Search

L’unité d’enseignement « Immunopathologie » qui propose les brèves présentées dans ce numéro est suivie par des étudiants de divers parcours du Master Biologie Santé de l’Université de Montpellier. Ce Master rassemble des étudiants issus du domaine des sciences et technologies et de celui de la santé. On y étudie les bases physiopathologiques des maladies immunologiques, les cibles thérapeutiques et les mécanismes d’échappement des microorganismes et des tumeurs. Les articles présentés ont été choisis par les étudiants selon leur domaine de prédilection.

Although there has been a considerable amount of research on the Kurdish Question in general, so far, little attention has been given to the relationship between the Kurdish Question and its depict...

Etat des lieux de la traduction féministe et dans une perspective de genre

International audience; INTRODUCTION: HLA antigens are highly polymorphic and their immunogenicity is dependent on the configurations of polymorphic amino acids. Monitoring anti-HLA immunization is essential in organ transplantation, as antibodies directed against HLA molecules are a major cause of rejection. Anti-HLA antibodies are not specific for HLA antigens, but recognize B-cell epitopes present on HLA molecules. METHODS: To better understand antibody reactivity patterns, we calculated the Spearman correlation of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of anti-HLA antibodies identified by a single antigen assay performed using a Luminex\textregistered immunobeads assay on a large number of samples. Then, we built a computer tool analyzing antibody reactivity patterns with an accessibility by a web browser linked to the International Epitope Registry. We also extended our model to Onelambda\textregistered and Lifecodes\textregistered Single Antigen class I and class II assays. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The resulting MFI correlations reflect HLA antibody cross-reactivity and eplets similarity. We built HLA Graph, a computer tool that analyzes the eplets involved in antibody reactivity profiles. HLA Graph is usable with Onelambda\textregistered and Lifecodes\textregistered Single Antigen class I and class II assays. The interpretation of reactivity against alleles not tested by the antibody assays and against the alpha and beta chains of HLA-DQ and HLA-DP loci were also developed. CONCLUSION: HLA Graph is a free and ready-to-use bioinformatics tool that can be used by all laboratories performing anti-HLA antibody identification by immunobead assay. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

International audience; The aim of this work was the development of injectable radio-opaque and macroporous calcium phosphate cement (CPC) to be used as a bone substitute for the treatment of pathologic vertebral fractures. A CPC was first rendered radio-opaque by the incorporation of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). In order to create macroporosity, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres around 100 μm were homogeneously incorporated into the CPC as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Physicochemical analyses by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the brushite phase of the cement. The mechanical properties of the CPC/PLGA cement containing 30% PLGA (wt/wt) were characterized by a compressive strength of 2 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 1 GPa. The CPC/PLGA exhibited initial and final setting times of 7 and 12 min, respectively. Although the incorporation of PLGA microspheres increased the force necessary to inject the cement and decreased the percentage of injected mass as a function of time, the CPC/PLGA appeared fully injectable at 4 min. Moreover, in comparison with CPC, CPC/PLGA showed a full degradation in 6 weeks (with 100% mass loss), and this was associated with an acidification of the medium containing the CPC/PLGA sample (pH of 3.5 after 6 weeks). A cell viability test validated CPC/PLGA biocompatibility, and in vivo analyses using a bone defect assay in the caudal vertebrae of Wistar rats showed the good opacity of the CPC through the tail and a significant increased degradation of the CPC/PLGA cement a month after implantation. In conclusion, this injectable CPC scaffold appears to be an interesting material for bone substitution.

International audience; HLA-DPB1*1359:01 differs from HLA-DPB1*03:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 77 in exon 2. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

HLA-C*03:613 differs from HLA-C*03:02:02 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 190 in exon 4.

After allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (alloHSCT), the chimerism assay is used to monitor cell engraftment and quantify the respective proportions of donor/recipient cells in blood or bone-marrow samples. Here, we aimed to better assess the utility of determining CD3

Background Hemotropic mycoplasmas, previously classified in the genus Eperythrozoon, have been reported as causing human infections in Brazil, China, Japan, and Spain. Methods In 2017, we detected DNA from Candidatus Mycoplasma haemohominis in the blood of a Melanesian patient from New Caledonia presenting with febrile splenomegaly, weight loss, life-threatening autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemophagocytosis. The full genome of the bacterium was sequenced from a blood isolate. Subsequently, we retrospectively (2011–2017) and prospectively (2018–2019) tested patients who had been hospitalized with a similar clinico-biological picture. In addition, as these patients had been in contact with frugivorous bats (authorized under conditions for hunting and eating in New Caledonia), we investigated the role of these animals and their biting flies by testing them for hemotropic mycoplasmas. Results There were 15 patients found to be infected by this hemotropic mycoplasma. Among them, 4 (27%) died following splenectomy performed either for spontaneous spleen rupture or to cure refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The bacterium was cultivated from the patient’s blood. The full genome of the Neocaledonian Candidatus M. haemohominis strain differed from that of a recently identified Japanese strain. Of 40 tested Pteropus bats, 40% were positive; 100% of collected bat flies Cyclopodia horsfieldi (Nycteribiidae, Diptera) were positive. Human, bat, and dipteran strains were highly similar. Conclusions The bacterium being widely distributed in bats, Candidatus M. haemohominis, should be regarded as a potential cause of severe infections in humans.

HLA-DQA1*01:80 differs from HLA-DQA1*01:04:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon -18 in exon 1.

HLA-DRB1*04:326 differs from HLA-DRB1*04:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 23 in exon 2.

Objectives Ceramic veneers restorations may undergo damages, such as cracks, fractures, or debonding. Full-field measurements must be carried out in order to visualize and analyze the strain fields. This paper demonstrates that digital holography permits to investigate the mechanical behavior under stress of a natural incisor and a natural incisor reconstructed with CAD/CAM ceramic veneer. Methods The facial surface of a maxillary central incisor is prepared to receive a monolithic ceramic reconstruction manufactured using a chairside computer-aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system (Cerec AC® system, Sirona Dental System®, Bensheim, Germany). One incisor is kept intact for comparison. The samples are sectioned longitudinally to obtain a planar observation of the region of interest. A mechanical indentation head and digital holographic set-ups permit a full-field, contact-less and single-shot measurement of the three-dimensional displacement fields at the surface of the tooth sample when subjected to load. Stain fields are then estimated and comparison of the results between two samples can be carried out. Results 3D displacement, fields and strain fields are measured and highlight the behavior of the region of interest in three directions of space for the ceramic veneer and the natural incisor. The strain maps reveal the local behavior, especially the concentration or the sudden change in strain. The transition zones are clearly observed, particularly for the veneered sample. Conclusion Digital holography highlights the localization of stress concentration zones in regions of interest and yields comparative analysis between samples with different tooth preparations. Significance holography permits to visualize and compare the mechanical response of the ceramic veneer and natural tooth. This helps choosing the mechanical properties of the bonding interface.

HLA-C*01:214 differs from HLA-C*01:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon -10 in exon 1.

Identification of anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (Abs) is based on Luminex™ technology. We used bioinformatics to (i) study the correlations of mean fluorescence intensities (MFIs) for all the possible allele pairs, and (ii) determine the degree of epitope homology between HLA antigens. Using MFI data on anti-HLA Abs from 6000 Luminex™ assays, we provide an updated overview of class I and II HLA antigen cross-reactivity in which each node corresponded to an allele and each link corresponded to a strong correlation between two alleles (Spearman's ρ > 0.8). We compared these correlations with the serological groups and the results of an epitope analysis. The strongest correlations concerned allele-specific Abs directed against the same antigen. For the HLA-A locus, the highest values of Spearman's ρ reflected broad specificity. For the HLA-B locus, graphs defined the HLA-Bw4 public epitope, and correlations between HLA-A and -B alleles were only present for beads with the same Bw4 public epitope. For the HLA-C locus, we identified two groups that differed with regard to their KIR ligand subclassification. Lastly, the HLA-DRB1 subgroups were part of a network. In the epitope analysis, Spearman's ρ was related to the number of matched epitopes within pairs of alleles. The combination of Spearman's ρ with simple, undirected graphing constitutes an effective tool for understanding routinely encountered cross-reactivity profiles. Based on this model, we have implemented an online data visualization tool available at http://cusureau.pythonanywhere.com/.

