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Alloplastic implants are widely used in facial plastic surgery, both in rhinoplasty and nonrhinoplasty procedures. Implant infection and extrusion are significant concerns of such implants after placement. Bacterial biofilms have been previously implicated in chronic wound infections, particularly in the presence of foreign bodies, such as alloplastic facial implants. Owing to their structural composition, biofilms are resistant to treatment with conventional antibiotics, and implant removal is frequently the only option.To evaluate explanted alloplastic facial implants for the presence or absence of bacterial biofilm using scanning electron microscopy.Facial implants explanted by a single surgeon were analyzed for biofilm formation between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2013. Of 7 facial implants, 4 consisted of silicone, and 3 were porous polyethylene. Six of the 7 were nasal dorsal implants, and 1 silicone implant was removed from the midface. Nonexplanted fresh silicone and porous polyethylene implants were each used as a control.Scanning electron microscopy images were analyzed by an electron microscopist masked to the clinical history and implant type. The presence of biofilm formation was graded as none, mild, moderate, or severe.A total of 7 patients with previously placed alloplastic facial implants at an outside institution underwent revision rhinoplasty and removal of facial implants. All porous polyethylene implants showed biofilm formation to various degrees. Furthermore, all porous polyethylene implants had at least some areas of severe biofilm formation. One of the 3 porous polyethylene implants demonstrated severe biofilm formation on the entire implant, and the other 2 porous polyethylene implants showed areas of mild and severe biofilm formation. The only 2 implants without any evidence of biofilm were silicone implants. Of the other 2 silicone implants, 1 demonstrated no biofilm formation in 1 area and severe biofilm formation in another area, whereas the other had areas of moderate and severe biofilm formation.Five of 7 explanted facial implants showed at least some degree of biofilm formation. All implants with rougher surfaces, namely, porous polyethylene implants, demonstrated biofilm formation to a severe degree. Those with smoother surfaces, namely, silicone implants, were the only ones on which biofilm formation was either absent or less severe. Therefore, the suspicion that biofilms can form on facial implants is established through this investigation.NA.

In facial plastic surgery, attaining hemostasis may require adjuncts to traditional surgical techniques. Fibrin tissue adhesives have broad applications in surgery and are particularly useful when addressing the soft tissue encountered in facial plastic surgery. Beyond hemostasis, tissue adhesion and enhanced wound healing are reported benefits associated with a decrease in operating time, necessity for drains and pressure dressings, and incidence of wound healing complications. These products are clinically accessible to most physicians who perform facial plastic surgery, including skin grafts, flaps, rhytidectomy, and endoscopic forehead lift.

The process of aging leads to countless bodily changes on both a macro- and microscopic scale. No organ system is unaffected; however, the nose is especially susceptible. Sun damage, hormone levels, regenerative capability, tissue elasticity, bone resorption, and the effects of gravity contribute to produce classic signs and symptoms. Rhinoplasty of the aging nose requires a comprehensive understanding of aging facial anatomy combined with surgical techniques designed to resist these ubiquitous remodeling forces over time.

Rhinoplasty is commonly acknowledged as the most demanding and difficult of plastic surgical procedures. The demands of rhinoplasty in the aging patient are no different. Regardless of patient age, the principles of structure rhinoplasty remain constant: surgical manipulation of the nasal construct causes weaknesses susceptible to scar contracture. Augmentation is required to withstand the distorting forces of tissue healing. However, certain functional and aesthetic goals of the aging patient must also be taken into account in a procedure that involves tissue reorientation and augmentation, with careful attention to long-term surgical outcome consideration while adhering to this philosophy.

The unfavorable result in plastic surgery , The unfavorable result in plastic surgery , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران

After completion of this article, the reader should be able to describe the indications for lateral crural repositioning, understand the key steps to performing the procedure, and be able to manage the complications associated with this treatment strategy.

Surgical correction of defects of the internal nasal valve, ala, vestibule, and sill is widely regarded as a challenge due to concerns of poor outcomes of facial aesthetics and nasal function. Auricular composite grafting is a reliable method of reconstruction of deformities of the nasal vestibule and sill. A classification system of types of defects may help surgeons in understanding the indications for composite grafting. Furthermore, we have developed surgical techniques that enhance survival of composite grafts of larger size. Composite grafting is an effective technique to repair a wide range of defects of the internal nasal valve, nasal sill/ala, and vestibule with excellent functional and aesthetic results.

