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This report describes the derivation of the salt composition from the Veazey salt stream analysis. It also provides an estimate of the proportions of the kitty litter, nitrate salt and neutralizer that was contained in drum 68660. While the actinide content of waste streams was judiciously followed in the 1980s in TA-55, no record of the salt composition could be found. Consequently, a salt waste stream produced from 1992 to 1994 and reported by Gerry Veazey provided the basis for this study. While chemical analysis of the waste stream was highly variable, an average analysis provided input to the Stream Analyzer software to calculate a composition for a concentrated solid nitrate salt and liquid waste stream. The calculation predicted the gas / condensed phase compositions as well as solid salt / saturated liquid compositions. The derived composition provides an estimate of the nitrate feedstream to WIPP for which kinetic measurements can be made. The ratio of salt to Swheat in drum 68660 contents was estimated through an overall mass balance on the parent and sibling drums. The RTR video provided independent confirmation concerning the volume of the mixture. The solid salt layer contains the majority of the salt at amore » ratio with Swheat that potentially could become exothermic.« less

Color and pigmentation patterns of the integument can facilitate crypsis, thermoregulation, and social signaling. According to the "thermal melanism hypothesis", cold environmental temperature should increase the quantity of melanin that is deposited in the integument thereby facilitating radiative warming. We studied the influences of water temperature (26°C or 31°C) and substrate color (black or white) on the degree of melanization in the red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, under laboratory conditions. Turtles reared on a black substrate, or in 26°C water, for 120 days were darker than those reared on a white substrate or in 31°C water. A potential tradeoff between the fitness benefits of crypsis and the benefits of radiative warming through melanism was detected because turtles reared in 26°C water and on a white substrate were darker than those reared on a white substrate and in 31°C water. Low temperatures limited metabolic processes because turtles reared in 26°C water grew more slowly than those reared in 31°C water. However, histological analyses revealed that melanization was a dynamic process in all treatments confirming that the degree of melanization in the cool water treatment was not influenced by the initial and relatively dark hatchling coloration in individuals that grew relatively slowly.

Emmanuel Levinas criticizes “the Hegelian enterprise” for ignoring the ethical significance of the “residue” that is not “reducible” to the work of “the Concept” [der Begriff], and for configuring that labor as an expression of the subject’s sovereign potency.1 Of the Encyclopaedia Logic’s pretensions to totality Levinas writes: “[I] f philosophizing consists in assuring oneself of an absolute origin, the philosopher will have to efface the trace of his own footsteps and unendingly efface the traces of the effacing of the traces, in an interminable methodological movement of staying where it is” (OB 20). The heroic virility of this Sisyphean task blinds the philosopher to the ungraspable remnant haunting speculative idealism’s claim to absolute self-sufficiency as its interior limit. Philosophy faces there its radical opening toward an alterity that Levinas identifies with the subject’s defenselessness before the hunger of the other. Yet Hegel denies any such liability with a brawny rhetoric of self-possession: “In fact one cannot think for someone else, any more than one can eat or drink for him.”2 Levinas insists that far from validating the project’s presence of mind, Hegel’s claim to eat and think for himself renders him infinitely vulnerable to the other’s vulnerability. “Only a subject that eats can be for-the-other,” Levinas argues, comparing this dietary self-unraveling to “snatching the bread from another’s mouth” (OB 74). Levinas is offended that Hegel proceeds as if he could eat alone and leave no traces, not even of their erasure; he fails to recognize that in his “mouth there remains the word or the morsel of bread that it is impossible for me not to give to . . . my neighbour.”3

Differences in pigmentation, morphometry, and body size between sexes within populations can imply inter-sexual differences in reproductive biology. We assessed variation in body size, morphometrics, and pigmentation in Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata) in a southwestern Michigan population. Clemmys guttata was not sexually dimorphic in body size but when compared to males, positive allometric increases in shell height resulted in relatively domed shells in females. Integumental reflectance was mostly limited to the visual spectrum 400-700 nm with little to no reflectance in the UV spectrum (340-700 nm). We found no intersexual differences in the intensity (brightness) of yellow spots or black ground color of the head and carapace, perhaps suggesting that such markings are involved in cryptic coloration. The orange-red stripes of the head and forelimbs, that were similar in intensity between the sexes, would look conspicuous in the full spectrum light of the shallow aquatic habitats of C. guttata and thus could be involved in mate recognition. Chins of males were darker than those of females suggesting that chin color is a sexually selected trait.

