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The purpose of this instrumental, multisite case study is to examine fidelity, adaptation, and differentiation challenges found at Wood Badge, a nationwide Boy Scouts of America training for adult volunteer leaders. Our iterative analysis of more than 900 pages of fieldnotes and 400 pages of documents revealed facilitators often explicitly taught syllabus content during the trainings. Observers noted 119 minor differentiations across trainings, notably involving facilitator delivery methods and the duration and scheduling of training segments. Facilitators observed 16 adaptations, which appeared to be based on external conditions at trainings or facilitator preferences, and just three instances of differentiation. Our analysis of the trainings surfaced key fidelity/adaptation issues like overadherence, conflicting notions of deviation, and the impact of preparation on fidelity. In addition, we identified factors influencing facilitators' use of adaptation and differentiation. Recommendations for large-scale trainings are made based on the study's findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the professional development (PD) needs of Chinese dual language immersion program (DLI) educators, particularly the PD supports these teachers receive. This instrumental case study examined the professional learning of four Chineselanguage DLI teachers through semi-structured interviews and observations of classroom teaching and PD trainings. Findings suggest the Utah DLI model indelibly shapes teachers' work and learning as teachers. Chinese DLI teachers also identify needs that are particular to their teaching role like adapting/translating resources; however, the findings also confirm other scholarship indicating Chinese DLI teachers' particular needs are not well supported. PD received by participants was general in nature, rather than differentiated for Chinese DLI teachers' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of Utah's dual language immersion (DLI) program has led to situations where student and mentor teachers teach in settings far different from their home countries' schools, while supervisors observe lessons in unfamiliar languages. This study examined critical incidents in a cross-cultural student teaching experience consisting of a student teacher teaching in a Chinese DLI classroom and supported by a Chinese mentor and a non-Chinese speaking university supervisor. We collected and analyzed audio from dyad meetings, from a triad meeting, and also audio from one-on-one interviews. Our findings raise questions about differences in how teaching is discussed between triad members, as well as whether such student teaching arrangements inhibit student teacher growth due to language or cultural barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paleoproterozoic Hottah terrane is the westernmost exposed bedrock of the Canadian Shield and a critical component for understanding the evolution of the Wopmay Orogen. Thirteen new high-precision U-Pb zircon crystallization ages are presented and support field observations of a volcano-plutonic continuum from Hottah terrane through to the end of the Great Bear magmatism, from >1950 to 1850 Ma. The new crystallization ages, new geochemical data, and newly published detrital zircon U-Pb data are used to challenge hitherto accepted models for the evolution of the Hottah terrane as an exotic arc and microcontinent that arrived over a west-dipping subduction zone and collided with the Slave craton at ca. 1.88 Ga. Although the Hottah terrane does have a tectonic history that is distinct from that of the neighbouring Slave craton, it shares a temporal history with a number of domains to the south and east--domains that were tied to the Slave craton by ca. 1.97 Ga. It is interpreted herein that Hottah terrane began to the south of its current position and evolved in an active margin over an always east-dipping subduction system that began prior to ca. 2.0 Ga and continued to ca. 1.85 Ga, and underwent tectonic switching and migration. The stratigraphy of the ca. 1913-1900 Ma Hottah plutonic complex and Bell Island Bay Group includes a subaerial rifting arc sequence, followed by basinal opening represented by marginal marine quartz arenite and overlying ca. 1893 Ma pillowed basalt flows and lesser rhyodacites. We interpret this stratigraphy to record Hottah terrane rifting off its parental arc crust--in essence the birth of the new Hottah terrane. This model