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The aim was to evaluate the lifetime prevalence of conduct disorder according to sociodemographic characteristics, determine the sociodemographic predictors of conduct disorder, and estimate the rates of comorbidities of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with conduct disorder by age and gender. The National Epidemiology of Iranian Children and Adolescents Psychiatric Disorders was a cross-sectional, general population-based study on 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years from all provinces of Iran, which was done using multistage cluster sampling. Iranian citizens aged 6–18 years who resided at least 1 year in each province were included, and children and adolescents with severe physical illnesses that prevented them to participate in the study were excluded. The sample weighting adjustment was used, since we had randomly selected the equal number of 1000 participants of each province from the urban and rural areas. Trained psychologists conducted diagnostic interviews with the adolescents and the children's parents using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS—PL). In this study, 54 children aged 6–9 years (0.58%, CI 0.47–0.77), 64 adolescents aged 10–14 years (0.57%, CI 0.47–0.77), and 117 adolescents aged 15–18 years (1.22%, CI 0.96–1.44) met the criteria of the lifetime conduct disorder. Conduct disorder was significantly more common in boys than in girls, and was significantly less prevalent among those participants whose fathers had no history of psychiatric hospitalization. Of the participants with conduct disorder, 83.4% met the criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder. Conduct disorder had a high rate of comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (54.89%, CI 48.50–61.12), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (32.34%, CI 26.68–38.56), tobacco use (20.43%, CI 15.77–26.04), and depressive disorders (18.30%, CI 13.88–23.74). Because of using the diagnostic instrument, we found a low total rate of prevalence for conduct disorder; however, higher rates of it were observed among boys and adolescents. Further studies are needed to explore the nature of comorbidities of conduct disorder and to consider them in a large clinical population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of feeding and eating disorders, and identified their correlates and comorbidities among children and adolescents. Method: We used the nationally representative sample of the Iranian Children and Adolescents' Psychiatric disorders (IRCAP) survey, with 30,532 participants randomly selected by a multistage cluster sampling method. We employed the kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia‐present and lifetime version (K‐SADS‐PL) semi‐structured face‐to‐face interview to screen for any psychiatric disorders, including feeding and eating disorders, and associated factors. We used multivariate binary logistic regression to analyze the data. Results: Valid data from 27,111 participants were analyzed. The total prevalence of feeding and eating disorders among children and adolescents was 0.89 (0.81–1.10). In all types of feeding and eating disorders, the adjusted odds ratio was higher among girls (except binge‐eating disorder) and older adolescents but was lower among rural residents. The most common psychiatric comorbidities observed in children and adolescents with feeding and eating disorders were obsessive–compulsive disorder (20.2%), agoraphobia (20.2%), depressive disorder (16.4%), social phobia (10.1%), oppositional defiant disorder (10.1%), generalized anxiety disorder (9.4%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (7.5%), and conduct disorder (5.7%), which were significantly more common compared to their peers without feeding and eating disorders. Discussion: Older age, female gender and living in an urban area are predisposing factors in feeding and eating disorders (in binge‐eating disorder, the male gender is a positive correlate). We suggest that future works pay attention to the role of gender, comorbidities and predisposing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among Middle East countries, the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) dramatically increased in Iran. Very few evidence-based studies have been performed on the relationship between metabolic disorders and colorectal cancer (CRC) in developing countries at least in Iran. Objectives: This case-control study aimed to determine the relationship between MetS and CRC risk. Methods: A case-control study with 414 participants (207 cases and 207 controls) was conducted among referral hospitals (Imam Reza, Shahid Madani, and Sina) in Tabriz, Azerbaijan province, Iran. Cases with CRC confirmed by positive pathology and colonoscopy findings were selected and compared with the controls without neoplastic and chronic diseases at the same time and hospitals for the cases. Group matching was used based on sex and age variables for the case and control groups. MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios for the association between MetS and odds of CRC. Results: Out of 414 participants, 220 (53%) were men. Among the cases, 134 (64.73%) patients had MetS, while in the control group, 82 individuals (39.61) had MetS history. After adjusting for the confounders, MetS andDMhistory were significantly associated with elevated odds of CRC (OR: 2.79, %95 CI: 1.58 - 5.15, P = 0.001) and (OR: 2.57, %95 CI: 1.25 - 4.58, P = 0.006), respectively. We have observed also a dose-response relation and a trend between the components of MetS and CRC risk. So, the odds of CRC increased by rising numbers of MetS components. Conclusions: It seems that MetS and its components are associated with an increased risk of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk factors for infection with leptospirosis in Iran have never been studied. We aimed to determine the risk factors of leptospirosis and the epidemiological pattern of this disease in Golestan Province, Iran during 2011-2017. Study design: A case-control study. Methods: This case-control study was performed on the population of patients diagnosed with leptospirosis. Controls were selected from the residents of Golestan province, northern Iran and were matched with the cases for gender, age group, and place of residence. After coding the data collected in checklists, the analysis was performed in SPSS using independent t-test, logistic regression, contingency tables, and Fisher exact test. Results: Eighty-seven cases were diagnosed infected with leptospirosis. Most patients were male (69.0%) and residents of rural areas (82.7%). The three leading risk factors for leptospirosis were exposure to stagnant rice paddy water while having a skin scratch/injury (OR=11.21, 95% CI: 3.02, 43.06), washing the face with stagnant rice paddy water (OR=11.33, 95% CI: 5.12, 25.01), and sighting of rats or rat nest in rice paddies (OR=3.30, 95% CI: 1.01, 11.62). Conclusion: For farmers working in stagnant and muddy waters of rice paddies, occupational protection measures such as wearing waterproof boots, gloves, support, and socks can reduce the chance of infection with leptospirosis. Health education of the people with susceptible occupations about the transmission and prevention methods can also play a key role in controlling this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking is preventable factor for pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight (LBW). In this study, we assessed the effects of smoking cessation in pregnancy period on the birth weight in Randomized Controlled Trial studies (RCTs). Methods: International databases of Pub Med, Scopus, and Web of Science, by the MeSH heading and/or additional terms, were searched to assess relevant studies in systematic possess. I2 statistics was used to assess of heterogeneity. Pooled effects size was obtained by random effects model. Meta-regression was used to explore of heterogeneity using Stata software version 12 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX). Results: A total 16 RCTs, 6192 women were enrolled to assess of smoking cessation in pregnancy period on the birth weight. Relative risk (RR) of not smoking at the end of pregnancy in intervention group was 2.47 (95% CI: 1.73-3.20). The odds ratio (OR) for effect of smoking cessation on LBW was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.42-0.88) and standardized mean difference (SMD) was significantly increased in the intervention group, 0.28 (95% CI: 0.05-0.50). Conclusions: Results of this study approve results of previous RCTs that smoking cessation in pregnancy is a good practical action to prevention of LBW in infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]