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Palatalization is a process through which non-palatal consonants acquire palatality, either through a shift in place of articulation from a non-palatal region to the hard palate or through the superimposition of palatal qualities on a non-palatal consonant. In both cases, there is a front, non-low vowel or a palatal glide that triggers the process. In this paper, I examine the palatalization phenomena in Bùlì using Feature Geometry within the non-linear generative phonological framework. I argue that both full and secondary palatalization occur in Buli. The paper further explains that, the long high front vowel /i:/, triggers the formation of a palato-alveolar affricate which is realized in the Central dialect of Bùlì, where the Northern and Central dialects retain the derived palatal stop.

The protection of vegetation of any region needs an advanced diagnosis to identify the nature and the causes of degradation. Beni Saf, an Algerian region situated in the North West has been subject to a degradation of its ecosystems. The ecosystem is known for its diversity, biogeography and typical Mediterranean climate. The objective of our work is to identify the natural and anthropogenic processes which modify the structure and the use of the land. Based on GIS analysis, the vegetation's spatial and temporal change at two points in time (1972 and 2020) were studied. The analyses allowed us to see major changes within 48 years. The comparative study showed an expansion of woods replacing bushes. The surface of the latter changed from 2814 hectares in 1972 to 1530 hectares in 2020. It decreased by about 21%. Besides, there was an extension of cereal culture of 2069 hectares in 1972 to 1959 hectares in 2020 with a decrease of 2%.Indeed, a spatial and temporal development plan of the forest and agricultural territory of the study area will be proposed in order to suggest a development of the territory in the future; In order to reach the harmonious balance of the use of the space which is partly based on the aptitude of the grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Against the historical backdrop of two prominent approaches to the Gospel of John, this article argues for an interpretive methodology consistent with evangelical convictions such as divine inspiration and inerrancy. Building on Thomas Brodie's "three waves" classification of Johannine interpretive history and incorporating Andreas Köstenberger's hermeneutical triad, this study offers a methodology for reading the Fourth Gospel that falls within synchronic approaches to John but includes caveats that give due weight to the Gospel's historical and theological veracity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Persian light verbs have changed in terms of frequency of use in the course of time. The study of frequency changes of various common light verbs in the long history of Persian language seems reasonable, but the study of light verbs in the course of a relatively short period (a century) for the purpose of showing syntactic changes, can be a matter of significance. The present study deals with such topic. A diachronic study of the use of Persian light verbs in different periods sheds light on the processes leading to the formation of light verbs. In fact, studying the frequency of a number of light verbs during a century can lead to the discovery of how they turned into light verbs. Our purpose in this study is to analyze five Persian light verbs dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take) and didan (see) in five periods during a century (1220-1320 AH). In this study, 15000 simple and complex predicates, extracted from newspaper texts, have carefully been analyzed. In each period, the number of complex predicates based on type and token has been identified. This study shows that the light verb dӑštan has been regarded as the main light verb in the periods under study. This study also shows that the verb didan hasn't been used as a light verb in the last three periods, while it has been commonly used as light verb in the primary periods and has turned into a lexical verb in the course of time. This study also shows that the frequency of the mentioned light verbs during five periods indicates fluctuation; however, it is possible to reach a reasonable conclusion through a well-disciplined procedure. Key words: light verb, frequency, diachronic, type, token, predicate, Persian Introduction It is quite evident that the concept ‘verb’ denotes action and state at any rate in most languages. If we consider, for instance, the verb didan in Persian in the sentence [Ali film rӑ did. / Ali saw the film.], we find that the simple verb [did/saw], based on its semantic features, involves different arguments; in fact, this verb requires an external argument as "seer" (Ali) and an internal argument as "seen" (the film). Of course, this characteristic indicates the verb valence. Then, considering the verb [did] (saw) in the sentence [Ali ӑsib did./Ali was hurt], we find that the verb [did] is accompanied by a preverbal element "noun" and involves just the external argument and has become void of semantic content to a great extent; that is, its meaning is conceptually lightened. In fact, the light verb [did] acts as a verb maker in the sentence and, at the same time, cannot assign theta role to an internal argument and consequently dose not demand an internal argument. LVs are defined as constructions with a limited or even no semantic content, Brugman (2001); they have ever been challenging for linguists and linguistics theories. From the time, the term "light verb" was brought forth for discussion