Animal color patterns often reflect a compromise between natural selection for crypsis or inconspicuousness to predators and sexual selection for conspicuousness to potential mates. In leaf litter-dwelling wolf spider species like Schizocosa ocreata, body coloration often closely matches the background coloration of a generally brown environment. However, body parts used in communication should exhibit high contrast against background coloration. We used spectral analysis to examine male and female S. ocreata for matching and contrasting coloration against leaf litter. Values were plotted in multivariate color space, based on reflectivity in different frequency ranges. When viewed from above, colors of both males and females overlap with values for dead brown leaf litter and soil, suggesting cryptic coloration when viewed by potential predators. However, when viewed from a lateral perspective, both males and females show color values that are polar opposites of litter backgrounds, suggesting higher contrast when viewed by other spiders. Moreover, male secondary characters used in visual signaling by S. ocreata (tibia brushes) show the highest level of background contrast. These findings suggest that S. ocreata wolf spiders have color patterns that provide both crypsis and background contrast at the same time, depending on receiver viewing perspective.

In many animals, conspicuous coloration functions as a quality signal. Indicator models predict that such colors should be variable and condition dependent. In Habronattus pyrrithrix jumping spiders, females are inconspicuously colored, while males display brilliant red faces, green legs, and white pedipalps during courtship. We tested the predictions of the indicator model in a field study and found that male body condition was positively correlated with the size, hue, and red chroma of a male’s facial patch and negatively correlated with the brightness of his green legs. These traits were more condition dependent than non-display colors. We then tested a dietary mechanism for condition dependence using two experiments. To understand how juvenile diet affects the development of coloration, we reared juvenile spiders on high- and low-quality diets and measured coloration at maturity. To understand how adult diet affects the maintenance of coloration, we fed wild-caught adults with high- or low-quality diets and compared their coloration after 45 days. In the first experiment, males fed high-quality diet had redder faces, suggesting that condition dependence is mediated by juvenile diet. In the second experiment, red coloration did not differ between treatments, suggesting that adult diet is not important for maintaining the color after it is produced at maturity. Diet had no effect on green coloration in either experiment. Our results show different degrees of condition dependence for male display colors. Because red is dependent on juvenile diet, it may signal health or foraging ability. We discuss evidence that green coloration is age dependent and alternatives to indicator models for colorful displays in jumping spiders.

For visual signaling to be effective, animal signals must be detected and discriminated by receivers, often against complex visual backgrounds with varying light levels. Accordingly, in many species, conspicuous visual displays and ornaments have evolved as a means to enhance background contrast and thereby increase the detection and discrimination of male courtship signals by females. Using video playbacks, we tested the hypothesis that visual courtship displays and leg decorations of male Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders are more conspicuous against complex leaf-litter backgrounds. Video exemplars of courting males with manipulated leg tufts were superimposed on different backgrounds (complex leaf litter in sun or shade, featureless gray background) and presented to female spiders. Females were more likely to orient to males presented against lighter backgrounds (litter in sun, gray) than the darker ones (litter—shade). Males with larger tufts were also more likely to be detected, as latency to orient was shortest for enlarged and longest for removed tufts. Latency of females to approach was shorter against lighter backgrounds, and approach latency was longest for males without tufts. Female receptivity scores were significantly greater for males against lighter backgrounds, and males with larger tufts had higher scores. These results suggest that both complexity and light level of display backgrounds affect the detection of male visual courtship signals by females and that aspects of the male phenotype may increase chances of detection (and receptivity) against visually complex backgrounds.

