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Trickle-down economics is a fallacious metaphor that hurts working people and the civic commons. In this paper, we discuss the role and impact metaphors have in economics education. We explore the stickiness of "truthy" but ultimately false metaphors and offer economics educators alternative metaphors to displace this problematic metaphorical language. In its place, we propose a restorying of this fiction to tell a more truthful story in economics classrooms using the dual metaphors of "evaporative economics" and "economic desertification." We end by identifying the limitations of metaphorical language in teaching complex economic concepts, even while we recognize the power of these tools to elicit engagement in and with economics content that has real and lasting impacts on individuals and communities.

This study examined the degree to which students indulge in six prominent misconducts in Distance Education Institutions (DEIs). The study also quantified how class size, instructional delivery and institutional policies predict students' indulgence in sharp practices using a general linear modelling approach. A sample of 871 participants was drawn from 1,742 final-year students across two DEIs in Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire had acceptable psychometric estimates of dimensionality, content and construct validity, as well as reliability. Sharp practices such as cheating, plagiarism, falsification, impersonation, and arm-twisting were more prevalent in large classes, whereas only inducement was higher in small classes. Class size influenced students' indulgence in sharp practices in DEIs. Instructional delivery and institutional policies negatively predicted students' indulgence in the six sharp practices. Almost all the six sharp practices correlated positively and significantly, except for impersonation and inducement. Therefore, distance education students who cheat, plagiarize, arm-twist, falsify records, induce lecturers, and promote impersonation are more likely to indulge in other forms of sharp practices. It was concluded that large class sizes, poor instructional delivery, and poorly implemented institutional policies promote sharp practices among distance education students. Based on this conclusion, key policy and research implications are discussed.

As more students from South Asia seek to study at overseas universities, they increasingly contract the services of local education agencies to facilitate their choice of institutions and their application process. This study seeks to better understand the nature of the relationship between South Asian education agencies and students who wish to study abroad. By using qualitative content analysis of education agency websites from five South Asian countries, this study identifies key issues of potentially unethical practices committed by these agencies. It also identifies the most prevalent "push/pull" factors that South Asian agencies use to encourage students to study overseas as well as the most common services that agencies use to support students. The findings indicate that there are widespread ethical issues amongst education agencies and that students are most motivated to study abroad for quality education that may lead to emigration. The implications of this study are then discussed.

Phishing is a common social engineering attack aimed to steal personal information. Universities attract phishing attacks because: (1) they store employees and students sensitive data; (2) they save confidential documents; and (3) their infrastructures often lack security. In this paper, we showcase a phishing assessment at the University of Redacted aimed to identify the people, and the features of such people, that are more susceptible to phishing attacks. We delivered phishing emails to 1.508 subjects in three separate batches, collecting a clickrate equal to 30%, 11% and 13%, respectively. We considered several features (i.e., age, gender, role, working/studying field, email template) in univariate and multivariate analyses and found that students are more susceptible to phishing attacks than professors or technical/administrative staff, and that emails designed through a spearphishing approach receive a highest clickrate. We believe this work provides the foundations for setting up an effective educational campaign to prevent phishing attacks not only at the University of Redacted, but in any other university

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between college students' cyberbullying awareness and their ability to ensure their personal cybersecurity. A total of 401 students participated in this study. The Ability to Ensure Personal Cybersecurity Scale, the Cyberbullying Awareness Scale, and a Personal Information Form developed by the researcher were all used during data collection. A relational screening model was used in this study. Also, an unpaired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlation coefficients were utilized during data analysis. Study results revealed that college students are highly capable of ensuring their personal cybersecurity and possess high levels of cyberbullying awareness, that female students possess significantly higher levels of cyberbullying awareness compared to male students, and that there is a moderate, positive correlation between college students' cyberbullying awareness and their ability to ensure their personal cybersecurity. Also, college students' levels of cyberbullying awareness vary based on their reasons for using the internet and their propensity towards both online catfishing and cyberbullying others. Furthermore, college students' ability to ensure their personal cybersecurity was similarly found to differ based on their reasons for using the internet, the degree to which they had been exposed to cyberbullying, and their propensity toward online catfishing.

This article explores the causes of the epistemological crisis that gave rise to conspiracy theories which culminated in large swathes of the U.S. population refusing to accept the outcome of a democratic election. An epistemological crisis is defined by a blurring of facts and falsehoods to the degree that blatant and obvious propaganda holds sway over large segments of the population, resulting in truth decay. We provide an analysis of the propaganda themes collected and identified by the Computational Propaganda Project from April through July of 2020 that demonstrate their prevalence in American social media platforms. We then show how education may limit propaganda's deleterious effects. We approach our research in an interdisciplinary way from the fields of education and cultural anthropology and so contribute an angle to the current conversations about education in a democratic society that has not been the primary focus of educational thought.