Costal cartilage grafting is increasing in popularity with increased demand for augmentation rhinoplasty and increased need for grafting material for structure rhinoplasty techniques. Use of costal cartilage for dorsal grafting is both art and science. The art is demonstrated in the act of carving a dorsal graft that will reflect the actual contour of the nasal dorsum. The science is linked to the methodology of how the grafts are contoured to match the patient's desires and how the graft is fixed to the bony dorsum to minimize the risk of warping and displacement. Variations in dorsal graft design and methods of fixation are described. Use of the perichondrial interface between dorsal graft and perforated/rasped nasal dorsum acts to ossify the dorsal graft to the underlying bone, creating an immobile and natural appearing nasal dorsum. The fixation of the dorsal graft limits movement and hence decreases the likelihood of warping or deformity. Use of microfat in rhinoplasty has tremendous potential for camouflage and to promote healing of compromised tissues. Using microfat-infused soft tissue augmentation (MISTA), the surgeon is able to deliver microfat to an open surgical field, promote healing, and provide soft tissue augmentation. In this technique, microfat is injected into soft tissue carriers (perichondrium, temporalis fascia, etc.) and then implanted into the surgical field. MISTA has tremendous potential utility in many areas of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery.

In recent years, with the advent of 3-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques, it has become possible to objectively measure rhinoplasty results. However, few studies have used 3D imaging software to assess postoperative rhinoplasty results of the nasal tip.To analyze nasal tip volumes of patients with bulbous tips and measure postoperative nasal tip volume changes in patients who have undergone lower lateral cartilage (LLC) repositioning.A prospective study of patients with a preoperative diagnosis of bulbous nasal tip and cephalically oriented LLC as measured intraoperatively (with angles less than 30 degrees from the midline) who underwent rhinoplasty by a single surgeon and preoperative and postoperative 3dMD imaging at a university hospital.Rhinoplasty with LLC repositioning and preoperative and postoperative 3dMD system imaging. We also used 3dMD Vultus software for the analysis of nasal tip volume changes.Changes in nasal tip volume and LLC angle.Thirty-one patients met the inclusion criteria (25 women and 6 men; mean age, 33 years). Among these, there were 16 primary and 15 revision cases with a follow-up range of 1 to 19 months. Statistical tests included a paired t test on volume and angle changes as well as correlative and exploratory analyses to gain further insight into the analysis population over time. The change in the LLC angle after repositioning was found to be statistically significant. The mean decrease in volume on the right was 0.0254 mL, and the mean decrease on the left was 0.0249 mL. The mean total volume change was a decrease of 0.0503 mL. An exploratory analysis suggested that subjects with longer follow-up displayed a greater reduction in volume. Using 5 months as a cutoff, we found that the subgroup with longer follow-up displayed a mean total bilateral volume change of -0.07 mL compared with -0.03 mL in the subgroup with shorter follow-up.We found that LLC repositioning when used to address bulbous nasal tips and cephalically oriented LLCs leads to significant increase (preoperative to postoperative) in the angle of the LLC (to a more caudal orientation). We also found an overall trend of decreasing nasal tip volume throughout follow-up. Although not statistically significant, the overall decrease in volume is clinically meaningful when paired with favorable positioning of the LLC. Exploratory analyses suggest that treatment effect is consistent across sexes and that greater decrease in total volume might be found with longer follow-up.4.