The trivalent lanthanide bis-hydroxychloride compounds, Ln(OH)(2)Cl, (Ln = Nd through Lu, with the exception of Pm and Sm) have been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis starting with LnCl(3).nH(2)O. These compounds were synthesized at temperatures not exceeding the melting point of the Teflon liners in the Parr autoclaves ( approximately 220 degrees C). The compounds obtained were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, diffuse reflectance, FT-IR, and FT-Raman spectroscopies. Most of the lanthanide(III) bis-hydroxychlorides are isostructural and generally crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/m. The bis-hydroxychlorides of the heavier lanthanide(III) atoms with smaller ionic radii also crystallize in the orthorhombic crystal system. Apparently hydrogen bonds between the OH groups and the Cl atoms connect the layers in the "c" direction. These H-bonds seem to be the driving force for the angle beta of the monoclinic complexes to decrease with decreasing ionic radius of the Ln(III) ion and also for tying the layers together more strongly. As a result of this behavior, the structure of the heavier 4f analogues significantly resembles that of their orthorhombic counterparts. The heavier lanthanide bis-hydroxychlorides preferentially crystallize in the orthorhombic modification. The IR absorbance and Raman frequencies of the hydroxide ligands correlate as a function of the central lanthanide(III) ionic radius. This observation is corroborated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) structural data. These compounds are quite insoluble in near-neutral and basic aqueous solutions, but soluble in acidic solutions. It is expected that the analogue actinide bis-hydroxychlorides exhibit similar behavior and that this may have important implications in the immobilization and safe disposal of nuclear waste.

The jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Walckenaer, 1837) is unusual because there are two male types, tufted (T) and gray (G). We investigated the risks of predation associated with the different courtship strategies by testing the response of the predatory jumping spider Phidippus audax (Hentz, 1845) to T and G courtship display, to ascertain if the two morphs were equally noticeable. We then tested the courting responses of T and G in the presence of a conspecific mate and a potential predator (P. audax). For the first experiment, we used computer-animation techniques to present two different views of courting males: face-on view as a female might see a courting male; and 45°-above view as may be seen from the perspective of a predator hunting in the vegetation. Visual orientation distance to the courting male images was used as an estimate of predation risk. Results demonstrated that risk of visual detection was not equal for the males; P. audax oriented to G at significantly greater distances than to T. From the 45°-above view, the apparent size of courting G males measured approximately three times greater than that of T males, suggesting that from this point of view, T may be less conspicuous to predators. In our second experiment, T and G responded differently when courting a conspecific female if a live predator had recently been or remained in view of the male. Fewer G males courted than T males and the courtship latency was significantly longer for G than for T. The visibility of T and G males to both females and potential predators may help to understand how these different, but equally successful, courtship strategies are maintained.

The license to kill is fortified by the assumption that, the life of a single servant of God is worth the life of a thousand citizens of otherness. --Balachandra Rajan (9) Although Immanuel Kant's Toward Perpetual Peace is critical of all wars, and deeply suspicious of what is too quickly called "peace," its immediate historical occasion is the withdrawal of Frederick William II from the War of the First Coalition. Having secured "more territory for his kingdom than any other sovereign in his dynasty's history" (Clark, Iron Kingdom 292), the Prussian king was anxious to abandon the anti-French alliance. In an unprecedented diplomatic move, he signed a separate treaty with France at Basle on April 5, 1795, bringing hostilities with the revolutionary armies momentarily to an abrupt close. A regicide peace was at hand, much to the disgust of Prussia's former allies, for whom the endgame of the Holy Roman Empire was now in sight. Kant may well have hoped that the treaty would affirm republican France as the nation at the forefront of the cosmopolitan federation of states to come. Yet the human and material costs of this scheme had proven to be as enormous as its outcome was uncertain. Was this peace or a mere hiatus in the fighting? Prussia had given up all of its territories west of the Rhine, the plan being to join Austria and Russia in partitioning what remained of Poland in the east. As Bohman argues, the treaty was therefore an example of "the 'pure illusion' of the balance of power [that] does nothing to change existing conditions between states or to create new conditions that would permit peace to become more than the temporary silence of weapons" (1-2). For Kant, the truce with France represents not a sabbatical Iron: thought but the occasion for a robust interrogation of both the nature of war and the limits of peace. With the controversy and uneasy expectations swirling around the Treaty of Basle in mind, and with the streets of Prussian towns once again brimming with returning and discharged soldiers, Kant uses his modestly subtitled "philosophical sketch" to ask a series of very immodest questions. The philosopher is careful to abstain from naming specific countries or principalities, perhaps to evade the Prussian censors but more likely to underline that his primary motivations for intervening in the public sphere at this vexed historical moment are moral and universal as much as they are political and particular. What shall we do when the war is over? If by an accident of history and by sheer superiority of force, we have succeeded-succeeded?-in killing our enemies, destroying their armies, and incapacitating their ability to resist or attack, if we have razed their towns, bankrupted their economies, and ruined their lands and animals, if we have humiliated their leaders, conscripted their men, and laid waste to their families, if we have prevailed or survived, more or less intact, for this moment at least, what then? What will there be left to say and how shall we think of ourselves and of the vanquished others when the deed is finally done? What comes after? What forms of remembrance and sociality will be permitted or required in the wake of war? If we proclaim ourselves victorious (and who but the victorious name themselves as such?), how will we comport and define ourselves? What new or supplemental forms of community coalesce at the instant that the war is declared to be at an end, regardless of whether it is in fact at an end? Does the end of war mean peace? For what is peace? Nothing seems less certain at this moment when we, the victors, are told and tell each other that everything is certain, that the mission is accomplished. What does peace look like and what does it feel like both to the victors and to the state philosopher who is in the pay of the victors? What is peace to us, the happy, happy few, who raise our voices together in triumph, but with the blood of thousands, and of tens of thousands, on our warring and on our war-weary hands? …

