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51. Acoustical Studies of Sediment Dynamics in the Surf Zone: Sandyduck'97

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Hay, Alex E, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, and Hay, Alex E

Abstract

The central goal of this project is a deeper understanding of the dynamic adjustment of mobile sandy sediments to fluid forcing in the surf zone at small (1cm to 10m) and intermediate (10cm to 100m) horizontal scales. The effort is motivated by the dual need to develop more realistic models of fluid-sediment interactions in the nearshore zone, and for suitable in situ measurement techniques to make the observations necessary to adequately test the models. Of particular interest is the role of bedforms of different characteristic spatial pattern and scale in the local sediment flux and momentum balances. The overall objective of this project is to study bedform genesis, growth, migration, and decay, together with the associated fluid forcing and sediment suspension, in the natural surf zone. A key initial objective was to obtain a comprehensive set of measurements of bed adjustment through time, as a function of cross-shore position, and over a period of several months. This data set will provide a basis for determining cross-shore differences in response synoptically, and for differences in the response trajectories through time and between forcing events, over a suitably wide range of conditions., See also ADM002252.

Published
1998

52. Relating Ocean Optics to Photochemical Transformations of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Coastal Waters

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Miller, William L, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, and Miller, William L

Abstract

The long-term goal of this research is to use remotely sensed ocean optical data for estimates of the regional and global scale significance of photochemistry to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) cycles and optical changes resulting from these processes. The central objective of this research program is to examine quantitatively the links between optical measurements and photochemical carbon transformations in the sea. Our goal is to establish quantitative methods to relate variability in water-leaving radiance to photochemical reactions that lead to direct loss of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and consequent changes in UV optical properties in the photic zone. By examining these quantitative relationships, we also hope to gain both an understanding of the dominant variables controlling UV optics in the mixed layer and the critical parameters influencing DOC photochemical reactions in seawater., See also ADM002252.

Published
1998

53. The Effects of Aggregation and Disaggregation on Particle Size Distributions and Water Clarity in the Coastal Ocean

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Hill, Paul S., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, and Hill, Paul S.

Abstract

The long-term goal of this research is to develop tools to quantitatively predict the effect of fine siliciclastics on water clarity in the coastal ocean. Scattering of light by suspended particles depends on sediment concentration, composition, and size distribution. Particle size distributions in coastal waters are dynamic because high concentrations of suspended sediment in coastal waters favor frequent encounter between particles. These encounters lead to the formation of large macroaggregate particles, or flocs, with diameters greater than 0.5 mm. While aggregation modifies the size distribution by building larger particles, variable and energetic turbulence in coastal waters can modify the size distribution by disrupting aggregates. Predictive knowledge of scattering depends on understanding of the conditions under which aggregation and turbulence-induced disaggregation alter the size distribution and of the form of the size distribution that these processes combine to produce. OBJECTIVES This research has three primary objectives. The first is to observe spatial and temporal variability in macroaggregate size distributions in situ in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) at the Coastal Mixing and Optics field site. The second is to relate observed size distributions to small particle size distributions, turbulent kinetic energy (tke), and optical properties in the BBL. The third is to extend BBL aggregation models to conditions of unsteady flow., See also ADM002252.

Published
1998

54. Evolution of Particle Size in Turbid Discharge Plumes

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Hill, Paul S., Milligan, Timothy G., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Hill, Paul S., and Milligan, Timothy G.

Abstract

The long-term goals of this research are to develop and test a particle aggregation parameterization in turbid, river, discharge plumes. The proposed research has two objectives. The first is to monitor the evolution of in situ and disaggregated particle size distributions in the Eel River plume during major discharge events. The second is to develop and test a simple parameterization of particle aggregation that can be incorporated directly into dynamic plume models., Prepared in collaboration with the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. See also ADM002252.

Published
1998

55. Neurophysiological Analysis of Circadian Rhythm Entrainment.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY, Rusak, Benjamin, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY, and Rusak, Benjamin

Abstract

This program of research identified a number of novel roles for peptides and neurotransmitters found in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), in the regulation of SCN neuronal activity and behavioral circadian rhythms. Major findings included the observations of changes in SCN cell firing rates and behavioral phase shifts induced by gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) when applied to SCN cells. GRP was demonstrated not to act primarily in concert with other peptides in a manner proposed by an earlier publication. Similar combinations of neurophysiological and behavioral studies have been completed using another peptide, substance P, and are partially completed using VIP. Other studies have investigated the neurophysiological role of metabotropic glutamate receptors, and the behavioral effects of their activation or blockade. Neurophysiological studies investigated the effects of melatonin and of serotonin on photic responses of SCN cells and evaluated putative antagonists for these effects. Antagonists that acted selective on the melatonin and serotonin receptors in the sCN were identified. Additional studies examining the neurophysiological effects of opiatergic drugs, histamine and redox agents were also completed.

Published
1996

56. Nonlinear Effects in High Electric Fields

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Kreuzer, H. J., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, and Kreuzer, H. J.

Published
1993

57. Neurophysiological Analysis of Circadian Rhythm Entrainment

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY, Rusak, Benjamin, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY, and Rusak, Benjamin

Abstract

We review recent studies in our laboratory which have investigated the neural mechanisms underlying photic entrainment of the mammalian circadian system. The results from studies of extracellular single-unit recordings and of photic induction of Fos-like immunoreactivity (-lir) indicate that excitatory amino acid (EAA) transmission, and particularly, activation of the NMDA receptor subtype, is important for conveying photic information to suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) cells. We have also found that a sub-region of the SCN still shows Fos-lir after blockade of EAA receptors, and we have evidence suggesting that these cells are innervated by a distinct subdivision of the retinal projection to the SCN. In addition, we have found that photic responses of cells in the intergeniculate leaflet (which projects to the SCN) and of SCN cells are modulated by serotonin via a receptor that resembles the 5HT1A subtype.

Published
1993

58. Effect of Surface Active Materials on Bubble Dynamics in Two-Phase Flow

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Johnson, Bruce D., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, and Johnson, Bruce D.

Abstract

Our goal in this research is to relate bubble performance in processes such as bubble breaking, dissolution, coalescence and breakup to bubble interfacial character, including surface tension, surface charge and surface rheological properties. This fiscal year we have studied bubble dissolution rates in clean fresh water and in sea water samples representing a wide range of biological activities. Previous measurements of bubble dissolution have used water that was equilibrated with a known atmosphere a process that takes many hours and results in alteration of chemical and biological properties. We have used a novel gas tension method to determine 02 and N2 partial pressures in the water phase. Our results indicate that mass transfer rates for dissolution in fresh water coincide with theoretical predictions, but those for sea water are always significantly less and especially at low Reynolds Numbers. Bubble coalescence and breaking of bubbles at the air-water interface were observed in fresh water and sea water samples. Both process were observed to produce satellite bubbles. For example, millimeter-size bubbles breaking at the air-water interface each produced 20 or more bubbles of greater than 30 microns in diameter.... Bubble; Bubble Coalescence; Bubble Mass Transfer.

Published
1992

59. Theory of Field Adsorption of Hydrogen

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Ye, Xiaoming, Kreuzer, H. J., Salahub, D. R., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Ye, Xiaoming, Kreuzer, H. J., and Salahub, D. R.

Abstract

Field effects on the adsorption characteristics of H, H2 and H3 on metals are calculated using density functional theory for a jellium metal and for small metal clusters. New dissociation channels are explored and a mechanism for the formation of a field-stabilized linear H3 species is proposed. Field Adsorption, Hydrogen Molecules, Electric Fields.

Published
1992

60. Adhesion in Atomic Scale Metal Contacts

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Wang, L. C., Kreuzer, H. J., Durig, U., Zuger, O., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Wang, L. C., Kreuzer, H. J., Durig, U., and Zuger, O.

Abstract

The adhesion interaction of an Ir tip with Ir and Al surfaces has been investigated using the scanning tunneling microscope. Qualitative differences in the adhesion characteristics have been observed. A cluster model based on effective pair-potentials has been set up to understand adhesion in atomic scale contacts. The model calculation provides a semi-quantitative explanation of the experimental data. In particular it is shown that subtle differences of the atomic interaction potentials have a significant effect on the contact mechanics. Adhesion, Metal Contacts.

Published
1992

61. Physics and Chemistry in High Electric Fields

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Kreuzer, H. J., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, and Kreuzer, H. J.

