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Parents’ reactions, in the moment when they find out that their child is with developmental disabilities, are absolutely individual. A lot of parents need months, while some of them need years to face the fact that their child is with developmental disabilities. The state and the crises that arise are very hard to be prevented, however they could be overcomed by a good professional help and support. The aim of this research is to examine the stress level that the parents of these children experience as well as the support that they receive by the family and the local community. Thirty one parents of children with intellectual disabilities, cerebral paralysis and visual impairment have been inquired. The questionnaire referred to the way of communication between professionals and parents, the stress level that they experienced because of their child and the support they received from their close family and other family members, their friends and the local community. For parents, the most stressful thing is the moment of finding out their child’s developmental disabilities. The biggest support they receive from their partners and parents.

INTRODUCTION: The procedure for determining an adequate literacy and learning method among students with visual impairments consists two components: an initial choice of mode of literacy, to be conducted during the early childhood and continuing evaluation of the literacy and learning method, which is carried out over students who have already been involved in the educational process for a certain period and with whom a mediums for literacy and learning has already been determined. PURPOSE: The purpose of this research is to conduct a re-evaluation of the initial decision regarding the choice of media through which education is conducted among students with visual impairment. DISCUSSION: The speed of reading is substantially below the predicted minimum level both with students who read Braille and with students who read regular print. It should be mentioned that only 3 respondents out of 15 Braille readers were cooperative in this part of the research, so they obtained results regarding them should not be taken as reliable ones. 100% of the respondents who are educated using the Braille alphabet independently read unfamiliar formal and also familiar educational material. Among the students who use regular print, 62.5% read independently and the other 37.5% need additional instruction. 45.5% of them successfully completed their school assignments using their initially chosen medium for literacy and learning, but only 18.2% of them do it in an acceptable time period. 53.6% of respondents know how to use available resources and facilities that exist within the school, while the other 46, 4% need additional training and instructions. CONCLUSION: Continuous evaluation should be implemented consistently throughout the schooling of the child, or at least once a year, for a relevant "justification" for any change, addition or selection of another sensory channel for learning and literacy of the child, as a result of certain changes in visual functioning of the child or due to changes in the terms of their education.

Acinetobacter baumannii strain AB5075 produces colonies with two opacity phenotypes, designated opaque and translucent. These phenotypes were unstable and opaque and translucent colony variants were observed to interconvert at high frequency, suggesting that a phase-variable mechanism was responsible. The frequency of phase variation both within colonies and in broth cultures increased in a cell density-dependent manner and was mediated by the accumulation of an extracellular factor. This factor was distinct from the known A. baumannii signaling molecule 3-OH C 12 -homoserine lactone. Opaque and translucent colony variants exhibited a number of phenotypic differences, including cell morphology, surface motility, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence in a Galleria mellonella model. Additional clinical isolates exhibited a similar phase-variable control of colony opacity, suggesting that this may be a common feature of A. baumannii . IMPORTANCE A novel phase-variable mechanism has been identified in Acinetobacter baumannii that results in an interconversion between opaque and translucent colony phenotypes. This phase variation also coordinately regulates motility, cell shape, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence. The frequency of phase variation is increased at high cell density via a diffusible extracellular signal. To our knowledge, this report presents the first example of phase variation in A. baumannii and also the first example of quorum sensing-mediated control of phase variation in a bacterium. The findings are important, as this phase-variable mechanism can be identified only via changes in colony opacity using oblique light; therefore, many researchers studying A. baumannii may unknowingly be working with different colony variants.

Zusammenfassung: Patriotischer Nationalstolz (z.B. Stolz auf die Demokratie) übt nach bisherigen Studien - im Gegensatz zu nationalistischem Nationalstolz (z.B. Stolz, Deutsche/r zu sein) - demokratisch erwünschte reduzierende Effekte auf Ethnozentrismus aus. Hier wird angenommen, dass (1) sich patriotischer Stolz auf die drei Komponenten nationale Identifikation, Wichtigkeit demokratischer Aspekte Deutschlands und Glaube an die Realisiertheit demokratischer Aspekte Deutschlands zurückführen lässt und dass (2) diese Komponenten teilweise gegensätzliche Effekte auf Ethnozentrismus und weitere Variablen ausüben. In zwei Fragebogenstudien (N1 = 121, N2 = 150) wird gezeigt, dass (1) die drei genannten Komponenten patriotischen Nationalstolz vorhersagen und (2) die demokratisch erwünschten Effekte des patriotischen Stolzes im Wesentlichen auf die Wichtigkeit demokratischer Aspekte zurückgehen. Es wird gefolgert, dass aus demokratischer Sicht nicht patriotischer Stolz, sondern eine positive Wertschätzung demokratischer Aspekte gefördert werden sollte.