IMPORTANCE It is unknown whether poly-4-hydroxybutyric acid (P4HB)-reinforced superficial musculoaponeurotic system tissue (SMAS) plication techniques will support SMAS imbrication and plication and potentially improve outcomes in rhytidectomy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the biomechanical properties (tissue breaking strength, suture tearing force, and stress relaxation) of the SMAS with vs without reinforcement with P4HB absorbable mesh and to correlate these results with potential clinical applications. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SAMPLES In a cadaver study at an academic setting, 12 fresh frozen cadaver heads were used. Rhytidectomy incisions were made, and the SMAS was harvested and prepared for strength and stress testing using an Instron device. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Tissue breaking strength and suture tearing force were analyzed. Stress relaxation test results were also assessed. The results of the SMAS samples alone were compared with those reinforced with P4HB absorbable mesh. RESULTS Overall, there were significant differences noted in tissue breaking strength and suture tearing force between the 2 groups. When the SMAS was reinforced with absorbable mesh, significant improvements were observed in tissue breaking strength (P .001) and suture tearing force (P .003). In addition, less variability was demonstrated in the maximum tensile load-bearing quality of the SMAS when the repair was reinforced with P4HB. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Reinforcement with P4HB absorbable mesh improves tissue breaking strength and suture tearing force in cadaveric SMAS. It also reduces the variability in load vs displacement seen among samples tested. These data suggest that P4HB-reinforced SMAS imbrication would support higher loads and provide more consistent, long-lasting SMAS support among patients undergoing rhytidectomy. Further studies are needed to correlate these data with clinical outcomes in rhytidectomy.

UNLABELLED What is the single most difficult challenge in revision rhinoplasty and how do you address it? During revision rhinoplasty, when dorsal augmentation is necessary and septal and ear cartilage is not available, what is the best substance for correcting the problem? If rib cartilage is used for dorsal augmentation during revision rhinoplasty, what is the technique to prevent warping of the graft? Alloplast in the nose--when, where, and for what purpose? Does the release and reduction of the upper lateral cartilages from the nasal dorsal septum always require spreader graft placement to prevent mid-one-third nasal pinching in reductive rhinoplasty?' ANALYSIS Over the past 5 years, how has your technique evolved or what have you observed and learned in performing revision rhinoplasty?

Subtotal septal reconstruction is a surgical technique used to reconstruct severe septal deviations that are not easily repaired using less invasive methods. Patients with identifiable septal fractures across the caudal or dorsal segments of the L-strut are good candidates. These patients may present with deformities such as the deviated nose or saddle nose. Adequate autologous cartilage is needed to reconstruct the septum. The deviated segments of the nasal septum are removed and then reconstructed by replacing the caudal septum with a straight piece of septal cartilage fixated to the nasal spine. The bilateral extended spreader grafts fixated to the remnant dorsal strut is then fixed to the caudal septal replacement graft to reconstitute the L-strut. In some cases, the dorsal strut may overlap the caudal portion of the L-strut to complete the repair. Care must be taken in setting nasal length, projection, rotation, and supratip break. If these parameters are not set very carefully deformity may ensue. Other potential complications include change in the upper lip smile or a crease forming in the upper lip when the patient smiles. This is a complex technique and must be performed with special care to avoid deformity.

Resolution of ptosis is a key step to the success of many plastic surgery procedures. Ptosis is a manifestation of tissue stretch. Tissue stretch can occur as a result of the natural aging process or health of the patient, or tissue may stretch under added weight or volume, such as when implants are placed. Surgical rejuvenation of ptotic tissues is very effective and results in marked changes in the patient profile yet the tissue that resulted in the need for the procedure first place has not improved and ptosis can recur. Recent developments in long-term resorbable porous materials have provided surgeons with the opportunity to experiment with tissue reinforcement in plastic surgery procedures. These new materials have a low profile, rapid tissue integration, and a long-term strength retention profile. Long-term resorbable scaffolds such as poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) natural scaffold (GalaFLEX scaffold, Galatea Surgical, Inc., Lexington, MA) have shown promise for a host of plastic surgery indications. This article presents clinical experience with GalaFLEX for soft tissue reinforcement in three different clinical applications; including the reinforcement of the superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS) in minimally invasive facelift, reinforcement of the skin envelope in mastopexy, and reinforcement of the breast capsule (pocket) in revisional breast surgery. Soft tissue reinforcement has been shown to provide increased mechanical strength as well as improved maintenance of postoperative results. Level of Evidence 5![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif

Revision rhinoplasty is a complex operation with many variables that may influence the final esthetic and functional outcome of the procedure. Cartilage forms the structural framework of the lower two-thirds of nose and is essential for long-term support and maintenance of a patent nasal airway. The use of autologous cartilage grafting is the primary source of this material, limited by donor site quantity, quality, and harvest morbidity. Alloplastic materials, solid and injectable, are often used for augmentation purposes and may have devastating consequences. This article discusses past and current treatment concepts for various nasal deformities using available autologous grafting techniques.