Abstract

Progress is reviewed in our understanding of the effects of high electrostatic fields (of the order of volts per angstrom) on the adsorption and reaction of atoms and molecules on metal and semiconductor surfaces. Chemical Reactions, Electric Fields, Nanoscale Structures.

Published
1992

62. Development of Shuttle Vectors for Halobacteria.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Doolittle, W. F., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Doolittle, W. F.

Abstract

We have developed systems for genetic analysis of halophilic archaebacteria. These include (1) transformation systems which we have shown to work efficiently in at least three genera of halobacteria, (2) shuttle vectors which can be selected in either halobacteria or E. coli, and (3) host systems including hundreds of mutant halobacterial strains. We have applied these methods of genetic analysis in characterizing a halobacterial HMGCoA reductase gene (which is also the basis of our selection for antibiotic resistance in halobacteria) and clusters of genes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan, histidine, arginine and leucine. These techniques have also permitted us to position dozens of genetic markers on a physical map of the Haloferax volcanii genome. Other applications include the construction of halobacterial suppressor tRNA genes by site directed mutagenesis and cloning of genes encoding halobacterial membrane proteins.

Published
1991

63. Self-Consistent Calculation of Atomic Adsorption on Metals in High Electric Fields

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Kreuzer, H. J., Wang, L. C., Lang, N. D., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Kreuzer, H. J., Wang, L. C., and Lang, N. D.

Abstract

Using local density functional theory we calculate self-consistently the adsorption of a metal atom on a jellium surface in an external electrostatic field.

Published
1991

64. Technical Report on Grant N00014-89-J-1649 (Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, Nova Scotia)

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Ruddick, Barry R., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Ruddick, Barry R.

Abstract

Lateral intrusions spend most their lifetime in a quasi-steady, finite-amplitude state, in which the vertical scale and salinity amplitude do not change. I wish to understand the finite-amplitude dynamics of lateral intrusions well enough to be able to predict their scale and intensity on the basis of large scale property gradients, and therefore to be able to parameterize the lateral fluxes of heat, salt, and momentum due to lateral intrusive mixing. The long-term of this project is to make predictions of lateral salt, heat, and angular momentum transports in FINITE-AMPLITUDE intrusive mixing.

Published
1991

65. Dynamics of Frontal Intrusions and their Effects on a Mediterranean Salt Lens

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Ruddick, Barry, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, and Ruddick, Barry

Abstract

Parameterisation of the structure, amplitude, and mixing rate of finite-amplitude lateral intrusions. These occur at most oceanic fronts, including the Gulf Stream, and drive cross-frontal mixing. The highly structured quasi-horizontal sound speed perturbations may strongly affect acoustic propagation across such fronts. Results: (1) The scale and slope of the intrusions were found to support theoretical models of thermohaline driving, and showed definitively that the intrusions were NOT driven by the McIntyre mechanism (differential diffusion of momentum and mass). (2) (a.) The intrusions had longer vertical wavelength in the lower part of the Meddy than in the upper part. (b.) We found that it was possible to observe the perturbations in density which drove the intrusive motions.

Published
1991

66. Neurophysiological Analysis of Circadian Rhythm Entrainment

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY, Rusak, Benjamin, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY, and Rusak, Benjamin

Abstract

During the 1991 contract period we published papers on the effects of clorgyline treatment on photic responses of neurons in the circadian entrainment pathway, and on the effects of NMDA neurotransmitter antagonists on photic activation of gene expression in the entrainment pathway. We have completed further studies on regulation of messenger RNA levels for several immediate-early genes (IEG) in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) cells in response to light pulses and on the effects of a non-NMDA antagonist on IEG expression in the SCN; the related manuscripts have been accepted for publication. Further studies have been completed and submitted for publication or are currently in preparation. These include studies on: the effects of different temporal patterns of light exposure on SCN cells and on rhythm phase-shifting; antagonism by serotonin of light effects on cells in the circadian system; the effects of bombesin-like peptides on SCN neuronal activity; the effects of several excitatory amino acids on SCN cells in vitro; the regulation of the melatonin sensitivity rhythm of SCN cells; and the roles of nerve growth factor and muscarinic receptor antagonists in modifying circadian responses to cholinergic agents. The results of these studies have either been submitted for publication or are in preparation.

Published
1991

67. Development of Shuttle Vectors for Halobacteria

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Doolittle, W. F., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Doolittle, W. F.

Abstract

We continue to develop tools for genetic analysis in the archaebacterium Halofera (Halobacterium volcanii). This includes (1) development of transformation systems, (2) construction and tailoring of shuttle vectors, (3) genetic construction of host strain to reduce residual problems associated with restriction and recombination, and (4) application to a variety of genetic analyses. Among such applications are detailed characterization of the halobacterial HMGCoA reductase gene and of clusters of genes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan, histidine, arginine and leucine. Our techniques have allowed construction of a genetic map with several dozen markers, and will permit detailed study of archaebacterial gene structure and function. (JG)

Published
1990

68. Kinetic Theory of Field Evaporation of Metals

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Wang, L. C., Kreuzer, H. J., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Wang, L. C., and Kreuzer, H. J.

Abstract

Starting from adiabatic energy curves, calculated as a function of electric field strength we develop a perturbational method to construct diabatic states which form the basis to computer the temperature dependent ionization probabilities for field evaporation of metals. Employing a master equation we calculate the energy dependent ion yield as a function of field strength and temperature, and extract the field dependence of the activation barrier and the prefactor. As a function of field strength the activation barrier for field evaporation decreases monotonically for tungsten, whereas the prefactor increases up to a field strength of 4.5V/A for tungsten due to an increase in the ionization probability and then decreases due to changes in the surface potential.

Published
1990

69. Field-Induced Surface Chemistry of NO

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Kreuzer, H. J., Wang, L. C., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHYSICS, Kreuzer, H. J., and Wang, L. C.

Abstract

A microscopic theory of field adsorption is used to study the adsorption and reaction of Nitric Oxide on a Pt(111) surface in high electrostatic fields. We find that below 0.4 volts/angstrom only NO is stably adsorbed. Above this value dissociation sets in that leads around 1.2V/A to the formation of nitrous oxide. A molecular orbital analysis is advanced to show the reaction pathway and to identify the stabilization mechanism. Keywords: Field- induced chemistry, Theory of adsorption, Field-induced dissociation, Nitric oxide, Nitrogen compounds.

Published
1990

70. Visual Sensitivities and Discriminations and Their Roles in Aviation.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Regan,David, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Regan,David

Abstract

A device has been developed (MIDAPT) that tests a subject's ability to track a target's motion in depth. The test has been encouragingly successful in predicting intersubject differences of pilots' flying performance in high-performance jet aircraft and in simulators. We report evidence that human observers' acute discrimination of differences in size (about 5%) and orientation (about 0.3 deg) is achieved by comparing the outputs of two or more neurons, each of which is sensitive to a rather broad range of sizes and orientations. We suggest that the human visual pathway contains size-opponent and orientation-opponent mechanisms, and that this can explain why subjects easily unconfound orientation, size and contrast in spite of the fact that the firing of cortical neurons is affected by all three parameters. We measured subjects' ability to detect a camouflaged object that was visible only when moving, and compared these data with similar measurements for conventional objects that were brighter than their surroundings. These findings may be relevant to low-level flight, for example in helicopters, where ground features may be virtually indistinguishable except when moving. Monocular ability to judge the direction of motion in depth was investigated by measuring the effect of adaptation to different directions of motion in depth for a target viewed with one eye. In contrast to binocular judgements of motion in depth, the results could be explained in terms of only two channels: one for frontal plane motion, and one for pure line-of-sight motion.

Published
1986

71. Visual Sensitivities and Discriminations and Their Roles in Aviation

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Regan, David, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Regan, David

Abstract

Of 6 normally-sighted subjects, 3 had areas of the visual field that were 'blind' to oscillating disparity (motion in depth) within the central 10 deg of vision. These stereomotion-blind areas had normal sensitivity for relative position in depth (i.e. normal stereoacuity) and normal sensitivity for fron-selective sensory blindness, vergence eye movements could not be driven from within the stereomotion-blind areas, but conjugate eye movements could be driven. Vernier acuity for camouflaged bars defined by relative motion is approximately the same as vernier acuity for comparable bars defined by brightness contrast, even though receptive fields for detecting objects by motion alone are very large and sluggish. This may help to explain why helicopter pilots can make precise spatial judgements in slow low-level flight. A book has been completed that attempts to link evoked electric and magnetic fields of the human brain with human perception and cognition and with the properties of single neurons in primate brain. Keywords: Vision; Visual flying skills; Visual assessment; Motion perception; Stereo; Contrast sensitivity.

