address how to facilitate implementation of a diary program, and how to effectively sustain it, in an intensive care unit. Objectives To discuss challenges with implementing diary programs in intensive care units at 2 institutions in the United States, and to identify solutions that were operationalized to overcome these perceived difficulties. Methods The teams from the 2 institutions identified local barriers to implementing diaries in their intensive care units. Both groups developed standard operating procedures that outlined the execution and evaluation phases of their implementation projects. Results Barriers to implementation include liability and patient privacy, diary program development, and implementation and sustainability concerns. Various strategies can help maintain clinical and family member engagement. Conclusion Through a team’s sustained dedication and a diligent assessment of perceived obstacles, a diary program can indeed be implemented within an intensive care unit.

Although previous research on mindfulness predominantly focused on benefits of mindfulness, this study investigates quantitative and emotional demands as contextual antecedents of mindful awareness and acceptance both in the work and home domains. In addition, we examine goal attainment and satisfaction in the work and home domains as consequences of mindful awareness and acceptance. Results of a diary study across 5 workdays with 2 daily measurement occasions among 233 employees revealed that both in the work and home domains, quantitative demands were positively associated with awareness, but not with acceptance, whereas emotional demands were positively associated with acceptance, but not with awareness. Awareness and acceptance were both associated with increased goal attainment and satisfaction in both life domains. We did not find strong evidence for cross-domain relations between demands and mindfulness on the one hand and between mindfulness and goal attainment and satisfaction on the other hand. In sum, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of mindfulness by shedding light on contextualized forms of mindfulness and considering both the awareness and acceptance facets of mindfulness and their contextual predictors and consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Mindfulness-based interventions are commonly used to reduce psychological symptoms and enhance positive qualities of human functioning. However, the influence of mindfulness practice dosage remains poorly understood, limiting dissemination and implementation efforts. The current study examined the association between practice dosage and several constructs related to psychological functioning (positive and negative affect, state mindfulness) over the course of a standardized mindfulness-based intervention (Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement). Twenty-five participants completed daily diary assessments for 12 weeks. Two-part gamma regression models examined the dichotomous (did practice occur?) and continuous (how much practice?) components of practice minutes. Practice time and outcomes showed same-day relationships in the expected directions. Lagged models, however, showed no evidence that current day practice time predicts subsequent day outcomes. In contrast, higher current day negative affect predicted less subsequent day practice time, and higher current day mindfulness predicted more subsequent day practice time. In a post hoc analysis, practice time moderated the link between day-to-day affect, strengthening the link for positive affect and weakening the link for negative affect. Collectively, these findings suggest that the causal direction linking practice time and outcome may flow from outcome to practice time, rather than the reverse-with potential recursive relationships between these factors. Further examination of lagged relationships between practice time and outcome as well as random assignment of participants to varying practice dosages (e.g., in within-person microrandomized trials) may help clarify the influence of this central treatment ingredient within mindfulness-based interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Disturbed sleep can be a cause and a consequence of elevated stress. Yet intensive longitudinal studies have revealed that sleep assessed via diaries and actigraphy is inconsistently associated with daily stress. Purpose We expanded this research by examining daily associations between sleep and stress using a threefold approach to assess sleep: sleep diaries, actigraphy, and ambulatory single-channel electroencephalography (EEG). Methods Participants were 80 adults (mean age = 32.65 years, 63% female) who completed 7 days of stressor and sleep assessments. Multilevel models were used to examine bidirectional associations between occurrence and severity of daily stress with diary-, actigraphy-, and EEG-determined sleep parameters (e.g., total sleep time [TST], sleep efficiency, and sleep onset latency, and wake after sleep onset [WASO]). Results Participants reported at least one stressor 37% of days. Days with a stressor were associated with a 14.4-min reduction in actigraphy-determined TST (β = −0.24, p = 0.030), but not with other actigraphy, diary, or EEG sleep measures. Nights with greater sleep diary-determined WASO were associated with greater next-day stressor severity (β = 0.01, p = 0.026); no other diary, actigraphy, or EEG sleep measures were associated with next-day stressor occurrence or severity. Conclusions Daily stress and sleep disturbances occurred in a bidirectional fashion, though specific results varied by sleep measurement technique and sleep parameter. Together, our results highlight that the type of sleep measurement matters for examining associations with daily stress. We urge future researchers to treat sleep diaries, actigraphy, and EEG as complementary—not redundant—sleep measurement approaches.