Value-oriented education has been an integral facet of education. The need for value education stems from the social malaise in the society and education, being purposeful in making students responsible citizens, must address such deficiencies in values. This study aims to understand the attitude of student teachers and in-service teachers' towards current education and its value systems and seeks their stand on requiring value-oriented education as they are the major stake holders of direct classroom education experience other than students. The case study of Elizabeth Holmes and Annie Dookhan was used to assess how academically strong individuals end up straying into fraudulent ways. The study was administered using an electronic questionnaire, the frequency range was established using SPSS and indexed to percentage values. The data shed light on the attitude of student teachers and in-service teachers feeling that current education fails to inculcate values and suggested some methods of reform in the value systems of current education.

One of the critical issues facing Historians today has been the emergence of Strong State regimes and the politicized pseudo history they produce in countries claiming to adhere to democratic norms. The attack on the Capital of the United States was based on a series of lies about voter fraud supported by President Donald Trump and members of Congress. Countering ideology based on a complete disregard for truth is now of paramount importance in the United States. This paper studies Trump's promise to Make America Great Again (MAGA) as a further evolution of Lost Cause mythos that began after the Civil War. The original story casts the enfranchisement of African Americans as a failure touting white supremacy and the righteousness of Jim Crow laws. How can History teachers counter these highly politicized myths? I suggest that the methodology of our profession may provide us with some important tools. John Dewey underscored the importance of critical inquiry to the preservation and advancement of democracy. Teaching students how to think historically goes a long way in the process of producing citizenry who are ready to participate in civil society. To that end I conclude this essay with a course that I teach entitled "Witches, Aliens, and Other Enemies." The course is designed to set moments of mass hysteria and paranoia in the American narrative against the background of reason and rational legal law utilizing the Salem witch hunt at the end of the seventeenth century and the "red scare" following World War II as case studies to stimulate student exploration.

Corruption is a concept associated with most third world countries, especially those in Africa. Corruption, defined in its most basic form as fraud and abuse of power, is a worldwide problem. It shows that Sierra Leone's secondary education curriculum still has a long way to go in the fight against corruption. There is also evidence that some middle school administrators tasked with preventing corruption are part of the brains behind middle school corruption. This study aims to evaluate the role of school administrators in preventing corruption in their own institutions. The study focused on the effects of corruption, different types of corruption and some of the administrative tactics used by managers to fight corruption, with Sierra-Leone as a case study. As a result of the late payment of the salary, the study also uses an ex-post facto research design and a quantitative research approach. The candidate participants of the study were lecturers/teachers and other administrative officials selected using this sampling technique, and their perspectives were examined using a questionnaire to get their views. 200 questionnaires were applied to the participants from 5 secondary school sample groups. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The study aims to contribute knowledge and assist school administrators in their efforts to regulate and curb the rapid rise of corruption. As a result of the research, it is recommended that secondary school principals be given the necessary skills and abilities to fight corruption.

In this study, I discuss the potential implementation of José Ricardo Morales' relevant dramatic literature (scripts) as an additional pedagogical learning tool for teaching the topics of media manipulation and propaganda in Chilean secondary schools. Moreover, this process encourages students to critically examine and discuss specific past and present-day local conflicts. From a qualitative approach, I analyze several learning objectives from the Chilean national curriculum frameworks that best suit the aforementioned topics developed and problematized in Morales' plays. As complementary, I discuss the previous results with eight randomly chosen secondary teachers and their students about using Morales' plays to teach particular topics in Chilean history. The results reveal that incorporating two of Morales' plays as a reading and writing activity can be helpful for secondary teachers to teach their students the topics of media manipulation and propaganda in authoritarian regimes from a contextualized perspective.

Nearly half the adult population in developing nations lacks a formal bank account and other financial services. Ghana is no exception, having a massive community of unbanked adults and among those countries positioned at the bottom of the spectrum of financial inclusion. The advent of mobile financial services (MFS) claims an alternative mode to financial inclusion. MFS, fundamentally implemented using SMS and USSD code, essentially encompasses mobile wallets, cash out, and over-the-counter transactions overgrowing globally, has a vast potential to minimize impediments to financial inclusion. However, mobile financial services' sustainability is threatened by cybercriminals or fraudsters while reaching a global penetration rate of 91% in 2020, and this figure keeps growing by 3% yearly. This qualitative exploratory study aimed to explore security methods cybersecurity managers needs to implement to minimize cyber fraud of mobile financial services in Ghana. The research purports to identify viable methods leaders of MFS operators need to implement to reduce fraudsters' threats. The exploratory design was used as the lens to explore this phenomenon in-depth. A sample size of seven and 12 semi-structured interview questions were used as a data collection instrument. Lack of proper security methods and internal control processes were identified as the major causes of cyber fraud in MFS. Seven databases (Web of Science, ProQuest, ABI, EBSCO, IEEE, Sage, Google Scholar, Pub/Med, and Scopus) were searched using standard and adapted search syntax. The study also provided recommendations on the ecosystem and the processes needed to utilize mobile technology's full potential.

