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This report details the evaluation of the urban tree resources of the north-central Great Plains region of the United States. Specifically this report provides a more comprehensive understanding of the species composition and structural and functional benefits of the urban forests in the states of Kansas (33.1 million urban trees), Nebraska (13.3 million urban trees), North Dakota (975,000 urban trees), and South Dakota (5.4 million urban trees). Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to inform urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality throughout the Great Plains region. The results are reported for each state and may be accessed at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/data/urban.

This brief comment responds to Jonathan Baker and Carl Shapiro's comment on my earlier essay, "Has the Obama Justice Department Reinvigorated Antitrust Enforcement," 65 Stan. L. Rev. Online 13 (2012).

An analysis of the community forest in Morgantown, WV, was undertaken in 2004 to characterize the structural and functional attributes of this forest resource. The assessment revealed that this city has about 658,000 trees with canopies that cover 35.5 percent of the area. The most common tree species are sugar maple, black cherry, and hawthorn. The urban forest currently stores about 93,000 tons of carbon valued at $1.9 million. In addition, these trees remove about 2,900 tons of carbon per year ($60,000 per year), with trees and shrubs removing about 104 tons of air pollution per year ($711,000 per year). Trees in Morgantown are estimated to reduce annual residential energy costs by $380,000 per year. The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $488 million. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to improve and augment support for urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Morgantown, WV area.

An analysis of trees in Los Angeles, CA, reveals that this area has about 6 million trees with tree and shrub canopies that cover 24.9 percent of the city. The most common tree species are Italian cypress, scrub oak, laurel sumac, Mexican fan palm, and Indian laurel, Trees in Los Angeles currently store about 1.3 million tons of carbon (4.7 million tons CO2) valued at $26.3 million. In addition, these trees remove about 77,000 tons of carbon per year (282,000 tons CO2/year) ($1.6 million per year) and about 1,976 tons of air pollution per year ($14.2 million per year). Los Angeles' trees are estimated to reduce annual residential energy costs by $10.2 million per year. The structural value of the trees is estimated at $12.4 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to inform urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in Los Angeles.

Google's perceived dominance in Internet search, and the perception that Google exploits this dominance to favor its own websites and service, has led to call for a mandatory legal requirement of "search neutrality." This essay argues that a general principle of search neutrality ignores the realities of Internet search and would stymie search innovation.

An analysis of trees in the urbanized portion of Scranton, PA, reveals that this area has about 1.2 million trees with canopies that cover 22.0 percent of the area. The most common tree species are red maple, gray birch, black cherry, northern red oak, and quaking aspen. Scranton's urban forest currently store about 93,300 tons of carbon valued at $1.9 million. In addition, these trees remove about 4,000 tons of carbon per year ($83,000 per year) and about 65 tons of air pollution per year ($514,000 per year). Trees in urban Scranton are estimated to reduce annual residential energy costs by $628,000 per year. The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $322 million. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to inform urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Scranton area.

The Federal Trade Commission's pending antitrust case against Intel challenges a number of Intel's discounting and rebating practices. The Commission appears poised to apply a cost-price test to the challenged practices, but proposes to include "fixed sunk costs" in the appropriate measure of cost. This paper explains the importance of using cost-price screens to assess unilaterally imposed prices and analyzes the futility of including sunk costs in the relevant cost measure.

An analysis of trees in Chicago, IL, reveals that this city has about 3,585,000 trees with canopies that cover 17.2 percent of the area. The most common tree species are white ash, mulberry species, green ash, and tree-of-heaven. Chicago's urban forest currently stores about 716,000 tons of carbon valued at $14.8 million. In addition, these trees remove about 25,200 tons of carbon per year ($521,000 per year) and about 888 tons of air pollution per year ($6.4 million per year). Trees in Chicago are estimated to reduce annual residential energy costs by $360,000 per year. The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $2.3 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to inform urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Chicago area.

