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The study is devoted to the examination of allusions to the Trojan myth in the legendary toposphere of Kyiv, the foundation of which goes back centuries and is immersed in the mythological layer of the historical development of mankind. Kyiv has become not only the centre of structuring the proto-state of Ukraine but also a symbol of the establishment of the socio-cultural identity of its inhabitants. Therewith, for centuries Kyiv has had a special place in a number of iconic cities on the European continent, which determines the relevance of the study of its cultural topoi. The purpose of the study is to identify, analyse, and synthesise mythological patterns on Trojan issues in the sociocultural landscape of the city of Kyiv and their influence on the processes of forming collective self-consciousness and proto-national identity. The study analyses the reception of the Trojan myth based on Kyiv toponymy and mythopoetics, chronicle sources, and literary works, which allows for constructing its mythological palimpsest, which without the Trojan theme would be devoid of an expressive layer. The study traces the transformation of mythological representations from the era of Kyivan Rus, which were later in demand on the territory of Ukraine during the Baroque period. Ultimately, a retrospective study of the field of proto-national myth in variations of mythologems as its constituent elements allows for reaching a deeper level of collective mentality, which is the basis for the development of national identity through awareness and adaptation of deep symbolic structures. The Trojan theme has not yet been represented in urban studies of Kyiv, although it has a certain number of manifestations in the cultural environment of the city. The study is based on the use of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis of cultural information. The interpretive method is used for modelling theoretical constructs. From special methods, mythorestavration was chosen as a priority. The hypothesis presented in the study and its approbation are authentic and are presented for the first time

Aim. To synthesize cyclobutane-derived amines and carboxylic acids bearing CH2F or CHF2 groups in the α position; to determine the regularities of the effect of fluoroalkyl substituents on the acid-base properties of the title compounds. Results and discussion. Synthetic approaches to 1-(fluoromethyl)- and 1-(difluoromethyl)cyclobutanamines, 1-(fluoromethyl)- and 1-(difluoromethyl)cyclobutanecarboxylic acids have been developed. It has been found that the pKa (pKa(H)) values measured for the title compounds, as well as for their non-substituted and CF3-substituted analogues, are consistent with the electron-withdrawing effect of the corresponding fluoroalkyl substituents. Experimental part. The synthesis of the title compounds commenced from the known ethyl 1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutanecarboxylate or the product of its Swern oxidation (the corresponding aldehyde) and included fluorination, alkaline ester hydrolysis (for carboxylic acids), and modified Curtius rearrangement (for amines). The pKa value was determined from the pre-equivalence point part of the titration curve using the standard acid-base titration. Conclusions. A newly developed synthetic approach to 1-(fluoromethyl)- and 1-(difluoromethyl)cyclobutanamines, 1-(fluoromethyl)- and 1-(difluoromethyl)cyclobutanecarboxylic acids allows to obtain the title compounds in multigram quantities (up to 97 g). With a single exception, the acid-base properties of these products, as well as their parent non-substituted and CF3-substituted analogues, change in a monotonous manner in accordance with inductive electronic effect of the fluorine atom(s).

The paper demonstrates the results of surveys of the innovative youth project U-Report for April – June 2023: intimate partner violence, education and migration sentiments, career guidance.

У статті розглянуто міфогеографію Києва, зокрема рецепцію універсального «Троянського міфу» в соціокультурному просторі міста. У дослідженні поряд із загальнонауковими методами: типологічним (стійкість культурних ознак) та інтегративним (спільність культурних ознак) – використано спеціалізований – міфореставраційний метод, що дає змогу в будь-якій культурній формі виділити міфологічні ознаки, алюзії, образи, сюжети, які проявляють багатошаровий зміст явищ і феноменів. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає у виокремленні різноманітних модифікацій «Троянського міфу» стосовно культурного ландшафту Києва на підставі аналізу відповідної топоніміки та міфопоетики від доби Середньовіччя до епохи Модерну. Зроблено висновок, що міфогеографія Києва відповідає моделі палімпсеста, де просторові образи темпорально нашаровуються на матрицю культурного ландшафту. Активація «Троянського міфу» на теренах України відповідає ренесансним тенденціям загальноєвропейського культурного мейнстриму – дошукуватися античного родоводу міст, держав та народів.