This study aimed to investigate how pre-service teachers' intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19 were related to their perceptions of the causes of COVID-19, which are conspiracy thoughts, perceptions of environmental and faith factors, trust in scientists, and risk perceptions toward COVID-19 vaccines. In this study, a cross-sectional survey research method was used and an online questionnaire was administered to 434 Turkish pre-service teachers from 19 different universities in Türkiye. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict pre-service teachers' vaccination intentions and two multinomial logit models were evaluated. The results indicated that most pre-service teachers had a positive intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Pre-service teachers with lower risk perceptions about COVID-19 vaccination and scores on conspiracy thoughts, and higher scores on perceptions of environmental factors about COVID-19 vaccination were more likely to have a positive intention of getting COVID-19 vaccination. However, trust in scientists and faith did not have significant relationships with the intention of getting COVID-19 vaccination. Based on our findings we suggest paying attention to increasing environmental perceptions of pre-service teachers, decreasing their beliefs in conspiracy theories and risk perceptions, and increasing trust in scientists, which are believed to contribute to the development of teacher education programs that would more likely equip teacher candidates with features necessary for dealing with global challenges in the world.

The purpose of the present paper is to examine the relationship between the ethical attitudes of university students and their Dark Triad personality traits. Research has suggested that the juvenile attitudes of people predict their later behaviour. Therefore, it is worth exploring this area for future aspects. Both topics are at the center of research, both individually and in terms of the correlations between them. In the present paper, we examined the relationship between ethical attitudes and the Dark Triad personality traits through questionnaires used in international research with background variables. We found that the most unethical behaviour is 'Divulging confidential information,' 'Passing blame for your errors to an innocent co-worker,' and 'Claiming credit for someone else's work.' The least unethical behaviour is 'Eating snacks while at your workstation'. Factor analysis and linear regression analysis were used. Despite our expectations, the revealed relationships between ethical attitudes and Dark Triad personality traits were not clearly positive. According to the regression model, the dark triad personality score is lower if the respondent is female, studies at the commerce-marketing major, and has higher values at the following factors: 'physiological unethicalness', 'overcharge', and 'other ethical attitudes' factors.

This paper argues that legislative intervention rather than deontological rules could be an adequate tool to address academic integrity concerns, particularly in civil law jurisdictions, which is the case in the majority of European countries. The recently enacted Montenegrin law on academic integrity offers a promising foundation for developing such an intervention in the European context, along with suggested improvements drawing upon four years of the implementation experience. Analysis of the law is also conducted with regard to several provisions of the Council of Europe's recently adopted Recommendation on Education Fraud. The paper does not offer a ready-made concept, but its deliberation can serve as an inspiration for governments trying to improve existing rules on academic integrity. A legal approach will be taken in examining the problems and the relevant legislation.

The junior and senior high school student experiences regarding their knowledge, attitude, and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic need to explore. This qualitative research uses a phenomenological technique with 20 students (10 JHS and 10 SHS) as a sample. Students learned about the illness through multimedia, filtering misinformation, self-driven data gathering, community support, and teacher-facilitated discussions. They also cultivated their attitude toward the disease through personal experiences and reflection on the pandemic, conducting activities such as experiments to test their acquired knowledge, considering community influences, and due to their self-motivation and appreciation of the right attitude during the pandemic. Finally, they executed practices toward COVID-19 with their parents' and peers' influence and support, collaborative team planning, learning from expert demonstrations, and participating in activity-driven action. JHS and SHS students have had a wide range of experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding knowledge acquisition, inculcation of attitude, and practice implementation toward the disease. The student experiences are eye-openers to science educators. With this, there should be improvements in science education curricula that address the current pandemic and other unforeseen health issues.

Purpose: The aim of this article is to contribute new knowledge about critical thinking in social studies and conspiracy beliefs in Norwegian schools. We explore Norwegian high school pupils' self-reported learning about critical thinking in social studies and their attitudes toward conspiracy theories. Design/methodology/approach: The survey focuses on what the pupils have learned about critical thinking and conspiracy theories in social studies. Findings: The results show that the pupils believe in conspiracy theories only to a minor extent. We found no significant association between how much they think they have learned about critical thinking, and conspiracy beliefs. However, there are significant differences in the degree of conspiracy beliefs and several of the background variables. Research limitations/implications: The findings are discussed in terms of the increasing focus on critical thinking as part of the social science subjects in school. We suggest that conspiracy theories should be taught both with an empathic strategy and with a clear focus on critical thinking skills, rather than through a confrontational approach.