Udgivelsesdato: 2009-Aug Osteomyelitis (OM) from multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter has emerged in >30% of combat-related injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan. While most of these strains are sensitive to colistin, the drug is not available in bone void fillers for local high-dose delivery. To address this, we developed a mouse model with MDR strains isolated from wounded military personnel. In contrast to S. aureus OM, which is osteolytic and characterized by biofilm in necrotic bone, A. baumannii OM results in blastic lesions that do not contain apparent biofilm. We also found that mice mount a specific IgG response against three proteins (40, 47, and 56 kDa) regardless of the strain used, suggesting that these may be immuno-dominant antigens. PCR for the A. baumannii-specific parC gene confirmed a 100% infection rate with 75% of the MDR strains, and in vitro testing confirmed that all strains were sensitive to colistin. We also developed a real-time quantitative PCR (RTQ-PCR) assay that could detect as few as 10 copies of parC in a sample. To demonstrate the efficacy of colistin prophylaxis in this model, mice were treated with either parenteral colistin (0.2 mg colistinmethate i.m. for 7 days), local colistin (PMMA bead impregnated with 1.0 mg colistin sulfate), or an unloaded PMMA bead control. While the parenteral colistin failed to demonstrate any significant effects versus the placebo, the colistin PMMA bead significantly reduced the infection rate such that only 29.2% of the mice had detectable levels of parC at 19 days (p < 0.05 vs. i.m. colistin and placebo).

Summarized are recent studies concerned with the use of hydrostatic pressure to probe bimolecular mechanisms for the deactivation of transition metal complex excited states. These include investigations of Bronsted base quenching of rhodium(111) amine ligand field states, Lewis base quenching of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer state of Cu(dmp) 2 + (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1, 10-phenanthroline), reactive quenching by various organic substrates of the long-lived σ * → σ b state of the platinum dimer Pt 2 (μ-η 2 -H 2 P 2 O 5 ) 4 4− and the competitive electron transfer and energy transfer quenching of the MLCT excited state of the copper(I) complex Cu(dpp) 2 + (dpp = 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) by various substrates.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the color of light in a room on muscular strength and power. A convenience sample of 18 men ( M age = 20.4 yr., SD = 1.2) performed a modified Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test for muscular power and a hand grip strength test in each of the following conditions: red, blue, and white (neutral) ambient light. A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance indicated that average muscular power was significantly higher when performing the test in the room with red light compared to rooms lit with blue light or white light. The results also indicated that grip strength was significantly higher in the room lit with white light as compared to the room lit with blue light.

This is a book chapter forthcoming in Working Within the Boundaries of Intellectual Property Law (Harry First, Rochelle Dreyfuss, and Diane Zimmerman, eds., Oxford University Press), which will collect papers from the NYU Engelberg Center's 2007 conference at La Pietra, Florence. The paper highlights the complexities and potential abuses that arise when patent pools are used to implement standards created by standard setting organizations (SSOs). It summarizes the antitrust fixes that have been proposed by the patentees and generally approved by the antitrust agencies. The paper then explores the meaning of the chief antitrust fix - the patentees' commitment to license their patents on reasonable and nondiscriminatory (RAND) terms. The paper concludes by arguing that at least three conditions must be satisified for RAND commitments to be effective fixes: (1) understanding the RAND commitment as a contract enforceable by third parties; (2) placing the burden of justifying the proferred licensing terms on the patent pool; and (3) allowing for meaningful judicial review of licensing decisions by private arbitrators.

Pressure effects are reported for the quenching dynamics of the lowest energy excited state of the d{sup 8}-d{sup 8} dimer Pt{sub 2}({mu}-{eta}{sup 2}-H{sub 2}P{sub 2}O{sub 5}){sub 4}{sup 4{minus}} ({sup 3}Pt{sub 2}*). Volumes of activation ({Delta}V{double dagger}) are reported for the H atom abstraction by {sup 3}Pt{sub 2}* from various organic substrates and for O{sub 2} quenching of {sup 3}Pt{sub 2}* in methanol solution. The H atom donors studied include a series of benzyl alcohols, allyl alcohol, tributyltin hydride, and benzyl methyl ether. Volumes of activation of {minus}5.4 {plus minus} 0.6 cm{sup 3} mol{sup {minus}1} and {minus}4.1 {plus minus} 0.7 cm{sup 3} mol{sup {minus}1} have been measured for quenching by benzyl alcohol and benzyl methyl ether, respectively. These negative {Delta}V{double dagger} values suggest as associative interaction between the excited state dimer and the H atom donor. The mechanistic implications of the pressure effects on the rates for other quenchers are discussed.