by Jespersen (1940), it has mainly been considered as a specific category and, unlike other linguistic categories, does not have the so-called syntactic and semantic features. Grammarians and linguists have different opinions about complex predicates; some are definitely sure of their being existent in Persian language and have begun to define them; some have doubts about their existence, and some others, in addition to defining them, consider them as having various kinds. Many Persian grammarians have paid considerable attention to the verb construction and have divided them into simple, prefixal and compound verbs. Homayun Farox (1958, 469-470) names some verbs having various concepts other than their real meanings; these verbs are accompanied by other preverbal elements such as [nouns, adjectives, adverbs] to make new complex predicates. He, pointing out the complex predicates as [qasam xordan ‘swear’, qebteh xordan ‘envy’, zamin xordan ‘fall’, etc.], states that the basic meaning of the verbal element in these complex predicates isn't intended; the intention is just to make a new verb which does not have a spontaneous existence in Persian. He is also of the opinion that it is possible to change intransitive verbs into transitive ones and vice versa with such LVs. Materials & Method In this article, five Persian light verbs including dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take), didan (see) in five periods during a century (1841-1941). To this aim, we search certain Persian newspapers published between 1841- 1941. For the five periods we searched serial newspapers VAQAYE- ETFAGIYE (1831s), AKHTAR (1851s), TARBIYAT (1871s), SOORO-E ESRAFIL (1891s) and CHEHRE NEMA (1911s) respectively. Three thousand verbs were randomly extracted and recorded. Then, all light and lexical verbs were analyzed by a software called Ant Conc. First, simple light and lexical verbs are analyzed. Then complex predicates will be carefully analyzed. Table one compares the light verbs dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take), didan (see) with respect to their frequency during the five distinct periods. The light verb dӑštan (have) is the most frequent in all five periods. Its frequency is 104, 80, 120, 105, 107 times in the five periods respectively. dӑštan alone accounts for at least %56 of light verb uses in each period. In the first and second periods dӑštan is more frequent than other light verbs in complex predicates. The second rank in use is for ӑmadan whose frequency is 54, 26, 31, 20 and 21 respectively. The third light verb under study is the verb ӑvardan (bring), which, with respect to its usage frequency and rank, shows a decreasing trend as having 25%, 16%, 15%, 10% and 11% occurrences respectively from the first to the last period. The fourth light verb under study is the verb didan (see) which has been mainly used as a lexical verb. The last verb under study is the light verb is gereftan (take) with the occurrences of 6%, 10%, 11%, 16% and 13% respectively from the first to the last period, has almost changed to a light verb. The data in table (1) indicate that this verb has proved to be a lexical verb in the first and second periods, then from the third period onwards, it has formally changed into the light verb. Conclusion In this article, about 60 complex constructions consisting of the LVs dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take), didan (see) along with their preverbal elements, extracted from different newspapers, have been carefully investigated in the course of five periods in a century (1841-1941). This research shows fundamental differences among these light verbs in relation with their usage frequencies, in a way that the light verb dӑštan (have) accounted for having the highest usage frequencies within these five periods as a whole, devotes nearly two third of all the complex predicate constructions to itself. The next light verb standing the second rank, is the LV ӑmadan (come) which can be regarded as devoting more than %16 of all the light verbs to itself. Then the light verb ӑvardan (bring), which is regarded as devoting more than 14% of all the complex constructions to itself. The LV gereftan (take), devotes more than 12% of all complex construction to itself. The LV verb didan (see) has devoted only %.2 of usage to itself within the century under study; this shows that the LVs didan (see) hasn't been really recognized as formal light verb in the course of these periods under study.

This paper seeks to address the relation between semantics, pragmatics and the productivity of a low level lexico-grammatical construction, Have the N (body part/attitude) to ↔metapragmatic comment. The question posed is how semantics affects productivity, in the generative sense of extensibility of a construction (a form meaning pairing). The method identifies the specificity and variations of the Have the N (body part/attitude) to ↔metapragmatic comment construction within the pragmeme of politeness using the COHA. Hereafter, we consider how to measure the extensibility within the onomasiological frame based on the available pool of forms expressing an attitude/emotion, i.e., the coverage or attractivity of the Have the N to construction. The paper discusses the findings, namely, how to overcome methodological issues relating to a qualitative rather than quantitative approach to the constructional architecture and the relative productivity of constructions. The experimental small scale corpus study of Have the N to in the COHA suggests that a global view of constructional architecture at multiple levels should be pertinent to identifying the extensibility potential of the construction.