Published
1987

72. Borehole Tilt Results from Charlevoix, Quebec

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Peters, John, Kumpel, Jochen, Beaumont, Christopher, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Peters, John, Kumpel, Jochen, and Beaumont, Christopher

Abstract

Results from the analysis of recordings from the Charlevoix borehole tilt experiment are presented and discussed. Time variations in the tilt tidal admittance are shown to be related to the time variations in the marine loading from the nearby St. Lawrence estuary. Most of the variability in the sub-tidal tilts is associated with groundwater fluctuations at the Charlevoix site, the residual drift rates varying between 0.01 and 1.0 microrad/yr depending on the tiltmeter. The detectability of coherent regional signals is 2 microrad/yr in the south direction and 0.25 microrad/yr in the east.

Published
1987

73. Report on Results of Borehole Tilt Measurements from the Charlevoix Observatory, Quebec

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Peters, John, Beaumont, Christopher, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Peters, John, and Beaumont, Christopher

Abstract

This report comprises four papers that discuss the results of our borehole tilt observations from the Charlevoix region of Quebec, Canada. The array of three tiltmeters is arranged as an equilateral triangle of approximately 80 m side. Two of the Bodenseewerk Gbp tiltmeters operate at a depth of 47 m and the third at 110m. The Charlevoix region is one of high intraplate seismicity and the tiltmeter array was designed to investigate the relationship between earthquake activity, the tectonic stress that induces it, and the tilting of the Earth's surface under the combined effects of the earth tide, marine tidal loading, and tectonic stress.

Published
1986

74. Development of Shuttle Vectors for Halobacteria

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Doolittle, W. F., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Doolittle, W. F.

Abstract

We are developing systems for genetic analysis in archaebacteria. Transfection and transformation conditions for Halobacterium volcanii have been optimized. High efficiency transformation can be obtained with plasmids and linear chromosomal DNA. Mevinolin resistance has been developed as a marker for plasmid selection, and shuttle vectors, selectable and maintainable in both H. volcanii and Escherichia coli have been constructed and characterized.

Published
1989

75. A Study of Hepatitis B in the Canadian Forces

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Embil, J. A., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Embil, J. A.

Abstract

The study of the presence of antibodies to Hepatitis B core antigen in recruits undergoing basic training at CFB Cornwallis between 1981 and 1983 has raised more questions than it has answered. While it is gratifying to how that our young adults are within normal range for their age group in the areas north of the Mexican border, the question arises as to why the female subjects seem to have a slightly higher incidence (5%) than the males (3.9%). Then, in looking over the subjects who seroconverted, one sees that of the 15 cases, 11 (73.3%) were female. As the transmission mode of Hepatitis B has been seen differently as the years pass (from blood transfusions to intravenous drug use and currently to homosexual activity among males), the question is raised as to the source and mode of transmission in these cases. The seroconversions that we detected overlapped in their stay at Cornwallis, for the most part. As we have no epidemiological data available we can only conjecture as to the answers. Living conditions, daily routines, opportunities for intimate contact, the possibility of drug experimentation, and many other questions arise. Perhaps there is an infection source within the base.

Published
1985

76. Visual Sensitivities and Discriminations and Their Roles in Aviation.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Regan,D, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Regan,D

Abstract

This report present four studies. (1) An individual's ability to discriminate small differences in orientation about 5% and 0.5 deg respectively contrasts with the coarse size and orientation selectivity of neurons in the visual cortex of the brain. We report evidence that these fine discriminations are achieved by means of opponent processing: size discrimination is determined by antagonism between neurons that are coarsely selective for size, and orientation discrimination is mediated by neurons that are coarsely selective for orientation. Opponent processing implies that the neurons that determine detection are not the neurons that determine fine discrimination: we have experimentally verified that prediction. (2) We have measured motion discrimination in pilots and attempted to predict flying performance in simulators and telemetry-tracked aircraft. Correlations between laboratory tests and flying performance were encouraging, and were much stronger than for simple visual sensitivities such as motion on contrast sensitivity. (3) Some objects are invisible unless they move relative to the background, for example, a grassy hillock viewed against grass in nap of the earth helicopter flight. We have compared human visual sensitivity to such objects, with sensitivity to conventional objects defined by brightness difference. Spatial summation area, and temporal summation area are much larger for motion-defined objects than for brightness-defined objects. (4) We report evidence that the Vector Analysis technique of mathematics may be relevant to the physiological study of visual cues in guided self-motion. Keywords: Vision; flying performance; spatial form vision; motion perception; size discrimination; camouflage; orientation; discrimination.

Published
1985

77. Borehole Tilt Measurements from Charlevoix, Quebec.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Peters,J A, Beaumont,C, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Peters,J A, and Beaumont,C

Abstract

An array of three borehole tiltmeters near Quebec City in Eastern Canada is designed to study the tidal and secular response of the crust in the Charlevoix seismic zone. The objectives of this first study of data from two boreholes of the array are to investigate the spatial coherency of the tidal observations and determine whether there are time variations in the tidal amplitudes and phases; and to explore the main features of the secular tilt signal. The tidal analysis was done using a modified version of the HYCON harmonic analysis program of Schuller (1977), with which the time varying tidal amplitudes and phases were determined by the sequential analysis of overlapping 2 monthly subsets of the data. The admittance variations observed for the major constituents (M, N2, S2K2, O1, P1S1K1) show remarkable agreement between boreholes, suggesting that they are regional in origin. Differences of up to 20% in amplitude and 5 degrees in phase were found between the mean M2 results determined from boreholes 1 and 2, indicating small-scale distortion of the local tilt field by lateral inhomogeneities. The secular tilt from both boreholes correlates strongly with transient and seasonal water table fluctuations, suggesting the dominant influence of pore pressure effects on the non-tidal tilt. A preliminary estimate of the detectability of long term regional trends in tilt is 0.4 microrad/yr. Originator-supplied keywords: Geophysics, Earth tides, Tiltmeters.

Published
1984

78. Infectious Hepatitis in Canadian Forces Personnel

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Embil,J A, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Embil,J A

Abstract

This study was established to study the prevalence of infectious Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) antibody (anti-HAV) in several groups of CF personnel in order to assist the Surgeon General in assessing the hazard of the disease and to indicate the effectiveness of conventional immune globulin administration for prevention of infection among personnel posted in areas of high risk. In additio;n, itd is expected that a vaccine for Hepatitis A will become available in the near future. The Surgeon General also requires guidance regarding the requirement for universal or selective immunization of personnel with this vaccine. A total of 4248 CF personnel aged 17-53 years were examined in the present study for presence of anti-Hepatitis A antibody. The groups examined were as follows: recruits from CFB Cornwallis (1851); recruits from CFB St. Jean (185); subjects stationed at CFS Alert (72); three separate groups of personnel posted in Cyprus (1379); personnel rotated through Golan Heights/Syria (438) and the crew of HMCS Margaree (251) during NATO '83 exercises. An overall rate of 23.6% for presence of anti-Hepatitis A antibody was observed.

Published
1985

79. Assessment and Development of Oculomotor Flying Skills by the Application of the Channel Theory of Vision.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Regan,D, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Regan,D

Abstract

Some camouflaged objects that cannot be seen when stationary are visible when moving. When visible, these objects are defined by motion contrast. In central vision the spatial receptive field area is 5 times larger and temporal integration time is 12 times longer for such objects than for objects defined by brightness contrast. Both object detection threshold and motion threshold vary logarithmically with eccentricity, the effect of eccentricity being less for larger targets. In contrast to the 100:1 increase in spatial summation area between 0 deg and 16 deg ecentricity, temporal summation changes by only 40%. Visual sensitivity to boundaries defined by chromatic contrast alone falls when the retinal image is stabilized. Temporal modulation is essential for boundary visibility, but these changes can be either whole-field flicker or motion of the whole field. Form detection involves channels tuned to narrow ranges of spatial frequency and orientations. But at the discrimination stage, orientation information is freely available across spatial frequencies and spatial frequency information is freely available across orientations. Airborne and laboratory tests of vision correlated with low-level bombing accuracy and with success in air-to-air combat using telemetry-tracked A-4 and F-14 jet aircraft. Either motion sensitivity or aspect recognition could explain pilots' ability to judge an adversary's change of heading. Keywords include: visual flying skills; visual training; visual assessment; visual simulation; vision; motion perception; eye-limb coordination; stereoscopic depth perception; and visual contrast sensitivity.