The issue of ensuring the safety of life is becoming more and more urgent. Society is beginning to understand that the further development of mankind and technological progress require that everyone has the highest level of knowledge and culture in this field. The purpose of the presented research is to study the safety of life and to consider the safety of life in the household and social spheres. The methodological basis of the research is based on a combination of various general scientific methods of scientific cognition. This study used methods of information analysis and synthesis, the comparative method, and the method of induction and deduction. At the final stage of the study, the method of analysing scientific literature relevant to the subject of the study was used. Life safety (LS) can be characterised as a science that studies hazards and ways to protect against them. It is an integral part of the system of state, social and defense measures taken to protect the population and economy of the country from the consequences of accidents, disasters, natural disasters and weapons of destruction of the enemy. In the course of the study, it was determined that social practice indicates that a person violates the rules of safe behavior for several reasons. First of all, this is explainedc by ignorance of the object of influence, the rules of safe behavior and ways of their application, the discrepancy between the physical and mental capabilities of a person to the requirements of public practice. The practical value of the presented research lies in the fact that it can be used by both theorists and practitioners in the process of studying the safety of human life in the household and social spheres.

The results of surveys of the innovative youth project U-Report for February are presented – March 2023: mental health, use of plastic, and mine safety.

Background In acute ischemic stroke caused by large‐vessel occlusion, tissue viability is dependent on the blood supply from leptomeningeal collaterals until reperfusion is achieved. Rapid and accurate evaluation of baseline collateral status is a key marker of eligibility for endovascular therapy but can be challenging to interpret using source images of the computed tomography angiography (SI‐CTA). Our objective was to assess whether the use of thick maximum‐intensity projection computed tomography angiography (MIP‐CTA) improves interrater agreement for evaluation of baseline collaterals status between stroke trainees and an expert stroke neurologist. Methods An expert stroke neurologist and 2 stroke trainees independently reviewed images from 40 brain CTA scans with anterior circulation large‐vessel occlusion and assessed collateral status using the Tan collateral scoring system using SI‐CTA in the first reading and then using MIP‐CTA in the second reading. We calculated interrater agreement and recorded the total time needed in each reading. Results Interrater agreement was fair between the 2 stroke fellows and stroke expert when using SI‐CTA (κ=0.45 with 52.5% agreement). After using MIP‐CTA, interrater agreement improved to moderate (κ=0.69 with 70% agreement). The median reading time was 1.89 minutes per scan using SI‐CTA and 1.00 minute per scan using MIP‐CTA (P

Background Andexanet alfa, a specific reversal agent for factor Xa inhibitors, resulted in effective hemostasis in 79% of patients with intracranial bleeding in the ANNEXA‐4 (Andexanet Alfa, a Novel Antidote to the Anticoagulation Effects of Factor Xa Inhibitors) trial (NCT02329327). However, little is known about predictors associated with hematoma expansion in patients with factor Xa inhibitor–associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH) receiving andexanet alfa. Methods The ANNEXA‐4 trial was a prospective, single‐arm, open‐label study of andexanet alfa in patients with acute major bleeding within 18 hours after taking a factor Xa inhibitor. Hematoma volumes at baseline and 12 hours after andexanet alfa treatment were measured using a computerized‐assisted volumetric method. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses of clinical and nonclinical parameters were performed to identify factors predictive of different volumes of hematoma expansion. To this end, an ICrH Expansion Scale was developed. Results Overall, 305 ANNEXA‐4 study patients with baseline and follow‐up imaging were included, 15.7% of whom showed evidence of any ICrH expansion ≥6‐mL. Patients with ≥6‐mL ICrH expansion had a significantly (P

