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The article presents assemblage of Seleucid and Greco-Bactrian coins found by the Czech-Uzbek archaeological expedition in the frame of a sampling metal detector survey in the upper reaches of Sherabad Darya, from the sites of the Darband Wall, Daganajam, Kurganzol and Iskandar Tepa in 2018. Sixteen specimens, of both silver and copper alloys, which were determined including a very rare Seleukos I (?) coin are assessed not only from the numismatic and historical point of view, but also analysed in terms of elemental composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety & Security Sciences Review / Biztonságtudományi Szemle is the property of Obuda University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: This review analyzes the scientific literature regarding explosive detection dogs (EDDs), focusing on animal personality profile, selection, training methods, employment, and performance. Critical aspects of EDDs were addressed to improve the success of working with dogs in explosive detection and expand knowledge in a very sensitive area. Dissemination of knowledge on the employment and technical training of EDDs is essential to prevent catastrophes caused by explosives and is essential to save lives worldwide. Terrorist organizations have compelled security authorities of every nation to make an increasingly significant commitment toward mitigating the risk of mass casualties and severe financial and property damages. As a result, various security measures have been implemented, including the use of advanced equipment and an uptick in intelligence activities. One of the most effective tools that has yielded outstanding results is the use of explosive detection dogs (EDDs). The nature of EDDs demands a high level of sensitivity given the inherent danger and severity of real threat situations that may involve the risk of explosion. Moreover, the operating procedures for EDDs are unique and distinguishable from other forms of detection. We conducted a review to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject, highlighting the EDDs' personality profile, selection, training methods, performance, and employment, incorporating insights from diverse fields, conducting an analysis, and presenting a perspective on using EDDs to prevent explosion threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective vehicle detection plays a crucial role in various applications in cities, including traffic management, urban planning, vehicle transport, and surveillance systems. However, existing vehicle detection methods suffer from low recognition accuracy, high computational costs, and excessive parameters. To address these challenges, this paper proposed a high-precision and lightweight detector along with a new dataset for construction-related vehicles. The dataset comprises 8425 images across 13 different categories of vehicles. The detector was based on a modified version of the You Only Look Once (YOLOv4) algorithm. DenseNet was utilized as the backbone to optimize feature transmission and reuse, thereby improving detection accuracy and reducing computational costs. Additionally, the detector employed depth-wise separable convolutions to optimize the model structure, specifically focusing on the lightweight neck and head components. Furthermore, H-swish was used to enhance non-linear feature extraction. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed detector achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 96.95% on the provided dataset, signifying a 4.03% improvement over the original YOLOv4. The computational cost and parameter count of the detector were 26.09GFLops and 16.08 MB, respectively. The proposed detector not only achieves lower computational costs but also provides higher detection when compared to YOLOv4 and other state-of-the-art detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most useful techniques for the separation and determination of new drugs with a complex nature. The selection of an HPLC detector depends on the chemical nature of molecules, potential impurities, matrix of the sample, sensitivity, availability, and/or cost of the detector. HPLC methods with UV/Vis detectors are the most used and simple analytical procedures in pharmaceutical applications, but it is limited to compounds that possess a chromophore. Hence, this review provides an overview on the development of analytical methods for compounds with weak chromophores. The review described selected papers about HPLC based methods in the PubMed, Scopus, Semantic Scholar and ScienceDirect databases, basically between 2006 and 2023. Of the analytical studies, the HPLC methods with UV-Vis, FLD, CAD, ELSD, RID, ECD, CLND and MS detection were found. This study is a comparison of different types of detection that are described in scientific literature and are routinely used for compounds with weak chromophores. It is expected that this review will be helpful for scientists in the analytical development fields to improve research related to the drug candidates and to ensure its quality according to regulatory levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution describes the acquisition and trigger system for the HEPD-02 calorimeter that will be used onboard the CSES-02 satellite for the CSES/Limadou mission. This mission arises from the collaboration between the Chinese Space Agency (CNSA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and