Purpose: The use of generative artificial intelligence (genAi) language models such as ChatGPT to write assignment text is well established. This paper aims to assess to what extent genAi can be used to obtain guidance on how to avoid detection when commissioning and submitting contract-written assignments and how workable the offered solutions are. Design/methodology/approach: Although ChatGPT is programmed not to provide answers that are unethical or that may cause harm to people, ChatGPT's can be prompted to answer with inverted moral valence, thereby supplying unethical answers. The authors tasked ChatGPT to generate 30 essays that discussed the benefits of submitting contract-written undergraduate assignments and outline the best ways of avoiding detection. The authors scored the likelihood that ChatGPT's suggestions would be successful in avoiding detection by markers when submitting contract-written work. Findings: While the majority of suggested strategies had a low chance of escaping detection, recommendations related to obscuring plagiarism and content blending as well as techniques related to distraction have a higher probability of remaining undetected. The authors conclude that ChatGPT can be used with success as a brainstorming tool to provide cheating advice, but that its success depends on the vigilance of the assignment markers and the cheating student's ability to distinguish between genuinely viable options and those that appear to be workable but are not. Originality/value: This paper is a novel application of making ChatGPT answer with inverted moral valence, simulating queries by students who may be intent on escaping detection when committing academic misconduct.

The dark core of personality is a recent construct that encompasses the malevolent, antagonistic, and aversive side of human nature that represents the common inner core of dark personality traits. The aim of the present study is to develop a short, multidimensional, and invariant version of the dark core of personality D70 measure. Two samples of participants were used in the current study (N = 570, M = 35.42 years, SD = 11.41, range = 18-69; N = 242, M = 30.19 years, SD = 12.78, range = 16-77). The new D25 measure was developed, consisting of five factors -- Callousness, Deceitfulness, Vindictiveness, Narcissistic Entitlement, and Sadism. All the structural models examined obtained adequate fits (1-factor, 5-factor, 5-factor bifactor, 5-factor 2nd order), but the 5-factor 2nd order model was considered the best option. Internal consistency/reliability, as measured by the alpha and omega coefficients and more traditional indicators, was mainly good. Construct validity (e.g., with moral disengagement, low self-control, and empathy measures) and criterion-related validity (e.g., with justice-involvement variables) were demonstrated. Scalar measurement invariance across gender and age was established, with male participants and younger participants scoring significantly higher than female participants and older participants. The findings provide support for the use of the D25 as a valid and reliable short multidimensional measure of the dark core of personality construct.

Imposter syndrome can lead to feelings of self-doubt, fear of failure, overpreparation, procrastination, and guilt about subsequent success. Because imposter syndrome is linked to structural inequities, women of color (WOC) may be particularly impacted by feelings of imposter syndrome due to encounters with racism, sexism, and gender discrimination. Drawing from studies primarily focused on imposter syndrome among WOC, the authors offer recommendations for how school psychologists can learn from these scholars to inform their practice and counter feelings of imposter syndrome that may ensue in their own lives.

Scholarly publishing is considered one of the most frustrating endeavors among academicians. For learners, it symbolizes the culmination of studies, whereas for academicians, it signifies promotion and acknowledgment. This paper highlights and discusses some of the breakthroughs and hindrances scholars, especially doctorate students, undergo in their scholarly pursuits. It traverses the intricate journey of scholarly publishing, exploring the myriad frustrations students face along this intellectual path. The paper concludes by providing insights and recommendations that can contribute to a more equitable and sustainable academic publishing process.

Criminal justice practitioners' use of erroneous lie-detection methods contributes to inaccurate convictions and research indicates some Queensland police are using fallible methods. A recent study showed that Queensland universities primarily ignore the topic of lie detection. Thus, criminal justice students entering Queensland universities with fallacious lie detection beliefs are unlikely to have them corrected. It was unknown if Australian criminal justice students hold inaccurate lie detection beliefs. Therefore, this mixed-methods study investigated undergraduate students' beliefs about lie detection methods, many of whom were enrolled in criminal justice-focused degrees at a Queensland-based university. Sixty undergraduate students responded to open and closed-ended questions regarding their intentions to work in the criminal justice system, their opinion on their lie detection ability, methods used to determine deception, and thoughts about cross-cultural lie detection. The findings revealed a prevalence of false beliefs about cues to deception indicating educational needs for Australian criminal justice-career-focused students.

Pedagogue's fallacy occurs when epistemological principles are applied by educators that in fact do not tell of, or explain, or help understand, the subject at hand. It is identified and introduced in this article to raise an important issue in the construction of pedagogical models of religious education: knowledge is reduced and/or distorted to systematise it for pedagogical purposes. Cases of this fallacy have long been identified in the pages of this journal, albeit implicitly, such as in critiques of the 'world religions' approach and debates over other pedagogical models. The purpose of this article is to explore and explicate pedagogue's fallacy in order to distinguish useful ways to structure and sequence knowledge on the one hand, from erroneous reduction, distortion, or even fabrication on the other. As religious education is diversifying in terms of the disciplines, religious traditions and standpoints with which it engages, understanding and remedying pedagogue's fallacy has never been more significant. This is because avoiding or mitigating pedagogue's fallacy is pertinent to achieving and maintaining epistemic justice. I offer the strategy of pedagogue's parsimony to do this.

The Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence (FCADV) was a nationally recognized nonprofit until 2019 when scandalous newspaper headlines such as "$7.5 million payday for the head of this Florida nonprofit" alerted the public that something was amiss. The nonprofit was sued by the state and disbanded. In this teaching case, we describe the history of the nonprofit coalition and the crisis that emerged. This case is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate students. Students put themselves in the position of learning from the lessons of FCADV and designing a new and improved nonprofit coalition. The teaching tools address learning objectives in board governance, leadership, human resources, ethics, finance, public policy, and public management courses.

This research has been motivated by a lack of studies related to cyberbullying in Montenegro. The main goal of the research has been to evaluate the incidence of cyberbullying and its most common forms among high school students in Montenegro, as well as whether it is committing and experiencing cyberbullying connected to the self-esteem of high school students. As many as 202 students from 10 Montenegrin high schools have participated in the research. Schools from the northern, central, and southern regions of Montenegro have been included. The research results analysis has shown that high school students commit and experience various forms of cyberbullying. The results have shown that, when it comes to committing it, the most common forms are online ridicule and online identity concealment, while the least common are e-mail insults, as well as online fraud. When it comes to experiencing cyberbullying, based on the data analysis, we can conclude that the most common forms among high school students are online gossip/slander, spreading online rumors, and online identity concealment. According to the results of our research, high school students experience online fraud and e-mail insults the least. As for the connection between committing and experiencing cyberbullying and self-esteem, we have concluded that there is a statistically significant connection between committing and experiencing verbal cyberbullying and online counterfeiting/criminal acts since high-school students committing and experiencing verbal cyberbullying and online counterfeiting/criminal acts possess higher self-esteem than those uninvolved. However, the level of self-esteem is quite low over the whole sample. Committing and experiencing online identity concealment/lies are not related to low self-esteem in high-school students.

With the increasing sophistication of online survey tools and the necessity of distanced research during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of online questionnaires for research purposes has proliferated. Still, many researchers undertake online survey research without knowledge of the prevalence and likelihood of experiencing survey questionnaire fraud nor familiarity with measures used to identify fraud once it has occurred. This research note is based on the experience of researchers across four sites who implemented an online survey of families' experiences with COVID-19 in the U.S. that was subject to substantial fraud. By the end of data collection, over 70% of responses were flagged as fraudulent with duplicate IP addresses and concurrent start/end times representing the most common indicators of fraud observed. We offer lessons learned to illustrate the sophisticated nature of fraud in online research and the importance of multi-pronged strategies to detect and limit online survey questionnaire fraud.

The rise in populism and movements that threaten trust in science and expertise has been labeled a post-truth world. What challenges does this environment present for higher education, and how should it respond? This article examines the characteristics of a post-truth world and how that challenges the fundamental purposes of higher education. It then examines how higher education might respond, what risks come with that response, and how effectively it might resist attempts to attack and undermine its different purposes. These movements undermine possibilities for truth or objective knowledge, presenting a clear threat to higher education. Its response focuses around improving research and communication with the public, but the nature of cognitive processes in a polarized world leads people to discount information that does not fit with their existing worldviews and values. Simply providing better research will not solve the problem, and actively engaging with these movements can make higher education seem more partisan, further reducing trust. In the face of such intractable problems, it is important for higher education to also nurture communities with its students that foster trust and "critical loyalty" to knowledge and truth over falsehoods and conspiracy.

As educators, we often seek to engage students' prior knowledge to help them learn new and potentially difficult science content. However, sometimes our experiences with the world lead us to create misconceptions that run counter to the scientific consensus. Refutational texts have been shown to be more effective at changing individuals' misconceptions compared to traditional (i.e., expository) texts. Sometimes, conceptual change materials might include irrelevant but interesting pictures geared toward increasing engagement or positive affect while learning. These are referred to as seductive pictures, and although they are intended to promote the situational interest of readers, they may hinder learning since they might cause cognitive overload. The current study sought to investigate the effects of text structure and seductive pictures on individuals' knowledge of genetically modified foods, situational interest, and cognitive loads. We found significant learning advantages for the refutational text groups and significant disadvantages for the seductive pictures groups. Additionally, the individuals who were exposed to seductive pictures demonstrated higher levels of extraneous cognitive load than those who were not. Implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.

Three-year-olds often respond to lies as if they were true or with no clear rationale. Individual differences influence children's processing of misinformation. Here, we explore how two contextual cues (children's conflicting first-hand knowledge and different information sources) affect their ability to correctly interpret and respond to misinformation. 133 three-year-olds from the northeastern United States searched for a hidden object after it had traveled down one of two criss-crossing tubes. Children played this game by themselves (baseline), with a deceptive human (intentionally incorrect about the location of the object), a broken human (unintentionally incorrect), or a broken machine (incapable of intentions and incorrect). Half of the children could see the object as it traveled down the tubes (knowledgeable group), and the other half could not (no-knowledge group). With this first-hand knowledge, children were more likely to search correctly when playing by themselves. Information source further impacted children's responses. Responding to a deceptive human was the most challenging: knowledgeable children searched randomly; unknowledgeable children inappropriately deferred to the deceptive experimenter. But when knowledgeable children played with either the broken human or the broken machine, they had as many correct searches as when they played alone. Context may have its limits when it comes to influencing children's responses to misinformation. Specifically, although first-hand knowledge appears to help 3-year-olds correctly respond to some forms of incorrect information, it may not be enough to help them overcome misinformation from explicitly deceptive sources.