Background The optimal management of patients with symptomatic isolated internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion is unknown. We aimed to assess whether endovascular treatment (EVT) compared with standard medical care was associated with improved functional outcomes in patients with acute symptomatic isolated intracranial ICA occlusion without involvement of the middle or anterior cerebral artery, that is, ICA‐I occlusion. Additionally, we aimed to compare ICA‐I with ICA‐L/T occlusion, which involves themiddle and anterior cerebral artery, respectively. Methods We analyzed data from the highly effective reperfusion evaluated in multiple endovascular stroke trials (HERMES) collaboration, which performed an individual patient data meta‐analysis of 7 randomized controlled trials conducted between 2010 and 2017 assessing the benefit of EVT compared to medical management in patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion. We assessed the association between EVT and 90‐day good functional outcome (modified Rankin scale scores 0–2), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at 24 hours, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rates and mortality in patients with ICA‐I and ICA‐L/T occlusion. Results We included 442 patients with intracranial ICA occlusion, of whom 38 (8.6%) had ICA‐I occlusion. In the ICA‐I group, the median age [interquartile range] was 69.5 [61.7–79.5] years, 42.1% were male, and median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 17 [15–20]. Compared with standard medical care alone, EVT resulted in higher good outcome rates in patients with ICA‐I (42.9% versus 25%; P=0.296) and ICA‐L/T occlusion (32.5% versus 14.4%; P

Introduction: AKI (acute kidney injury) is a common comorbid condition in patients with AMI (acute myocardial infarction), complicating its course and treatment. In the future, the prognosis of these patients after discharge from the hospital, as well as the incidence of recurrent cardiovascular events (CVS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not known.The purpose of the study: to study the predictors of the development of recurrent cardiovascular events (CVS) in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) with acute kidney injury (AKI). Develop a calculator - a risk meter for repeated CCC.Materials and methods: the study was performed in the Altai Regional Cardiological Dispensary. 193 patients with MI and PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) were included, divided into 2 groups: the first - 123 patients aged 62.8±1.1 years with MI and AKI, the second - 70 patients without AKI, age 61.3± 1.6 years. Upon admission and before discharge, the level of the KIM-1 molecule (Kidney Injury Molecule-1) and IL-18 (interleukin-18) was studied by ELISA in the urine. All patients underwent coronary angiography using low-osmolar contrast. One year after discharge, the frequency of development of repeated CCC was assessed. Statistical calculations were carried out using statistical packages STATISTICA 12.0. The level of statistical significance was taken equal to 0.05.Results. The level of KIM-1 (at admission) in the first group was statistically higher than in the second: 1998.9±147.6 versus 1289.8±126.1 pg/ml p=0.001, and IL-18 in the AKI group exceeded the corresponding parameter of the group without AKI: 179.0±12.9 versus 114.9±11.5 pg/ml p=0.007, respectively. A year later, it was found that the frequency of recurrent cardiovascular events was higher in the group with AMI and AKI: unstable angina was diagnosed in 26 (21.1%) patients in the group with AKI and 5 (7.1%) patients without AKI in history, p=0.010; 19 (15.4%) and 2 (2.8%) patients, p=0.006, 20 (16.2%) and 3 (4.2%), p=0.013 patients, respectively, had repeated myocardial infarction and progression of CHF in a year . Progression of renal dysfunction during the year was observed 5 times more often in patients with MI and AKI: CKD C2 was diagnosed in 49 (39.8%) patients of the first group and 16 (22.8%) of the second, p = 0.01; CKD C3a and C3b stages - in 34 (27.6%), p˂0.001 and 19 (15.4%) patients, p=0.002, respectively, CKD stage C4 was detected in 4 (3.2%) patients of the group with AMI and AKI in the early postinfarction period. As a result of constructing a multifactorial logistic regression model, predictors were identified that have a multiplicative effect on the development of recurrent CV events: BMI over 25 kg/m2 increases the risk of recurrent CV events by 0.91 [0.83; 0.99] times, p=0.028, history of prior MI in 3.32 [1.24; 9.86] times, p=0.022. Increase in CRP by 1.01 [1; 1.03] times, p=0.045, troponin I, 0.97 [0.94;1] times, p=0.037, and IMT-1, 1 [1;1] times, p=0.030. On the development of CKD: an increase in age is associated with an increase in the chances of developing CKD by 1.18 [1.1; 1.29], p ˂0.001; troponin I by 0.96 times [0.92; 1], p=0.030; systolic blood pressure in 1.03 [1; 1.07] times, p = 0.029. A calculator has been developed for risk stratification of the development of recurrent CV events and an algorithm for managing this category of patients after discharge from the hospital.Conclusions: thus, the identified predictors make it possible to calculate the risk of developing recurrent CV events and CKD using the developed calculator and allocate these patients to a separate group for personalized observation, taking appropriate measures of secondary prevention.