Burnout and compassion fatigue are problematic for nurses, patients, and organizations. Identifying brief interventions nurses can engage in while at work to address compassion fatigue, burnout, and teamwork, as burnout and teamwork are inversely related, is important for all stakeholders. This quasi-experimental pilot study sought to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of five-minute interventions on nurses’ burnout, compassion fatigue, and perceptions of teamwork. Nurses were randomized into five groups: meditation, journaling, gratitude, outside, and control. Participants engaged in the interventions, the majority of shifts worked, and many expressed a desire to continue after the six-week intervention period. Cohen’s d effect sizes were greatest for burnout, range 0.495–0.757, and situation monitoring, range 0.252–1.1. The journaling group had the highest burnout (−11.88%), compassion satisfaction (7.54%), situation monitoring (−21.21%), and communication (−26.47%) Delta scores. Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of these brief workplace interventions were preliminarily established to inform a larger study.

We assessed efficacy of biofeedback therapy and home pelvic floor muscle exercises in children with dysfunctional voiding (DV) associated with mild to moderate hydronephrosis. This prospective study comprised fifty seven children (21 boys, 36 girls; mean age 8.9 ± 2.6) with DV and mild to moderate hydronephrosis. Children were randomly allocated into two treatment groups including control group who underwent standard urotherapy and case group who received biofeedback therapy in addition to standard urotherapy. A 99mTc diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99mDTPA) scan, voiding cystoureterography, kidney and bladder ultrasounds, voiding diary and uroflowmetry with electromyography (EMG) were performed in all study participants at the baseline. Children with evidence of complete obstruction in DTPA scan and vesicoureteral reflux were excluded from enrollment. A complete voiding diary, kidney and bladder ultrasounds and uroflowmetry/EMG were also performed 6 months and 1 year after completion of the treatment. We noted a more significant decline in anteroposterior pelvic diameter in case group compared to control group (P

There has been dramatic weight gain among college students during their collegiate years. A food diary can give much insight of a college student's life. The purpose of this study is to analyze the food intake of college-aged students taking in factors such as the size of meal, the foods being eaten, the location of the meal, and if the meal was eaten with others. The results of this study suggest that being male, eating breakfast, and eating more snacks relative to the number meals increases daily caloric intake. On the other hand, being female and eating more meals at home will result in a lower daily caloric intake.

Aim This mixed method research explored the benefits of a six-week diary writing intervention, and the coping strategies utilized in a sample of affected mothers who have teenagers or adult children with emotional and/or behavioral issues. Methods Participants were assigned to write either a best possible self or a gratitude journal, and asked to make entries at least three times per week for six weeks. A snowball sample of 34 mothers completed the six-week journal and post-test. Results The findings of paired t-tests indicated statistically significant increases in optimism and gratitude levels after completing the writing intervention. The mothers commonly used coping methods for parental distress were emotion-and meaning-focused coping. The three themes of journal writing experience were positive thinking, emotional well-being, and mental health self-care. Conclusion The current study suggests that implementing a positive writing intervention is a practical means of promoting psychological well-being as a self-care strategy for this population.

Intrusive involuntary memories and images are a cardinal phenomenon in a range of psychological disorders, but not systematically examined in social anxiety. We examined potential biases upon generating involuntary versus voluntary memories and future projections in individuals with high and low levels of social anxiety. Participants recorded involuntary and voluntary autobiographical events, and their associated emotional response in a structured mental time travel diary. High social anxiety was associated with more intense anxiety and embarrassment and greater use of a range of emotion regulation strategies upon generating all types of autobiographical events. Involuntary (versus voluntary) memories and future events were associated with a heightened emotional response independent of social anxiety, and memories were associated with more embarrassment than imagined future events. The effects of high versus low social anxiety and involuntary versus voluntary generation process were independent from each other. The findings have implications for affective and cognitive models of involuntary memories and future projections in emotional disorders.