Heterochrony is an enabling concept in evolution theory that metaphorically captures the mechanism of biologic change due to mechanisms of growth and development. The spatio-temporal patterns of morphogenesis are determined by cell-to-cell signaling mediated by specific soluble growth factors and their cognate receptors on nearby cells of different germline origins. Subsequently, down-stream production of second messengers generates patterns of form and function. Environmental upheavals such as Romer's hypothesized drying up of bodies of water globally caused the vertebrate water-land transition. That transition caused physiologic stress, modifying cell-cell signaling to generate terrestrial adaptations of the skeleton, lung, skin, kidney and brain. These tissue-specific remodeling events occurred as a result of the duplication of the Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein Receptor (PTHrPR) gene, expressed in mesodermal fibroblasts in close proximity to ubiquitously expressed endodermal PTHrP, amplifying this signaling pathway. Examples of how and why PTHrPR amplification affected the ontogeny, phylogeny, physiology and pathophysiology of the lung are used to substantiate and further our understanding through insights to the heterochronic mechanisms of evolution, such as the fish swim bladder evolving into the vertebrate lung, interrelated by such functional homologies as surfactant and mechanotransduction. Instead of the conventional description of this phenomenon, lung evolution can now be understood as adaptive changes in the cellular-molecular signaling mechanisms underlying its ontogeny and phylogeny.

Homeostasis is conventionally thought of merely as a synchronic (same time) servo-mechanism that maintains the status quo for organismal physiology. However, when seen from the perspective of developmental physiology, homeostasis is a robust, dynamic, intergenerational, diachronic (across-time) mechanism for the maintenance, perpetuation and modification of physiologic structure and function. The integral relationships generated by cell-cell signaling for the mechanisms of embryogenesis, physiology and repair provide the needed insight to the scale-free universality of the homeostatic principle, offering a novel opportunity for a Systems approach to Biology. Starting with the inception of life itself, with the advent of reproduction during meiosis and mitosis, moving forward both ontogenetically and phylogenetically through the evolutionary steps involved in adaptation to an ever-changing environment, Biology and Evolution Theory need no longer default to teleology.

Though the centrality of emotion in gothic fiction has long been acknowledged, its mechanisms for generating emotions have remained curiously underexplored. My review of the history of the genre's transatlantic development reveals that mind representation has often been explored as an important affective strategy by the gothicists, and that we can gain a solid understanding of its affective significance by combining the cognitive model of narrative with the rhetorical model. Bringing a diachronic perspective to bear on the study of gothic minds, my research demonstrates the historical embeddedness of the mechanisms of emotional generation, and their evolution under particular historical circumstances. My synthesized approach—which builds on an implied compatibility or even complementarity between the narrative models—externalizes the connections between the models, illuminates the evolution trajectory of both the affective system and the gothic genre per se, and extends our understanding of specific gothic works, authors, and historical periods under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on recent changes in the use of the hedges kind of and sort of in spoken British English over the past twenty years. A quantitative analysis of these features within subsets of the original BNC 1994 (BNC Consortium 2007) and BNC 2014 (Love et al. 2017) suggests a systematic encroaching of kind of into contexts that are traditionally occupied by sort of. This is highlighted in apparent-time patterns in which younger speakers are leading in use as well as real-time patterns that show a significant increase in use between 1994 and 2014. The hedges sort of and kind of are often treated as semantically equivalent, yet show distributional differences across different varieties of English. This article reports on an ongoing shift in the use of kind of as well as a relatively stable use of sort of. Its main focus is a detailed sociolinguistic analysis of both variants, which, in addition to social factors involved, teases apart some of the linguistic aspects of this shift. In line with the theme of this special issue, the article draws attention to the usefulness of comparable, or comparably made, corpora that allow for focused studies of linguistic change across speakers, generations, registers and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanistic approaches are very common in the causal interpretation of biological and neuroscientific experimental work in today's philosophy of science. In the mechanistic literature a strict distinction is often made between (intralevel) causal relations and (interlevel) constitutive relations, where the latter cannot be causal. One of the typical reasons for this strict distinction is that constitutive relations are supposedly synchronic whereas most if not all causal relations are diachronic. This strict distinction gives rise to a number of problems, however. Our end goal in this paper is to argue that it should be given up, at least in the context of the biological and the psychological sciences. To that effect, we argue that constitutive relations in this context are diachronic, thus undermining the aforementioned reason. We offer two cases from scientific practice in which constitutive relations are regarded as both diachronic and causally efficacious, review three existing ways of dealing with the apparent diachronic nature of interlevel relations in mechanisms and propose a new account of diachronic, causal constitutive relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite widespread interest and research among applied linguists to explore metadiscourse use, very little is known of how metadiscourse resources have evolved over time in response to the historically developing practices of academic communities. Motivated by such an ambition, the current research drew on a corpus of 874315 words taken from three leading journals of applied linguistics in order to trace the diachronic evolution of stance markers in methodology section of research articles from 1996 to 2016. Hyland’s (2005b) model of metadiscourse was adopted for the analysis of the selected corpus. The data were explored using concordance software AntConc (Anthony, 2011). Moreover, a Chi-Square statistical measure was run to determine statistical significances. The analysis revealed a significant decline in the overall frequency of stance markers in methodology section of RAs. Interestingly, this decrease was entirely due to the overall decline in the use of self-mentions. Approaching interactional dimension of academic writing from such a diachronic perspective, it might be argued that the very selective use of stance markers by academic writers over time means metadiscourse does not operate in vacuum and is sensitive to changes within disciplines and their academic practices.