In this theoretical paper, I bring together work on structural, racial, and affective gaslighting to turn attention to 'affective injustice' as a distinct kind of injustice suffered by victims of racial gaslighting in educational settings. Under this conceptual framework, it is possible to explore how education spaces facilitate racial gaslighting as a form of affective injustice -- from the intentional prejudices of individuals (students and educators) to the unconscious biases and insidious norms that allow the production of racialized practices and pathologize students and educators of color for their resistance against white supremacy. I argue that a social and political theory of racial gaslighting in education offers an opportunity to identify and analyze how gaslighting mobilizes racialized stereotypes and structural inequalities to perpetuate affective injustice against marginalized educators and students. The paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and pedagogical implications of examining racial gaslighting in education.

Previous studies tend to not only assess principals' demographic variables but also use other dependent variables, such as administrative effectiveness, job performance, and student achievement. In the literature, principals' demographic qualities and the misuse of material capital have been under-assessed. This study used a quantitative approach to investigate the demographic attributes of principals and the abuse of school material capital in secondary schools. Using a questionnaire, data were gathered from 667 secondary school administrators in Cross River State, Nigeria. The findings revealed significant differences in the misuse of school material capital by principals of different ages, professional qualifications, and years of experience. However, major disparities between male and female principals were not identified. More specifically, principals who were older, seasoned, and possessed bachelor's and Master of Education degrees were efficient managers of school material capital. A high rate of misuse was found among principals who were younger and inexperienced than their counterparts who were young, less experienced, and possessed a postgraduate diploma in education, as well as other professional academic qualifications unrelated to the field of education (e.g., HND, BSc, BA, and MSc). Based on these findings, key implications for quality service delivery and administrative effectiveness were discussed.

This review tracks the last 50 years of the journey towards the inclusion of disabled students in Higher Education (H.E.). It provides a critical overview of the impact of evolving U.K. policy aimed at widening participation for disabled H.E. students. The overview spotlights the historical, ideological and political influences on policy and practice and illuminates the underlying causes of the social injustices still experienced by disabled H.E. students. Despite a government commitment to inclusive practices, data reveals disabled H.E. students are among those most at risk of withdrawing from university and have lower degree outcomes than non-disabled students (OfS. 2021. Access and Participation Resources: Findings from the Data. https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/media/4dcf0f63-4ff0-4df2-ba52-3b2ef0a8a28d/access-and-participation-data-resources-sector-summary-2021.pdf, 19). The article illustrates how the prevailing models of disability have influenced definitions of disability and inclusion. It highlights tensions between the Government's accountability agenda and inclusive practice ideals. The paper reviews U.K. studies of inclusion of disabled H.E. students. It unearths barriers, particularly concerning stigma, disclosure, and social inclusion, rooted in historical misrepresentations of disability remaining intact in contemporary society. Implications for H.E. institutions and policymakers are highlighted. Recommendations for researchers include research aligned with disabled people's lived experiences and further investigation of barriers relating to attitudes of non-disabled students.

The importance placed on passing Senior Secondary School Certificate Examinations (SSCE) in Nigeria has led to the emergence of 'Miracle Examination Centres' (MECs). MECs are schools where candidates get undeserving excellent SSCE results through institutionally enabled malpractice. This undermines the Nigerian education sector and its leadership. But well-researched empirical evidence on MECs in Nigeria is scarce. Through a reconnaissance technique (recce), we provide new evidence on MECs' activities, including their nature and patronage, while providing informed remedial pointers that can be harnessed by the education sector leadership. Interviews were conducted with 97 persons, comprising community members, teachers, and school owners across 16 communities in four study sites (Abuja, Anambra, Edo, and Kogi), and data were supported by observations. Elicited data were thematically analysed. Findings show that MECs were more interested in rents (informal and undue fees) by compromising SSCE standards and less interested in academic training. Community members were aware of the activities of MECs and could readily identify or discuss them. We uncovered the adopted processes in facilitating this kind of malpractice. A feasible strategy to address MECs and similar examination fraud syndicates across countries is for the education sector leadership to strategically focus on the demand and supply sides.

Background: The use or non-use of mobile technologies and social media in residential outdoor adventurous education (OAE) remains contested and generates an often-cited for-and-against argument in both theory and practice. Purpose: This qualitative study explored instructor perceptions of mobile technologies and social media in their practice as members of instructional staff at the United Kingdom's Outward Bound Trust. Methodology/Approach: Grounded within a multiple-case study design, 20 members of instructional staff were interviewed online from three Outward Bound Trust centers across Wales, England, and Scotland. Findings/Conclusions: Two major themes are shared as statements: (1) "phone-free outdoor experiences are more impactful for young people in contemporary society;" (2) "social media is fake, outdoor adventurous education necessitates in-person and in-place interaction." These findings are presented within a postdigital conceptual lens which questions whether any residential outdoor experience can be truly "technology free." Implications: The study consolidates perspectives on mobile technologies and social media in the practices of residential OAE instructors. These perspectives are considered important in the framing and delivery of contemporary OAE practice.