Published
1983

80. Assessment and Development of Oculomotor Flying Skills by the Application of the Channel Theory of Vision.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN SENSORY PSYCHOLOGY AND MEDICAL PHYSICS, Regan,D, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN SENSORY PSYCHOLOGY AND MEDICAL PHYSICS, and Regan,D

Abstract

Pilot's landing and formation flight performance on the ASPT simulator correlated with visual sensitivity to an expanding flow pattern and with depth tracking test errors. Aircraft flying grades correlated with flow pattern test results. As stimuli for motion in depth, either texture changes alone or changes in object size alone are effective, but the presence of static texture dramatically reduces the effectiveness of changes in object size. In contrast, to the traditional emphasis on static picture quality in visual simulation, this finding emphasizes the importance of dynamic parameters in simulation fidelity. In terms of monocular two-dimension simulation of motion in depth, our findings suggest that in many conditions the presence of texture reduces stimulus effectiveness, and at best the presence of texture adds little to the effectiveness of an untectured stimulus. Subjects cannot accurately locate the center of expansion of an expanding flow pattern in the presence of translational motion of the retinal image when there is no accompanying geometrical distortion. However, subjects are very sensitive to geometrical distortions of the retinal image, and can accurately judge the location of teh maximum rate of object magnification even in the presence of translational motion.

Published
1982

81. A Basis for Evoked Potential Assessment of Certain Visual Functions.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Regan,David, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), and Regan,David

Abstract

Evoked potential recording is a technique for recording electrical brain responses from scalp electrodes so as to assess human visual functions objectively. This report describes two evoked potential stimulators and methods for testing visual acuity and visual contrast sensitivity. These two electronic devices enable true contrast responses to be distinguished from responses to changes in local light intensity. This is achieved by dissociating the direction of contrast change from the direction of intensity change. The devices also allow different stimuli to be randomly interleaved under computer control. This procedure improves measurement accuracy by combining interleaving (to combat slow changes of the evoked potential with time) with signal averaging (to combat the unfavourable signal-to-noise ratio). Pattern and contrast evoked potentials are similar to those generated by the relatively inflexible optical technique, and the major EP component to pattern appearance is shown to be a true pattern response of the human visual pathway. (Author)

Published
1981

82. Dissecting the Visual and Auditory Pathways by Means of the Two-Input Technique

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Regan, D., Regan, M. P., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Regan, D., and Regan, M. P.

Abstract

We describe an evoked potential technique for identifying the nonlinear characteristics of specialized sensory neural mechanisms in the human brain. For example, subjects viewed a grating pattern modulated at F1 Hz superimposed on a second grating modulated at F2 Hz. The VEP consisted of about 20 discrete frequency components, each of less than 0.004 Hz bandwidth. Most would be destroyed by conventional averaging, but could be measured by a zoom-FFT technique that gives 25,000 resolvable bins over DC-100 Hz. We have developed a mathematical treatment such that the pattern of behavior among these VEP components ''fingerprints'' the nonlinear processing. We report orientation tuning bandwidths (20 deg) and the spatial frequency tuning of a phase-independent visual mechanism; strong interactions between responses to orthogonal orientations; and a possible EP means of investigating the auditory hair cell transducer characteristic. (js), This article is from 'Electric and Magnetic Activity of the Central Nervous System: Research and Clinical Applications in Aerospace Medicine' Held in Trondheim, Norway on 25-29 May 1987, AD-A195 265, p6-1-6-9.

Published
1988

83. Relation between VEP and Visual Function in Lesions of the Optic Nerve and Visual Pathway

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Regan, D., Neima, D., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA), Regan, D., and Neima, D.

Abstract

In everyday life, perhaps the most important aspect of vision is the ability to see and recognize objects. This ability is commonly assessed by procedures such as the Snellen test in which the patient reads smaller and smaller letters. The smaller the letters that can be accurately recognized, the better the patient's spatial vision is conventionally assumed to be. This assumption seems to be intuitively obvious, so that a 20/20 Snellen score has become a household word for clear and acute vision. Recently, however, it has grown clear that some patients retain a normal ability to see small objects while their ability to see larger objects is degraded. The claims of such a patient that his vision was weak or ''washed out'' in an eye with 20/20 acuity might once have been difficult to attribute to organic pathology since the symptoms are quite different from those associated with refractive disorders of vision. (js), This article is from 'Electric and Magnetic Activity of the Central Nervous System: Research and Clinical Applications in Aerospace Medicine' Held in Trondheim, Norway on 25-29 May 1987, AD-A195 265, p38-1-38-8.

Published
1988

84. Borehole Tilt Measurements at the Charlevoix Observatory, Quebec.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Peters,J, Beaumont,C, Boutilier,R, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Peters,J, Beaumont,C, and Boutilier,R

Abstract

An array of three Bodenseewerk Gbp10 borehole tiltmeters was established to measure tidal, transient and secular tilting of the Earth's surface in the Charlevoix region of Quebec. Two of the tiltmeters operate at a depth of 47m and the third at 110m. They are placed at the corners of a roughly equilateral triangle with side lengths of 70-90m. The Charlevoix region is an area of high intraplate seismic activity and the location of the tiltmeter array is primarily designed to investigate the relationship between earthquake activity, the tectonic stress that induces it, and the tilting of the Earth's surface. Tilt observation for about 1 year from each of the 47m boreholes were analyzed. The results show that: (1) the long period (secular) tilt is strongly correlated with the piezometric pressure measured in the nearby water wells; (2) there are tilt step offsets at the time of local earthquakes but these are probably a site effect; (3) the mean M2 and O1 load tide admittances are in reasonably good agreement with the predictions of a model of loading by the marine tides in the nearby St. Lawrence estuary; and (4)the observations show significant variations in tidal admittance with time but it is not known whether these merely reflect time changes in the marine tide admittance or whether the solid earth response to tidal forces is changing.

Published
1983

85. The Spatial Selectivity of the Tilt Aftereffect.

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY, Ware ,Colin, Mitchell,Donald E., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY, Ware ,Colin, and Mitchell,Donald E.

Published
1973

87. Radioprotective Thiazolidines

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) COLL OF PHARMACY, Farmer,P. S., Leung,C. C., Foreman,P. J., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) COLL OF PHARMACY, Farmer,P. S., Leung,C. C., and Foreman,P. J.

Abstract

The objective of the research has been to develop a series of latentiated radiation protectives with the hope of producing one or more agents which may be of practical use in man.

Published
1971

88. Gas Phase Reactions of Fluorine Atoms

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY, Pollock,Thomas Long, Jones,William Ernest, DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY, Pollock,Thomas Long, and Jones,William Ernest

Abstract

The rate of reaction of F atoms with a series of compounds, CH4, CH3F, CH2F2, CHF3, CHClF2, HCl, CBrF3, NH3, and PH3 has been determined relative to the chemiluminescent reaction F + NO + Ar to FNO* + Ar to FNO + Ar + hv by photometry. The fluorine atoms were produced in a flow system from the fluid mixing of molecular fluorine and nitric oxide diluted with argon. (Author)

Published
1972

89. Flash Photolytic Production of the FCO Radical in the Gas Phase

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY, Wang,D. K. W., Jones,W. E., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY, Wang,D. K. W., and Jones,W. E.

Abstract

The FCO radical has been produced by flash photolysis of a mixture of N2F4, CO and N2. The absorption spectrum of FCO exists for approximately 50 microsec after the photolysis flash. The spectrum has an extensive series of bands between 2200 and 3400 A. The principal progression appears to have a spacing of approximately 650/cm. A possible reaction mechanism for the production of FCO is proposed. (Author)

Published
1972

90. Pseudocholinesterases of Mammalian Plasma: Physicochemical Properties and Organophosphate Inhibition in Eleven Species

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY, Ecobichon,D. J., Comeau,A. M., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY, Ecobichon,D. J., and Comeau,A. M.