Objective This study investigates sleep patterns of 4th- and 5th-grade students using actigraphy. Methods The study included 257 students enrolled in a Southwestern US school district who participated in a novel sleep science curriculum during the Spring 2016-17 and Fall 2017-18 semesters and met the study inclusion criteria. As part of this curriculum, participants underwent 5 to 7 days of continuous wrist actigraphy and completed an online sleep diary. Results Approximately two-thirds of the 9-11-year-old 4th- and 5th-grade students slept less than the minimum 9 hours per night recommended by both the American Academy of Sleep Medicine/Sleep Research Society and the National Sleep Foundation. The sleep midpoint time on weekends was about 1 hour later than on weekdays. There was a significant effect of age on sleep duration. Compared to 9-year old students, a larger proportion of 10-year old students had a sleep duration less than 8.5 hours. Boys had shorter sleep duration than girls, and a larger percentage of boys obtained less than 9 hours of sleep compared to girls. Conclusions Insufficient sleep is a highly prevalent condition among 9-11-year-old 4th- and 5th-grade elementary students. Importantly, there is a difference between sleep patterns on weekdays and weekends which may portend greater problems with sleep in adolescence and young adulthood.

Background Although studies on the effectiveness of the use of ICU diaries on psychiatric disorders and quality of life have been published, the results still seem to be controversial. The study aimed to determine the effects of using an ICU diary on psychiatric disorders, sleep quality, and quality of life (QoL) in adult ICU survivors in China. Methods One hundred and twenty-six patients who underwent a scheduled cardiac surgery and were expected to stay ≥ 24 h in ICU were randomized to two groups (63 in each group). The patients in the intervention group received the use of ICU diaries during the period of post-ICU follow-up, while the patients in the control group received usual care without ICU diaries. The primary outcome was significant PTSD symptoms (Chinese version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised, IES-R; total score ≥ 35 was defined as significant PTSD symptoms) and its severity in patients 3 months post-ICU. The secondary outcomes included memories of the ICU at 1 month, QoL (Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form, SF-36), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire, PSQI), anxiety, and depression symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) at 3 months. Results Eighty-five and 83 patients completed the follow-up interviews at 1 month and 3 months post-ICU, respectively. Significant PTSD symptoms were reported by 6 of 41 (14.63%) in the intervention group vs 9 of 42 (21.43%) in the control group (risk difference, − 9% [95% CI, − 2% to 21%], P = 0.10). There was no significant differences between groups in IES-R score, symptoms of intrusion, symptoms of avoidance, numbers of memories of feeling and delusional memories, SF-36 score and anxiety score (P > 0.05), while significant differences were found in symptom of hyperarousal score, numbers of factual memories and PSQI score (P Conclusions Using an ICU diary is not useful for preventing PTSD symptoms and anxiety symptoms and preserving the quality of life of the patients at 3 months post-ICU, while it significantly improves the survivor’s factual memory of ICU and sleep quality, and prevents the hyperarousal symptom. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-IOR-16009109, registered on 28 August 2016