plans the realization of a constellation of satellites which will monitor ionospheric parameters supposed to be related to earthquakes. It will also monitor the solar activity and the interaction with the magnetosphere and will study the cosmic rays in low energy ranges, extending data from PAMELA and AMS. The CSES-02 satellite will be equipped with various instruments, including the High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-02), which was designed to measure the energy of particles coming from Van Allen belts. Signals from the HEPD-02 are acquired and digitized by an electronic board that also produces the trigger for the experiment. A new generation ASIC (CITIROC) for the amplification, shaping and memorization of signals from PMTs will be used on this board. The new ASIC allows the use of the peak detector feature, optimizing the acquisition of signals with different temporal characteristics. Along with this, new algorithms for trigger generation have been developed, providing trigger pre-scaling, concurrent trigger masks and Gamma Ray Burst detection. Using pre-scaled concurrent triggers will allow the study of very sensitive regions of a satellite's orbit such as the South Atlantic Anomaly and polar regions and to detect rare events such as GRBs while still monitoring particle bursts. In this contribution, the progress status of this work will be presented along with the measurements and tests made to finalize the flight model of the board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vision based mapping is an emerging technology with decades of research advancements. The most famous mapping method available is silmuntaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) which provide an accurate map projected in a simulation. Unfortunately, SLAM requires an active sensor in order to acquire the data from its environment opposite the vision-based mapping which requires a passive sensor to collect data. This project aims to develop an autonomous mapping and exploration algorithm, design a controller for the robot-tracked vehicle and analyze the accuracy of the algorithm. The problem in autonomous mapping is precision, limitation of computational power and complex computation. So, the algorithm will be based on the visual odometer algorithm through a single-visual sensor. The robot tracker has also been designed and implemented on Raspberry Pi 3. The accuracy of two object with different height was calculated to ensure the validation of the algorithm being able to project the real object in 3D projection. The result for the task is shown in figures as to present the capability of the algorithm in projecting the map in 3D projection. The algorithm works as expected but still requires improvements to increase the precision of the map projection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beamlines on synchrotron radiation sources may impose different and sometimes even incompatible requirements to the X-ray beam. In some cases, implementation of probe methods for examination of samples in the mapping mode necessitates beams with the smallest possible cross–section. In contrast to this, radiation processing of material and manufacture of a commercial product using X-ray lithography approach require an X-ray beam with a relatively large area and providing a uniform exposure field. On the beamline X-Techno under development for the synchrotron radiation source SKIF, it will be possible to form synchrotron radiation beams up to 100 mm in size in the horizontal plane, differing in the spectral composition. Such beams will be used in any of the beamline's three research chambers for study of radiation effects in materials, as well as for creation of structures in the micro- and nano-size range. The design of the beamline will enable study of the physicochemical properties of materials exposed to X-rays in the spectral range from 2 to 70 keV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-photon detector is a device that can detect fragile light signals such as photons. Noise is one of the major problems of Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) in quantum communication and other applications. The two main noises in SPAD are afterpulse and dark count rate. Afterpulse is one of the most critical challenges of SPAD type InGaAs at 1550 nm wavelength. Several solutions have been presented to reduce noise. One of the most important methods presented is based on pulse gate. Pulse gate is effective in noise reduction by limiting SPAD operation time. Self-differentiating and up-conversion methods are also used in telecommunication wavelength SPADs to reduce noise, which have high implementation costs due to their complex structure. In this paper, we present a novel method for SPAD noise reduction. In this method, the time of SPAD output pulses is recorded and checked. The processor detects photon pulses and noise with a new algorithm. Noise pulses are removed, and photon pulses remain. This method is suitable for some Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols that are simultaneous sender and receiver. It cannot be used in LiDAR and other similar asynchronous applications. The noise reduction method presented in this paper can be used for all types of single photon detectors and at different wavelengths. Also, this method can be used simultaneously with other noise reduction methods and it greatly reduces the amount of noise.