Abstract Among patients with ischemic stroke, little attention has been paid to differentiation between stroke progression and recurrence. We assessed the role of MR imaging in predicting stroke progression, recurrent stroke, and death within 2 years of symptom onset. Methods Ischemic stroke or TIA patients were prospectively enrolled. They were examined within 12 hours and had a stroke MR completed within 24 hours of symptom onset. Patients were closely followed neurologically and examined if there was any deterioration in neurological status. Relationships between baseline clinical and imaging factors and outcomes were assessed. We also examined whether baseline stroke/TIA severity (NIHSS 0-5 versus NIHSS > 5) modified these relationships. Results A total of 334 patients were enrolled. The overall rates of progression, 2-year recurrence, and 2-year death were 8.7%, 8.0%, and 6.6%, respectively. Event rates were similar among patients with mild compared to more severe strokes: 8.3% versus 9.5% (p = 0.73) for progression, and 7.3% versus 9.9% (p = 0.59) for recurrence. The effect of baseline glucose > 8 mmol/l was consistent in predicting stroke progression, recurrent stroke and death, regardless of baseline stroke severity. In multivariable analyses, DWI lesion and intracranial occlusion predicted stroke progression only in the minor stroke/TIA group; symptomatic Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) stenosis predicted stroke recurrence only in the minor stroke/TIA group. Conclusions In a prospective study with early assessment and imaging we have found that stroke progression is different than stroke recurrence. Different imaging factors predict stroke progression versus stroke recurrence. Baseline hyperglycemia, a potentially modifiable factor, consistently predicted all three outcomes (stroke progression, recurrent stroke or death) regardless of baseline stroke severity.

This study is a small-scale action research on the problem of EFL/ESL students’ participation in group activities during the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. The main stages of the research were conducted in the academic year of 2020/21. The population of the study is twenty-eight Ukrainian secondary school students and three teachers. The research aims at designing a method for ensuring learner engagement in and equal contribution to the group project during distance learning. The methodological basis of this study is the theories of “The Model of Willingness to Communicate”, “Collaborative Learning” and “Social Interdependence”. The quantitative and qualitative data have been collected through the mixed-method approach, in particular via pedagogical observation, surveys (teacher interviews and student questionnaires), peer evaluation, and mathematical statistics (descriptive and frequency methods). The analysis of scientific pedagogical and psychological literature on student engagement during traditional (in-person) and distance (synchronous and asynchronous) learning, including the use of social networks in education (Viber, Zoom, etc.), helped to identify the main factors that affect learner engagement and equal participation in group activities, such as psychological (self-confidence, anxiety, shyness, and personality), group formation (group size, teacher/student-formed, and homogeneous/heterogeneous), monitoring (self, peer and teacher) and evaluation (peer and teacher). The results of this study demonstrate that the teacher greatly influences the success and equality of student participation in small-group activities. Identifying reasons for unequal participation in the target group of learners, considering students’ personality traits and individual needs, and using appropriate planning, organizing and monitoring strategies are the key to their active engagement and effective group work. The results of this study could be used by researchers and practitioners working in the sectors of secondary and tertiary education.