The aim of this study is to reveal the regulatory role of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), the main source of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), of diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in male rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Animals with glucose levels above 20 mmol/L were determined as diabetic. The rat gracilis arteries (a. gracilis) were dissected with or without PVAT. In all in vitro experiments endothelium-denuded preparations were used for isometric contraction measurements. Increasing concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from 10-10 to 10-5 mol/L were applied to induce gradual increase in force of contractions of circular artery segments. The relaxing effect of CSE was inhibited by DL-propargyl glycine (PGG). The presence of PVAT decreases the contractile response to 5-HT of a. gracilis from control rats. This response is reversed in contraction studies in the same rat artery from diabetic rats. DL-PPG (1 mmol/L) induced significant increase of the force of contraction in artery preparations with PVAT from control rats in the whole range of 5-HT. In contrast, PGG had a relaxing effect in high concentrations of 5-HT (10-6 and 10-5 mol/L) in diabetic rat arteries with PVAT. It is concluded that in skeletal muscle artery from diabetic rats, a mediator related to H2S is released from PVAT. This paracrine mediator increases the maximal force of contraction of endothelium-denuded preparations at higher concentrations of 5-HT.

The aim of the paper is to present an approach toward creativity and learning in business context in two lines. The first is referred to the processes of creativity as organizational assets and capital. The second line involves a focus on actual learnings settings where the evaluation of results produces new ideas, approaches, contexts, vision, efficiency, organizational needs and goals. This paper discusses Amy Edmondson’s scientific approach to execution-as-learning and the research on execution-as-efficiency (2008). The results include the assumption that a larger independence in assertions from each group (on execution-as-learning and execution-as-efficiency) is needed in an organizational context.

Cilj je ovog istraživanja utvrditi kakvi su stavovi nastavnika/ca razredne i predmetne nastave u 25 redovnih osnovnih škola prema uključivanju učenika s posebnim odgojno-obrazobnim potrebama (POOP) u njihove razrede. Korišten je upitnik koji je posebno napravljen za ovo istraživanje. Podatci su dobiveni od ukupno 879 nastavnika/ca. Ovim smo istraživanjem htjeli utvrditi broj učenika s POOP uključenih u redovnim školama, stavove nastavnika/ca o inkluzivnom obrazovanju kao i njihovo mišljenje o ulozi defektologa u redovitoj nastavi. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da veliki broj učenika s POOP u redovnim školama nemaju adekvatnu dokumentaciju, to jest nalaz i mišljenje i da nastavnici deklarativno prihvaćaju inkluzivno obrazovanje u svojim školama, ali ne i u svom razredu, The aim of this study was to determine the teacher’s attitudes towards the inclusion of students with disabilities in their classes in 25 primary schools. Specifically designed questionnaire for this study was used in the research. Data were obtained from total of 879 teachers. The purpose of the study was to determinate the number of pupils with special education needs included in regular schools, teachers’ attitude about inclusive education as well as their views on the special educators and rehabilitators’ role in the regular classes. Data obtained that numerous pupils with developmental disabilities do not have appropriate documentation, finding and opinion, and that the teachers declaratively accept the inclusive education in their schools, but not in their classrooms.

A highly sensitive procedure was developed for the identification of the origin of bidirectional DNA synthesis in single-copy replicons of mammalian cells. The method, which does not require cell synchronization or permeabilization, entails the absolute quantification, by a competitive PCR procedure in newly synthesized DNA samples, of the abundance of neighboring DNA fragments distributed along a given genomic region. This procedure was utilized for mapping the start site of DNA replication in a 13.7-kb region of human chromosome 19 coding for lamin B2, which is replicated immediately after the onset of S phase in HL-60 cells. Within this region, DNA replication initiates in a 474-bp area corresponding to the 3' noncoding end of the lamin B2 gene and the nontranscribed spacer between this gene and the 5' end of another highly transcribed one. This localization was obtained both in aphidicolin-synchronized and in exponentially growing HL-60 cells.