The unique diffraction geometry of ESRF beamline ID06-LVP offers continuous static 2D or azimuthally resolving data collections over all accessible solid angles available to the tooling geometry. The system is built around a rotating custom-built Pilatus3 CdTe 900k-W detector from Dectris, in a configuration equivalent to three butted 300k devices. As a non-standard geometry, here the method of alignment, correction and subsequent integration for any data collected over all solid angles accessible, or over any azimuthal range contained therein, are provided and illustrated by parameterizing and extending existing pyFAI routines. At 1° integrated intervals, and typical distances (2.0 m), the system covers an area of near 2.5 m2 (100 Mpx square equivalent), to 0.65 Å resolution, at 53 keV from a total dataset of some 312 Mpx. Standard FWHMs of SRM660a LaB6 vary from 0.005° to 0.01°, depending on beam size, energy and sample dimensions, and are sampled at an elevated rate. The azimuthal range per static frame ranges from

Purpose: Monte Carlo simulations are crucial for calculating magnetic field correction factors kB for the dosimetry in external magnetic fields. As in Monte Carlo codes the charged particle transport is performed in straight condensed history (CH) steps, the curved trajectories of these particles in the presence of external magnetic fields can only be approximated. In this study, the charged particle transport in presence of a strong magnetic field B→ was investigated using the Fano cavity test. The test was performed in an ionization chamber and a diode detector, showing how the step size restrictions must be adjusted to perform a consistent charged particle transport within all geometrical regions. Methods: Monte Carlo simulations of the charged particle transport in a magnetic field of 1.5 T were performed using the EGSnrc code system including an additional EMF-macro for the transport of charged particle in electro-magnetic fields. Detailed models of an ionization chamber and a diode detector were placed in a water phantom and irradiated with a so called Fano source, which is a monoenergetic, isotropic electron source, where the number of emitted particles is proportional to the local density. Results: The results of the Fano cavity test strongly depend on the energy of charged particles and the density within the given geometry. By adjusting the maximal length of the charged particle steps, it was possible to calculate the deposited dose in the investigated regions with high accuracy (

In this paper, a probe for measuring radio-frequency electric fields in the environment is designed and presented. These electric fields consist of multi cellular technology (2G, 3G and 4G), including four bands: GSM900, GSM1800, 3G2100 and LTE2600. This device, called the MCT electric probe, is realized by three orthogonal antennas, in connection to frequency multiplexer circuits and detectors. The proposed antenna is a 3-D multi-branch monopole antenna, and these orthogonal antennas can receive the electric fields in all directions uniformly and isotopically. The proposed multiplexer can separate the received signals into four narrowband and has the ability to remove out-of-band signals. The detector is able to convert the fields received from the antenna and multiplexer sections to suitable DC voltages for amplifying and digital processing. Finally, the designed MCT electric probe is fabricated and tested. The measurements confirm the proper operation of the probe in terms of dynamic range, accuracy, sensitivity, and the linearity and isotropicity of the received electric fields.

Cosmic ray air showers are a phenomenon that can be observed on Earth when high-energy particles from outer space collide with the Earth’s atmosphere. These energetic particles in space are called primary cosmic rays and consist mainly of protons (about 89%), along with nuclei of helium (10%) and heavier nuclei (1%). Particles resulting from interactions in the atmosphere are called secondary cosmic rays. The composition of air showers in the atmosphere can include several high-energy particles such as mesons, electrons, muons, photons, and others, depending on the energy and type of the primary cosmic ray. Other than air, primary cosmic rays can also produce showers of particles when they interact with any type of matter; for instance, particle showers are also produced within the soil of planets without an atmosphere. In the same way, secondary cosmic particles can start showers of tertiary particles in any substance. In the 1930s, Bruno Rossi conducted an experiment to measure the energy loss of secondary cosmic rays passing through thin metal sheets. Surprisingly, he observed that as the thickness of the metal sheets increased, the number of particles emerging from the metal also increased. However, by adding more metal sheets, the number of particles eventually decreased. This was consistent with the expectation that cosmic rays were interacting with the atoms in the metals and losing energy to produce multiple secondary particles. In this paper, we describe a new–old approach for measuring particle showers in water using a cosmic ray telescope and Rossi’s method. Our instrument consists of four Geiger–Müller tubes (GMT) arranged to detect muons and particle showers. GMT sensors are highly sensitive devices capable of detecting electrons and gamma rays with energies ranging from a few tens of keV up to several tens of MeV. Since Rossi studied the effects caused by cosmic rays as they pass through metals, we wondered if the same process could also happen in water. We present results from a series of experiments conducted with this instrument, demonstrating its ability to detect and measure particle showers produced by the interaction of cosmic rays in water with good confidence. To the best of our knowledge, this experiment has never been conducted before. Our approach offers a low-cost and easy-to-use alternative to more sophisticated cosmic ray detectors, making it accessible to a wider range of researchers and students.

Visible Light Communication (VLC) has become an effective underwater communication technology due to its advantages such as fast transmission speed and strong confidentiality. When light propagates underwater, it is prone to scattering, resulting in a decrease in the energy of light propagation with the increase of transmission distance. Therefore, improving the responsiveness of the receiving end is the key technology to achieve underwater VLC. This article first designs a new holographic waveguide focusing system for the front end of the detector, which can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio of underwater detectors. Then, we construct a low-cost antimony sulfide thin film detector with weak light detection capability. Based on the built VLC system, the experimental results show that the dark current of the receiver detector is only 10-7 A/cm2, with a 3 dB bandwidth of 220 kHz, a response of 0.2 A/W, and an external quantum efficiency of over 70% in the blue green light band. Therefore, the new antimony sulfide thin film detector combined with a holographic waveguide focusing system can achieve weak light detection of visible light, making it a very effective underwater visible light receiving system.

