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Depuis un demi-siècle, sciences et technologies du numérique n’ont cessé de progresser de concert, ouvrant une nouvelle ère pour la connaissance, la conservation et la diffusion des œuvres et des objets patrimoniaux. Tout d’abord par la recherche, puis, progressivement, dans le cadre de projets culturels construits dans le cadre de coopérations entre institutions patrimoniales et opérateurs professionnels mettant en œuvre des méthodes innovantes d’acquisition, d’observation et d’analyse multi...

Through this White Paper, which gathers contributions from experts of 3D data as well as professionals concerned with the interoperability and sustainability of 3D research data, the PARTHENOS project aims at highlighting some of the current issues they have to face, with possible specific points according to the discipline, and potential practices and methodologies to deal with these issues.During the workshop, several tools to deal with these issues have been introduced and confronted with the participants experiences, this White Paper now intends to go further by also integrating participants feedbacks and suggestions of potential improvements.Therefore, even if the focus is put on specific tools, the main goal is to contribute to the development of standardized good practices related to the sharing, publication, storage and long-term preservation of 3D data.

National audience; Proposition d'un système d'informations multimodal dédié au relevé d'art pariétal à travers une application web dotée de fonctionnalités de réalité augmentée video see-through permettant de réaliser des annotations spatialisées in-situ en temps réel, afin de centraliser l'ensemble des données, informations et connaissances relatives à l'objet d'étude.

National audience; Le patrimoine culturel recouvre une réalité complexe. Il capte l’ensemble des problématiques de son époque. Il est le lieu où ne cessent de s’articuler des enjeux normatifs, sociaux, politiques, épistémologiques, où se reconfigurent en permanence les rapports entre passé, présent et futur et où les échelles varient, du local au global. L’ère numérique, avec les transformations qu’elle induit dans les processus de patrimonialisation comme dans l’étude des patrimoines, accroît cette complexité tout en appelant de nouveaux regards critiques. Telle est la perspective du présent ouvrage, qui déplie et déploie deux grandes thématiques. Il aborde d’abord les historicités, les spatialités et les reconfigurations temporelles du patrimoine, puis sa production sociale et enfin les médiations, appropriations et ressentis auxquels il donne lieu. Il traite ensuite de l’articulation entre matérialité, immatérialité et dématérialisation, en étudiant cette dernière et ses effets, l’évolution des connaissances sur la matérialité des oeuvres, les usages du numérique pour l’accès au patrimoine et sa médiation. Nourri d’un travail collaboratif d’ampleur, il met en lumière les nouvelles pollinisations entre le monde académique et les institutions culturelles patrimoniales et l’accroissement qualitatif qu’elles constituent. Il montre également que l’interdisciplinarité, si elle est conçue comme un processus de co-traduction et de co-construction, constitue un formidable levier pour l’avenir de la recherche sur les patrimoines

International audience; One of the limitations of the 3D digitisation process is that it typically requires highly specialised skills and yields heterogeneous results depending on proprietary software solutions and trial-and-error practices. The main objective of Culture 3D Cloud [L1], a collaborative project funded within the framework of the French “Investissements d’Avenir” programme, is to overcome this limitation, providing the cultural community with a novel image-based modelling service for 3D digitisation of cultural artefacts. This will be achieved by leveraging the widespread expert knowledge of digital photography in the cultural arena to enable cultural heritage practitioners to perform routine 3D digitisation via photo-modelling. Cloud computing was chosen for its capability to offer high computing resources at reasonable cost, scalable storage via continuously growing virtual containers, multi-support diffusion via remote rendering and efficient deployment of releases.

International audience; Dépositaire des ressources numériques des sites d’art pariétal parmi lesquels les plus notoires du patrimoine national, le Centre National de la Préhistoire entreprend environ une campagne de relevé 3D par an pour enrichir ce fond de données publiques. Les « Grottes Ornées » constituent un patrimoine sensible, à étudier, conserver, valoriser.