The article examines and compares different approaches to understanding the essence of a local community as a complex social phenomenon combining characteristics of a social group and a social community. On the basis of methods of systematization, generalization and comparison of various theoretical approaches to understanding the essence of a local community, it has been concluded that there are two main approaches to the definition of the local community in the modern scientific literature: a communitarian and a socio-territorial. The communitarian approach considers communities as derived from the communication (interaction) of social objects. The socio-territorial approach defines local communities through the presence of a common beginning that unites people. The diversity of interpretations of the concept of “local community” emphasizes a complex nature of the studied processes. The research substantiates understanding of the local community as a special stage of development of a socio-territorial community. The local community is considered as a set of horizontal social relations (relationships) between people, generated by the interaction of a set of people living in the territory of a municipality, having common interests and values, aware of the need to combine action to solve local issues and interacting on solving local issues. Consideration of the local community as a stage in the development of a socio-territorial community will make it possible to apply new empirical methods for its study using sociological methods.

The risk of severe type I diabetes mellitus in children with new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is extremely high, which is associated with a high risk of intracranial hypertension, cerebral edema and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. On the example of a clinical case, the features of the course of diabetic ketoacidosis and intensive care measures in children with COVID-19 were considered. The main data of the history and clinical and laboratory examination are reflected, special attention is paid to the applied aspects of therapy, it was noted that with a severe course of a new coronavirus infection and diabetic ketoacidosis, the risk of developing cerebral injury, acute kidney injury and thromboembolic complications is quite high, which may require artificial lung ventilation for the purpose of cerebral protection, renal replacement therapy and the use of anticoagulants. The new coronavirus infection is a risk factor for the severe course of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with type I diabetes, regardless of the age of the child, which is the basis for clinical alertness in order to timely identify and treat potential life-threatening complications.

The results of surveys of the innovative youth project U-Report for October – December 2022 on media literacy, youth councils, benefits from volunteering.

Abstract Background Stroke thrombolysis-related intracerebral hemorrhage may occur remotely from the anatomical site of ischemia. One postulated mechanism for this is simultaneous multiple embolization with hemorrhage into a "silent" area of ischemia. Results A patient suffered a disabling stroke affecting the right cerebral hemisphere. He was treated with intravenous alteplase and underwent extensive early imaging with multimodal MRI. Several hours after treatment he developed a brainstem hemorrhage despite having no evidence of ischemia on DWI MRI in the brainstem. Conclusion Not all occurrences of remote ICH after stroke thrombolysis are secondary to multiple emboli with silent ischemia.

The prevalence of arterial hypertension is reaching alarming proportions in low- and middle-income countries, including Ukraine. A sufficiently high prevalence of hypertension among people of the working age creates an additional economic burden on the country's budget. Domestic and international clinical guidelines for the treatment of hypertension recommend to prefer using the combinations of drugs from different groups for the treatment of hypertension. Fixed combinations provide additional benefits for patients and healthcare programs, including simpler dosing regimens, improved adherence and better blood pressure control. The aim of this research was to analyze the dynamics of changes in the range of fixed combinations of antihypertensive drugs registered at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in 2022 compared to 2015. The object of the research was the data of the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine for 2015 and 2022. The research was conducted using modern methods of analysis, systematization and generalization, mathematical and statistical calculations. According to the results of the retrospective analysis it was established that the total number of registered drugs increased by 28%. During the analyzed period, the assortment of the domestic market was supplemented with new combinations of antihypertensive drugs, which contribute to the qualitative and quantitative expansion of the assortment of combined antihypertensive drugs. In the analyzed period, there was a tendency to increase the share of medicines containing a fixed triple combination of active substances, which have antihypertensive effect, from 5.8% in 2015 to 13.6% of the assortment in 2022. The analysis of the assortment structure of combined antihypertensive drugs made it possible to establish a significant dominance of two groups, namely, angiotensin II receptor blockers in combination with diuretics (almost 27% of the assortment) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor with diuretics (from 36.1% to 20% of the assortment). According to the analysis, the dominance of foreign medicines at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine was established. In 2015, the share of Ukrainian manufacturers was 26.45%, but the expansion of the range of drugs in the period until 2022 was provided by foreign manufacturing companies, which led to decrease in the share of domestic drugs to 17.3%. The analysis of the domestic market of combined antihypertensive drugs showed significant saturation and increase in the depth of the product range in the period to 2022. Nevertheless, it also made possible to establish the feasibility of creating and developing domestic combined antihypertensive drugs.