In our previous study, we proposed an integrated PG-PET-based imaging method to increase the prediction accuracy for patient dose distributions. The purpose of the present study is to experimentally validate the feasibility of the PG-PET system. Based on the detector geometry optimized in the previous study, we constructed a dual-head PG-PET system consisting of a 16 × 16 GAGG scintillator and KETEK SiPM arrays, BaSO4 reflectors, and an 8 × 8 parallel-hole tungsten collimator. The performance of this system as equipped with a proof of principle, we measured the PG and positron emission (PE) distributions from a 3 × 6 × 10 cm3 PMMA phantom for a 45 MeV proton beam. The measured depth was about 17 mm and the expected depth was 16 mm in the computation simulation under the same conditions as the measurements. In the comparison result, we can find a 1 mm difference between computation simulation and measurement. In this study, our results show the feasibility of the PG-PET system for in-vivo range verification. However, further study should be followed with the consideration of the typical measurement conditions in the clinic application.

Contamination of food and water with radioactive substances is a serious health problem. There are several methods to detect and measure radioactive materials, some of which have been developed in recent years. This paper aims to discuss the methods of detecting and measuring radioactive substances in food and water. The principles and the advantages and disadvantages of each method have been discussed. The results showed that some of these methods, such as spectrometry γ-ray high purity germanium, portable radon gas surveyor SILENA, RAD7, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, have a higher sensitivity for detection and measurement. Also, the spectrometry γ-ray high purity germanium method has attracted more attention than other methods because it can measure a wide range of radionuclides with high resolution.

Along with the arrival of the digital era, promoting the high-quality development of rural tourism with a digital economy has become a new driving force and goal. This study examines the mechanism of digital technology to promote the high-quality development of rural tourism based on the perspective of stakeholders in rural tourism development. After selecting the evaluation indexes of digital technology to promote the high-quality development of rural tourism, the weights of the indexes are determined, and the level of digital technology to promote the high-quality development of rural tourism is measured by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in a rural tourism site as an example. The driving force factors of digital technology to promote the high-quality development of rural tourism are selected from both internal and external dimensions, and the driving force of digital technology to promote the high-quality development of rural tourism is analyzed by using geographic detectors for divergence and factor detection and interaction detection. The results can be obtained that the overall development of the sample rural tourism sites is located between average and better, with a comprehensive score of 6.842, especially in its cultural digitization and environmental monitoring digitization, with scores greater than 6. Digital technology to promote the high-quality development of rural tourism is subject to the joint effect of a variety of factors. The number of Internet broadband access ports is the core factor, and the factor contribution rates are all above 0.8. The research on effects and driving forces in this paper is of great significance in achieving high-quality development of rural tourism.