International audience; L’architecture historique est probablement l’un des domaines les plus appropriés pour comprendre dans quelle mesure la production culturelle des différentes régions d’un territoire participe à la construction d’une identité commune. En raison de leur nature distincte, ainsi que de leur diffusion croissante, les technologies numériques ouvrent aujourd’hui de nouvelles opportunités pour l’analyse croisée d’une grande quantité d’objets, loin dans l’espace mais proches dans les caractères (typologies, styles, règles de composition, etc.). Cette opportunité pourrait stimuler la création de cadres scientifiques innovants pour améliorer l’étude historique, artistique et technique des liens entre les formes architecturales et les interactions sociales dans l’espace et le temps. Cette question réunit l’étude des natures sémantiques et géométriques des formes architecturales avec la conception et le développement de systèmes d’information capables d’aborder la recherche expérimentale sur la variabilité des formes. Cet article présente les principales lignes de recherche que le laboratoire MAP compte mener dans les cinq prochaines années autour de cet enjeu.; Historical architecture is probably one of the most appropriate areas for understanding the extent to which the cultural production of the different regions of a territory participates in the construction of a common identity. Owing to their distinct nature, as well as to their increasing diffusion, today digital technologies are opening up new opportunities for the cross-analysis of a large quantity of objects, far in space but close in their characteristics (typologies, styles, rules of composition, etc.). This opportunity could stimulate the creation of innovative scientific frameworks to improve the historical, artistic and technical study of the relationships between architectural shapes and social interactions in space and time. This question brings together the study of the semantic and geometrical natures of architectural shapes with the design and development of information systems capable of addressing experimental research on the variability of shapes. This paper presents the main lines of research that the MAP laboratory intends to conduct over the next five years on this issue.

International audience; Close-range photogrammetry is nowadays a common technique applied to acquire 3D data on Cultural Heritage (CH) artifacts. Image-based modeling are indeed providing useful resources for the documentation and the conservation but it is also set more recently as a monitoring tool that could help the decision making in term of restoration. The 3D footprint restitutes as a point cloud, the appearance according to a definite spatial resolution and at a given time, the visible surface of an artifact. Nevertheless, different techniques of scientific imaging are also used to obtain complementary information. This paper explores a multimodal approach of the photogrammetric survey and data processing to reach a multidimensional data integration (i.e. spatial, temporal and, or spectral).

International audience; The introduction of digital technologies in the documentation methods for cultural heritage has helped to design new tools for the acquisition and management of information collected for multidisciplinary studies. These tools are beginning to emerge as the preferred media for describing, analyzing and understanding the objects of study. Existing solutions for semantic annotation on images, on 3D models or with 2D/3D hybrid methods still reveal themselves today insufficient to tackle the complex problem of annotating heritage artifacts. In this field, the semantic description of the studied objects must be able to rely on a rich and structured representation by on one hand making explicit the morphological complexity of the object and on the other hand by reflecting all aspects conveyed by the acquisitions of scientific imaging. This paper introduces an approach for conducting semantic annotations on 2D images (photography, scientific imaging ...) while facilitating the annotation work with an automatic propagation of these annotations between other correlated representations (2D or 3D) of the object. It is based on a spatial referencing method aiming at the establishment of a continuous 2D/3D projective relationship. The goal of the approach is to define an informative continuum between all phases of observation and description processes ranging from the acquisition of images and spatial data up to the building of semantically-enriched 3D representations. The idea is to insert semantics at all phases of 2D/3D data processing while ensuring a continuous correlation of annotations from a spatial, temporal and morphological point of view.

International audience; In the architectural heritage field, the control over spatial data is the indispensable prerequisite for the representation, analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage. Our aim is to move from 3D survey raw data to semantic 3D models dedicated to mechanic behavior analysis. A knowledge-based method is developped for the reverse engineering of masoned structures. Semantic and topological constraints are identified and explicated through the creation of a knowledge model of masonry works. This knowledge is used to implement a parametric models and extraction features programs that allow us to reconstruct and semanticaly structured the raw data.; Dans le domaine du patrimoine architectural, le traitement des données métriques obtenues lors de relevés tridimensionnels est indispensable pour la réalisation de simulations, l'aide au diagnostic et pour la restauration. Notre objectif est d'obtenir, à partir de ces données, un modèle 3D et sémantique destiné à l'étude mécanique des structures en pierre. Une méthode basée sur les connaissances architecturales est ainsi développée pour permettre une rétro-conception des structures maçonnées. Les connaissances théoriques sur le do-maine sont tout d'abord modélisées pour permettre d'identifier et d'expliciter les contraintes topologiques et les éléments géométriques qu'elles gouvernent. Les modèles paramétriques et les algorithmes d'ajustements implémentés et créés à partir de l'ontologie précédente permettent la reconstruction géométrique et la structuration sémantique des structures maçonnées présentes dans les données brutes relevées.