Predator detection and subsequent antipredator response behaviours have been documented in many vertebrate and invertebrate animals, although the degree of specificity in predator recognition and response varies. We examined responses of actively courting adult male Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) wolf spiders to cues indicating the presence of an avian predator, including visual, seismic (substrate vibration) and acoustic (airborne) stimuli. Spiders responded to acoustic (bird call) and seismic (simulated beak tap) stimuli with cessation of courtship and movement, but increased locomotion when presented with a visual stimulus (bird shadow). Spiders responded to experimental playback of avian acoustic stimuli with antipredator behaviour significantly more often and took longer to return to courtship than when exposed to nonthreatening stimuli. Tests of responses on different substrata to isolate sensory modes revealed that spiders perceive airborne sound from bird calls as substratum-conducted vibration. Results indicate that S. ocreata are capable of recognizing sensory cues associated with avian predators and distinguishing them from nonthreatening stimuli, suggesting that bird predation has been a selection factor in shaping behaviour of this wolf spider species.

After abandoning the philosophy of identity around 1807, Friedrich Schelling’s writings take a radical turn towards the question of the enigma of freedom and the perdurability of evil – the “positive,” violent, and self‐proliferating presence of malice in the world. In their rhetoric and in their arguments, these mournful texts evoke a ruinous universe that suffers uncontrolled egotistical destruction, culminating in the emergence of the phenomenon of absolute enmity, or what Schelling calls spirit’s “war against all Being.” My wager is that these texts do more than form a critique of German Idealism. They also respond to the horror, brutality, and extremity of the Revolutionary and post‐Revolutionary wars unfolding all around Schelling. How does philosophy bear witness to the obscene specter of the birth of “total war”? Schelling’s middle‐period texts, I suggest, struggle to answer this question.

Objective: This research evaluates effects of vestibular stimulation by Comprehensive Motion Apparatus (CMA) in ADHD. Method: Children ages 6 to 12 (48 boys, 5 girls) with ADHD were randomized to thrice-weekly 30-min treatments for 12 weeks with CMA, stimulating otoliths and semicircular canals, or a single-blind control of equal duration and intensity, each treatment followed by a 20-min typing tutorial. Results: In intent-to-treat analysis ( n = 50), primary outcome improved significantly in both groups ( p = .0001, d = 1.09 to 1.30), but treatment difference not significant ( p = .7). Control children regressed by follow-up (difference p = .034, d = 0.65), but overall difference was not significant ( p = .13, d = .47). No measure showed significant treatment differences at treatment end, but one did at follow-up. Children with IQ-achievement discrepancy ≥ 1 SD showed significantly more CMA advantage on three measures. Conclusion: This study illustrates the importance of a credible control condition of equal duration and intensity in trials of novel treatments. CMA treatment cannot be recommended for combined-type ADHD without learning disorder. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(5) 599-611)

We reared hatchling Midland Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata) and Red-Eared Slider Turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) on either black or white substrates for 120 days. Spectral reflectance of the third vertebral scute, dorsal skin of the head, and lateral margin of the abdominal scute was measured at 30-day intervals between days 0 and 120. Mean carapace intensity significantly decreased over time (turtle shells darkened) in T. scripta but did not change in C. picta in individuals reared on a black substrate. Mean carapace intensity increased significantly (turtle shells lightened) through time in C. picta reared on white substrates. Mean carapace intensity of T. scripta reared on a white substrate did not change through time. Mean intensity of dorsal head skin decreased significantly through time in T. scripta reared on black substrates. In C. picta and T. scripta reared on white substrates, mean intensity of dorsal head region skin increased significantly between days 0 and 120. Regardless of substrate color, the lateral margin of the plastron significantly darkened through time in C. picta and T. scripta. In C. picta and T. scripta reared on white substrates, reflectance spectra lines of the carapace and dorsal head skin tended to have high elevations (peaks in the 520-640 nm region). The high reflectance was indicative of a lighter green coloration relative to turtles reared on black substrates.