The Sebkha of Oran, given its large size, is considered to be a remarkable feature of the west Algeria. The study of its evolution proved to be essential, following many interrogations specifically concerning its extension and its role in the ecological balance of the region. We aim to study the changes of the Sebkha over the last 20 years. To conduct the study, we used the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, which offers spatial and temporal, regular, and precise tracking of surfaces. The diachronic analysis, based on amplitude images captured between 1992 and 2011, demonstrated the possibility of mapping the sebkha at different dates in order to apprehend its evolution over this period. The results obtained reveal a southwesterly extension caused by the phenomenon of saline crystallization gradually and steadily gaining ground, which corresponds to the inclination of the basin and the main wind direction of the region.

Copyright of Lakon: Jurnal Kajian Sastra dan Budaya is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study analyses the conceptual development of Translation Studies in the specific period of history which helps to underline certain basic theoretical systems and approaches in Translation, developed at different periods of American and European culture and history. The second and most important aim is to figure out the similar or different systems and approaches in English Translation of Quran by Mohammad Asad so to render the Translation of Quran as an objective and authentic text for reference in general and English Language classrooms in specific. The most significant phenomenon that emerges out of this synchronic and a diachronic study of translation is that all the past concepts are still practiced in one form or the other and in some cases considered necessary for the translation process. The study also established the fact that translation of sacred text is super intricate phenomenon. Secular theories weather western or eastern theories to great extent are easily traceable in the Translation of Mohd Asad but cannot be directly applicable because of the nature of text. Analysis of Asads Translation also envisions and enlightens us that Translation of Quran meets the standards of English Textual configurations and are highly objective to be used for teaching and learning English with in specific pedagogic frame works. It will not only synchronize the sacred and the secular in the educational setups as recommended by the great Muslim scholars like Ghazali and Ibne Khaldoon but would help eliminate the misconceptions about the authenticity of sacred Translated texts in the class rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the data in early Southern Min play scripts, this paper explores temporal expressions—in particular temporal adverbials—which bear on the issues of their grammatical categories and syntactic placement. Considerable space is devoted to clarifying two kinds of distinctions of temporal adverbials on the strength of attested examples. A distinction is made between deictic temporal adverbials and determiner phrase-derived temporal adverbials. Similarly, durative adverbials are shown to behave differently from punctual adverbials. Finally, I argue that the metonymic semantic shift of deictic temporal adverbials denoting tomorrow and yesterday/the day before yesterday is grounded in the constraint of proximity to the deictic center of today in connection with the backdrop of diachronic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critiques R. Keith Sawyer's theory of social causation from his 2005 book Social Emergence. It considers his use of analogy with the philosophy of mind, his account of individual agency, the legacy of Emile Durkheim, the concepts of supervenience, multiple realization, and wild disjunction, and the role of history in social causation. Sawyer's theory is also evaluated in terms of two examples of empirical research: his own micro-sociological studies into group creativity; and Margaret Archer's macro-sociology of education systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the influence of formulations and lines of European medieval thought and culture during the two main processes of American political history: the American Wars of Independence and Between the States. In these moments of enormous significance, we can perceive a series of formulations alive since Middle Age centuries; principles with a no evident but relevant influence in mentality and perception during the conflicts. These are: federalism, constitutionalism, canon law, the concept of war, the reception of the work of Dante Alighieri and his ‘Divina Commedia’ and the reception of chivalric medieval culture and the Arthurian tradition.