Reflecting on a course in scholarly communication, this short article aims to show not only that scholarly communication is essential for a career in academic libraries, but also that the understanding of how researchers work, publish, and disseminate research findings plays an important role in combating disinformation and misinformation. The relationship between scholarly communication and information is discussed from three perspectives: research evaluation is affecting the quantity and quality of information; the open science movement can make information less diverse and more noisy; and researchers are not necessarily neutral or indifferent.

This paper presents the first systematic investigation into the search engine optimization practices of major contract cheating websites in the United States. From a business perspective, visibility in organic search engine results is considered one of the top client recruitment tools. The current understanding of student recruitment strategies by these companies remains largely unexplored in both academic literature and popular press. Replicating the business research practices used in the search engine optimization industry, comprehensive search engine ranking and traffic data was obtained for the 38 largest contract cheating websites in the US. The overall objective was to illuminate the strategies that these companies take to get their services at the top of the search results of as many students as possible -- not just the relatively small proportion of students actively cheating. The results show that these companies dominate the search results for not just students searching to cheat, but also for naïve search efforts, when students are simply doing genuine research or classwork. These nefarious companies use highly sophisticated search engine manipulation strategies to bait naïve student searchers onto their sites, thus enabling the potential to switch them to cheaters. Higher education institutions, armed with the specific details provided in this study, can use the strategies outlined in the discussion to directly and negatively impact on the success of these contract cheating services.

Two studies examined the process and aftermath of coming to disbelieve in the myth of Santa Claus. In Study 1, 48 children ages 6-15 answered questions about how they discovered Santa was not real and how the discovery made them feel, and 44 of their parents shared their perspectives and how they promoted Santa. In Study 2, 383 adults reflected on their experiences shifting to disbelief in Santa Claus. In both studies, the average age of disbelief was around 8, but with significant variability. Most participants reported testimony from others contributed to their disbelief, and some reported skepticism as a result of either experience (e.g., observation) or logical reasoning. About a third of children and half of adults reported some negative emotions upon discovering the truth. Higher levels of parental Santa promotion were associated with experiencing some negative emotions upon discovering the truth in both studies. Additionally, adults who reported feeling only negative emotions tended to be older when they discovered the truth, more likely to have reported learning the truth abruptly, and more likely to have reported learning the truth through testimony. That said, experiences of negative emotions were generally short-lived, and the vast majority of both children and adults reported they would celebrate Santa with their own children or were already doing so. Implications of these findings for how to approach children's transition to skepticism regarding Santa are discussed, including timing, the role of parents, and popular notions of discovery for children's trust toward their parents.

This study examines the relationship between the general factor of personality (GFP) and moral hypocrisy, the mediating effect of moral disengagement, and the moderating effect of system justification. Six hundred and four Chinese college students (59.9% female, M[subscript age] = 22.58, SD = 1.81) completed questionnaires assessing their personality and the levels of moral disengagement and system justification. The moral situation assessment paradigm was used to measure interpersonal moral hypocrisy (i.e., moral double standards). The task assignment paradigm was used to measure intrapersonal moral hypocrisy (i.e., misalignment between words and deeds). The results revealed that the GFP was negatively associated with moral hypocrisy, and moral disengagement mediated this relationship. In addition, this mediating effect of moral disengagement was moderated by system justification. That is, the mediation effect was stronger for students with a higher level of system justification. These findings provide educational suggestions for preventing and intervening in moral hypocrisy among college students.

The proliferation of deepfakes and visual misinformation coupled with the fast-paced nature of social media has prompted an increased need for media literacy skills among emerging citizens. The unit activity detailed in this article overviews a media literacy framework for engaged citizenship and presents media literacy strategies that emerging citizens can use when confronted with mis/disinformation on social media. The approaches include SIFT and a four-step process for debunking misinformation. As students participate in this media literacy unit activity, which is focused on debunking deepfakes and halting the spread of mis/disinformation, they acquire tools for discerning truth and learning how to think critically before responding to and advancing the spread of misinformation. Courses: The unit activity is relevant for courses that address digital media, fake news, mass media and society, media literacy, and misinformation, including Digital Media, Fake News and Misinformation, Media Studies, Media Literacy, Political Communication, Rhetoric and Pop Culture, and Visual Communication. Objectives: This activity will enable students to (1) differentiate between disinformation, misinformation, and fake news in relevant media content; (2) identify and analyze examples of deepfakes, misinformation, and disinformation; (3) summarize and apply the 5 As of Media Literacy framework to a current event; and (4) employ media literacy strategies, including SIFT and a debunking approach, to respond to and halt the spread of visual misinformation on social media.