Despite it's popularity and usefulness as a vegetation community descriptor, plant cover is often considered by ecologists to be a qualitative or semiquantitative variable. The relative merit of visual estimation within quadrats versus the use of multiple points to measure cover has been debated. This apparent conflict has been of concern for decades to ecologists in regulatory agencies and in private industry. Coincidently, regulatory agencies often rely on plant cover estimates to form the basis of sound decisions regarding reclamation success. We offer a resolution to these issues. If each sample site within a vegetation community is regarded as a repeated Bernoulli trial of sufficient size, say 100 trials, probability of the number of successes can be closely approximated by the standard normal distribution. There is little to be gained in decreasing or increasing the number of Bernoulli trials away from n = 100. Either quadrats or points may be used to equal effect only if the area formed by the quadrat and placement of points within a point-frame or along a line are the same. Further, even with a moderate sample size of 30 repeated sets of Bernoulli trials (n = 100) randomly located within a vegetation community, there is generally no need to transform the data to approximate a normal distribution prior to conducting hypothesis tests.

The purpose of this study was to quantify the spatial resolution of microscopic arteries on magnetic resonance images acquired at 8 Tesla (T). Techniques similar to those used for standard MRI of the human brain in vivo at 8 T were utilized to generate high-resolution gradient echo (GE) images of a whole postmortem human brain whose common carotid arterial system had been injected with an epoxy-resin. Single slice images, along with summed images of up to 5 contiguous slices, were then compared to color digital photographs detailing the distribution of the arterial system on the surface of the same injected brain. There was excellent MR visualization of the microscopic cerebral arteries down to a spatial resolution of 200 μm. Through the use of an 8 T whole-body MRI scanner and standard GE imaging sequences, microscopic arterial structures can be clearly resolved down to a dimension of 200 μm. Clin. Anat. 18:164–170, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Background Several investigations into brain activation caused by pain have suggested that the multiple painful stimulations used in typical block designs may cause attenuation over time of the signal within activated areas. The effect this may have on pain investigations using multiple tasks has not been investigated. The signal decay across a task of four repeating pain stimulations and between two serial pain tasks separated by a 4-min interval was examined to determine whether signal attenuation may significantly confound pain investigations. Methods The characteristics of the brain activation of six subjects were determined using whole brain blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging on a 1.5-T scanner. Tasks included both tingling and pain induced by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the median nerve. The average group maps were analyzed by general linear modeling with corrected cluster P values of less than 0.05. The time courses of individual voxels were further investigated by analysis of variance with P values of less than 0.05. Results Significant differences between pain and tingling were found in the ipsilateral cerebellum, contralateral thalamus, secondary somatosensory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Highly significant signal decay was found to exist across each single pain task, but the signal was found to be restored after a 4-min rest period. Conclusions This work shows that serial pain tasks can be used for functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using electrical nerve stimulation as a stimulus, as long as sufficient time is allowed between the two tasks.

Purpose: To quantify the minimum magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) spatial resolution of the visible deoxygenatedmicroscopic vessels of the human brain at 8 T.Materials and Methods: This study compared 8-T gradientecho (GE) images of a human cadaver brain having anin-plane resolution of 195 195 m to corresponding dig-ital photographs of 205 cryomicrotome sections of the samecadaver brain, along with summed images of 25 contiguouscryomicrotome sections. One-millimeter-thick GE imagesof a 1-cm-thick unfixed whole coronal brain section wereacquired using techniques similar to those commonly uti-lized for 8-T human imaging in vivo.Results: There was excellent MR visualization of the deox-ygenated microscopic vessels within the brain down to aresolution of approximately 100 m.Conclusion: By taking advantage of magnetic susceptibil-ity-based blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) con-trast, deoxygenated microscopic blood vessels smaller thanthe pixel dimensions used for imaging can be visualizedusing a whole-body 8-T MRI system.Key Words: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); high reso-lution; BOLD; brain; blood vessels; veinsJ. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:303–307.© 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

(2003). We 'Other Prussians': Bodies and Pleasures in de Quincey and Late Kant. European Romantic Review: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 261-287.