The results of surveys of the innovative youth project U-Report for July – September 2022: return of Ukrainians from abroad, human trafficking, waste management.

The article contains statistical data, which reflects the modern state of academic mobilityin HEIs in the Russian Federation (the data was gathered while monitoring the efficiency of implementation of federal state educational standards (FSES) by HEIs). Its analysis is given, as well as a comparison of data, gathered as a result of polling and interviewing the authority of HEIs and its divisions with data from polls and interviews of students and professors, which gives a picture of academic mobility from two different angles.

This article presents a novel approach for synthesizing a new 5,8-dimethoxy derivative of esculetin via the selective cleavage of the methylene bridge in sabandin—naturally occurring and easily synthetically accessible methoxylated coumarin. A high selectivity is achieved by using acetoxylation of methylenedioxy group with lead tetraacetate. Natural coumarin sabandin as a starting compound was prepared in a few simple steps from 5-allyl-4,7-dimethoxybenzo[d][1,3]dioxole (apiol), which is readily available from parsley and dill seed extracts. The developed method enables an efficient and straightforward synthesis of a new derivative of esculetin with potential medicinal and therapeutic applications.

Background The benefit of endovascular thrombectomy for medium‐vessel occlusion (MeVO) strokes is unclear. We used 90‐day home time to explore outcomes in patients with MeVO versus large‐vessel occlusions treated with endovascular thrombectomy. Methods Data are from the QuICR (Quality Improvement and Clinical Research) provincial stroke registry and linked administrative data to identify patients who underwent endovascular thrombectomy in our center from January 2015 to December 2020. Imaging data were scored by 2‐physician consensus. We defined MeVO as occlusion beyond and including M2–middle cerebral artery, A2–anterior cerebral artery, or P2–posterior cerebral artery segments. Successful reperfusion was defined as Thrombolysis in Cerebral ischemia grades (≥2b/3). The primary outcome was patient home time (the number of nights a patient is back at their premorbid living situation without an increase in level of care within 90 days of the stroke) using random forest regression. Covariate contribution to home time was determined using partial dependence plots. Results Among 663 patients who underwent endovascular thrombectomy, 139 (20.9%) had MeVO (median age, 71 years; 50.4% women; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 16). The majority (82%) had good pial collaterals, 10.4% had a tandem extracranial carotid occlusion or stenosis, and 41.7% received intravenous thrombolysis. The most common site of occlusion was M2–middle cerebral artery (58.3%). One hundred eighteen (86.7%) patients achieved successful reperfusion (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia grades ≥2b/3). Using partial dependence plots, the mean predicted home times were similar in patients with MeVO (45.5 days) versus large‐vessel occlusions (44.6 days). Factors predicting lower 90‐day home time in patients with MeVOs were diabetes (−8.7 days), hypertension (−6.5 days), and atrial fibrillation (−3.5 days). There was no meaningful difference in predicted 90‐day home‐time by sex, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, collateral grade, or thrombolysis. Conclusion Patients with MeVO who are selected for endovascular therapy with similar demographic and clinical profiles to large‐vessel occlusions can achieve similar 90‐day home time outcomes to large‐vessel occlusions.