An analysis of trees in San Francisco, CA reveals that this city has about 669,000 trees with canopies that cover 11.9 percent of the area. The most common tree species are blue gum eucalyptus, Monterey pine, and Monterey cypress. The urban forest currently stores about 196,000 tons of carbon valued at $3.6 million. In addition, these trees remove about 5,200 tons of carbon per year ($95,000 per year) and about 260 tons of air pollution per year ($1.3 million per year). The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $1.7 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to improve and augment support for urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the San Francisco area.

An analysis of trees in New York City reveals that this city has about 5.2 million trees with canopies that cover 20.9 percent of the area. The most common tree species are tree of heaven, black cherry, and sweetgum. The urban forest currently stores about 1.35 million tons of carbon valued at $24.9 million. In addition, these trees remove about 42,300 tons of carbon per year ($779,000 per year) and about 2,202 tons of air pollution per year ($10.6 million per year). The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $5.2 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to improve and augment support for urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the New York City area.

An analysis of trees in Philadelphia reveals that this city has about 2.1 million trees with canopies that cover 15.7 percent of the area. The most common tree species are black cherry, crabapple, and tree of heaven. The urban forest currently stores about 530,000 tons of carbon valued at $9.8 million. In addition, these trees remove about 16,100 tons of carbon per year ($297,000 per year) and about 802 tons of air pollution per year ($3.9 million per year). The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $1.8 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to improve and augment support for urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Philadelphia area.

An analysis of trees in Washington, D.C. reveals that this city has about 1,928,000 trees with canopies that cover 28.6 percent of the area. The most common tree species are American beech, red maple, and boxelder. The urban forest currently store about 526,000 tons of carbon valued at $9.7 million. In addition, these trees remove about 16,200 tons of carbon per year ($299,000 per year) and about 540 tons of air pollution per year ($2.5 million per year). The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $3.6 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to improve and augment support for urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Washington, D.C. area

An analysis of trees in Minneapolis, MN, reveals that the city has about 979,000 trees with canopies that cover 26.4 percent of the area. The most common tree species are green ash, American elm, and boxelder. The urban forest currently stores about 250,000 tons of carbon valued at $4.6 million. In addition, these trees remove about 8,900 tons of carbon per year ($164,000 per year) and trees and shrubs combined remove about 384 tons of air pollution per year ($1.9 million per year). The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $756 million. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to improve and augment support for urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Minneapolis area.

An analysis of trees in Casper, WY reveals that this city has about 123,000 trees with canopies that cover 8.9 percent of the area. The most common tree species are plains cottonwood, blue spruce, and American elm. The urban forest currently store about 37,000 tons of carbon valued at $689,000. In addition, these trees remove about 1,200 tons of carbon per year ($22,000 per year) and about 50 tons of air pollution per year ($249,000 per year). The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $243 million. Information on the structure and functions of the urban forest can be used to improve and augment support for urban forest management programs and to integrate urban forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Casper area.

Anxiety disorders are currently one of the most common health concerns in the United States. Overall, they are the single largest cost to the healthcare system. They are also underdiagnosed and undertreated. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines appear to be the most common pharmacologic treatment approaches. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to these treatments. Many augmentation strategies have been tried in the past with varying levels of success or safety. This article describes a safe and highly effective augmentation technique in patients suffering from some of the most serious and debilitating forms of anxiety disorders, namely obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder.