Acknowledgements: This ongoing study is financed by ANR (French National Agency for Research). The authors thank all the other colleagues (and more especially S. Janvier (PRISME), S. Boularand (CICRP), E. Gattet, F. Guéna and A. Pamart (MAP) and students (and more especially A. Benard, F. Peteler, A. Manuel, T. Messaoudi), that are/were involved in this project and allow its development.; International audience; The investigations that are made on a building for conservation purposes need an importantwork that is transcribed in a variety of numerical and printed data: surveying data andscientific imagery, damage mapping, photographic collections, historical archives, physicaland chemical data etc. Given the difficulty to collect, compare, analyse and validate dataprior to restoration, the approach we present aims to mobilize various disciplines(architecture, conservation, mechanics, and computer sciences) to define a novelinformation processing chain including metric surveys, analysis of surfaces, geometricmodels of structures, heterogeneous documentary sources management, temporal data, etc.By the way of MONUMENTUM project which is an on-going research project (2013-2017) funded by ANR (French National Agency for Research), we are designing anddeveloping an open and expandible web platform for the capitalisation and the managementof knowledge needed for the understanding and analysis of degradation phenomenaaffecting historic buildings. This objective requires the definition of a common andcontinuous process that establish a technological and conceptual interconnection betweenthe stages of 3D digitization, semantic annotation and structuring of the geometric model(including multi-layers analysis of surfaces), characterisation of the state of the buildingand management of restoration actions. Based on three case studies that presentconservation issues on stones (Castle of Chambord and Caromb’s church in France) andwall paintings (Notre-Dames des Fontaines’ chapel in France), it concerns the image-basedmodellingof architectural heritage, the development of a 3D information system for the management of conservation data and also a numerical modelling tool (FEM-DEM) for thephysical and structural analysis.

Assemblée générale annuelle ICOMOS; International audience

International audience

De nombreux pays s'intéressent à la numérisation 3D de leur patrimoine architectural, ce qui permettrait aux institutions concernées (monuments historiques, musées, sites archéologiques, etc.) de l'archiver et de le valoriser Répondant à ces besoins, la photomodélisation est une technique capable de reconstruire en trois dimensions des scènes réelles à partir de photographies ; appliquée à l'architecture, elle constitue une solution adaptée pour documenter l'état actuel des bâtiments historiques, fournir des ressources aux chercheurs, et élaborer des supports de diffusion auprès du grand public.

International audience; In the last decade many 3D digitization techniques have emerged allowing the generation of dense and precise digital representations of historical building. However, regardless their level of geometric accuracy or visual realism, 3D models are not yet fully adapted to the conservation analysis purposes. In fact, even if a 3D model can be considered an efficient way to accurately record the state of a building, its potentiality in terms of semantic annotation and spatial distribution of heterogeneous data still remain almost unexplored today. Since several years, photographs appear to be a flexible and well diffused portable support for the heritage documentation. They are a natural medium to annotate and compare temporal states. Thanks to the recent advances in photogrammetry computer vision and augmented reality, photographs can be also considered as an excellent support for accurate spatial localization. This article presents the first principles for the development of an information system to monitor the historic building degradation based on three main components: a high dynamic range (HDR) imagebased automatic pipeline, an hybrid (2D/3D) semantic annotation method and a domain ontology describing knowledge related to degradation phenomena. The innovative integration of these main components allows us to introduce the notion of ”informative continuum” as a key for interconnecting spatialized and semanticallyenriched photographs to populate a knowledge base on the building degradation. The first steps of this on-going project are illustrated by an experimentation carried out on the Caromb church in the south of France.

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The volume collects the applications displayed during Digital Heritage International Congress, organised in Marseille (France) in 2013. DigitalHeritage 2013 Expo has been organised in an area of 700 sq mt in the last floor ofthe Villa Mediterraneé, this thanks to the support of its director, Michel Vauzelle. The twomain organisers, CNR Map and CNR ITABC, have worked together under the direction ofArt Clay as exhibition chair, with Livio De Luca as local organiser, and Sofia Pescarin. An open call for proposal was published and aligned to the papers submission of theCongress. More then 60 proposals were submitted by artists, archaeologists, computerscientists, architects and designers. The largest percentage of the submissions were ofhigh quality and consisted of 35 Interactive applications and 7 videos were reviewed bythe congress’s International Programme Committee (IPC). This catalogue presents an overview of the curatorial concept developed for the Expoincludes detailed descriptions of many of the applications that are included in theexhibition. Structurally, the DigitalHeritage Expo is divided in 6 sections, so that similar applicationsand projects can be grouped in terms of technology used, scope of the work, and typesof communication style. The chapters of this catalog are order in a similar manner: (1) Immersive Environments; (2) Digital Heritage @ Work; (3) Virtual Museums; (4)Edutainment; (5) Art and Creativity; (6) Multivision