Background Non-medical data, such as the amount of time that patients and caregivers spend managing their condition, may be relevant when assessing therapeutic strategies. For chronic pediatric conditions, the time that patients and caregivers spend in seeking and providing care (which are the indirect costs in an economic evaluation) can be significantly different depending on the treatment arm. To explore methods for collecting information on the care burden for caregivers and patients, we investigated whether a patient diary provided additional information compared to retrospective investigator-led interviews and whether a diary that was completed intermittently produced more or less information than a diary completed continually. The main objective of this study was to identify which type of data collection was most effective for measuring the time spent by caregivers and for estimating indirect treatment costs over 9 months. Methods Start-In! is a randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of three strategies of real-time continuous glucose monitoring for 12 months in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. We designed an ancillary study to assess methods of collecting information on the time spent by patients and caregivers in managing their condition (indirect costs). Data were entered retrospectively in case report forms (CRFs) by investigators during quarterly follow-up visits, which were supplemented with diaries completed prospectively by children or caregivers either continuously or intermittently. Data about absences from school and work as well as the time that caregivers spent on diabetes care were collected and the three collection methods were compared. Results At the end of the 9-month study, 42% of the study participants failed to return their diary. For the diaries that were received, less than 10% of expected data were collected versus 82% during investigators'interviews. Based on all the information collected, we calculated that over 9 months, caregivers lost on average 3.9 days of working time (€786) and 4 days of personal time, i.e. the equivalent of €526, and spent around 15 min of time on care per day, i.e. the equivalent of €1700. Conclusions The CRFs completed by investigators during quarterly visits cannot be replaced by a diary. Completing the diaries appeared to represent an important additional burden to children and their caregivers, and the diaries provided little additional information compared to investigators’ entries in the CRF. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00949221. Registered on 30 July 2009. Registry name: Study of Insulin Therapy Augmented by Real Time Sensor in Type 1 Children and Adolescents (START-IN!).

Previous research on prospective memory (PM, the ability to remember executing an intention in the future) suggests that PM errors constitute the majority of all everyday memory errors in younger adults. However, no study so far has investigated this ratio from an ageing perspective, nor examined whether different instructions may influence PM error reporting. In the present study, 64 younger and 64 older adults completed a 5-day diary on PM, memory and cognition errors following different reporting instructions: participants had to either focus on (1) PM errors only, (2) any daily memory errors (prospective or retrospective) or (3) any kind of cognitive error. Error descriptions were coded into subcategories and analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Independently of given instructions, PM was the most frequent everyday error for both age groups. Overall, results confirm age differences for everyday PM (but not for retrospective memory and cognition), suggesting that everyday PM might be spared from age-related decline. From a qualitative point of view, there seem to be differences in the type of missed intentions, which correspond with existent theories of ageing. In conclusion, the present study allowed for a deeper insight into everyday PM functioning in younger and older adults.

Based on the work-home resources model, the present study aims to investigate the family-to-work enrichment process. Specifically, we theorize that positive child-related events and capitalizing on these events with significant others may facilitate employees' functioning at work. To test this enrichment process, we collected daily diary data from 112 Dutch working parents at 2 time points per day for 5 consecutive workdays. Specifically, we tested a mediated moderation model in which previous day positive child-related events were hypothesized to moderate the relationship between daily job demands and daily task performance through capitalization during the previous evening. As predicted, results of multilevel analyses revealed that the relationship between job demands and task performance was positive when employees had a resourceful home life, that is, experienced a high (vs. low) level of positive child-related events. In addition, sharing these positive events with significant others at home facilitated employees' functioning in dealing with job demands and further improved task performance during the subsequent workday. Finally, the moderating effect of previous day positive child-related events was mediated by capitalization at home during the previous evening. These findings suggest that capitalization is an important behavioral mechanism that prolongs the resourceful experiences in the family domain and benefits the work domain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Psychological resilience refers to the ability to maintain mental health or recover quickly after stress. Despite the popularity of resilience research, there is no consensus understanding or operationalization of resilience. Objective We plan to compare three indicators of resilience that each involve a different operationalization of the construct: a) General resilience or one’s self-reported general ability to overcome adversities; b) Daily resilience as momentarily experienced ability to overcome adversities; and c) Recovery speed evident in the pattern of negative affect recovery after small adversities in daily life. These three indicators are constructed per person to investigate their cross-sectional associations, stability over time, and predictive validity regarding mental health. Methods Data will be derived from the prospective MIRORR study that comprises 96 individuals at different levels of psychosis risk and contains both single-time assessed questionnaires and 90-days intensive longitudinal data collection at baseline (T0) and three yearly follow-up waves (T1–T3). General resilience is assessed using the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) at baseline. Daily resilience is measured by averaging daily resilience scores across 90 days. For recovery speed, vector-autoregressive models with consecutive impulse response simulations will be applied to diary data on negative affect and daily stressors to calculate pattern of affect recovery. These indicators will be correlated concurrently (at T0) to assess their overlap and prospectively (between T0 and T1) to estimate their stability. Their predictive potential will be assessed by regression analysis with mental health (SCL-90) as an outcome, resilience indicators as predictors, and stressful life events as a moderator. Conclusion The comparison of different conceptualizations of psychological resilience can increase our understanding of its multifaceted nature and, in future, help improve diagnostic, prevention and intervention strategies aimed at increasing psychological resilience., HIGHLIGHTS We develop three different indicators of psychological resilience, each involving a different operationalization of the concept, using the data from the same sample.We will compare how these indicators relate to each other and how they predict future level of mental health.