Benevolences and curses, integral and authentic part of the discourse, most clearly reflect the culture of people. The use of these expressions in the communication space of different languages indicates the need for their study from the standpoint of linguistics, folklore, stylistics, rhetoric, psychology, cultural studies and other sciences. This article provides diachronic analysis and examines the deictic means of French benevolences and curses in the French language. The material for the study was the texts of the Bible, French epic poems, medieval legends, ballads, tales, and fiction. When considering this topic, the author used both general and special scientific methods and techniques: a historical-etymological method, a descriptive method that includes methods for observing, comparing, interpreting and classifying the material being studied; semantic identification method; distribution method. Comparing the medieval French discourse with the modern French language, the author examined the grammatical and semantic evolution, which underwent benevolences and curses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the continuously growing body of research on metadiscourse markers in different genres and through various perspectives for over 20 years, very little is known of how these features have evolved over time in response to the historically developing practices of academic communities. Motivated by such an ambition, the current research drew on a corpus of 4.3 million words taken from three leading journals of applied linguistics in order to trace the diachronic evolution of stance markers of research articles from 1996 to 2016. Hyland’s model of metadiscourse was adopted for the analysis of the selected corpus. The data were explored using concordance software AntConc. Moreover, a Chi-Square statistical measure was run to determine statistical significances. The analysis revealed a significant decline in the overall frequency of stance markers, with devices in all categories, except self-mention which increased dramatically over the past 20 years. The paper has been concluded by offering some suggestions for teaching academic writing.

Malay is one of languages that has many speakers. One area of Malay language speakers is Riau. Riau Malay language has few differences in the lexicons, so that it can be said as a sub-dialect. Therefore, it is important to study further about the communication language of Riau Malay, especially Riau Malay coastal dialect used in Tembilahan Sub-district by using diachronic study. This study aims to describe the reflexes of Malay protol-anguage phonemes of Riau Malay coastal dialect in Tembilahan Sub-district which is then followed by making the rules of changing Malay proto-language phonemes of Riau Malay coastal dialect in Tembilahan Sub-district and the rules for retention forms of its phonemes. The method used in this study is a qualitative deductive method that applies top-down reconstruction technique. The results obtained in this study are that Riau Malay coastal dialect used in Tembilahan Sub-district has some innovation rules, both in the forms of primary innovations and secondary innovations. The primary innovations have three types of innovations, namely substitution, split, and merger, while secondary innovations, consisting of lenition, fortition, metathesis, syncope, prothesis, and paragoge. Abstrak Bahasa Melayu merupakan salah satu bahasa dunia yang memiliki banyak pengguna. Salah satu daerah pengguna bahasa melayu adalah Riau. Bahasa Melayu Riau memiliki sedikit perbedaan-perbedaan dalam leksikonnya sehingga bisa dikatakan sebagai subdialek. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih jauh mengenai bahasa komunikasi Melayu Riau, tepatnya bahasa Melayu Riau dialek Pesisir yang digunakan di Kecamatan Tembilahan dengan menggunakan kajian diakronis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran refleks fonem-fonem protobahasa Melayu pada bahasa Melayu Riau dialek Pesisir di Kecamatan Tembilahan yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan membuat kaidah-kaidah perubahan fonem-fonem protobahasa Melayu pada bahasa Melayu Riau dialek Pesisir di Kecamatan Tembilahan berikut kaidah retensi fonem-fonemnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deduktif kualitatif yang menerapkan teknik rekonstruksi dari atas ke bawah (top-down reconstruction). Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat kaidah inovasi-inovasi Melayu Riau dialek pesisir yang digunakan di Kecamatan Tembilahan, baik yang berupa inovasi primer maupun inovasi sekunder. Adapun inovasi primer, memiliki tiga jenis inovasi, yaitu substitusi, split, dan merger, sedangkan inovasi sekunder, terdiri atas lenisi, fortisi, metatesis, sinkope, protesis, dan paragog.