Many members of the Iguania group of lizards engage in stereotyped and species-specific ''pushup'' or ''headbob'' displays. Temporal attributes of displays have been quantified for a number of species in the genus Anolis, but few of these studies have examined effects on display structure of signaler sex, display context, and population. With this goal in mind we conducted a comparative study of three Anolis species permanently established (''naturalized'') on the island of Bermuda: Anolis grahami from Ja- maica, Anolis extremus from Barbados, and Anolis leachi from Antigua and Barbuda. These anoles are dis- tantly related to each other and to Anolis carolinensis—the only Anolis species for which all of the above influences on display structure have been examined in detail. Adults were field-captured and transported to the laboratory where paired interactions were videotaped and headbob displays analyzed. Results re- vealed one or more variables to exhibit sexual dimorphism in each species, and display context had little influence on signal structure. We then compared results from our founder populations on Bermuda with those published for two of our study species' source populations. No significant differences in headbob display units were found between A. grahami on Bermuda and on Jamaica. In contrast, male A. extremus on Bermuda produced fewer units per display than did males from Barbados, although the nature of the published data prevented statistical comparison.

The two male morphs of the dimorphic jumping spider, Maevia inclemens, differ dramatically in morphology and courtship behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the mating success of the two male types. Mating success was measured by the number and duration of copulation events, the latency of visual orientation by the female to a courting male, signals of female receptivity, risk of predation by the female, and the number of offspring produced by each morph. The morphs did not differ significantly with respect to copulation success, mating events, mating duration, signals of receptivity or the number of offspring produced. However, males did differ with respect to latency of visual orientation as a function of distance from the female. Near to the female, the gray males attracted female attention in significantly less time than tufted males. Conversely, at far distances from the female, the tufted males attracted female attention in less courtship time. This study suggests t...

The common collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) exhibits considerable geographical colour variation, particularly among males. Populations of this diurnal saxicolous iguanian inhabit patches of rocky habitat throughout the species' broad distribution in North America and are anticipated to experience local differences in selective pressures that influence colouration. Specifically, while social interactions might favour conspicuous colouration, crypsis may be advantageous in interactions with visually orienting predator and prey species. To address the local relationship between lizard and substrate colouration we compared the reflectance spectra of two geographically distant and phenotypically divergent populations of collared lizards with the rocky substrates they inhabit. Our northern study population (C. c. auriceps in eastern Utah) occurs on red rocks, where males exhibit boldly coloured turquoise bodies and bright yellow heads. In contrast, our southern study population (C. c. fuscus in southern New Mexico) lives on grey and tan rocks, and males in this location exhibit subdued brown and tan dorsal colours. Spectral comparisons revealed that males in the northern population contrasted strongly with their local rocks, whereas males in the southern population matched their rock colours with reasonably good fidelity. This relationship held under a variety of lighting conditions. Females in both populations were less conspicuously coloured than males, although northern females contrasted more with their rocks than did southern females. In addition, sexual dichromatism was pronounced in the northern population but minimal in the southern population. Finally, sexual size and weight dimorphism was strong in the southern population while being virtually absent in the northern population. A comparison of the local predator and prey assemblages suggests that the conspicuous and sexually dichromatic colouration of the northern population may have evolved in response to reduced pressure from visually orienting predators as well as reduced dependence on saurian prey.

This Water Environment Research Foundation study considered the relationship between varying nutrient-removal levels at wastewater treatment plants, greenhouse gas emissions, receiving water quality (measured by potential algal production), and costs. The effluent nutrient concentrations required by some U.S. permits are very low, approaching the technology-best-achievable performance. This study evaluated five different treatment levels at a nominal 40 ML/d (10 mgd) flow. Greenhouse gas emissions and costs increase gradually up to the technologies' best-achievable performance, after which they increase exponentially. The gradual increase is attributed to additional biological treatment facilities, increased energy and chemical use, and additional tertiary nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes. Within the limited focus of this study, the evaluation shows that a point of diminishing return is reached as nutrient-removal objectives approach the technol- ogy-best-achievable performance, where greenhouse gas emissions and cost of treatment increases rapidly while the potential for algal growth reduce marginally. Water Environ. Res., 85, 2307 (2013).