High intakes of histamine are poisonous. Hence, determining histamine levels in fisheries and processed products is essential to food quality. Several colorimetric sensors based on gold nanoparticles have shown exemplary performance in detecting the presence of histamine in samples. The modified AuNPs by MnO2 were used as a reagent in histamine analysis by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Using a seed-mediated growth method, modified Au–MnO2 nanostructures were synthesized from citrate-coated AuNPs and KMnO4. The Au–MnO2 nanostructure synthesis process produced a yellow-green solution, which produced a crystalline solid with a particle size

The unique diffraction geometry of ESRF beamline ID06-LVP offers continuous static 2D or azimuthally resolving data collections over all accessible solid angles available to the tooling geometry. The system is built around a rotating custom-built Pilatus3 CdTe 900k-W detector from Dectris, in a configuration equivalent to three butted 300k devices. As a non-standard geometry, here the method of alignment, correction and subsequent integration for any data collected over all solid angles accessible, or over any azimuthal range contained therein, are provided and illustrated by parameterizing and extending existing pyFAI routines. At 1° integrated intervals, and typical distances (2.0 m), the system covers an area of near 2.5 m2 (100 Mpx square equivalent), to 0.65 Å resolution, at 53 keV from a total dataset of some 312 Mpx. Standard FWHMs of SRM660a LaB6 vary from 0.005° to 0.01°, depending on beam size, energy and sample dimensions, and are sampled at an elevated rate. The azimuthal range per static frame ranges from <20° to ~1° over the full range of the detector surface. A full 2θ--intensity data collection at static azimuth takes 1-3 s typically, and can be reduced to ms-1 rates for measurements requiring time-rate determination. A full solid-angle collection can be completed in a minute. Sample detector distances are accessible from 1.6 m to 4.0 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown promising results on joint learning of local feature detectors and descriptors. To address the lack of ground-truth keypoint supervision, previous methods mainly inject appropriate knowledge about keypoint attributes into the network to facilitate model learning. In this paper, inspired by traditional corner detectors, we develop an end-to-end deep network, named Deep Corner, which adds a local similarity-based keypoint measure into a plain convolutional network. Deep Corner enables finding reliable keypoints and thus benefits the learning of the distinctive descriptors. Moreover, to improve keypoint localization, we first study previous multi-level keypoint detection strategies and then develop a multi-level U-Net architecture, where the similarity of features at multiple levels can be exploited effectively. Finally, to improve the invariance of descriptors, we propose a feature self-transformation operation, which transforms the learned features adaptively according to the specific local information. The experimental results on several tasks and comprehensive ablation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and the involved components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a novel learned keypoint detection method to increase the number of correct matches for the task of non-rigid image correspondence. By leveraging true correspondences acquired by matching annotated image pairs with a specified descriptor extractor, we train an end-to-end convolutional neural network (CNN) to find keypoint locations that are more appropriate to the considered descriptor. Experiments demonstrate that our method enhances the Mean Matching Accuracy of numerous descriptors when used in conjunction with our detection method, while outperforming the state-of-the-art keypoint detectors on real images of non-rigid objects by 20 p.p. We also apply our method on the complex real-world task of object retrieval where our detector performs on par with the finest keypoint detectors currently available for this task. The source code and trained models are publicly available at https://github.com/verlab/LearningToDetect_PRL_2023. • We present a novel detection method equivariant to non-rigid deformations. • The learned detector improves matching for different SOTA descriptors. • The proposed detection improves the matching and retrieval of deformable objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monte Carlo simulations are crucial for calculating magnetic field correction factors k B for the dosimetry in external magnetic fields. As in Monte Carlo codes the charged particle transport is performed in straight condensed history (CH) steps, the curved trajectories of these particles in the presence of external magnetic fields can only be approximated. In this study, the charged particle transport in presence of a strong magnetic field B → was investigated using the Fano cavity test. The test was performed in an ionization chamber and a diode detector, showing how the step size restrictions must be adjusted to perform a consistent charged particle transport within all geometrical regions. Monte Carlo simulations of the charged particle transport in a magnetic field of 1.5 T were performed using the EGSnrc code system including an additional EMF-macro for the transport of charged particle in electro-magnetic fields. Detailed models of an ionization chamber and a diode detector were placed in a water phantom and irradiated with a so called Fano source, which is a monoenergetic, isotropic electron source, where the number of emitted particles is proportional to the local density. The results of the Fano cavity test strongly depend on the energy of charged particles and the density within the given geometry. By adjusting the maximal length of the charged particle steps, it was possible to calculate the deposited dose in the