Evaluating the impact of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) on urban populations would be enhanced by improved predictions of the UVB radiation at the level of human activity. This paper reports the status of plans for incorporating a UVB prediction module into an existing Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) model. UFORE currently has modules to quantify urban forest structure, urban tree volatile organic compound emissions, carbon storage and sequestration in urban vegetation, dry deposition of air pollutants on trees, tree influences on energy use for heating and cooling buildings, tree pollen allergenicity index, and replacement cost of trees. These modeled effects are based upon field sampling to characterize land use, vegetation cover, and building features. The field sampling includes recording of tree species, total height, height to base of live crown, and crown width on randomly selected 0.04-ha (0.1 acre) plots. Distance and direction from sampled trees to buildings are also measured. The input for UFORE modeling of effects includes hourly meteorological data and pollution-concentration data. UFORE has already been used in assessing the urban forest functionof 13 cities in the United States and 5 cities in other countries. The objective of the present work is to enable UFORE to predict the effect of different urban tree densities on potential average human exposure to UVB. The current version of UFORE is written using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS); a new version will be a user-friendly Windows application and will be available for wide distribution. Progress to date on the UVB module consists primarily of examining available modeling and data collection tools. Two methods are proposed for the UVB module. In Method 1, we will derive predicted UVB irradiance I b > at person height, that is, below the urban tree and building canopy, using gap fractions (sky view portions) measured from digitized fisheye photos taken from each of the UFORE plot centers during a UFORE field survey. A promising method for analyzing the photos is the use of Gap Light Analyzer (GLA). A human thermal comfort model will be used to determine the times when people would be comfortable outdoors in light attire, and UVB I b > will be determined for those times. Method 2 will be applied in cases where hemispherical photos cannot be made available, and for making predictions for cities where surveys have already been done. Method 2 will use a 3D canopy UV radiation transfer model to derive I b > based on tree canopy cover maps from GIS analysis of aerial color IR photographs or Landsat TM images. The UV module addition to UFORE will make it useful in epidemiology of UV-related human disease and assessment of UV benefits, such as in vitamin D production, and it will also facilitate consideration of UV exposure in urban forest management.

Santiago, Chile has the distinction of having among the worst urban air pollution problems in Latin America. As part of an atmospheric pollution reduction plan, the Santiago Regional Metropolitan government defined an environmental policy goal of using urban forests to remove particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM 10 ) in the Gran Santiago area. We used cost effectiveness, or the process of establishing costs and selecting least cost alternatives for obtaining a defined policy goal of PM 10 removal, to analyze this policy goal. For this study, we quantified PM 10 removal by Santiago's urban forests based on socioeconomic strata and using field and real-time pollution and climate data via a dry deposition urban forest effects model. Municipal urban forest management costs were estimated using management cost surveys and Chilean Ministry of Planning and Cooperation documents. Results indicate that managing municipal urban forests (trees, shrubs, and grass whose management is under the jurisdiction of Santiago's 36 municipalities) to remove PM 10 was a cost-effective policy for abating PM 10 based on criteria set by the World Bank. In addition, we compared the cost effectiveness of managing municipal urban forests and street trees to other control policies (e.g. alternative fuels) to abate PM 10 in Santiago and determined that municipal urban forest management efficiency was similar to these other air quality improvement measures.

An assessment of trees in Brooklyn, New York, reveal that this borough has approximately 610,000 trees with canopies that cover 11.4 percent of the area. The most common trees are estimated to be tree of heaven, white mulberry, black locust, Norway maple and black cherry. Brooklyn's trees currently store approximately 172,000 metric tons of carbon with an estimated value of $3.5 million. In addition, these trees remove about 2,500 tC per year ($51,000/yr) and about 254 metric tons of air pollution per year ($1.3 million/yr). The replacement or compensatory value of Brooklyn?s trees is estimated at $679 million. Potential damage from an Asian longhorn beetle infestation is $390 million (51 percent of the population). Management strategies are suggested for maximizing air quality and carbon benefits from urban trees.

Fuente TESIUNAM

Urban vegetation can directly and indirectly affect local and regional air quality by altering the urban atmospheric environment. Trees affect local air temperature by transpiring water through their leaves, by blocking solar radiation (tree shade), which reduces radiation absorption and heat storage by various anthropogenic surfaces (e. g., buildings, roads), and by altering wind characteristics that affect air dispersion. During the summertime, trees predominantly reduce local air temperatures, but may increase within- and below-canopy air temperature due to reduced turbulent exchange with above-canopy air (Heisler et al., 1995). Reduced air temperature due to trees can improve air quality because the emission of many pollutants and/or precursor chemicals are temperature dependent. Decreased air temperature can also reduce ozone (O3) formation (Cardelino and Chameides, 1990).