is similar to rapidly rifting arcs in active margins--for example, modern Baja California. These rifts generally occur at the transition between subduction zones (e.g., Cocos-Rivera plates) and transtensional shear zones (e.g., San Andreas fault), and we suggest that extension-driven transtensional shearing, or, more simply, terrane translation, was responsible for the evolution of Bell Island Bay Group stratigraphy and that it transported this newly born Hottah terrane laterally (northward in modern coordinates), arriving adjacent to the Slave craton at ca. 1.88 Ga. Renewed east-dipping subduction led to the Great Bear arc flare-up at ca. 1876 Ma, continuing to ca. 1869 Ma. This was followed by voluminous Great Bear plutonism until ca. 1855 Ma. The model implies that it was the westerly Nahanni terrane and its subducting oceanic crust that collided with this active margin, shutting down the >120 million year old, east-dipping subduction system. Le terrane de Hottah (Paleoproterozoique) est le roc de socle affleurant le plus a l'ouest dans le Bouclier canadien; il est aussi une composante essentielle a la comprehension de l'evolution de l'orogene de Wopmay. Treize nouveaux ages de cristallisation, de haute precision, determines par U-Pb sur des zircons, sont presentes et ils supportent les observations sur le terrain d'un continuum volcano-plutonique pour le terrane de Hottah jusqu';! la fin du magmatisme Great Bear, soit de >1950 a 1850 Ma. Les nouveaux ages de cristallisation, de nouvelles donnees geochimiques et des donnees nouvellement publiees d'ages U-Pb sur des zircons detritiques sont utilises pour contester les modeles jusqu'ici acceptes pour l'evolution de terrane de Hottah en tant qu'un arc exotique et un microcontinent qui est arrive par-dessus une zone de subduction a pendage vers l'ouest et qui est entre en collision avec le craton des Esclaves il y a environ 1,88 Ga. Bien que le terrane de Hottah ait un historique tectonique distinct de celui du craton des Esclaves avoisinant, il partage un historique temporel avec de nombreux autres domaines au sud et a l'est, des domaines qui etaient relies au craton des Esclaves il y a environ 1,97 Ga. Il est interprete ici que le terrane de Hottah a debute au sud de sa position actuelle et qu'il a evolue dans une bordure active par-dessus un systeme de subduction avec un pendage toujours a l'est, commencant avant environ 2,0 Ga et continuant jusqu'a 1,85 Ga, par la suite subissant un echange tectonique et une migration. La stratigraphie du complexe plutonique de Hottah, ~1913 a 1900 Ma, et du Groupe de Bell Island Bay comprend une sequence subaerienne de rifting d'arc, suivie d'une ouverture de bassin, representee par une arenite quartzique de bordure marine, sur lesquels reposent sur des ecoulements de basalte en coussins ~1893 Ma, et des quantites moindres de rhyodacites. Nous interpretons cette stratigraphie comme un enregistrement du rift du terrane de Hottah depuis sa croute d'arc parental, ce qui en essence constitue la naissance du nouveau terrane de Hottah. Ce modele est semblable aux arcs subissant un rifting dans des bordures actives, par exemple, la Basse Californie moderne. Ces rifts se trouvent generalement a la transition entre les zones de subduction (p. ex. les plaques Cocos-Rivera) et les zones de cisaillement de transtension (p. ex. la faille de San Andreas); nous suggerons que le cisaillement de transtension, pousse par l'extension, ou plus simplement la translation du terrane, etait responsable de l'evolution de la stratigraphie du Groupe de Bell Island Bay et que cette transtension a transporte ce terrane de Hottah, nouvellement cree, lateralement (soit vers le nord, selon les coordonnees modernes), arrivant adjacent au craton des Esclaves vers 1,88 Ga. Une reprise de la subduction avec pendage vers l'est a conduit a la poussee active de l'arc de Great Bear vers 1876 Ma et jusqu';! 1869 Ma. Cela a ete suivi par beaucoup de plutonisme Great Bear jusqu';! vers 1855. Selon le modele, c'est le terrane de Nahanni, vers l'ouest, et sa croute oceanique de subduction qui sont entres en collision avec cette bordure active, fermant ainsi le systeme de subduction a pendage est, age de plus de 120 millions d'annees. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction In September 2012, NASA's Curiosity rover discovered an outcrop of alluvial-derived conglomerate in Gale Crater, Mars, and it was named Hottah, after Hottah Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada (Williams et [...]