Conceptual system developed in optimal control theory for technical purposes is used as a philosophical instrument applied to cyclic information processes, which are expected to be the basis of noosphere. Noosphere was perceived by the founding fathers of this concept, Vernadsky, Teilhard de Chardin, e.a. as an outgrowth of the evolutionary process, which begins with cosmogenesis and proceeds through geosphere and biosphere. We attempt to apply the optimal control concepts to all three levels – geospheric, biospheric, and noospheric – due to their having a common structure of information processes (or entropic processes considered as proto-information). These processes include homeostasis, accumulation and expenditure of information, formation of hierarchical information structures, evolution involving the breaks of homeostasis etc. In noosphere, controlled system may have the same informational capabilities as controlling system, so that the term “dialog” is more adequate; in this case, we extend optimal control description to game theory. The cyclic, feedback logic of optimal control seems better adapted to noospheric processes than usual causeeffect logic. This second part of the paper proceeds from the geo- and biospheric levels discussed in the first part to the noospheric level. The basic structure at this level is the fusion of natural matter/energy cycles characteristic for geosphere with anthropogenic information cycles, which extend information accumulation and adaptation inherited from biospheric level into reflective realm. The basic type of informational interaction between these structures is construed in perspective of game theory between reflective players. Its essential feature is the interaction between reflective images that each player forms of other players and of oneself. We describe the nontrivial information flows that can arise in a distributed global system of such structures, including complex interactions between collective and individual levels and paradoxes. We analyze the role of science as the carrier of the “rational model”, on which this entire system is based, and the impact on this model of the sociobiological background of science inherited from the biospheric level. We also discuss the role of natural language as an alternative noospheric structure capable of supporting the irrational components of the noosphere. City is discussed as an example of an emerging structure integrating the basic noospheric components, albeit in an inchoate form. Finally, we consider the reflective identities (“I”), which may emerge in noosphere, and the relevant ethical issues.