Author(s): Crane, DR; Ford, PC | Abstract: The quenching of emission from the metal to ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) state of the copper(I) complex Cu-(dpp)2+ (dpp = 2,9-diphenyl-l, 10-phenanthroline) by the uncharged chromium(III) complexes CrL3 (L =acetylacetonate, 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionate, l,l,l-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedionate) and several nitrobenzene derivatives has been investigated in dichloromethane, chloroform, and tetrahydrofuran solutions as a function of hydrostatic pressure (0.1−250 MPa). The patterns in all three solvents were similar. For those quenchers having reduction potentials E1/2(Q) l −1.6 V (vs the ferrocenium/ferrocene, Fc+/Fc, couple in dichloromethane), the principal bimolecular deactivation mode is energy transfer. In such cases, there is little effect of pressure on the quenching rate constant kq (Δq = ∼0 cm3 mol−1). In contrast, substantially more positive E1/2(Q) values lead to kq's approaching diffusion limits and significantly positive ΔV‡q values (up to +8 cm3 mol−1), reflecting the pressure-induced increases in solution viscosity. For E1/2(Q) ∼ −1.6 V, the dominant pressure-dependent term is electron transfer within the outer-sphere precursor complex, and the resulting charge creation in the transition state leads to substantially negative ΔV‡q values approaching −20 cm3 mol−1. © 1993, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides that no private property shall be taken for public use without just compensation.' Although the Clause applies most obviously to the eminent domain power of the state, the Supreme Court has long recognized that certain land use regulations that stop short of physical appropriations by the government also fall within the ambit of the Takings Clause.2 The regulatory takings theory has produced substantial litigation between landowners seeking to improve or otherwise use their property, on the one hand, and government regulators seeking to promote such public goods as historical and environmental preservation and infrastructure improvements, on the other.3 In recent years, litigation has focused particularly on attempts by municipalities to condition approval of real estate development permits on landowners' dedicating portions of their property to public use, a practice known as "exaction."4

SummaryStudies were conducted to investigate the mechanism by which molybdenum increases the skeletal retention of fluoride. The absorption of fluoride in presence and absence of molybdenum was studied in albino rats ranging in age from weanling to adults, employing isolated gastrointestinal tract segments and the entire tract in the intact animals. These data indicate that age plays a prominent role in absorption of fluoride as affected by molybdenum. In general, the presence of molybdenum significantly (p = 0.05) increases the absorption of fluoride from the first portion of the intestine of older animals and acts inversely in young animals. The reverse is seen in the stomach where molybdenum appears to decrease absorption of fluoride in older animals, and either increases it slightly or has no effect in younger animals. These data suggest that in older animals the presence of molybdenum may increase absorption of fluoride.

Determination des effets de la pression hydrostatique sur les durees de vie d'emission d'etats excites de transfert de charge metal-coordinat pour les complexes de cuivre I Cu(dmp) 2 + et Cu(dpp) 2 + (dmp=dimethyl-2,9 phenanthroline-1,10 dpp=diphenyl-2,9 phenanthroline)

Determination des effets de la pression hydrostatique sur les durees de vie d'emission d'etats excites de transfert de charge metal-coordinat pour les complexes de cuivre I Cu(dmp) 2 + et Cu(dpp) 2 + (dmp=dimethyl-2,9 phenanthroline-1,10 dpp=diphenyl-2,9 phenanthroline)

SummaryTwo studies were conducted in an attempt to learn more concerning the effect of bilateral nephrectomy and previous exposure to fluoride upon rate of fluoride absorption in the rat. The first study was conducted in weanling animals having no previous exposure to fluoride and indicated that bilateral nephrectomy significantly decreased the rate of fluoride absorption by 41.9% during the first 2 hours after fluoride administration and by 41.7% 4 hours thereafter. In the second study, this effect was substantiated using animals exposed to 2 different levels of fluoride. Previous exposure to 125 mg of fluoride decreased the rate of fluoride absorption by 21.9% and when the animals were in addition nephrectomized, a further decrease of 13.7% was noted. After exposure to 250 mg of fluoride, the rate of fluoride absorption was decreased by a similar value of 21.9%. Nephrectomy further decreased the rate of fluoride absorption and the combination of previous exposure and nephrectomy decreased the rate of fl...

This comprehensive book provides an extensive overview of the major topics of antitrust law from an economic perspective. Its in-depth treatment and analysis of both the law and economics of antitrust is presented via a collection of interconnected original essays. The contributing authors are among the most influential scholars in antitrust, with a rich diversity of backgrounds. Their entries cover, amongst other issues, predatory pricing, essential facilities, tying, vertical restraints, enforcement, mergers, market power, monopolization standards, and facilitating practices.