Subjective age discordance (SAD) captures the difference between how old one feels and how old one would ideally like to be. We investigated the presence, strength, and fluctuation of this discordance in daily life as well as its relationship to various indicators of physical and psychological well-being with an 8-day diary study. Participants were 116 older and 107 younger adults who completed daily measures of felt age, ideal age, positive and negative affect, physical symptoms, and stressors. We operationalized SAD as felt age minus ideal age divided by chronological age and compared the utility of this discordance to the more established proportional discrepancy of felt age from chronological age. Daily SAD was present in both age groups, such that individuals idealized younger ages than they felt. This discordance was larger in older than younger adults, although younger adults exhibited more daily fluctuations in SAD. Within-person increases in SAD were associated with lower positive affect, whereas larger SAD at the between-person level was associated with more physical symptoms and stressors. These relationships were over and above the associations of felt and chronological age with the outcomes suggesting the utility of daily SAD for understanding daily physical and psychological well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Ethics committee members and researchers have deliberated about the risk-benefit ratio of researching sensitive issues such as psychiatric symptoms. Although research has suggested that inquiring about psychiatric symptoms in research generally does not cause harm, these findings have primarily arisen from cross-sectional studies. We examined whether this generalized to repeated, daily assessments of psychiatric symptoms. We collected daily survey data on psychiatric symptoms over 90 days from a sample of 206 (150 women) college students. A subset of the sample (n = 80) provided reactions to study participation administered on the 90(th) day. Individuals who did not complete the 90(th) day survey reported higher levels of suicidal ideation and hopelessness than those who did. For individuals who completed the 90(th), final assessment, reactions primarily fell within the neutral to positive range, with variation depending on their baseline levels of psychiatric symptoms and identification as religious. This study adds to past work by demonstrating that individuals who remained in the study had neutral to positive experiences. However, participants with greater suicidal ideation and hopelessness were likely to attrit, warranting caution in assuming a low risk-benefit ratio of these studies. Management of risks involved in repeated assessment studies may be informed by this work.

Sleep problems are commonly reported during opioid agonist treatment (OAT) for opioid use disorders. Inpatient studies have found both sleep disturbances and improved sleep during OAT. Illicit opioids can also disrupt sleep, but it is unclear how they affect sleep in outpatients receiving OAT. Therefore, we used electronic diary entries and actigraphy to measure sleep duration and timing in opioid-dependent participants (n = 37) treated with methadone (n = 15) or buprenorphine (n = 22). For 16 weeks, participants were assigned to attend our clinic under different operating hours in a crossover design: Early hours (07:00–09:00) vs. Late hours (12:00–13:00) for 4 weeks each in randomized order, followed for all participants by our Standard clinic hours (07:00–11:30) for 8 weeks. Throughout, participants made daily electronic diary self-reports of their sleep upon waking; they also wore a wrist actigraph for 6 nights in each of the three clinic-hour conditions. Drug use was assessed by thrice-weekly urinalysis. In linear mixed models controlling for other sleep-relevant factors, sleep duration and timing differed by drug use and by clinic hours. Compared to when non-using, participants slept less, went to bed later, and woke later when using illicit opioids and/or both illicit opioids and cocaine. Participants slept less and woke earlier when assigned to the Early hours. These findings highlight the role OAT clinic schedules can play in structuring the sleep/wake cycles of OAT patients and clarify some of the circumstances under which OAT patients experience sleep disruption in daily life.

