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We introduce the notions of strongly λ-statistically pre-Cauchy and strongly Valle-Poussin pre-Cauchy sequences in probabilistic metric spaces endowed with strong topology. And we show that these two new notions are equivalent. Strongly λ-statistically convergent sequences are strongly λ-statistically pre-Cauchy sequences, and we give an example to show that there is a sequence in a probabilistic metric space which is strongly λ-statistically pre-Cauchy but not strongly λ-statistically convergent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Comparative evaluation in terms of colour stability of glazed and polished porcelains, has been discussed in literatures, but still controversies are present regarding superiority in terms of aesthetics, especially after toothbrushing. Aim: To evaluate the colour stability of three brands of porcelains in glazed and polished state after performing regular brushing and immersing into different staining solutions. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted with a total of 30 specimens of glazed porcelain discs comprising of IPS E.max Computer-aided Design (CAD), Zenoster, and Jyodent were fabricated by CAD/Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM) milling during April, 2018 to March, 2019. Samples were subjected to power tooth brushing and immersed into solutions of coffee, tea, and pan masala, respectively. For colour measurement, digital image analysis was performed using CIELAB colour space. After stipulated time period, glaze layer was removed, chairside polishing was done, and similar procedures were repeated. Results: In terms of colour stability of glazed and polished porcelains, Zenoster was found most colour stable in glazed and polished state (p=0.05). In terms of staining ability, coffee was found the most discolouring agent among 3 solutions at any time period on glazed samples (p>0.05), as well as on polished samples (p<0.05). Conclusion: Zenoster zirconia is the most colour stable in glazed and polished state and regular tooth brushing merely have any effect on glaze layer. Chance of staining is maximum in coffee than tea and pan masala for both glazed and polished porcelains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Complete dentures cannot be considered a substitute for natural teeth; they have been and remain the staple treatment for edentulous patients. Over the course of the past one hundred years, there have been significant advances made in the art and science of complete denture prosthodontics. The success of complete dentures depends largely on the relation between the denture and the anatomic structures that support and limit them. Failure to have accurately adapted denture bases, correct thickness, shape and extension of denture flanges, adequate posterior palatal seal, polished and occlusal surfaces located in the neutral zone and/or balanced occlusal surfaces may result in loss of retention. In a maxillary denture, border seal in the posterior region is created by developing a posterior palatal seal. Hundreds of dentures have failed due to improper establishment of the distal palatal length and to lack of a posterior palatal seal. Aim: To evaluate a particular combination of the various arch forms, palatal vault forms and posterior palatal seal forms through this study, this may predict the success rate of the maxillary complete dentures in the population of West Bengal. Materials and Methods: An In-vivo Study to Assess the Prevalence of Most Frequent Combinations of Arch Forms, Palatal Vaults and Posterior Palatal Seal in Completely Edentulous Patients was conducted on a total of 32 patients were selected fulfilling the inclusion criteria from the Outpatient Department (OPD) of the Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Panihati, Kolkata, India during 2016-2018, in order to assess the different combinations of arch forms, palatal vault forms and the posterior palatal seal forms in maxillary completely edentulous patients with elastomeric impression material and comparing these with electronic scanning and other reliable methods. Results: The most prevalent combination found was combination 14 (tapered arch form, medium U-shaped palatal vault form and class III posterior palatal seal form). A Chi-squared test (ς2 test) was performed with statistical hypothesis test wherein the sampling distribution of the test statistic data was subjected to a chi-squared distribution. The p-value was found to be <0.5. Conclusion: The correlation of arch form with the combination types (arch form, palatal vault form and posterior palatal seal form) was found in the particular population. The most prevalent combination found was combination 14 (tapered arch form, medium U-shaped palatal vault form and class III posterior palatal seal form). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Computer-aided Design (CAD) and Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM) technology has revolutionised the practice of restorative dentistry. Zirconia has become a popular choice of restorative material due various advantages of metal free dentistry. Previous literature presents divers nature of tooth preparations submitted for fabrication of zirconia restoration, often deviating much from principle of tooth preparation. Post graduate prosthodontics trainees undergo stringent training for fixed prosthodontics and now with the availability of preparation analysis software and restoration designing software, it's possible to analyse tooth preparation objectively, once data is digitalised. Need of the Study: Monitoring tooth preparation of post graduate prosthodontic trainees are an important component of audit of dental schools' output and can provide important insights on the efficiency of trainees on executing tooth preparations for different types of restorations, including monolithic zirconia restorations. Understanding the trends, challenges, and outcomes associated with tooth preparation is essential for identifying areas of improvement in prosthodontic curriculum and thereby ensuring improved clinical success and patient safety. Aim: To analyse tooth preparations submitted by postgraduate students for fabrication of monolithic zirconia restoration. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, data of tooth preparation for zirconia restorations, during last 3 years will be retrieved from "inLab SW 20.0", the designing software for CAD/CAM restorations. Following parameters will be analysed-occlusal clearance, total occlusal clearance, occluso-cervical height, finish line quality and width, presence and absence of undercut and unsupported lip of enamel. Appropriate statistical tests will be performed after assessing nature of data. Conclusion: Conclusions will be drawn after analysing the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of spatio‐temporal distribution of rainfall over the entire monsoon season is critical for the water resources management in a tropical low‐lying region like Bangladesh. The primary objective is to find suitable interpolation methods for each monsoon month as well as the accumulated rainfall for the entire season in Bangladesh. As the unique position of Bangladesh and monsoon system both contribute the variation in rainfall, the identification of associated suitable covariates can offer reliable estimates when applied with the appropriate interpolation model. Several potential covariates are identified diligently including the remotely sensed annul average monsoon rainfall (RAAMR), distance to Bay‐of‐Bengal and distance to Hindu‐Kush Himalayan Region, among others. This study mainly considers the multivariate approach: kriging with external drift (KED) which is able to take external information to positive impact. The method is then compared with the more traditional univariate, ordinary kriging (OK) and the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method using the cross‐validation technique. Daily rainfall data from 1970 to 2016 at 34 stations were used for the assessment. Result shows that the KED model is identified suitable for the considered variants of June, August, September and annual average monsoon rainfall whereas the OK is appropriate for July. Overall, the KED is found superior model with the incorporation of RAAMR data. The successful inclusion of remotely sensed data in the kriging system paves a new dimension in the climatological research for countries where climate‐measuring resources are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove some basic properties of strong ℐ λ {\mathcal{I}_{\lambda}} -statistical convergence of sequences in probabilistic metric spaces and introduce the notion of strong ℐ λ {\mathcal{I}_{\lambda}} -statistical cluster point. We also introduce the notion of strong ℐ λ {\mathcal{I}_{\lambda}} -statistical Cauchy sequences in probabilistic metric spaces. Further, we establish a connection between strong ℐ λ {\mathcal{I}_{\lambda}} -statistical convergence and strong ℐ λ {\mathcal{I}_{\lambda}} -statistical Cauchy sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a wide range of relatively rare conditions having diverse pathophysiology. Identification of an underlying cause can help in treating any coexisting hormone deficiencies and can help with anticipating any other immediate or long-term health concerns. Objective: To study the clinical and biochemical profile of patients with 46 XY DSD along with androgen receptor (AR) gene mutation status in selected group of patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted after enrolling the eligible DSD patients. Thorough elicitation of history and detailed clinical examination was done. Assays for luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, AMH & Inhibin B (where indicated), and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation were done as per protocol. Results: In total, 48 patients were included in the study. Ambiguous genitalia (58.3%) followed by hypospadias (33.3%) were common presentation. Androgen biosynthetic defect were the most commonly encountered diagnosis followed by androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Swyer syndrome was diagnosed in 4.2% of cases; partial gonadal dysgenesis, ovotesticular DSD, and vanishing testis syndrome contributed to 2% of cases each. Eight cases (16.7%) who presented with isolated proximal and midshaft hypospadias for whom no diagnosis was found were categorized in the "etiology unclear" group. AR gene mutation analysis designed against specific exons did not yield any results. Conclusion: 46 XY DSD is a heterogeneous group of patients with a varying age of presentation and a diverse clinical profile. Most patients are reared as males and maintained the same gender identity except in isolated cases. Diagnosis of AIS remains a clinical challenge as a definite hormonal criterion does not exist and genetic mutations in AR gene may be negative. Flanking region sequencing, whole genome sequencing, and promoter region sequencing may reveal pathogenic variants. Variations in other genes regulating AR pathway may also be candidates to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]