The goals of today's school athletic programs are vastly different from the original intentions of the administrators who established the first interscholastic athletic teams. For athletics to be anything more than a drain on school and taxpayer resources, these programs must undergo serious changes.

The purpose of this case study was to examine Utah's Grades 1-6 social studies standards and the instructional resources provided by the state for Chinese Dual Language Immersion (DLI) teachers to investigate how social studies instruction supported cultural learning for DLI students. A collaborative, Didaktik analysis of the standards and resources found that, in Grades 1-3 and 6, during which the partner-language DLI teacher is responsible for social studies, Chinese cultural knowledge or learning was not explicitly emphasized within the instructional resources provided in Grades 1-3. The one possible example found was in Grade 6, which included extensive materials for lessons on ancient Chinese civilization and culture. Despite this well-developed set of resources, it was unclear whether ancient China constituted a topic unique to the Chinese DLI program social studies classes or if this was a topic that might be learned by both DLI and non-DLI students across the state. Available resources explicitly encourage Chinese DLI teachers to teach American and Utah cultural traditions, but not necessarily the partner language's cultural traditions. The lack of focus on partner-language culture raises questions for both second language learning in DLI settings and DLI teacher professional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This instrumental case study explored non-formal educators' lay theories of adolescence using the case of the Boy Scouts of America's Scouts BSA program, a co-ed program serving youth between the ages of 11 and 17. We conducted an iterative analysis of 110 structured interviews with Scouts BSA adult volunteer leaders who served as scoutmasters or assistant scoutmasters. Results indicated that participants discussed adolescence in terms of youth characteristics as well as processes youth underwent during their adolescent years. These adults sometimes viewed adolescence as idiosyncratic, identifying differences in learning, behavior, and family situations among youth, particularly those whom they had identified as exhibiting specific challenges like autism. The results also illustrated relationships between the program and lay theories of adolescence. Namely, core Scouts BSA programmatic structures and expectations such as operating the patrol/troop method hierarchies, building leadership skills, camping or outdoor activities, and including all youth in activities influence participants' own views of adolescence, including their views of adolescence as a time to cultivate maturity and independence. The study concludes with a brief discussion of results and limitations of the study, including recommendations for training and additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Boothia mainland region of the north-central Rae domain is underlain by remnants of a Neoarchean volcano sedimentary sequence dismembered by two regionally extensive Neoarchean high-potassium granitoid suites with rare occurrences of a structurally interleaved, Paleoproterozoic sedimentary cover sequence. The granitoids and their gneissic equivalents are dominated by variably deformed and metamorphosed I-type, metaluminous, polyphase, commonly porphyritic to augen, biotite ± hornblende monzogranite, and subordinate granodiorite, with rare tonalite. New geochronological results, the first for this area, demonstrate that the widespread Neoarchean granitoid plutonism is dominantly 2.61-2.59 Ga, with a less prominent 2.66 Ga plutonic event. The age of zircon recrystallization suggests that ca. 2.60 Ga Archean metamorphism and fabric development ([S.sub.1]) affected the 2.66 Ga plutons prior to or contemporaneously with intrusion of the voluminous ca. 2.6 Ga suite. ζ[Nd.sub.