Two piston cores from the Eurasian flank of Lomonosov Ridge near lat 88.9°N, long 140°E provide the first samples of bedrock from this high-standing trans-Arctic ridge. Core 94-PC27 sampled nonmarine siltstone similar in facies and age to uppermost Triassic to lower Lower Jurassic and mid– Lower Cretaceous beds in the 4 to > 5 km Mesozoic section on Franz Josef Land, on the outer Barents shelf. A ca. 250 Ma peak in the cumulative frequency curve of detrital zircons from the siltstone, dated by U- Th-Pb analysis, suggests a source in the post-tectonic syenites of northern Taymyr and nearby islands in the Kara Sea. Textural trends reported in the literature indicate that the Lower Jurassic nonmarine strata of Franz Josef Land coarsen to the southeast; this suggests the existence of a sedimentary system in which detrital zircons could be transported from the northern Taymyr Peninsula to the outer Barents shelf near the position of core 94-PC27 prior to opening of the Eurasia Basin. Correlation of the coaly siltstone in core 94-PC27 with part of the Mesozoic section on Franz Josef Land is compatible with the strong evidence from seafloor magnetic anomalies and bathymetry that Lomonosov Ridge is a continental fragment rifted from the Barents shelf during the Cenozoic. It also suggests that Lomonosov Ridge near the North Pole is underlain by a substantial section of unmetamorphosed Mesozoic marine and nonmarine sedimentary strata. Core 94-PC29 sampled cyclical deposits containing ice-rafted debris (IRD) overlying weakly consolidated laminated olive-black anoxic Neogene siltstone and mudstone with an average total organic carbon (TOC) of 4.1 wt%. The high TOC content of the mudstone indicates that during the Neogene, prior to the introduction of IRD into the Arctic seas about 3.3 Ma (early late Pliocene), the shallow waters of the central Arctic Ocean supported significant primary photosynthetic organic production near the North Pole. These deposits also contain fine grains of siltstone that resemble the breccia-clast siltstone of core 94-PC27 and reworked Carboniferous, Cretaceous, and Tertiary palynomorphs that may have also originated in the bedrock of Lomonosov Ridge.

Animals are commonly expected to assess each other during contests in order to economically iden- tify relative status. Escalated or long contests are expect- ed to arise mainly when rivals have difficulty discrimi- nating small differences. Results of the present study of male-male contests in Plexippus paykulli, a jumping spi- der (Salticidae) with acute vision, are not in accord with this widely held view. Despite the typical finding that size-advantaged rivals are more likely to win contests and that this tendency increases with size disparity, con- test dynamics suggest that these tendencies are achieved in the absence of direct size assessment. In contests be- tween different-sized spiders, maximum escalation and overall duration were predicted by the absolute size of the size-disadvantaged spider (usually the loser) rather than the size difference between the rivals. This result suggests that spiders base decisions of persistence on their own size, such that size-disadvantaged rivals usual- ly reach their limits first, and then retreat. This interpre- tation is further supported by findings that maximum es- calation and total duration were both positively related to size in contests between size-matched spiders. Spiders were more likely to win if they oriented and displayed first, and longer, more escalated, contests ensued if the size-disadvantaged spider was the first to orient and dis- play. Proximity of rivals at contest outset also influenced contest dynamics, but not outcome.

Phyllonite and metaquartzite clasts occur in early Pliocene or possibly Miocene sediment at the base of the University of Wisconsin Arctic Ocean core Fl-380. Single-crystal 40 Ar/ 39 Ar laserprobe ages derived from feldspars in sediment enclosing the clasts range from Middle and Late Proterozoic to Paleozoic. The clasts occur in sediment deposited 1–2 m.y. earlier than any previously reported central Arctic Ocean ice-rafted debris, and although an ice-rafted origin may be possible, a local source such as adjacent Alpha Ridge bedrock should also be considered.