Abstract

The electrophoretic patterns, optimum pH, substrate specificity, Km values, rates of substrate hydrolysis and sensitivity to inhibition by (DFP) Disopropylfluorophosphate, paraoxon and (DDVP) dichlorvos were compared for the plasma pseudocholinesterases of the horse, man, mouse, guinea pig, dog, cat, rat, rabbit, swine, goat and hamster. The molecular heterogeneity of these enzymes was established. There were no significant differences in activity between sexes of the same species, except in the rat where the female had 4- to 10-fold higher activity than the male. Data presented as I50 values for the anticholinesterases showed that DFP was the most potent, paraoxon and DDVP being 10-fold and 100-fold less potent, respectively. With the exception of the rabbit, goat, hamster and swine, which were very resistant to DFP the inhibitor I50 values were quite similar despite the marked species variations in enzyme activity and specificity. (Author)

Published
1972

91. Characterization of the Esterases of Canine Serum

Author

DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY, Ecobichon,D. J., DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA) DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY, and Ecobichon,D. J.

Abstract

Various techniques including electrophoresis, gel filtration, and titrimetric and spectrophotometric analysis with specific and nonspecific substrates and inhibitors were used to characterize the serum esterases of male and female dogs. Electrophoresis in starch gel yielded 10 distinct bands of activity: four butyrylcholinesterase bands, an esterolytically active albumin, and five bands of aliesterase and/or arylesterase activity. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 yielded two distinct peaks of activity, one containing the cholinesterase bands, and the second peak containing both arylesterase and aliesterase activity in close association with the serum albumin. Kinetic characteristics determined for the canine serum esterases included (1) optimal pH; (2) Km values for esters of choline, alpha-naphthol, and p-nitrophenol; and (3) average rates of hydrolysis of alpha-naphthyl acetate, butyrylcholine iodide, p-nitrophenyl acetate, and E600 by the sera of males and females. The sensitivity of the serum esterases to inhibition by various cations, and specific and nonspecific inhibitors was investigated. The organophosphate, E600, may be a highly specific substrate for the detection and quantification of arylesterase in a mixture of nonspecific carboxylesterases. (Author)