PURPOSE: Little is known about adverse drug events (ADEs) experienced over time during chronic drug use. The purpose of this study was to assess ADE patterns experienced by patients with diabetes.METHODS: Patients who received an oral glucose-lowering drug completed a daily diary for 13 weeks. The diary asked for experienced symptoms and whether patients related these symptoms to any drug they used. Summaries of Product Characteristics were used to check whether the ADEs were known adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of the drugs used. Patterns of weekly occurring ADEs were assessed with descriptive statistics.RESULTS: We included 78 patients. Almost half of them reported at least one ADE (N = 36; 46%). In total, 80 ADEs were reported. Of these ADEs, 71 (90%) were known ADRs. ADEs lasted less than 1 week in 27 cases (34%) and between 2 and 12 weeks in 15 cases (19%). The remaining ADEs fluctuated (16 cases; 20%) or persisted (22 cases; 28%) during the entire study period.CONCLUSIONS: ADEs experienced by patients with diabetes can fluctuate or persist over long periods of drug use.

Partnership formation is an important developmental task for adolescents, but cross-sectional and periodic longitudinal studies have lacked the measurement precision to portray partnership stability and flux and to capture the range of adolescent partnership experiences. This article assesses the promises and challenges of using bi-weekly mobile diaries administered over the course of a year to study adolescent partnership dynamics. Descriptive findings illustrate the potential of bi-weekly diaries for both capturing the longitudinal complexity and fluidity of adolescent partnerships as well as for reducing retrospection biases. Results also underscore several challenges, including those posed by missing data, and highlight several strategies for maximizing participant engagement and reliably tracing adolescent partnerships.

To determine if patients can accurately estimate volumes voided in a bladder diary, and to determine the patient characteristics that are most predictive of accuracy in volume estimation in the workup of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs). We prospectively collected data on 180 consecutive patients undergoing a workup for LUTs at a tertiary care facility. Data collected include American Urological Association Symptom Scores (AUASS), flow time and rate, and one time measurement of voided volume into a blinded uroflow. Baseline characteristics and demographics were recorded. Descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis were performed to examine predictors of estimated voiding volume (mL) in SAS Version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Median age and BMI were 64 years (SD = 15.4) and 26.9 kg/m2 (SD = 4.6), respectively. The median estimated voided volume and actual voided volume were 120 mL (range 1–480) and 101.5 mL (range 6.5–622.0), respectively. On linear regression analysis, 47.1% of patients estimated volume voided with a 20% margin of error, and 63.2% of patients estimated with a 30% margin of error. Each 1-year increase in age correlated with a 2% decrease in the odds of estimating voided volume within 20% of actual volume (p

Research on the nature of episodic memory associations has suggested that episodic memories are associated by conceptual knowledge, where memories cluster around the same content (e.g. memories about the same people) or general-event knowledge, where memories cluster around extended events (e.g. a holiday in London), repeated events (e.g. Sunday walks in the park), or causally related events (i.e. where one event leads to another). Research has also suggested that episodic memories are associated by lifetime periods (e.g. when I was in high school), where memories cluster within lifetime periods. However, it is unclear whether episodic memories can be associated solely by lifetime periods, or if such associations are subordinate to conceptual or general-event associations. To answer this question, we reanalysed a large sample of involuntary memory chains (Mace, J. H., Clevinger, A. M.,Bernas, R. S. (2013). Involuntary memory chains: What do they tell us about autobiographical memory organisation?

BACKGROUND: To examine the feasibility and acceptability of a self-report activity diary completed by parents and older children to assess the child’s daily activity in children with and without special needs. METHODS: The study included 36 child/parent dyads stratified by child age and diagnosis. Parents (n=36) and children ≥13 years (n=12) were asked to report on the child’s daily activity using an activity diary. Feasibility was determined based on successfully returned diaries and acceptability via post-study interview. RESULTS: Activity diaries were submitted by 94% of the parents and 100% of the children, with 83% and 80%, respectively, successfully completed. Comments provided post-study regarding the diaries were primarily on the format and were generally negative. CONCLUSIONS: This activity diary was feasible to use, but not well accepted within our sample of children with and without special needs or their parents. Further research is needed to create valid physical activity assessment measures that are population specific for individuals with special needs.