(t)] for the ca. 2.61-2.59 Ga suite range from 1.4 to -1.9, overlapping with the ca. 2.66 Ga suite that range from 1.4 to 1.5. The Nd isotopic data, coupled with the presence of inherited ca. 2.65, 2.70, and 2.85-2.90 Ga zircon, suggests recycling of older, Neoarchean to Mesoarchean crust in the formation of these suites. Metaplutonic rocks preserve Paleoproterozoic deformation ([F.sub.4] and [F.sub.5]) and amphibolite-facies metamorphism, sporadically recorded in zircon rims that formed at 1.81 Ga. This event strongly reoriented the Neoarchean fabrics in metaplutonic rocks, generally without the development of a new coaxial Paleoproterozoic fabric, and we attribute this strain and metamorphism to the Hudsonian orogeny. La region terrestre Boothia du domaine Rae centre-nord repose sur des vestiges d'une sequence volcano-sedimentaire datant du Neoarcheen; cette sequence est demembree par deux suites granitoldes d'echelle regionale, a teneur elevee en potassium et posseedant de rares occurrences d'une sequence structurellement intercalee d'une couverture sedimentaire datant du Paleoproterozoique. Les granitoldes et leurs equivalents gneissiques sont domines par un monzogranite a deformation variable, metamorphise, de type I, metalumineux, polyphase;, souvent porphyrique a oeille et a biotite ± hornblende avec une granodiorite subordonnee et une rare tonalite. De nouveaux resultats geochronologiques, les premiers pour ce secteur, demontrent que le plutonisme granitoide neoarcheen etendu date surtout de 2,61 a 2,59 Ga, avec un evenement plutonique moins important vers 2,66 Ga. L'age de la recristallisation du zircon suggere que, vers 2,60 Ga, le meetamorphisme archeeen et le deeveloppement de la fabrique ([S.sub.1]) aient affecte les plutons agees de 2,66 Ga avant ou en meme temps que l'intrusion de la volumineuse suite vers 2,6 Ga. Les valeurs ζ[Nd.sub.(t)] pour la suite datant de ~2,61 a 2,59 Ga varient de 1,4 a -1,9, chevauchant la suite datant ~2,66 Ga, dont les valeurs ζ[Nd.sub.(t)] varient de 1,4 a 1,5. Les donnees d'isotopes Nd, jumelees a la presence de zircons heerites dont les ages sont ~2,65, 2,70 et 2,85-2,90 Ga, suggerent un recyclage de l'ancienne croflte neeoarcheenne a meesoarcheenne pour la formation de ces suites. Des roches meetaplutoniques ont preserve: la deformation paleeoproteerozolque ([F.sub.4] et [F.sub.5]) ainsi que le meetamorphisme au faciees des amphibolites, retrouve sporadiquement dans les bordures des zircons qui se sont formees a 1,81 Ga. Cet evenement a grandement reorientee les fabriques neoarcheeennes dans les roches meetaplutoniques, geeneralement sans le deeveloppement d'une nouvelle fabrique coaxiale paleoproteerozolque; nous attribuons cette deformation et ce metamorphisme a l'orogenese hudsonienne. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The occurrence and abundance of potassic granites is well documented for many Archean cratons (Sylvester 1994) and understanding their genesis is important to developing models for processes of craton [...]

[1] The Changgo culmination, one of the North Himalayan domes in south central Tibet, consists of a multiphase granite core surrounded by a deformed metasedimentary carapace. The granitic core records general non-coaxial shear with a top-to-the-south sense shear component. The contact between the core and the carapace is a shear zone, characterized by general non-coaxial shear with a top-to-the-north shear sense, interpreted to be the northern continuation of the South Tibetan detachment system (STDS). The shear zone contains lenses of leucogranite dated at 35.4 Ma. This is interpreted to reflect Eocene crustal thickening, coeval with the earliest shortening event recorded in the carapace. The main phase of the Changgo granite crystallized at 23.5 Ma, while undeformed aplite dikes, the youngest phase observed in the granite, were intruded at 22.1 Ma. Aplite dikes crosscut the main deformation fabric within the Changgo granite; therefore, that deformation and associated south directed shearing must have ended between 23.5 Ma and 22.1 Ma. The dikes are strained within the STDS, indicating that final displacement along the STDS must post-date 22 Ma, yet be older than 18.4 Ma, the cooling age of muscovite in the shear zone. It is proposed that the exhumation of the Changgo culmination is related to tectonically driven erosion in response to crustal thickening and rebuilding of the orogenic critical taper wedge. Subsequently, deformation in the wedge migrated toward the foreland, expanding the orogenic wedge laterally and moving the locus of displacement from the Main Central thrust structurally downward to the Main Boundary thrust. Citation: Larson, K. P., L. Godin, W. J. Davis, and D. W. Davis (2010), Out-of-sequence deformation and expansion of the Himalayan orogenic wedge: insight from the Changgo culmination, south central Tibet, Tectonics, 29, TC4013, doi: 10.1029/2008TC002393.