Published
1970

100. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

Author

Iurilli, Maria L. C., Zhou, Bin, Bennett, James E., Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Sophiea, Marisa K., Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Solomon, Bethlehem D., Taddei, Cristina, Danaei, Goodarz, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Stevens, Gretchen A., Riley, Leanne M., Savin, Stefan, Cowan, Melanie J., Bovet, Pascal, Damasceno, Albertino, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Hayes, Alison J., Ikeda, Nayu, Jackson, Rod T., Khang, Young-Ho, Laxmaiah, Avula, Liu, Jing, Miranda, J. Jaime, Saidi, Olfa, Sebert, Sylvain, Soric, Maroje, Starc, Gregor, Gregg, Edward W., Abarca-Gomez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A., Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul, Rahim, Hanan F. Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Garba, Jamila Abubakar, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J., Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Afzal, Shoaib, Agdeppa, Imelda A., Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmed, Soheir H., Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M., Al-Lahou, Badreya, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Ali, Mohamed M., Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allin, Kristine, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N., Amiri, Parisa, Amougou, Norbert, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A., Angquist, Lars, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araujo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E., Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K., Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K., Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F., Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdicova, Maria, Avi, Shina, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha, Jorgensen, Maja Boksgaard, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L., Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, Jose R., Baran, Joanna, Barbagallo, Carlo M., Barcelo, Alberto, Barkat, Amina, Barros, Aluisio Jd, Gomes Barros, Mauro Virgilio, Basit, Abdul, Bastos, Joao Luiz D., Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M., Batista, Rosangela L., Battakova, Zhamilya, Batyrbek, Assembekov, Baur, Louise A., Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Bergh, Ingunn Holden, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Bettiol, Heloisa, Bezerra, Jorge, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Bia, Daniel, Lele, Elysee Claude Bika, Bikbov, Mukharram M., Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J., Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B., Bjorkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M., Boehm, Bernhard O., Boeing, Heiner, Boggia, Jose G., Bogova, Elena, Boissonnet, Carlos P., Bojesen, Stig E., Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bonilla-Vargas, Alice, Bopp, Matthias, Borghs, Herman, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn C. E., Brajkovich, Imperia, Branca, Francesco, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, Joao, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M., Brian, Garry R., Brinduse, Lacramioara, Brophy, Sinead, Bruno, Graziella, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, Cabrera de Leon, Antonio, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, Jose, Can, Gunay, Candido, Ana Paula C., Canete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario, Capkova, Nadezda, Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardol, Marloes, Cardoso, Viviane C., Carlsson, Axel C., Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Joana, Casajus, Jose A., Casanueva, Felipe F., Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin, Cesar, Juraci A., Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique W., Chan, Queenie, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K., Chaturvedi, Nish, Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul, Chee, Miao Li, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G. [UNESP], Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Claessens, Frank, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Cohen, Emmanuel, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C., Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C., Corpeleijn, Eva, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L., Crampin, Amelia C., Crujeiras, Ana B., Csilla, Semanova, Cucu, Alexandra M., Cui, Liufu, Cureau, Felipe, Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ewelina, D'Arrigo, Graziella, D'Orsi, Eleonora, Dacica, Liliana, Dal Re Saavedra, Maria Angeles, Dallongeville, Jean, Damsgaard, Camilla T., Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M., Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, Gaetano, Giovanni de, De Henauw, Stefaan, Oliveira, Paula Duarte de, De Ridder, David, De Ridder, Karin, Rooij, Susanne R. de, De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D., DeGennaro, Vincent, Dehghan, Abbas, Delisle, Helene, Delpeuch, Francis, Demarest, Stefaan, Dennison, Elaine, Deren, Katarzyna, Deschamps, Valerie, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F., Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Diaz-Sanchez, Maria Elena, Diaz, Alejandro, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Djordjic, Visnja, Do, Ha T. P., Dobson, Annette J., Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Donoso, Silvana P., Doring, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, Doua, Kouamelan, Dragano, Nico, Drygas, Wojciech, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine A., Duboz, Priscilla, Duda, Rosemary B., Duleva, Vesselka, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dumith, Samuel C., Dushpanova, Anar, Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Eddie, Ricky, Eftekhar, Ebrahim, Egbagbe, Eruke E., Eggertsen, Robert, Eghtesad, Sareh, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El-Khateeb, Mohammad, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Eliasen, Marie, Elliott, Paul, Engle-Stone, Reina, Enguerran, Macia, Erasmus, Rajiv T., Erbel, Raimund, Erem, Cihangir, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G., Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge, Eslami, Saeid, Esmaeili, Ali, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fakhretdinova, Albina A., Fall, Caroline H., Faramarzi, Elnaz, Farjam, Mojtaba, Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Mohammad Reza, Fawwad, Asher, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J., Ferguson, Trevor S., Fernandes, Romulo A. [UNESP], Fernandez-Berges, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrao, Thomas, Ferrari, Marika, Ferrario, Marco M., Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferrer, Eldridge, Ferrieres, Jean, Figueiro, Thamara Hubler, Fijalkowska, Anna, Fink, Gunther, Fischer, Krista, Foo, Leng Huat, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M., Francis, Damian K., Franco, Maria do Carmo, Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth, Frontera, Guillermo, Fuchs, Flavio D., Fuchs, Sandra C., Fujiati, Isti I., Fujita, Yuki, Fumihiko, Matsuda, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Galenkamp, Henrike, Galeone, Daniela, Galfo, Myriam, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, Garcia-Solano, Marta, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P., Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Araujo Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar, Gaya, Anelise Reis, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Gehring, Ulrike, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gill, Tiffany K., Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Gkiouras, Konstantinos, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldberg, Marcel, Goldsmith, Rebecca A., Goltzman, David, Gomez, Santiago F., Gomula, Aleksandra, Cordeiro da Silva, Bruna Goncalves, Goncalves, Helen, Gonzalez-Chica, David A., Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, Gonzalez-Leon, Margot, Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P., Gonzalez-Villalpando, Clicerio, Gonzalez-Villalpando, Maria-Elena, Gonzalez, Angel R., Gottrand, Frederic, Graca, Antonio Pedro, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, Dusan, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G., Gregor, Ronald D., Grodzicki, Tomasz, Groholt, Else Karin, Grontved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Guallar-Castillon, Pilar, Gualtieri, Andrea, Gudmundsson, Elias F., Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L., Gulliford, Martin C., Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc J., Guo, Xiu-Hua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C., Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurzkowska, Beata, Gutierrez-Gonzalez, Enrique, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Ha, Seongjun, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A., Haghshenas, Rosa, Hakimi, Hamid, Halkjaer, Jytte, Hambleton, Ian R., Hamzeh, Behrooz, Hange, Dominique, Hanif, Abu A. M., Hantunen, Sari, Hao, Jie, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, He, Jiang, He, Yuan, He, Yuna, Heidinger-Felso, Regina, Heinen, Mirjam, Hejgaard, Tatjana, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henrique, Rafael dos Santos, Henriques, Ana, Hernandez Cadena, Leticia, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera, Victor M., Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Heshmat, Ramin, Hill, Allan G., Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C., Hobbs, Michael, Holdsworth, Michelle, Homayounfar, Reza, Homs, Clara, Hopman, Wilma M., Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R., Hormiga, Claudia M., Horta, Bernardo L., Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Thein Thein Htay, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, Jose Maria, Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Huiart, Laetitia, Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac, Huisman, Martijn, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huu, Chinh Nguyen, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Ibarluzea, Jesus M., Ibrahim, Mohsen M., Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim, Ikram, M. Arfan, Iotova, Violeta, Irazola, Vilma E., Ishida, Takafumi, Islam, Muhammad, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jacobs, Jeremy M., Jaddou, Hashem Y., Jafar, Tazeen, James, Kenneth, Jamil, Kazi M., Jamrozik, Konrad, Janszky, Imre, Janus, Edward, Jarani, Juel, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jelakovic, Ana, Jelakovic, Bojan, Jennings, Garry, Jha, Anjani