International audience; Three-dimensional representation is becoming an effective support for the documentation of the state of conservation of heritage artefacts, for the study of transformations of the built environment and for cultural dissemination. New 3D digitisation technologies now offer effective means to observe and analyse historic buildings with more accuracy, completeness and timeliness. Nevertheless, the application of these new technologies produces a real problem of information overload. The growing mass of point clouds, 3D models, un-interpreted data make indeed emerge a great need for innovative methodologies assisting data processing, sorting and analysis by researchers who want to use it for advancing the knowledge on cultural heritage. This article presents a synthesis of several research works carried out at the MAP Laboratory (CNRS/MCC) in the last years concerning the geometric modelling and the semantic enrichment of spatial data related to historic buildings through the design and the development of methods, formalisms and tools. These research works aim to identify the potential of structuring heterogeneous data within semantically enriched 3D models of heritage buildings according to multiple contexts: shape analysis, documentation of the state of conservation, indexation and retrieval of iconographic sources, representation of spatiotemporal transformations.

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International audience; The paper will describe a new approach based on the development of a procedural modelling methodology for archaeological data representation. This is a custom-designed solution based on the recognition of the rules belonging to the construction methods used in roman times. We have conceived a tool for 3D reconstruction of masonry structures starting from photogrammetric surveying. Our protocol considers different steps.Firstly we have focused on the classification of opus based on the basic interconnections that can lead to a descriptive system used for their unequivocal identification and design.Secondly, we have chosen an automatic, accurate, flexible and open source photogrammetric pipeline named Pastis Apero Micmac-PAM , developed by IGN (Paris). We have employed it to generate ortho-images from non-oriented images, using a user-friendly interface implemented by CNRS Marseille (France). Thirdly,the masonry elements are created in parametric and interactive way, and finally they are adapted to the photogrammetric data. The presented application, currently under construction, is developed with an open source programming language called Processing, useful for visual, animated or static, 2D or 3D, interactive creations. Using this computer language, a Java environment has been developed. Therefore, even if the procedural modelling reveals an accuracy level inferior to the one obtained by manual modelling (brick by brick), this method can be useful when taking into account the static evaluation on buildings (requiring quantitative aspects) and metric measures for restoration purposes.

International audience; Today, we need 3D models of heritage buildings in order to handle more efficiently projects of restoration, documentation and maintenance. In this context, developing a performing approach, based on a first phase of building survey, is a necessary step in order to build a semantically enriched digital model. For this purpose, the Building Information Modeling is an efficient tool for storing and exchanging knowledge about buildings. In order to create such a model, there are three fundamental steps: acquisition, segmentation and modeling. For these reasons, it is essential to understand and analyze this entire chain that leads to a well- structured and enriched 3D digital model. This paper proposes a survey and an analysis of the existing approaches on these topics and tries to define a new approach of semantic structuring taking into account the complexity of this chain.

International audience

International audience; The present paper describes a methodology based on the development of a new semantic tool for the graphical representation and interpretation of archaeological data: semantically enriched 2.5D textures. This is a custom-designed solution that supports stratigraphic analysis obtained from the combination of depth map and orthophoto, drawn from 3D photogrammetric surveying and modelling. The aim of this research is to create a tool that solves the existing 3D data interpretation problems and to introduce a new cognitive model.

International audience

International audience; The accurate 3D documentation of architectures and heritages is getting very common and required in different application contexts. The potentialities of the image-based approach are nowadays very well-known but there is a lack of reliable, precise and flexible solutions, possibly open-source, which could be used for metric and accurate documentation or digital conservation and not only for simple visualization or web-based applications. The article presents a set of photogrammetric tools developed in order to derive accurate 3D point clouds and orthoimages for the digitization of archaeological and architectural objects. The aim is also to distribute free solutions (software, methodologies, guidelines, best practices, etc.) based on 3D surveying and modeling experiences, useful in different application contexts (architecture, excavations, museum collections, heritage documentation, etc.) and according to several representations needs (2D technical documentation, 3D reconstruction, web visualization, etc.).

International audience

International audience; This article focuses on the fields of architectural documentation and digital representation. It concerns the development of an information system at the scale of architecture, taking into account the relationships that can be established between the representation of buildings (shape, dimension, state of conservation, hypothetical restitution) and heterogeneous information about various fields (such as the technical, the documentary or still the historical one). The proposed approach aims to organize multiple representations (and associated information) around a semantic description model with the goal of defining a web information system for the multi-field analysis of heritage buildings.

