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[ES] Presentamos una columna estratigráfica levantada en las cercanías de Sot de Chera (Valencia). Esta localidad está situada en la provincia de Valencia, dentro de la Hoja núm. 694 (Chulilla), cuarto 1, como a unos treinta kilómetros por carretera al N. de Requena. Su estudio merece especial interés por encontrarse en un lugar estratégico para abordar los problemas que presenta el Jurásico en la región norte-centro de la zona levantina de la Cordillera Iberíca. Se ha realizado un estudio detallado de la serie, basando su estratigrafía en aquellas zonas de interés, sobre Animonites, realizándose posteriormente un análisis detallado del medio basándonos en indicadores tanto litológicos como paleontológicos., [FR] Nous presentons une série stratigraphique levée aux alentours de Sot de Chera (Valencia). Cette localité est située dans la province de Valencia, dans la feuille 694 (Chulilla), quart 1,30 Km. au N. de Requena par route. Son étude mérite un intéret particulier car elle se trouve dans un lieu strategique pour aborder les problemes du Jurassique dans la région nord-centrale de la zone levantine des Chames iberiques. Nous avons realisé un étude detaillée de la série, en fondant a posteriori la stratigraphie sur des Animonites, apres une analyse détaillée, basée sur des indicateurs lithologiques et paleontologiques., [EN] We show here a stratigraphic column obtained near Sot de Chera (Valencia). This locality is situated in Valencia Province, in the Map n.0 694 (Chulilla) quart 1, some 30 km. N. of Requena by higway. Its study is specially interesting because it is situated in a Key location for the attack on the problenis of the Jurassic of the Northcentral region of Levante zone of Iberian Ranges. It has been made a detailed study of this section, with a Stratigraphy based on the interesting Ammonite zones; afterwards a detailed environmental analysis was carried out, based upon lithological and paleontological indicators., [DE] Beschreibung einer stratigraphischen Serie, die unweit von Sot de Chera in der Provinz Valencia liegt (Hoja 694 - Chulilla - viertel 1), etwa 30 km. an der Strasse nórdlich von Requena. Ihre Untersuchung hat ein besonderes lnteresse, weil diese Serie sich an einer Stelle befindct, wo dic Probleme der jurasisehen Formation in der Nordund Zentral-Region der levantinischen Zone der Iberisehen Kordillere sich gut studieren lassen. Man hat cine detaillierte Untersuchung anhand der Ammonites durchgefúbrt. Spáter haben wir lithologische und paláontologische Merkmale als Ergánzung herangezogen.

The future evolution of mineral supplies is becoming increasingly complex and evolutionary models are scarcer and of very limited reliability. At the expert level, there is a huge convergence regarding the need for sufficient global geological knowledge to proceed with the development of supply and demand models for all metals, and even more so in the case of copper. Discussion is presented of copper consumption and reserves, declines in ore grade, cost estimation curves, mineral shortages, types and characteristics of copper metallogenic models (porphyry, skarn, volcano-sedimentary, sediment hosted, iron oxide-copper-gold, magmatic sulphides), geological factors in copper and its future, and sustainability in mining., The future evolution of mineral supplies is becoming increasingly complex and evolutionary models are scarcer and of very limited reliability. At the expert level, there is a huge convergence regarding the need for sufficient global geological knowledge to proceed with the development of supply and demand models for all metals, and even more so in the case of copper. Discussion is presented of copper consumption and reserves, declines in ore grade, cost estimation curves, mineral shortages, types and characteristics of copper metallogenic models (porphyry, skarn, volcano-sedimentary, sediment hosted, iron oxide-copper-gold, magmatic sulphides), geological factors in copper and its future, and sustainability in mining.

When proposing a mining investment, knowledge of the exploration and valuation steps that must be carried out by the mining company is essential: the preliminary economic assessment, the preliminary feasibility assessment, a technical report, a detailed and economic engineering warranty, and the use of a good strategy for the appropriate control of the project. The Orphan Period is the moment in the life of the project where the main capital contribution is necessary to cover the construction and startup needs of the operations, and there are different types of financing necessary: seed money, debt (interest and maturities), mixed equity and debt, joint ventures, royalties/streaming, and operative cast flow. To achieve the most opportune investment an analysis of supply and demand should be carried out which considers all shareholders in the life cycle of the project. The copper mining company Antofagasta PLC (Chile) is used as an example., When proposing a mining investment, knowledge of the exploration and valuation steps that must be carried out by the mining company is essential: the preliminary economic assessment, the preliminary feasibility assessment, a technical report, a detailed and economic engineering warranty, and the use of a good strategy for the appropriate control of the project. The Orphan Period is the moment in the life of the project where the main capital contribution is necessary to cover the construction and startup needs of the operations, and there are different types of financing necessary: seed money, debt (interest and maturities), mixed equity and debt, joint ventures, royalties/streaming, and operative cast flow. To achieve the most opportune investment an analysis of supply and demand should be carried out which considers all shareholders in the life cycle of the project. The copper mining company Antofagasta PLC (Chile) is used as an example.