The attempts at identifying precise replication origins (ori) in mammalian DNA have been pursued mainly through physico-chemical and biochemical approaches, in view of the essential failure of the search for autonomously replicating sequences in cultured cells. These approaches involve the mapping of short stretches of nascent DNA, the identification of the regions where either leading or lagging strands switch polarity, or the localization of replication intermediates by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Due to the complexity of animal cell genomes, most of these studies have been performed on amplified domains and with the use of synchronization procedures. The results obtained have been controversial. In order to avoid the use of experimental procedures potentially affecting the physiological mechanism of DNA replication, we have developed a method for the localization of ori in single-copy loci in exponentially growing cells. This method entails the absolute quantification of the abundance of selected DNA fragments along a genomic region within samples of newly synthesized DNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR); the latter is immune to all the uncontrollable variables which severely affect the reproducibility of conventional PCR. The application of this method to SV40 ori-driven plasmid replication precisely identifies the known ori localization. Using the same approach, we have mapped an ori for bi-directional DNA replication in a 13.7-kb locus of human chromosome 19 encoding lamin B2.

This exploratory study examines civic engagement with e-government via Web sites. It provides an analytical framework that integrates both the supply and demand sides of citizen interaction with e-government. In modeling three dimensions of online civic engagement (government information access, service transactions, and contributing to government policy-making processes), the study framework incorporates a number of variables, including political activism, civic involvement, perceived benefits and difficulties, information channels, and demographic characteristics. Based on a national sample of Internet users, the study highlights the importance of the supply side (availability of e-government) for promoting civic engagement. Furthermore, political activism is found to be positively related to accessing government policy information and contributing to policy-making processes. The study results also confirm the significant impact of perceived benefits in fostering online civic engagement. Future research can benefit from this study by utilizing a more comprehensive model, treating various dimensions of online engagement separately, and conducting an in-depth analysis of the elements of perceived benefits.

Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide, known to exist in both acylated and des-acylated varieties, was identified as the first endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor in 1999. Various arteries are known to express ghrelin receptors, but the direct action of ghrelin on blood vessels has been unclear. In the present study we show that ghrelin concentration-dependently potentiates endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced tension development of guinea-pig renal artery, as measured using a wire-type isometric myography of vascular segments. In vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) ghrelin caused activation of potassium outward currents via phospholipase C (PLC)-->inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and PLC-->protein kinase C (PKC) signalling cascade, resulting in hyperpolarizaton of the cell membrane. On a tissue level ghrelin by itself had no effect on isometric tone, but augmented ET-1 induced contraction by a mechanism, involving PLC, Rho-kinase and intracellular IP3 -sensitive Ca2+ release, and not nucleotide-sensitive protein kinases or PKC. Together with our previous findings the data in this study suggest that ghrelin exerts its contractile activity on guinea-pig renal artery by facilitation of ET-1 triggered intracellular signalling in SMC, and/or by stimulating the release of a yet unknown contractile mediator from endothelium.

The new alkaloids 7-,9-diangeloylplatynecine (1) and 8-episarracine N-oxide (2), were isolated and identified from the roots of Senecio macedonicus. Another one, 8-epineosarracine was detected by GC/MS analyses of the crude alkaloid mixture. The cytotoxicity and biological activity of the alkaloids were tested on normal murine spleen lymphocytes and P3U1 mouse myeloma.

Protein-DNA interactions were studied in vivo at the region containing a human DNA replication origin, located at the 3' end of the lamin B2 gene and partially overlapping the promoter of another gene, located downstream. DNase I treatment of nuclei isolated from both exponentially growing and nonproliferating HL-60 cells showed that this region has an altered, highly accessible, chromatin structure. High-resolution analysis of protein-DNA interactions in a 600-bp area encompassing the origin was carried out by the in vivo footprinting technique based on the ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction. In growing HL-60 cells, footprints at sequences homologous to binding sites for known transcription factors (members of the basic-helix-loop-helix family, nuclear respiratory factor 1, transcription factor Sp1, and upstream binding factor) were detected in the region corresponding to the promoter of the downstream gene. Upon conversion of cells to a nonproliferative state, a reduction in the intensity of these footprints was observed that paralleled the diminished transcriptional activity of the genomic area. In addition to these protections, in close correspondence to the replication initiation site, a prominent footprint was detected that extended over 70 nucleotides on one strand only. This footprint was absent from nonproliferating HL-60 cells, indicating that this specific protein-DNA interaction might be involved in the process of origin activation.