This paper discusses the creation and use of the TV Corpus (subtitles from 75,000 episodes, 325 million words, 6 English-speaking countries, 1950s-2010s) and the Movies Corpus (subtitles from 25,000 movies, 200 million words, 6 English-speaking countries, 1930s–2010s), which are available at English-Corpora.org. The corpora compare well to the BNC-Conversation data in terms of informality, lexis, phraseology, and syntax. But at 525 million words in total size, they are more than 30 times as large as BNC-Conversation (both BNC1994 and BNC2014 combined), which means that they can be used to look at a wide range of linguistic phenomena. The TV and Movies corpora also allow useful comparisons of very informal language across time (containing texts from the 1930s and later for the movies, and from the 1950s onwards for TV shows) and between dialects of English (such as British and American English). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now increasingly accepted that metadiscourse as one of the significant rhetorical features of research articles is context-sensitive and subject to change in response to the historically developing practices of academic communities. Motivated by such an understanding, the current research drew on a corpus of 914679 words taken from three leading journals of applied linguistics in order to trace the diachronic evolution of stance markers in discussion sections of research articles from 1996 to 2016. The analysis revealed a substantial decline in the overall frequency of stance markers in discussion section, with devices in all categories, except self-mention which increased dramatically over the past 20 years. Approaching the interactional dimension of academic writing from such a diachronic perspective, it might be argued that academic writing reflects, and in turn constitutes, social and institutional practices derived from contexts which are continually changing. Hence, training in academic writing needs to be a process of raising students' consciousness of the choices they can make and the consequences of making those choices in particular contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on onomastics and its subbranch, anthroponomy, in Turkish language is wide. There are numerous valuable papers, articles, dissertations and books on the origins and kinds of Turkish anthroponyms. There are also studies on the reasons for giving names to people. This study was conducted to reveal and to find out the phonological connections between the most used Turkish anthroponyms listed by Besim Atalay in his 1936 study on Turkish Names and by Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) in 2019. As the names in Atalay's study are relatively old-dated, they constitute diachronic data set; and as the names listed by TSI include the names used between 1950-2019, they constitute a synchronic data set. There are 2,252 names from the diachronic data set list, Turkish Names; and 642 names from the synchronic data set list, Contemporary Proper Names. To reveal the similarities and differences of these names in terms of gender, some phonological features of those names such as syllable structures and types, first and last phonemes, types of vowels and consonants were statistically examined. The results revealed statistically significant differences between male and female names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the use of combined pronouns (s/he, his or her, him/her, etc.) as an example of late twentieth-century non-sexist language reform which had an overt democratizing aim. Within the scope of second-wave feminism, the use of combined pronouns increased the visibility of women in discourse by encouraging the use of feminine pronouns (she, her, hers) alongside masculine pronouns (he, him, his). Despite their promotion, however, the use of combined pronouns is relatively rare. This paper uses the LOB and Brown families of corpora to diachronically and synchronically study patterns in the use of combined pronouns in written American (AmE) and British English (BrE) from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The analysis not only determines what forms these patterns take, but questions whether combined pronouns are influenced by (a combination of) syntax and/or semantics, and questions whether combined pronouns are really democratic at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find empirical evidence for Schneider's (2007) periodisation for the emergence of Hong Kong English, Evans (2014, 2015) scrutinised various historical documents, such as newspapers, council proceedings and jury lists. Taking the increasing use of the terms Hongkonger and Hongkong people during the 1980s as evidence for the emergence of a new Hong Kong identity, he argued that the Chinese population considered themselves part of the community. This paper systematises Evans' (2014) approach by analysing terms denoting ingroup and outgroup members in English news discourse in Hong Kong from 1903 to 1999. By tracing changes in frequency, reference and discourse topics associated with the terms, periods of identity reconstructions are uncovered and Schneider's and Evans' periodisations reassessed. The study thus contributes to our understanding of the social dynamics in Hong Kong's history, which are considered key to the emergence of Hong Kong English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palatalization is a process through which non-palatal consonants acquire palatality, either through a shift in place of articulation from a non-palatal region to the hard palate or through the superimposition of palatal qualities on a non-palatal consonant. In both cases, there is a front, non-low vowel or a palatal glide that triggers the process. In this paper, I examine the palatalization phenomena in Bùlì using Feature Geometry within the nonlinear generative phonological framework. I argue that both full and secondary palatalization occur in Buli. The paper further explains that, the long high front vowel /i:/, triggers the formation of a palato-alveolar affricate which is realized in the Central dialect of Bùlì, where the Northern and Central dialects retain the derived palatal stop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to reconstruct the picture of Romanian linguistics in exile through the exploration of various factors, such as motivation, circumstances, cultural activities, and particularly the manner in which Romanian linguists were received abroad and in their home country. Our analysis is not a mere restitution of history. Based upon the writers' personal observations, the paper aims to identify the common features with respect to the way they perceived the exile experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Persian light verbs have changed in terms of frequency of use in the course of time. The study of frequency changes of various common light verbs in the long history of Persian language seems reasonable, but the study of light verbs in the course of a relatively short period (a century) for the purpose of showing syntactic changes, can be a matter of significance. The present study deals with such topic. A diachronic study of the use of Persian light verbs in different periods sheds light on the processes leading to the formation of light verbs. In fact, studying the frequency of a number of light verbs during a century can lead to the discovery of how they turned into light verbs. Our purpose in this study is to analyze five Persian light verbs dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take) and didan (see) in five periods during a century (1220-1320 AH). In this study, 15000 simple and complex predicates, extracted from newspaper texts, have carefully been analyzed. In each period, the number of complex predicates based on type and token has been identified. This study shows that the light verb dӑštan has been regarded as the main light verb in the periods under study. This study also shows that the verb didan hasn't been used as a light verb in the last three periods, while it has been commonly used as light verb in the primary periods and has turned into a lexical verb in the course of time. This study also shows that the frequency of the mentioned light verbs during five periods indicates fluctuation; however, it is possible to reach a reasonable conclusion through a well-disciplined procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the phenomenon of enantiosemy – a kind of antonymy, combining opposite meanings in one word. In different studies, this category is considered as a special phenomenon of polysemy. Some types of enantiosemy like lexical, diachronic and phraseological are described, as well as problems are identified when translating this phenomenon from one language into another. As a result of the study, it was proved that in translation the meaning of the word is preserved, however the peculiarity of enantiosemy is lost.