The grade-tonnage curve is important for most economic assessment, but does not consider continuity between blocks. The relationship of curve to actual conditions depends on parameters such as geology and geochemistry, as well as geometric distribution of the deposit. A technical report does therefore not always include a true sensitivity analysis with respect to the grade-tonnage relationship. Discussion is presented of the relationship suggested by Lasky's Law and the use of the first block model to understand its effects on a mineral deposit, and prediction of the risk associated with volatility in metal prices. Over 50 porphyry copper and orogenic gold metallogenic models have been analysed with respect to their actual mining results. The use of normalised variations curves allows: rating of the project regarding its risk or sensitivity to failure; grouping of the results by progress and economic and metallogenetic characterisation; definition of the best usable parts of the curve within a risk situation; and relating of the indicators with the deposit geometry and with the defined tonnage., The grade-tonnage curve is important for most economic assessment, but does not consider continuity between blocks. The relationship of curve to actual conditions depends on parameters such as geology and geochemistry, as well as geometric distribution of the deposit. A technical report does therefore not always include a true sensitivity analysis with respect to the grade-tonnage relationship. Discussion is presented of the relationship suggested by Lasky's Law and the use of the first block model to understand its effects on a mineral deposit, and prediction of the risk associated with volatility in metal prices. Over 50 porphyry copper and orogenic gold metallogenic models have been analysed with respect to their actual mining results. The use of normalised variations curves allows: rating of the project regarding its risk or sensitivity to failure; grouping of the results by progress and economic and metallogenetic characterisation; definition of the best usable parts of the curve within a risk situation; and relating of the indicators with the deposit geometry and with the defined tonnage.

The commodity price assigned during project design is critical in determining the feasibility of a mining project. While information on mineral prices is not difficult to obtain from the relevant published sources, development of a methodology for calculating the value and the assumptions that should be included is much more complex. An analysis is presented of the various methods used for selecting metal prices, and the mechanisms and reasoning underlying price selection are discussed. It is shown that the price can be determined not only based on forecasting but also by taking into account other relevant parameters., The commodity price assigned during project design is critical in determining the feasibility of a mining project. While information on mineral prices is not difficult to obtain from the relevant published sources, development of a methodology for calculating the value and the assumptions that should be included is much more complex. An analysis is presented of the various methods used for selecting metal prices, and the mechanisms and reasoning underlying price selection are discussed. It is shown that the price can be determined not only based on forecasting but also by taking into account other relevant parameters.

The mineral price assigned in mining project design is critical for determining the economic feasibility of a project. The criteria applied to metal price selection include the mean of the average price over the last three years, the average price based on other studies that have been approved in a given time period, the price based on the experience of project designers and the main parameters used in the selection of prices in mine feasibility studies. An analysis was carried out of data from 250 mining investment projects from 1999 to 2011 using parameters including the actual metal price, gross metal margin defined as the difference between the price of the metal when it is mined and the known extraction costs, the company economic or business category, country risk classifications, project size, initial investment, mine life, price volatility and duration since a metal price collapse. A new tool, the metal price indicator, was developed to determine the risk aversion of the mining project team to preliminary economic assessments. The indicator is an index where the market metal price is compared with the calculated project price. The results showed that there is only a minimal relationship between the gross metal margin and the price of Cu and that project metal prices are more conservative at higher margin values. The behaviour of the company curve value and the selected price risk is similar for Cu and Ni projects and shows a high degree of conservatism, while for Zn projects there is a strong relationship between larger company size and increased risk behaviour. A better ranking in the country risk profile is correlated with a lower risk profile. For Ni projects the degree of caution in price selection increases with project size and for Cu projects there is a strong relationship between selected price and mine size for projects with production of less than 100 000 tpa. The trend indicates a lower risk profile for higher production. For Ni projects there is, The mineral price assigned in mining project design is critical for determining the economic feasibility of a project. The criteria applied to metal price selection include the mean of the average price over the last three years, the average price based on other studies that have been approved in a given time period, the price based on the experience of project designers and the main parameters used in the selection of prices in mine feasibility studies. An analysis was carried out of data from 250 mining investment projects from 1999 to 2011 using parameters including the actual metal price, gross metal margin defined as the difference between the price of the metal when it is mined and the known extraction costs, the company economic or business category, country risk classifications, project size, initial investment, mine life, price volatility and duration since a metal price collapse. A new tool, the metal price indicator, was developed to determine the risk aversion of the mining project team to preliminary economic assessments. The indicator is an index where the market metal price is compared with the calculated project price. The results showed that there is only a minimal relationship between the gross metal margin and the price of Cu and that project metal prices are more conservative at higher margin values. The behaviour of the company curve value and the selected price risk is similar for Cu and Ni projects and shows a high degree of conservatism, while for Zn projects there is a strong relationship between larger company size and increased risk behaviour. A better ranking in the country risk profile is correlated with a lower risk profile. For Ni projects the degree of caution in price selection increases with project size and for Cu projects there is a strong relationship between selected price and mine size for projects with production of less than 100 000 tpa. The trend indicates a lower risk profile for higher production. For Ni projects there is

An environmental assessment is presented relating Spanish steel consumption and manufacture to economic growth by means of Kuznetsov curves that show the relationship between environmental quality and economic development, according to the Kuznetsov hypothesis displaying a distinctive inverted U-shape that reflects the slowing and reversal of environmental decline over time. The different steelmaking processes employed, in particular the use of electric arc furnaces, are discussed and steel consumption and production figures presented for the years 1900-2009 and 1895-2009 respectively. Data on gross domestic product versus apparent steel consumption are analysed using the environmental Kuznetsov curves. It is concluded that a good environmental situation has been achieved as a result of the increasing use of recycled scrap together with reduced CO2 emissions., An environmental assessment is presented relating Spanish steel consumption and manufacture to economic growth by means of Kuznetsov curves that show the relationship between environmental quality and economic development, according to the Kuznetsov hypothesis displaying a distinctive inverted U-shape that reflects the slowing and reversal of environmental decline over time. The different steelmaking processes employed, in particular the use of electric arc furnaces, are discussed and steel consumption and production figures presented for the years 1900-2009 and 1895-2009 respectively. Data on gross domestic product versus apparent steel consumption are analysed using the environmental Kuznetsov curves. It is concluded that a good environmental situation has been achieved as a result of the increasing use of recycled scrap together with reduced CO2 emissions.