A single-copy 13.7 kb human DNA region (L30E) located on Ch. 19 p13.3 contains an origin of DNA replication in myeloid HL-60 cells. The origin was localized, by means of quantitative PCR within approximately 3000 bp, in a highly transcribed region containing at least two closely spaced genes with the same polarity of transcription, one encoding lamin B2 and the other an unidentified protein. The origin region overlaps an undermethylated “CpG island” at the 5′-end of the second transcription unit. A binding site (CACGTG) for basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA binding proteins such as USF/MLTF or MYC-MAX was located by DNase I footprinting analysis in the promoter of the second gene. DMSO differentiation of HL-60 cells, that completely shuts off replication, also drastically reduces the transcription of L30E region. On the other hand such treatment does not modify the methylation pattern of the CpG island and does not abolish the DNase I protection of the bHLH binding site.

Orthoptic treatment of intermittent divergent strabism is one of the important methods of treat of this strabism. The treatment can be a simple action and complicated orthoptic-pleoptic excesses which searching a special condition and special equipment.Our examination had a task to notice the effect of this treatment on the rehabilitation of binocular sight, that mean stabilization of binocular relationship, which in specific cause can determined a functional recover, or in case that is impossible it can be a prepare for a operation.We can execute the following conclusion from our examination: that after the application of orthoptic treatment was an evident improvement in binocular relationship in the patient with intermittent divergent strabism.

Price volatility is one of the main sources of risk in the production of fresh fruit, including table grapes. Sustainable functioning of the supply chain requires a detailed study of price fluctuations in the context of both - stable development of production and security and access to food for consumers. The movement and variation of producer, wholesale and retail prices of table grapes during the period 2000-2019 were studied. The changes in the relative price margins of the production prices in the wholesale and retail prices were identified. The producer prices have risen significantly in the period after Bulgaria accession to the EU until 2012. Variation in the quantity of production in the country explained 24.9% of the change in producer prices by years, as the quantity of imports, the unit price of imported products, the bargaining power of other contractors in the supply chain, changes in consumer demand also have an impact. Declining relative share of producer prices in the wholesale and the retail prices showed the weakening market positions of producers in recent years and the limited market power to negotiate a satisfactory level of purchase prices.

Развитието на обществено-икономическите процеси в настояще време се характеризира с два основни момента: от една страна, глобализацията, свързана с разрушаване на възможните бариери между страни, нации и региони, и появилата се пандемия от корона вирус Ковид-19, пораждаща естествения стремеж на икономиките на отделните държави да се запазят и съхранят своите възможности. Математическото моделиране и неговата полезност от гледна точка възможност за получаване на информация за обекта на изследване, съчетано с модерните статистически методи и алгоритми и тяхното безпроблемно реализиране с компютърна техника, е прието за база при разработване на настоящия дисертационен труд. Дефинирани са следните изследователски задачи, като обзор на историческото развитие на международната миграция на капитала, изследване на възможностите за набиране на подходяща информация за целите експериментален анализ и моделиране на процеси във водния транспорт. Избор на подходящи фактори и целеви параметри, идентификация на структурата на модела. Синтез на работоспособни модели за изследване на влиянието на морския транспорт върху ПЧИ в България по данни в интервала от 2010 до 2017 г. (области и региони, по-конкретно район Североизточен, област Варна, район Югоизточен, област Бургас). Синтез на работоспособни модели за изследване на влиянието на речния транспорт върху ПЧИ в България. Моделиране на товаро-разтоварните дейности по години и по пристанища Варна и Бургас., The development of socio-economic processes at present is characterized by two main points:on the one hand, globalization, associated with the destruction of possible barriers between countries, nations and regions, and the emerging pandemic of Covid-19, giving rise to the natural aspiration of the economies of individual countries to protect and preserve their capabilities.Mathematical modeling and its usefulness in terms of its ability to obtain information about the target of study, combined with modern statistical methods and algorithms and their seamless implementation with computer technology, has been accepted as a basis when developing this dissertation.The following research tasks have been defined, such as overview of the historical development of the international migration of capital, research of the possibilities for gathering appropriate information for the purposes of experimental analysis and modeling of processes in water transport.Selection of appropriate factors and target parameters, identification of the model structure. Synthesis of workable models for studying the impact of maritime transport on FDI in Bulgaria according to data in the time interval from 2010 to 2017(in districts and regions, in particular - Northeast Region, Varna District, Southeast Region,Bourgas District).Synthesis of workable models for studying the impact of river transport on FDI in Bulgaria. Modeling of cargo-handling activities by year and by ports, those of Varna and Bourgas.