Video playback has become an important tool for testing certain questions about animal visual perception. While a few studies have compared the response of test subjects to live and video stimuli, it is generally assumed a priori that the animals will respond to the video image as if it were ‘real’. Since video devices are tuned to the spectral sensitivities and flicker fusion frequencies of the human eye and brain, it is important to conduct preliminary tests to compare the response of test subjects between live and video images. Here we compare schooling behavior of tiger barbs, Puntius tetrazona, when presented with a school of live fish, an analog video school of fish and a video of a computer-animated school of fish. Test subjects did not show a significantly different schooling behavior response to any of these stimuli. Additionally, when given the choice of schooling with a conspecific versus a heterospecific, tiger barbs schooled significantly more often with the conspecifics for all three stimulus formats. This study provides evidence that tiger barbs do not choose to discriminate between live and video models of fish and that this technique can be used to test future questions concerning visual perception for this species.

Phosphatic microfossils including probable microvertebrates occur in the Early and Middle Ordovician rocks of Wisconsin. The eight types described here include the probable ostracoderm Anatolepis, and six unidentified but possible vertebrate fragments as well as the palaeoscolecid worm Milaculum. These fossils are rare, but at two localities several specimens per kg were recovered over significant stratigraphic intervals. The high concentration of certain fossils in the lower part of the Galena Group suggests that there is stratigraphic value in their description. Identification of similar material or of articulated assemblages of these fossils may eventually lead to identification of biologic affinities.

Phosphatic microfossils including copious microvertebrates and conodont elements indicative of the upperIcriodella discreta–Icriodella deflectaZone (Aeronian) are found in a single bed of the Hendricks Formation, Burnt Bluff Group, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. Scales of thelodonts, includingLoganelliasp. cf.Loganellia sibericaKarajute-Talimaa, 1978, and rareValyalepis cristaTurner (inTurner and Nowlan, 1995) predominate among the microvertebrate remains. Most scales are referred toZuegelepis potanusTurner new genus and species. Associated with the thelodont scales are rare phosphatic fragments of questionable dermal “bone” and scales, possibly of heterostracan origin. Thelodont scales are also found in the Hendricks Formation at Fayette State Park, Michigan and in the subsurface Byron Formation (Burnt Bluff Group) in Schoolcraft County, Michigan.

The tetramethylammonium counterion was used to suppress formation of insoluble uranate salts, M2U2O7, and allow for a detailed structural and spectroscopic characterization of UO2(OH)n2-n (n = 4, 5) under highly alkaline aqueous solution conditions. Single crystals of [Co(NH3)6]2[UO2(OH)4]3·H2O were obtained by cooling a dilute solution of Co(NH3)6Cl3 and UO2(NO3)2·6H2O in 3.5 M (Me4N)OH to 5 °C. The asymmetric unit contains three distinct UO2(OH)42- ions, each displaying a pseudo-octahedral coordination geometry with trans oxo ligands. The three independent UO2(OH)42- ions in the unit cell give average UO and U−OH distances of 1.82(1) and 2.26(2) A, respectively. EXAFS data on solid [Co(NH3)6]2[UO2(OH)4]3·H2O and aqueous UO22+ in 3.5 M (Me4N)OH solution were collected at the U LIII edge, and the resulting radial distribution function shows a single asymmetric peak. For the solid and solution, curve fitting reveals two near neighbors. For the crystalline solid, the first shell was fit with two O atoms at ...

Reaction of optically pure (S,S)-butadiene diepoxide (1) with 2 equiv of Grignard reagent ArMgBr (Ar = 2-CF3C6H4 or 3,5-Me2C6H3) in the presence of copper(I) iodide produces the chiral substituted diphenylbutanediols (dpbd) (2S,3S)-ArCH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CH2Ar (Ar = 2-CF3C6H4 (2), abbreviated 2-CF3-dpbdH2; Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3 (3), abbreviated 3,5-Me2-dpbdH2). The mono(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) halide complex (η-C5Me5)TiCl3 reacts with 1 equiv of diol 2 in the presence of triethylamine to produce the dimeric species [(η-C5Me5)TiCl(μ-η1,η1-2-CF3-dpbd)]2 (4). An analogous reaction employing the zirconium halide (η-C5Me5)ZrCl3 and the diol 3 leads to isolation of the salt complex [HNEt3][(η-C5Me5)2Zr2Cl2(μ-Cl)(μ-η1,η2-3,5-Me2-dpbd)2] (5). Compounds 4 and 5 have been subjected to single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The solid-state structure of 4 consists of two titanium metal centers, each bearing a pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand and a terminal chloride ligand, bridged by two diolate ligands such that a ce...