Kumar, Jiang, Chao Qiang, Jimenez, Ramon O., Jockel, Karl-Heinz, Joffres, Michel, Johansson, Mattias, Jokelainen, Jari J., Jonas, Jost B., Jonnagaddala, Jitendra, Jorgensen, Torben, Joshi, Pradeep, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jovic, Dragana P., Jozwiak, Jacek J., Juolevi, Anne, Jurak, Gregor, Simina, Iulia Jurca, Juresa, Vesna, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kaducu, Felix O., Kafatos, Anthony, Kajantie, Eero O., Kalmatayeva, Zhanna, Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kameli, Yves, Kampmann, Freja B., Kanala, Kodanda R., Kannan, Srinivasan, Kapantais, Efthymios, Karakosta, Argyro, Karhus, Line L., Karki, Khem B., Katibeh, Marzieh, Katz, Joanne, Katzmarzyk, Peter T., Kauhanen, Jussi, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M., Keil, Ulrich, Boker, Lital Keinan, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Kelishadi, Roya, Kelleher, Cecily, Kemper, Han C. G., Kengne, Andre P., Keramati, Maryam, Kerimkulova, Alina, Kersting, Mathilde, Key, Timothy, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalili, Davood, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Kheiri, Bahareh, Kheradmand, Motahareh, Khosravi, Alireza, Khouw, Ilse M. S. L., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula, Kiechl, Stefan, Killewo, Japhet, Kim, Dong Wook, Kim, Hyeon Chang, Kim, Jeongseon, Kindblom, Jenny M., Klakk, Heidi, Klimek, Magdalena, Klimont, Jeannette, Klumbiene, Jurate, Knoflach, Michael, Koirala, Bhawesh, Kolle, Elin, Kolsteren, Patrick, Konig, Jurgen, Korpelainen, Raija, Korrovits, Paul, Korzycka, Magdalena, Kos, Jelena, Koskinen, Seppo, Kouda, Katsuyasu, Kovacs, Viktoria A., Kowlessur, Sudhir, Koziel, Slawomir, Kratenova, Jana, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kriemler, Susi, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Krokstad, Steiner, Kromhout, Daan, Kruger, Herculina S., Kubinova, Ruzena, Kuciene, Renata, Kujala, Urho M., Kujundzic, Enisa, Kulaga, Zbigniew, Kumar, R. Krishna, Kunesova, Marie, Kurjata, Pawel, Kusuma, Yadlapalli S., Kuulasmaa, Kari, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Quang Ngoc La, Laamiri, Fatima Zahra, Laatikainen, Tiina, Lachat, Carl, Laid, Youcef, Lam, Tai Hing, Lambrinou, Christina-Paulina, Landais, Edwige, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Larijani, Bagher, Latt, Tint Swe, Lauria, Laura, Lazo-Porras, Maria, Le Coroller, Gwenaelle, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Le Port, Agnes, Le, Tuyen D., Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lee, Paul H., Lehmann, Nils, Lehtimaki, Terho, Lemogoum, Daniel, Levitt, Naomi S., Li, Yanping, Liivak, Merike, Lilly, Christa L., Lim, Wei-Yen, Lima-Costa, M. 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Univ, Kyushu Univ, Univ Bergen, Tulane Univ, Natl Res Inst Hlth & Family Planning, Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Univ Pecs, Danish Hlth Author, Joep Lange Inst, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Oulu Univ Hosp, Univ Autonoma Bucaramanga, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Chron Dis Res Ctr, Univ Hong Kong, Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Univ Western Australia, Kingston Hlth Sci Ctr, Fdn Oftalmol Santander, Univ Oran 1, Nay Pyi Taw, Minist Hlth & Sports, Peking Univ, Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, Amer Univ Beirut, Cairo Univ, Erasmus MC, Med Univ Varna, Univ Tokyo, Deakin Univ, Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Gerontol, Hadassah Univ Med Ctr, Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Univ Melbourne, Sports Univ Tirana, Univ Hosp Ctr Zagreb, Heart Fdn, Guangzhou 12th Hosp, Univ Eugenio Maria Hostos, Simon Fraser Univ, Inst Mol & Clin Ophthalmol Basel, Univ New South Wales, World Hlth Org Country Off, Guilan Univ Med Sci, Univ Opole, Finnish Inst Hlth & Welf, Gulu Univ, Univ Crete, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst Med Sci & Technol, Hellen Med Assoc Obes, Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Aarhus Univ, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Natl Inst Epidemiol, Univ Munster, Israel Ctr Dis Control, Res Inst Primordial Prevent Noncommunicable Dis, Amsterdam UMC Publ Hlth Res Inst, South African Med Res Council, Kyrgyz State Med Acad, Res Inst Child Nutr, Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Univ Cambridge, Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Hypertens Res Ctr, Med Univ Innsbruck, Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Yonsei Univ, Natl Canc Ctr, Univ Coll South Denmark, Stat Austria, BP Koirala Inst Hlth Sci, Univ Vienna, Tartu Univ Clin, Kansai Med Univ, Hungarian Sch Sport Federat, Minist Hlth & Qual Life, Univ Hosp Ulm, North West Univ, Univ Jyvaskyla, Amrita Inst Med Sci, Inst Endocrinol, All India Inst Med Sci, African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Hanoi Univ Publ Hlth, Hassan First Univ Settat, Harokopio Univ, Sahlgrens Acad, Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr, Univ Publ Hlth, Int Food Policy Res Inst, Natl Univ Singapore, Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Tampere Univ Hosp, Univ Douala, Univ Cape Town, Natl Inst Hlth Dev, West Virginia Univ, Oswaldo Cruz Fdn Rene Rachou Res Inst, Natl Taiwan Univ, Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Uppsala Univ, Taipei Med Univ, Sports Med Ctr Minho, Univ San Martin Porres, Consejeria Sanidad Junta Castilla & Leon, Univ Fed Ciencias Saude Porto Alegre, Norrbotten Cty Council, Ilembula Lutheran Hosp, Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Univ Hosp Ctr, Inst Neurosci Natl Res Council, Baker Heart & Diabet Inst, Agr Univ Athens, Hosp Israelita Albert Einstein, SB RAS Fed Res Ctr Inst Cytol & Genet, Univ Otago, Univ Padua, Hellen Mediterranean Univ, Loughborough Univ, Lausanne Univ Hosp, Escola Nacl Saude Publ Sergio Arouca, CIBERCV, Mary Immaculate Coll, Emory Univ, Hungarian Soc Sports Med, Paracelsus Med Univ, Univ Estadual Centro Oeste, Sherikashmir Inst Med Sci, UiT Arctic Univ Norway, ICMR Natl Ctr Dis Informat & Res, Cape Peninsula Univ Technol, Brown Univ, London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Univ Edinburgh, Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, Robert Koch Inst, Univ Lisbon, Womens Social & Hlth Studies Fdn, Democritus Univ, Grigore T Popa Univ Med & Pharm, Univ Firenze, Ain Shams Univ, Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Univ Strasbourg, Mulago Hosp, Univ San Carlos, Univ Limpopo, Univ Med Sci Cienfuegos, Royal Coll Surgeons Ireland, Trobe Univ, Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Inst Conmemorat Gorgas Estudios Salud, Dept Publ Hlth, Univ Brescia, Minist Hlth & Social Protect, Univ Limerick, Croatian Inst Publ Hlth, Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bushehr Univ Med Sci, Ulm Univ, Dept Stat, Kobe Univ, Suraj Eye Inst, UNICEF, Univ Med Greifswald, Natl Inst Hyg & Epidemiol, Univ Med & Pharm Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi Med Univ, LifeDoc Hlth, Heartfile, Eastern Mediterranean Publ Hlth Network, Univ Manchester, State Univ Med & Pharm, Tachikawa Gen Hosp, Korea Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Japan Wildlife Res Ctr, Istanbul Univ, Univ Fed Parana, Univ Madeira, Univ Puerto Rico, Ctr Clin Res & Prevent, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiol Unit, Kwame Nkrumah Univ Sci & Technol, UniSante, Inst Canc Res, Univ Wisconsin, Heidelberg Univ, IRCCS Ente Osped Specializzato Gastroenterol S de, Zayed Univ, Catholic Univ Daegu, Univ Med Pharm Sci & Technol Targu Mures, Jivandeep Hosp, Natl Dent Care Ctr Singapore, Univ Malaga, Univ Hosp Varese, Vietnam Natl Heart Inst, Clin Med Avanzada Dr Abel Gonzalez, Leibniz Inst Prevent Res & Epidemiol BIPS, Univ Sarajevo, Cardiovasc Prevent Ctr Udine, Pisa Univ Hosp, Publ Hlth Agcy Catalonia, Inst Hosp del Mar Invest Med, Ardabil Univ Med Sci, Ctr Dis Prevent & Control, Alborz Univ Med Sci, Pure Earth, Inst Epidemiol Dis Control & Res, Univ Turku, Inst Univ Invest Atenc Primaria Jordi Gol, Univ Putra Malaysia, Univ Malaya, Sotiria Hosp, Univ Valencia, Univ Philippines, Slovak Acad Sci, Nutr Res Fdn, Minas Gerais State Secretariat Hlth, CS S Agustin Ibsalut, Amsterdam Inst Global Hlth & Dev, Natl Inst Hlth Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Univ Nove Julho, Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Canarian Hlth Serv, Univ Ind Santander, Assoc Calabrese Epatol, Univ Minho, Fiji Natl Univ, Spanish Nutr Fdn, Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Inst Food Sci Natl Res Council, Sitaram Bhartia Inst Sci & Res, Kindergarten Avlonari, Natl Inst Hlth, Catalan Dept Hlth, Biodonostia Hlth Res Inst, Inst Saude Ambiental, South Karelia Social & Hlth Care Dist, McMaster Univ, Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Rigshosp, Acad Med Ctr Univ Amsterdam, Ctr Oral Hlth Serv & Res Midnorway, Lagos State Univ, Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Comenius Univ, Natl Ctr Dis Control & Publ Hlth, Nippon Med Sch, Sungkyunkwan Univ, Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Publ Hlth Promot & Dev Org, St Vincents Hosp, Nes Municipal, Hlth Polytech Jakarta II Inst, Diponegoro Univ, Univ Bari, Inst Reg Sante Publ, Univ Bordeaux, Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Univ Leuven, Lamprecht & Stamm Sozialforsch & Beratung AG, Univ Bonn, Kalina Malina Kindergarten, Jikei Univ, Fu Jen Catholic Univ, Natl Stat Off, Natl Inst Publ Hlth Natl Inst Hyg, Sci Res Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Univ Lincoln, Cent Univ Kerala, Amsterdam Publ Hlth Res Inst, Hlth Serv Murcia, Inst Invest Sanitaria Illes Balears, Univ Bologna, Hellen Hlth Fdn, Govt Med Coll, Sefako Makgatho Hlth Sci Univ, Addis Ababa Univ, Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Meharry Med Coll, Dokuz Eylul Univ, Univ Tampere, Sabiha Gokcen Ilkokulu, Polytech Inst Porto, Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Univ CEU San Pablo, Univ Miguel Hernandez, Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Sunflower Nursery Sch, North Karelia Ctr Publ Hlth, Univ Witwatersrand, Med Univ Vienna, Cork Inst Technol, Inst Med Res, Xinjiang Med Univ, Shanghai Educ Dev Co Ltd, Rebro Univ, St Georges Univ London, Univ Indonesia, Minist Agr & Rural Affairs, Fudan Univ, Univ Cyprus, Niigata Univ, Int Med Univ, Iran Univ Med Sci, Ctr Diabet & Endocrine Care, Peking Univ First Hosp, Jiangsu Prov Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Sun Yat Sen Univ, West Kazakhstan Med Univ, Inner Mongolia Med Univ, and Przedszkole 81