investigated regions with high accuracy (< 0.1 %). The Fano cavity test was performed in all regions of the detailed detector models. Using the default value for the step size in the external magnetic field, the maximal deviation between Monte Carlo based and analytical dose value in the sensitive volume of the ion chamber and diode detector was 8% and 0.1%, respectively. The Fano cavity test is a crucial validation method for the modeled detectors and the transport algorithms when performing Monte Carlo simulations in a strong external magnetic field. Special care should be given, when calculating dose in volumes of low density. This study has shown that the Fano cavity test is a useful method to adapt particle transport parameters for a given simulation geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand the impact of the avalanche gain applied in the detector technology and apply this technology in our in‐house astrophotonic projects, we have characterized a C‐RED One camera and produced a stable and reliable method for calculating the system gain at any desired avalanche gain setting. We observed that depending on how the system gain is obtained, multiplying the system gain times the avalanche gain may not accurately produce a conversion factor from electrons to ADUs. As the acquisition of a photon transfer curve (PTC) was possible at different avalanche gain levels, several PTCs at low avalanche gain levels were acquired. Consequently, a linear fit was produced from the acquired system gain as a function of the avalanche gain setting. Through the linear fit, the effective system gain was calculated at any desired avalanche level. The effective system gain makes possible to accurately calculate the initial system gain without the ambiguity introduced by the nonlinearity of the system. Besides, the impact of the avalanche gain on the dynamic range was also analyzed and showed a stable behavior through the measured avalanche range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a probe for measuring radio-frequency electric fields in the environment is designed and presented. These electric fields consist of multi cellular technology (2G, 3G and 4G), including four bands: GSM900, GSM1800, 3G2100 and LTE2600. This device, called the MCT electric probe, is realized by three orthogonal antennas, in connection to frequency multiplexer circuits and detectors. The proposed antenna is a 3-D multi-branch monopole antenna, and these orthogonal antennas can receive the electric fields in all directions uniformly and isotopically. The proposed multiplexer can separate the received signals into four narrowband and has the ability to remove out-of-band signals. The detector is able to convert the fields received from the antenna and multiplexer sections to suitable DC voltages for amplifying and digital processing. Finally, the designed MCT electric probe is fabricated and tested. The measurements confirm the proper operation of the probe in terms of dynamic range, accuracy, sensitivity, and the linearity and isotropicity of the received electric fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal is the property of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cosmic ray air showers are a phenomenon that can be observed on Earth when high-energy particles from outer space collide with the Earth's atmosphere. These energetic particles in space are called primary cosmic rays and consist mainly of protons (about 89%), along with nuclei of helium (10%) and heavier nuclei (1%). Particles resulting from interactions in the atmosphere are called secondary cosmic rays. The composition of air showers in the atmosphere can include several high-energy particles such as mesons, electrons, muons, photons, and others, depending on the energy and type of the primary cosmic ray. Other than air, primary cosmic rays can also produce showers of particles when they interact with any type of matter; for instance, particle showers are also produced within the soil of planets without an atmosphere. In the same way, secondary cosmic particles can start showers of tertiary particles in any substance. In the 1930s, Bruno Rossi conducted an experiment to measure the energy loss of secondary cosmic rays passing through thin metal sheets. Surprisingly, he observed that as the thickness of the metal sheets increased, the number of particles emerging from the metal also increased. However, by adding more metal sheets, the number of particles eventually decreased. This was consistent with the expectation that cosmic rays were interacting with the atoms in the metals and losing energy to produce multiple secondary particles. In this paper, we describe a new–old approach for measuring particle showers in water using a cosmic ray telescope and Rossi's method. Our instrument consists of four Geiger–Müller tubes (GMT) arranged to detect muons and particle showers. GMT sensors are highly sensitive devices capable of detecting electrons and gamma rays with energies ranging from a few tens of keV up to several tens of MeV. Since Rossi studied the effects caused by cosmic rays as they pass through metals, we wondered if the same process could also happen in water. We present results from a series of experiments conducted with this instrument, demonstrating its ability to detect and measure particle showers produced by the interaction of cosmic rays in water with good confidence. To the best of our knowledge, this experiment has never been conducted before. Our approach offers a low-cost and easy-to-use alternative to more sophisticated cosmic ray detectors, making it accessible to a wider range of researchers and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying Unstriped Bunches (USB) is a pivotal challenge in palm oil production, contributing to reduced mill efficiency. Existing manual detection methods are proven timeconsuming and prone to inaccuracies. Therefore, we propose an innovative solution harnessing