В настоящата докторска дисертация се разглежда енергийната сигурност през призмата на геополитическите фактори, които въздействат върху националните интереси. Формулират се определени по-характерни тенденции и практики, посочва се базов концептуален модел с три категории, които основополагат енергийната стратегия за сигурност на България като значим политически документ за устойчиво развитие. В изследването се доказва, че приложими за България като страна - член на Европейския съюз, в двустранните и многостранните отношения при изграждане и развитие на геоенергийната инфраструктура в Югоизточна Европа и Черноморския регион са подходите на външната енергийна политика, които могат да бъдат разделени на регионално доминиращите (ситуационните) модели на стратегиите за енергийна сигурност и национално доминиращите (циклично-динамичните) модели на стратегиите за енергийна сигурност. Практическите приноси на дисертационното изследване са следствие от постигнатите резултати при разглеждането на стратегиите за енергийна сигурност през ХХI век в седем основни контекста на средата за сигурност, даващи ни възможност за цялостно разбиране на този сложен феномен, отнасящ се до геополитическите аспекти на енергийната сигурност в контекста на защитата на националните интереси. Предложен е алтернативен подход за решения за осъществяването на състояние на защитеност на независимостта, суверенитета, териториалната цялост и националните интереси на Република България., This doctoral dissertation looks at energy security through the prism of geopolitical factors, which affect national interests. The study outlines certain peculiar tendencies and practices, designates a basic conceptual model with three categories that lay out the fundamental energy security strategy of Bulgaria as a significant political document for sustainable development. The study shows that the models applicable for Bulgaria as a member-state of the European Union, in the bilateral and multilateral relations in the building and development of the geo-energy infrastructure in Southeast Europe and the Black Sea Region, include the approaches of foreign energy policy which can be divided into regionally dominating (situational) models of energy security strategies and nationally dominating (cyclic-dynamic) models of the energy security strategies. The practical contributions of the dissertation study are derived from the results achieved in the analysis of the 21st century energy security strategies in seven main contexts of the security environment. This multi-aspect analysis gives us the opportunity to fully understand this complex phenomenon regarding the geopolitical aspects of energy security in the context of defending the national interests. An alternative approach for solutions is proposed for the attainment of a state of security for the independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national interests of the Republic of Bulgaria.

Managing transport companies in today's dynamically developing economic environment is a difficult and complex process. Its effective implementation in order to achieve a steady and qualitative growth both for the enterprises themselves and for the market requires an urgent need to provide human resources that are successful, productive and effective. In such an economic situation, the factual outcome of personnel issues with efficient and quality personnel is the undertaking of specific and targeted actions for the development and improvement of the human factor within the organizations themselves, in particular the capacity and competence. These important processes would be even more successful if this practice became an integral part of the corporate strategy of any transport enterprise. The aim of the dissertation is to offer an effective competence model to support the improvement and management of the human potential in transport through a concept for capacity development and competence of the human factor. Управлението на транспортни предприятия в днешните динамично развиващи се икономически условия представлява труден и сложен процес. Ефективното му реализиране за постигане на постоянен и качествен растеж, както на самите предприятия, така и на пазара налага спешна необходимост от осигуряване на човешки ресурси, който да са успешни, продуктивни и резултатни. В такава икономическа ситуация фактическият изход от проблемите по кадровото осигуряване с ефективни и качествени кадри е предприемането на конкретни и целенасочени действия по развитие и усъвършенстване на човешкия фактор в рамките на самите организации, в частност на капацитета и компетентността. Тези важни процеси биха били още по успешни, ако тази практика се превърне в съставна част от корпоративната стратегия на всяко транспортно предприятие. Целта на дисертационния труд е да се предложи ефективен компетентностен модел за подпомагане усъвършенстването и управлението на човешкия потенциал в транспорта чрез концепция за развитие на капацитета и компетентността на човешкия фактор.