Student voice can be a powerful tool in urban schools. Student voice programs engage students in the educational policies and practices that impact their lives and provides educators a glimpse into the experiences and needs of students, particularly those from marginalized backgrounds. However, successful student voice programs rely upon adult partnership and too often educators and administrators act in ways that stifle the voice of youth. In this article I employed narrative inquiry to examine the experiences of a group of students of color in an urban school district as they advocated for student voice in school safety policies in their district. As these young people attempted to work with school leaders, district administrators and school board members, they encountered manipulation, threats, and tokenism. This article highlights the importance of youth learning to navigate adult agendas, the strategies educational leaders use to silence student voice, and the importance of supportive adult relationships in promoting student voice.

Predatory journals are a blemish on scholarly publishing and academia and the studies published within them are more likely to contain data that is false. The inclusion of studies from predatory journals in evidence syntheses is potentially problematic due to this propensity for false data to be included. To date, there has been little exploration of the opinions and experiences of evidence synthesisers when dealing with predatory journals in the conduct of their evidence synthesis. In this paper, the thoughts, opinions, and attitudes of evidence synthesisers towards predatory journals and the inclusion of studies published within these journals in evidence syntheses were sought. Focus groups were held with participants who were experienced evidence synthesisers from JBI (previously the Joanna Briggs Institute) collaboration. Utilising qualitative content analysis, two generic categories were identified: predatory journals within evidence synthesis, and predatory journals within academia. Our findings suggest that evidence synthesisers believe predatory journals are hard to identify and that there is no current consensus on the management of these studies if they have been included in an evidence synthesis. There is a critical need for further research, education, guidance, and development of clear processes to assist evidence synthesisers in the management of studies from predatory journals.

This research compares the performance measures reported by two bibliographic databases relevant to a set of authors who have published in predatory journals. The reliability of decision-making based on the information provided by uncontrolled bibliographic databases is examined to support rational decisions. A sample of authors who published in predatory journals was selected in order to compare each author's research performance as reported by Google Scholar (GS) and Scopus. The number of articles, citations, and h-indices were used for the comparison. Correlation analysis, polynomial regression, k-means clustering, significant tests, and simple descriptive statistics were employed to examine the data. The number of articles, citations, and h-indices correlated strongly between the two databases. However, these three measures were all significantly higher in GS than they were in Scopus. The articles published in predatory journals received less attention as compared to that received by the articles published in genuine journals. Two polynomial models of two degrees were implemented to interpolate the number of citations based on the number of articles in GS and Scopus separately. The number of articles and citations were more reliable measures in Scopus than in GS. However, the h-index was more reliable in GS. Overall, Scopus displayed higher stability than did GS. The combined behavior of the three performance measures showed some resemblance in the two databases. A study that especially focuses on the research performance of authors who published in predatory journals has not yet been compared for the different implications given for their data in uncontrolled and controlled bibliographic databases. Therefore, the findings of the current research let us evaluate such authors rationally.

Given the value placed on honesty and the negative consequences of lying, encouraging children's truth-telling is important. The present investigation assessed honesty promotion techniques for encouraging 3-8-year-old Canadian children's (Study 1: n = 301, 54% female; Study 2: n = 229, 50% female from predominantly White middle-class samples) disclosure of a transgression and whether they varied by age. Study 1 examined promising to tell the truth, inducing self-awareness, and the combination of both promising and self-awareness. Study 2 assessed modeling honesty, positive consequences of honesty, and the combination of modeling and consequences. Some individual techniques worked for specific age groups: Self-awareness only increased 3-4-year-olds' and promising only increased 7-8-year-olds' honesty. However, the combination of modeling and consequences increased honesty for all age groups. Findings suggest that different motivational factors may encourage children's honesty across childhood.

The transition to the market economy, which began in Russia more than 30 years ago, has dramatically affected the performance of the Russian academic sphere. The market transformation in the country coincided with significant changes in the global academia. Bureaucratization and obsession with performance indicators have been very welcomed by the Russian system and have been incorporated in various academic excellence programs adopted in the country. A closer look at these programs reveals that the real driving force behind the initiatives is not public spiritedness of the country's policymakers but wishes of various groups to be engaged in the rent-seeking activities of contemporary Russia. The present paper focuses on the interplay between the predatory publishing industry and the apparent encouragement of fraudulent practices by some universities in Russia. It highlights the problem of "predatory universities" and explains the evolution of such strategies in the academic sphere of the country. The Russian case allows to look at the problems of the global academia from a new angle. It should be acknowledged that the predatory publishing industry is much greater than it seems within the initial "open access" model. It is clear that the authors are very often not less predators than the publishers, and this predatory ecosystem has been significantly expanded beyond the merely publisher-author interactions. Moreover, the noticeable players in these predatory markets are universities and governments that play with the systems designed by the leading citation databases and global ranking organisations, which apparently also benefit from these arrangements.