International audience

This contribution focuses on the possibility to link and visualize the relation between a 3D representation of an architectural building and its conceptual description by a graph-based browser interface. For this reason it is used a 3D model and a web application, the Nubes Visum. This platform utilizes a semantic description model that is defined by a semantic level, a structural level and a representation one. To have a new approach at the stored information we added to Nubes Visum another interface that is divided into two parts: the interactive 3D model and an interactive graph. Being a tree structure every node can have children with the same characteristics. This graph allows to establish a privileged link between the 3D representation of buildings and the concepts that describe them in the world of knowledge. The model's hierarchy is expressed by the tree hierarchies of the graph and in the same web page it is possible to choose the graph related to one of the three semantic description levels. By this bilateral relation between information written in the graph and elements describing the object morphology, is possible to perform information searches in two directions: the seek related to the selected entities in the 3D scene and search of entities in the 3D scene trough queries obtained from database.

Photogrammétrie au service des archéologues et des architectes, Colloque SFPT/CIPA, Chartreuse de Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, 9-10 septembre 2010; La chartreuse de Villeneuve-lès-Avignon (Gard), fondée au XIVème siècle par le pape Innocent VI, a subi de nombreux bouleversements tout au long de son existence, à l'image de son église. Construite en plusieurs temps, elle a atteint son apogée au XVIIIème siècle, avant d'être vendue puis divisée en lots et occupée par la population pauvre locale. Le XXème siècle marque sa renaissance à travers les expropriations et les restaurations. Elle est aujourd'hui un site touristique et un lieu de résidence pour artistes. Dans le cadre du programme 3D[Monuments] piloté par le Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, l'église a été le théâtre de campagnes de relevés numériques et photographiques visant à reconstruire en 3D son état actuel. Une restitution hypothétique de son état postrévolutionnaire, basée sur les nombreuses et diverses sources documentaires, a également été proposée. Une base de données contenant la documentation liée aux objets 3D a été mise en place. L'élaboration de la maquette 3D a conduit l'équipe à s'interroger sur la fiabilité des informations transmises par les sources documentaires. La chartreuse a ainsi été choisie comme terrain d'expérimentation privilégié pour l'étude de l'incertitude des données documentaires réalisée dans le cadre d'une thèse de doctorat.

International audience; Queste linee programmatiche di ricerca, all’intersezione disciplinare tra la documentazione del patrimonio costruito e le tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione, hanno l’ambizione di definire un insieme di elementi di ordine tecnico riguardanti lo sviluppo di sistemi informativi a scala architettonica integrandoli in seno a riflessioni di ordine metodologico legate alle problematiche scientifiche sollevate dallo studio degli edifici storici. Tre aspetti principali si integrano in un approccio trasversale. Innanzitutto la definizione di protocolli per l’acquisizione, il trattamento e la strutturazione semantica di rappresentazioni digitali di manufatti architettonici. In secondo luogo, l’identificazione di soluzioni per l’inteconnessione di molteplici sistemi di rappresentazione relativi a varie scale. Infine, la definizione di nuovi percorsi per l’analisi comparativa di artefatti architettonici basata su criteri dimensionali, morfologici e semantici.

The difficulty in the description, the analysis and the comprehension of cultural heritage often stands on the fact that buildings undergo numerous changes over time. Three factors condition the knowledge of historical heritage. Firstly, 3D reconstructions of heritage buildings focus normally on existing states and not on the management of historical evolutions. Secondly, if on one side iconographic sources are generally used like visual memory of a building temporal state to be restored graphically, on the other side few works today focus on the use of all metric and visual information contained in sources. At last, iconographic documentation concerning building past states is sometimes contradictory, dubious and incomplete. As a consequence, in 3D reconstructions uncertainties, contradictions and gaps in information should be highlighted. We present a methodological approach basing on the existing iconographic corpus for the analysis and the 3D management of building transformations. This approach joins three main aspects in a complete workflow. Firstly, it concerns the spatial and temporal referencing of 2D iconographic sources for the 3D reconstruction of disappeared building states. Secondly, it allows the analysis of building transformations by means of a temporal state distribution. Lastly, it uses spatial relations established between 2D iconography and 3D representation for the visual browsing of information based on spatiotemporal criteria. In particular, in this paper we detail the interface developed in order to accomplish multiple related tasks concerning the spatio-temporal structuring of the morphology to be reconstructed.

International audience