The article presents the results of diachronic corpus analysis of the discursive representation of the frame 'local people' in the genre of travel notes. Based on the corpus of travelogue dating back to the end of the 19th century and the comparable in size corpus of travel blogs on travel, the means of discursive representation of reality in the studied genres were extracted using LancBox64 software and nominative and attributive lexemes that represent the frame 'local people' were defined and categorized in the diachronic corpus. Modeling of nominative clusters in texts that belong to one genre, but were written in different historical periods, was carried out using the tools of statistical analysis, which allowed extracting frequencies for lexical units, and identifying recurrent attributive word combination. The obtained data allowed us to systematize the means of discursive representation of the category under investigation in diachronic perspective, describe strategies of discursive representation, determine historical and cultural patterns of the discourse practice. Comparative analysis of quantitative data on means and items of local residents representation in each of the periods under study enabled us to establish dynamic changes that are manifested in peculiar nominative means that represent categories of social actors, evaluative attributive and verbal lexemes used for discursive construction of 'other' in the consciousness of Western people.

The composition of the Sinai pericope presents the reader with several literary problems, with specific reference to the incoherence of the text caused by textual irregularities in the sense of time, genre and theological issues. The chronological issues have led to the proposal that the legal codes (The Decalogue and Covenant Code) were interpolated into a broader narrative framework. Several scholars have attempted to unravel the Sinai pericope with diachronic or synchronic tools. This article investigates several solutions in order to understand Eckart Otto’s contribution to the current debate. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article engages literary criticism and hermeneutics to evaluate Eckart Otto’s solution in the broader framework of the history of research.

Hunting sustainability in Amazonian ecosystems is a key challenge for modern stakeholders. Predictive models have evolved from first mostly biological data-based to more recent modeling including human behavior. We analyze here the hunting data collected in French Guiana through a panel of indices aiming at drawing the puzzle of parameters influencing hunting activity and impact in various socio ecological conditions across the country. Data were collected from five different study sites differing in cultural origins and remoteness from market economy, and over a 10 years period. Most indices show an impact on wildlife populations, and using a full set of indicators allowed us to better understand some underlying mechanisms that lead to a community's hunting profile. The results showed that there are noticeable differences between the study sites in the practices and the ways hunters face the changes in environment and resources availability.

Understanding disability remains a challenge. Although the international community has largely embraced the idea that disability is the product of social and environmental practices, society still lacks good conceptual frameworks. In an era when the rights of persons with disabilities have been enshrined in international and national laws, such frameworks have become a necessity. Within the province of Quebec, Canada, the Disability Creation Process (DCP) model has served such a role. Furthermore, recent efforts to enrich the model enhance the applicability of this powerful tool to a broader range of contexts. As a result, the DCP model could be used more widely than it is today. In this paper we provide the foundations of the approach encapsulated by the model and explain how its usage guides policy development and service delivery within the province of Quebec. We also highlight its forward-looking capacities.

The Sebkha of Oran, given its large size, is considered to be a remarkable feature of the west Algeria. The study of its evolution proved to be essential, following many interrogations specifically concerning its extension and its role in the ecological balance of the region. We aim to study the changes of the Sebkha over the last 20 years. To conduct the study, we used the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, which offers spatial and temporal, regular, and precise tracking of surfaces. The diachronic analysis, based on amplitude images captured between 1992 and 2011, demonstrated the possibility of mapping the sebkha at different dates in order to apprehend its evolution over this period. The results obtained reveal a southwesterly extension caused by the phenomenon of saline crystallization gradually and steadily gaining ground, which corresponds to the inclination of the basin and the main wind direction of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our analysis is based on a corpus of documents related to the history of the Romanians, namely papers and private letters from the Bistriţa cities Archives, published by Nicolae Iorga and Alexandru Rosetti; our comments aim to set up a representative image of the language used during that period; that goal is to be accomplished by outlining the specific features of the language, by explicit or implicit comparisons with the previous stages of the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]