Unfinished work tasks have been identified as a significant job-related stressor in recent occupational stress research. Extending this research, we examine how and when not finishing one's tasks by the end of the work week affects work-related rumination at the weekend. Drawing on control theory, we examined competence need satisfaction as a mediating mechanism that links unfinished tasks at the end of the work week to work-related rumination at the weekend. Furthermore, we scrutinized whether proactive work behavior within the work week may neutralize the detrimental effects of unfinished tasks on competence need satisfaction and rumination. Using diary methodology, we collected weekly observations from 58 employees at the beginning and at the end of the work week over a period of 12 consecutive weeks, yielding 377 matched observations. Multilevel modeling analyses provided evidence for the assumed indirect effect at the intraindividual level. Higher levels of unfinished tasks were associated with lower levels of competence need satisfaction during the weekend. Competence need satisfaction, in turn, was negatively related to work-related rumination. Proactive work behavior attenuated the detrimental effects of unfinished tasks on competence need satisfaction and rumination at the weekend. These results imply that proactive work behavior facilitates switching off mentally during the weekend as it may restore competence need satisfaction in the face of unfinished tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The objective of this study was to explore linguistic and psychological differences in suicide notes and the diaries of non-suicidal people. Fifty-six suicide notes and 56 personal diary entries were analyzed to provide basic descriptive data on linguistic and psychological variables using the Korean Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Program. The results revealed that the two groups noticeably differed-suicide notes had more words or phrases per sentence; fewer modifiers, numerals, and affixes/suffixes associated with logically elaborated sentences; and more first- and second-person pronouns than the diaries of non-suicidal individuals. Suicide notes also used fewer positive words and future tense verbs, as well as more negative, sadness/depression-related words. Inter-correlations between the linguistic and psychological domains revealed some heterogeneity between the groups. Further research is needed on the practical applications of this study.

BACKGROUND: The United States is experiencing a shortage of mental health practitioners. A growing body of evidence shows that nursing students state that mental health is among the least desirable specialties, citing anxiety as a prominent factor. This study builds on existing knowledge and seeks to understand undergraduate nursing students’ goals and perceptions about mental health prior to a mental health course utilizing a semistructured clinical journal. AIMS: To explore undergraduate nursing students’ goals and perceptions in order to develop strategies that may positively influence students’ thoughts about mental health nursing. METHOD: Utilizing qualitative methodology, students’ journal entries ( n = 90) were coded into keywords by frequency, forming the basis of themes in this study. RESULTS: Analysis found that nursing students are primarily concerned with their ability to communicate effectively with mental health patients, leading to fears about the upcoming mental health practicum. Although not prompted, students also discussed various stigmas surrounding mental health patients and disorders. CONCLUSION: Students enter the mental health course and practicum with a variety of preconceptions. Nurse educators play a central role in identifying and developing psychoeducational strategies to address student concerns and increase students’ interest in mental health nursing.

The notion that digital-screen engagement decreases adolescent well-being has become a recurring feature in public, political, and scientific conversation. The current level of psychological evidence, however, is far removed from the certainty voiced by many commentators. There is little clear-cut evidence that screen time decreases adolescent well-being, and most psychological results are based on single-country, exploratory studies that rely on inaccurate but popular self-report measures of digital-screen engagement. In this study, which encompassed three nationally representative large-scale data sets from Ireland, the United States, and the United Kingdom ( N = 17,247 after data exclusions) and included time-use-diary measures of digital-screen engagement, we used both exploratory and confirmatory study designs to introduce methodological and analytical improvements to a growing psychological research area. We found little evidence for substantial negative associations between digital-screen engagement—measured throughout the day or particularly before bedtime—and adolescent well-being.