International audience; As part of the expansion of the port of Dunkirk, more than 170 hectares of the maritime plain were explored on the future “Zone de Grande Industrie” (heavy industrie area) in the former estuary of the Denna (or Déna, or L’Enna) river, sub-catchment of the small coastal Aa river. The usual preventive archaeological diagnosis by trial trenches was accompanied by an archival research, a geophysical survey and geomorphological surveys (cross-sections and 3 m deep test pits). The integration of the different results leads to an understanding of the sector better than each discipline would have done separately. The first meters of deposits consist of tidal sands intersected by tidal channels. The upper decimeters are possibly siltier. The apparent conductivity survey allows spatializing the lithostratigraphic data. Their combination, as well as information from the ancien cadastre, highlight a state of the western edge of the estuary, contemporary with human occupations. In the same way, combination of archaeological remains collected during the survey with the geophysical/stratigraphical data allows to understand the evolution of that landscape, along with the expansion and contraction of dwellings, since the first remains around the Xth–XIIth century on the western edge of the estuary. From that, dwellings move to the northeast, to a long time active channel of the Denna which its axis corresponds to the current drainage system. The electrical conductivity survey also revealed anomalies that turned out to be broad and deep anthropogenic features (up to about 40 m in diameter and more than 5 m deep, i.e. −2.5 m below mean water level). Although abundant, these structures can easily be unnoticed by trial trenches. Three structures were tested. Their filling is variable but has a common point to be sealed on the bottom and to have walls made with clumps of clay. These features are interpreted as diked ponds, some examples remain on the coast of the North Sea (Friesland, Zeeland and Germany). They were used to collect fresh water while the surrounding shape embankment was used to protect it from the highest tides.; Dans le cadre de l’agrandissement du port de Dunkerque, plus de 170 hectares de la plaine maritime ont été explorés sur la future « Zone Grande Industrie », dans l’ancien estuaire de la Denna (ou Déna, ou L’Enna), sous-bassin du petite fleuve côtier Aa. Le diagnostic d’archéologie préventive classique par ouverture de tranchées a été accompagnée de recherches en archives, de prospections géophysiques, de levés géomorphologiques en sondages en puits (profonds de 3 m) et en coupes. L’intégration des études de nature différente permet d’aboutir à une compréhension du secteur meilleure que ne l’eût fait chaque discipline séparément. Les dépôts sont essentiellement des sables tidaux recoupés par des chenaux de marée. Les décimètres supérieurs sont parfois plus limoneux. Les mesures de conductivité apparente permettent de spatialiser les données lithostratigraphiques ponctuelles. Leur confrontation, ainsi que des indices venant du réseau parcellaire, permet la mise en évidence d’un bord ouest de l’estuaire, contemporain d’occupations humaines. De même, la confrontation des vestiges archéologiques levés lors du diagnostic avec une zonation basée sur la géophysique et la stratigraphie permet d’appréhender l’évolution du paysage, notamment l’expansion et la contraction de l’habitat du secteur, depuis les premières interventions aux environs des Xe–XIIe siècles sur la bordure ouest de l’estuaire. Depuis ce dernier, l’habitat a progressé vers le nord-est, jusqu’à un bras de la Denna resté longtemps actif et dont l’axe correspond au système de drainage actuel. La cartographie de conductivité électrique permet également de mettre en évidence des anomalies qui se sont révélées être de larges et profondes structures anthropiques (jusqu’à environ 40 m de diamètre et plus de 5 m de profondeur, soit −2,5 m sous la cote zéro). Bien que nombreuses, ces structures peuvent passer facilement inaperçues lors des diagnostics archéologiques. Plusieurs ont été testées. Leur remplissage est variable mais présente comme point commun une étanchéification du fond et des parois par des mottes d’argile. Ces structures sont interprétées comme des mares endiguées dont quelques exemples subsistent sur la côte de la mer du Nord (en Frise, en Zélande et en Allemagne). Elles permettaient de recueillir l’eau douce et leur couronne de remblais en élévation s’élevaient au-dessus des plus fortes marées.

HLA-C*04:438 differs from HLA-C*04:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 237 in exon 4.