computer vision technology. Specifically, we leverage the Faster R-CNN (Region-based Convolution Neural Network), a robust object detection algorithm, and complement it with Progressive Growing Generative Adversarial Networks (PGGAN) for synthetic image generation. Nevertheless, a scarcity of authentic USB images may hinder the application of Faster R-CNN. Herein, PGGAN is assumed to be pivotal in generating synthetic images of Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) and USB. Our approach pairs synthetic images with authentic ones to train the Faster R-CNN. The VGG16 feature generator serves as the architectural backbone, fostering enhanced learning. According to our experimental results, USB detectors that were trained solely with authentic images resulted in an accuracy of 77.1%, which highlights the potential of this methodology. However, employing solely synthetic images leads to a slightly reduced accuracy of 75.3%. Strikingly, the fusion of authentic and synthetic images in a balanced ratio of 1:1 fuels a remarkable accuracy surge to 87.9%, signifying a 10.1% improvement. This innovative amalgamation underscores the potential of synthetic data augmentation in refining detection systems. By amalgamating authentic and synthetic data, we unlock a novel dimension of accuracy in USB detection, which was previously unattainable. This contribution holds significant implications for the industry, ensuring further exploration into advanced data synthesis techniques and refining detection models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of gamma and proton irradiation, and of forward bias minority carrier injection, on photo-response were investigated for InAsSb/AlAsSb pBn mid-wave infrared (MWIR) detectors with an engineered majority-carrier barrier. Room-temperature gamma irradiation had an insignificant effect on 77 K photo-response. Gamma irradiation at 77 K detector temperature, however, decreased in situ photo-response by 19% after a cumulative dose of ~ 500 krad(Si). Subsequent forward bias minority carrier injection had no effect on photo-response. The 77 K detectors irradiated with 30 MeV protons up to 2 Mrad(Si) had photo-response degraded by up to 70%, but here forward bias minority carrier (hole) injection caused up to 12% recovery that persisted more than 30 min. These results suggest a mitigation strategy for maintaining the photo-response of similar detectors in radiation environments that cause displacement damage defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) is one of the two focal plane detectors of Athena, a large-class high energy astrophysics space mission approved by ESA in the Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 Science Program. The X-IFU consists of a large array of transition edge sensor micro-calorimeters that operate at ~100 mK inside a sophisticated cryostat. To prevent molecular contamination and to minimize photon shot noise on the sensitive X-IFU cryogenic detector array, a set of thermal filters (THFs) operating at different temperatures are needed. Since contamination already occurs below 300 K, the outer and more exposed THF must be kept at a higher temperature. To meet the low energy effective area requirements, the THFs are to be made of a thin polyimide film (45 nm) coated in aluminum (30 nm) and supported by a metallic mesh. Due to the small thickness and the low thermal conductance of the material, the membranes are prone to developing a radial temperature gradient due to radiative coupling with the environment. Considering the fragility of the membrane and the high reflectivity in IR energy domain, temperature measurements are difficult. In this work, a parametric numerical study is performed to retrieve the radial temperature profile of the larger and outer THF of the Athena X-IFU using a Finite Element Model approach. The effects on the radial temperature profile of different design parameters and boundary conditions are considered: (i) the mesh design and material, (ii) the plating material, (iii) the addition of a thick Y-cross applied over the mesh, (iv) an active heating heat flux injected on the center and (v) a Joule heating of the mesh. The outcomes of this study have guided the choice of the baseline strategy for the heating of the Athena X-IFU THFs, fulfilling the stringent thermal specifications of the instrument.

Purpose: In this study an evaluation of the imaging performance of an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) is presented. The evaluation performed employing the QC-3V image quality phantom. Methods: An EPID system of a 6 MV LINAC, was used to obtain images of a QC-3V EPID phantom. The X-ray source to phantom distance was 100 cm and the field size was 15x15 cm2. The irradiation conditions comprised Dose Rates (DR) of 200, 400 and 600 for a 2 MU–100 MU range. The Contrast Transfer Function (CTF), the Noise Power Spectrum (NPS), the Normalized Noise Power Spectrum (NNPS) and the Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) were studied. In addition, an alternative factor showing a frequency related output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the Signal-to-Noise-Frequency Response (SNFR), has been introduced. SNFR is a comprehensive quality index, easily determined in clinical environment. Results: The CTF curves were found comparable to each other. The lowest values were measured at 2 MU and 200 MU/min. Concerning the NPS and NNPS graphs it was found that the values decrease up to approximately 0.3 lp/mm and demonstrate a white noise shape afterwards. SNFR values were found reducing with spatial frequency. Highest CNR were found between the region 7 and 11 of the phantom. Conclusions: The influence of MU and DR on EPID performance were investigated. Image quality was assessed using the QC-3V phantom. The presented results can lead to image quality amelioration and act supportively to current image quality control routine protocols.

This study develops a 600-GHz band array detector in a 65-nm CMOS technology. The unit pixel detector is based on a common-gate differential pair integrated with an on-chip differential patch antenna. A detector array was completed by arranging 36 pixels in a 6×6 configuration and integrating switches for row/column selection and signal path. The array exhibited average responsivity and NEP (noise equivalent power) of 1,320 V/W and 114 pW/Hz0.5, respectively. Imaging experiments were conducted at approximately 600 GHz by utilizing the developed array detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray detectors have numerous applications in medical imaging, industrial inspection, and crystal structure analysis. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) shows potential as a material for high-performance X-ray detectors due to its wide bandgap, relatively high mass attenuation coefficient, and resistance to radiation damage. In this study, we present Sn-doped Ga2O3 microwire detectors for solar-blind and X-ray detection. The developed detectors exhibit a switching ratio of 1.66 × 102 under X-ray irradiation and can operate stably from room temperature to 623 K, which is one of the highest reported operating temperatures for Ga2O3 X-ray detectors to date. These findings offer a promising new direction for the design of Ga2O3-based X-ray detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in-flight fragment (IF) separator of RAON, the main device for producing rare isotope (RI) beams for nuclear science research and applications, is under development. The IF separator consists of a target, beam dump, magnets, and detector systems. The high-power target and beam dump for the 80 kW primary beam were fabricated using graphite. The IF magnet system consists of a total of 8 dipole magnets, 15 sets of quadrupole magnet triplet, 2 sextupole magnets, and power supply systems. In the high radiation region near the target and beam dump, warm iron high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets and radiation-resistive dipole magnet are used. In the other region, cold iron low temperature superconducting (LTS) quadrupole magnet triplets and normal conducting (NC) dipole and sextupole magnets are used. Fabrication of all IF magnets have been completed and on-site installation is in progress. Also, detectors for particle identification (PID) and data acquisition (DAQ) systems are currently being installed at the focal planes of the IF separator. The current status of IF separator is briefly introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A novel 2-transistor (2T) pixel EUV detector is proposed and demonstrated by advanced CMOS technology. The proposed 2T detector also exhibits high spectral range (< 267 nm) and spatial resolution (67 μm) with high stability and CMOS Compatibility. The compact 2T EUV detector pixels arranged in a test array are capable of on-wafer recording the 2D EUV flux distribution without any external power. The compact 2T EUV detector pixels arranged in a test array are capable of on-wafer recording the 2D EUV flux distribution without any external power. Through proper initialization process, EUV induced discharging mechanism is fully investigated and an EUV induced electron emission efficiency model is established. Finally, a 2D array for in-situ EUV detection is demonstrated to precisely reflect the pattern projected on the chip/wafer surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish plays an essential role in Bangladesh people's diet, being the leading and sometimes easily replaceable food of low-income households. Major and minor elements in fish are crucial for the biological process in the human body. The analyses of 18 distinct elements (Na, Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Cd, I, Pb) in 6 selected fishes consumed by the people who live in the Savar region of Dhaka city in Bangladesh were conducted. The objective of the present analysis is to assess the concentration of heavy and trace elements in these fishes and provide up-to-date information if these fishes are safe to eat. The Proton-Induced Gamma Emission technique and the High Purify Germanium detector were used to detect the characteristic Gamma-rays from the target and then calculate the concentration of elements. In general, the highest concentrations range was typically found in K, Ca, and Fe, while the lowest concentrations range were found in V, Cd, and Pb. The findings were compared with the allowable limits of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA-407) and the World Health Organisation/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO).Fish are a key source of protein for millions of Bangladeshi citizens, particularly households with low incomes, so monitoring the toxicity level of fish is very crucial. The present analysis results indicate that these fishes are not entirely free of health hazards in consumption. Further study will provide crucial information on the relationship between the concentration of elements and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ricochet reactor neutrino observatory is planned to be installed at Institut Laue–Langevin starting in mid-2022. The scientific goal of the Ricochet collaboration is to perform a low-energy and percentage precision CENNS measurement in order to explore exotic physics scenarios beyond the standard model. To that end, Ricochet will host two cryogenic detector arrays: the CryoCube (Ge target) and the Q-ARRAY (Zn target), both with unprecedented sensitivity to O (10) eV nuclear recoils. The CryoCube will be composed of 27 Ge crystals of 38 g instrumented with NTD-Ge thermal sensor as well as aluminum electrodes operated at 10 mK in order to measure both the ionization and the heat energies arising from a particle interaction. To be a competitive CENNS detector, the CryoCube array is designed with the following specifications: a low-energy threshold ( ∼ 50 eV), the ability to identify and reject with a high efficiency the overwhelming electromagnetic backgrounds (gamma, beta, and X-rays), and a sufficient payload ( ∼ 1 kg). After a brief introduction of the future Ricochet experiment and its CryoCube, the current works and first performance results on the optimization of the heat channel, and the electrode designs will be presented. We conclude with a preliminary estimation of the CryoCube sensitivity to the CENNS signal within Ricochet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]