Subjects
Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics, Science & Technology, AUSTRALIAN ADULTS, CHINESE ADULTS, nutritional and metabolic diseases, MALNUTRITION, TRENDS, DOUBLE BURDEN, PREVALENCE, POOLED ANALYSIS, US ADULTS, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, HEALTH, sense organs, skin and connective tissue diseases, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Biology
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:08:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-09 Wellcome Trust From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions. 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State Of Palest, Israel Usmanu Danfodiyo Univ Teaching Hosp, Sokoto, Nigeria Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico Flinders Univ S Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia Mahidol Univ, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand BRAC James P Grant Sch Publ Hlth, Dhaka, Bangladesh Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Copenhagen, Denmark Food & Nutr Res Inst, Taguig, Philippines Urmia Univ Med Sci, Orumiyeh, Iran Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nut, Mexico City, DF, Mexico Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Shahrekord Univ Med Sci, Shahrekord, Iran Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran Univ Oslo, Oslo, Norway Univ Bremen, Bremen, Germany Republican Ctr Hlth Promot, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Natl Ctr Diabet Endocrinol & Genet, Amman, Jordan Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Kuwait Inst Sci Res, Kuwait, Kuwait King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Dasman Diabet Inst, Kuwait, Kuwait Luxembourg Inst Hlth, Strassen, Luxembourg Aldara Hosp & Med Ctr, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia King Abdullah Int Med Res Ctr, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hosp, Copenhagen, Denmark Barcelona Inst Global Hlth CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain World Hlth Org Reg Off Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Bombay Hosp & Med Res Ctr, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Res Ctr Social Determinants Hlth, Tehran, Iran UMR CNRS MNHN 7206 Ecoanthropologie, Paris, France Univ Lille, Lille, France Lille Univ Hosp, Lille, France Western Norway Univ Appl Sci, Sogndal, Norway Norwegian Sch Sport Sci, Oslo, Norway Madras Diabet Res Fdn, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Zahedan Univ Med Sci, Zahedan, Iran Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Tunis, Tunisia Univ Porto, Inst Publ Hlth, Porto, Portugal Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Abt Associates Inc, Kathmandu, Nepal Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Univ Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil Univ Med 1, Yangon, Myanmar Banska Bystrica Reg Author Publ Hlth, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia Tel Aviv Univ, Tel Aviv, Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Univ Porto, Med Sch, Porto, Portugal Neyshabur Univ Med Sci, Neyshabur, Iran Res Inst Endocrine Sci, Tehran, Iran Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi, India Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Copenhagen, Denmark Univ Sci & Technol, Sanaa, Yemen Med Univ Lodz, Lodz, Poland Med Univ Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland Univ Autonoma Madrid CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain Univ Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland Univ Palermo, Palermo, Italy Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC USA Mohammed V Univ Rabat, Rabat, Morocco Univ Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil Baqai Inst Diabetol & Endocrinol, Karachi, Pakistan Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Irbid, Jordan Univ Fed Maranhao, Sao Luis, Brazil Farabi Kazakh Natl Univ, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan Univ Coll Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Fed Minist Social Affairs Hlth Care & Consumer Pr, Vienna, Austria Cafam Univ Fdn, Bogota, Colombia Kazakh Natl Med Univ, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil BJ Med Coll, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India Chirayu Med Coll, New Delhi, India Sunder Lal Jain Hosp, Delhi, India Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada Shandong Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Jinan, Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Med, Shanghai, Peoples R China Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay Inst Med Res & Med Plant Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon Ufa Eye Res Inst, Ufa, Russia Nepal Hlth Res Council, Kathmandu, Nepal Univ Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro Univ Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bilthoven, Netherlands Univ Turin, Turin, Italy UCL, London, England Liverpool John Moores Univ, Liverpool, Merseyside, England Nanyang Technol Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore German Inst Human Nutr, Potsdam, Germany Endocrinol Res Ctr, Moscow, Russia Ctr Educ Med & Invest Clin, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy Toulouse Univ, Sch Med, Toulouse, France Univ Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Univ Hosp KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Flemish Agcy Care & Hlth, Brussels, Belgium Univ Ghent, Ghent, Belgium FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands Univ Cent Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Bielefeld Univ, Bielefeld, Germany World Hlth Org Reg Off Europe, Moscow, Russia German Canc Res Ctr, Heidelberg, Germany Fred Hollows Fdn, Auckland, New Zealand Univ Med & Pharm Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Swansea Univ, Swansea, W Glam, Wales Univ Coll Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Inst Publ Hlth, Tirana, Albania Munster Technol Univ, Cork, Ireland Univ La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Univ Malta, Msida, Malta Vanderbilt Univ, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA Minist Hlth, Tongatapu, Tonga Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Res Inst, Ottawa, ON, Canada Hosp Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal Istanbul Univ Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey Univ Fed Juiz de Fora, Juiz De Fora, Brazil Minist Publ Hlth, Asuncion, Paraguay Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic Gaetano Fucito Hosp, Mercato San Severino, Italy Univ Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Karolinska Inst, Huddinge, Sweden Ctr Estudios Nutr Infantil, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Porto, Porto, Portugal Univ Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Santiago de Compostela Univ, Santiago De Compostela, Spain Minist Hlth, Ankara, Turkey Council Agr Res & Econ, Rome, Italy Fed Univ Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil India Diabet Res Fdn, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Duke NUS Med Sch, Singapore, Singapore ICMR Natl Inst Med Stat, New Delhi, India Singapore Eye Res Inst, Singapore, Singapore Acad Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Capital Inst Pediat, Beijing, Peoples R China Duke Univ, Durham, NH USA Kailuan Gen Hosp, Tangshan, Peoples R China Univ Oxford, Oxford, England Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Ahvaz, Iran Gertner Inst Epidemiol & Hlth Policy Res, Ramat Gan, Israel Natl Ctr Publ Hlth & Anal, Sofia, Bulgaria Univ Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Minist Hlth & Welf, Taipei, Taiwan CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Murcia, Spain Univ Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Univ Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil Med Univ Silesia, Katowice, Poland Charles Univ Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Primary Hlth Care, Floriana, Malta Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Bucharest, Romania Katholieke Univ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium STAT Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada UMR CNRS MNHN 7206 Ecoanthropol, Marseille, France Agcy Prevent & Social Med, Bregenz, Austria Univ Southampton, Southampton, Hants, England Inst Pasteur, Lille, France Malawi Epidemiol & Intervent Res Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain Univ Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary Univ Med & Pharm Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil CNR, Reggio Di Calabria, Italy Eftimie Murgu Univ Resita, Resita, Romania Spanish Agcy Food Safety & Nutr, Madrid, Spain Indian Stat Inst, Kolkata, India Tabriz Hlth Serv Management Res Ctr, Tabriz, Iran Geneva Univ Hosp, Geneva, Switzerland Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Natl Res Ctr Prevent Med, Moscow, Russia Innovating Hlth Int, Port Au Prince, Haiti Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada French Natl Res Inst Sustainable Dev, Montpellier, France French Publ Hlth Agcy, St Maurice, France Mediterranea Cardioctr, Naples, Italy Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Sao Leopoldo, Brazil Natl Inst Hyg Epidemiol & Microbiol, Havana, Cuba Natl Council Sci & Tech Res, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Tehran, Iran Univ Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia Natl Inst Nutr, Hanoi, Vietnam Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Ist Super Sanita, Rome, Italy Univ Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich, Germany Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran Minist Sante & Hyg Publ, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire Univ Hosp Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany Natl Inst Cardiol, Warsaw, Poland Beijing Ctr Dis Prevent & Control, Beijing, Peoples R China UMI 3189 ESS, Marseille, France Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA Scuola Super Sant Anna, Pisa, Italy Univ Latvia, Riga, Latvia Minist Hlth & Med Serv, Gizo, Solomon Islands Hormozgan Univ Med Sci, Bandar Abbas, Iran Univ Benin, Benin, Nigeria Univ Skovde, Skovde, Sweden Natl Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Tunis, Tunisia Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA Univ Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa Univ Duisburg Essen, Duisburg, Germany Karadeniz Tech Univ, Trabzon, Turkey Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Mashhad Univ Med Sci, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci, Rafsanjan, Iran Queens Univ Belfast, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Tabriz, Iran Fasa Univ Med Sci, Fasa, Iran Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Shiraz, Iran Baqai Med Univ, Karachi, Pakistan Ctr Salud Villanueva Norte, Badajoz, Spain Hosp Don Benito Villanueva Serena, Badajoz, Spain Minist Hlth, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile Inst Mother & Child Hlth, Warsaw, Poland Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Basel, Switzerland Univ Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Univ Sains Malaysia, Kota Baharu, Kelantan, Malaysia Umea Univ, Umea, Sweden Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Hosp Univ Son Espases, Palma De Mallorca, Spain Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Univ Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia Kindai Univ, Osaka, Japan Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan Med Univ Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Jagiellonian Univ, Med Coll, Krakow, Poland Minist Salute DG Prevenz Sanit, Rome, Italy Univ Catania, Catania, Italy CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Alicante, Spain Africa Hlth Res Inst, Mtubatuba, South Africa Univ Geneva, Med Sch, Geneva, Switzerland CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Barcelona, Spain Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands Wageningen Univ, Wageningen, Netherlands Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia Lund Univ, Lund, Sweden Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Inst Natl Sante & Rech Med, Villejuif, France Minist Hlth, Jerusalem, Israel McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada Gasol Fdn, Barcelona, Spain PASs Hirszfeld Inst Immunol & Expt Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland Univ Politecn Madrid, Madrid, Spain St Annes Univ Hosp, Brno, Czech Republic Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico Ctr Estudios Diabet AC, Mexico City, DF, Mexico Univ Autonoma Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep Minist Hlth, Lisbon, Portugal Inst Clin & Expt Med, Prague, Czech Republic Childrens Mem Hlth Inst, Warsaw, Poland Natl Ctr Cardiovasc Dis, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy Author Sanitaria San Marino, San Marino, CA USA Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur, Iceland Univ Icesi, Cali, Colombia Univ Estadual Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil Kings Coll London, London, England Int Agcy Res Canc, Lyon, France Capital Med Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China Capital Med Univ, Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China Healis Sekhsaria Inst Publ Hlth, Navi Mumbai, India Eternal Heart Care Ctr & Res Inst, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Univ Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Natl Hlth Insurance Serv, Wonju, South Korea Prevent Metab Disorders Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran Res & Educ Inst Child Hlth, Nicosia, Cyprus Danish Canc Soc Res Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark Univ West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Kermanshah, Iran Univ Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Beijing Inst Ophthalmol, Beijing, Peoples R China Int Hellen Univ, Thessaloniki, Greece Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka, Japan Univ Bergen, Bergen, Norway Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA USA Natl Res Inst Hlth & Family Planning, Beijing, Peoples R China Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Pecs, Pecs, Hungary Danish Hlth Author, Copenhagen, Denmark Joep Lange Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Fed Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil Oulu Univ Hosp, Oulu, Finland Univ Autonoma Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Zurich, Switzerland Chron Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia Kingston Hlth Sci Ctr, Kingston, ON, Canada Fdn Oftalmol Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia Univ Oran 1, Oran, Algeria Nay Pyi Taw, Independent Publ Hlth Specialist, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Minist Hlth & Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Peking Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Bucharest, Romania Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, Amsterdam, Netherlands Amer Univ Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, San Sebastian, Spain Cairo Univ, Cairo, Egypt Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands Med Univ Varna, Varna, Bulgaria Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Deakin Univ, Geelong, Vic, Australia Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Gerontol, Tokyo, Japan Hadassah Univ Med Ctr, Jerusalem, Israel Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Sports Univ Tirana, Tirana, Albania Univ Hosp Ctr Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb, Croatia Heart Fdn, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Guangzhou 12th Hosp, Guangzhou, Peoples R China Univ Eugenio Maria Hostos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC, Canada Inst Mol & Clin Ophthalmol Basel, Basel, Switzerland Univ New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia World Hlth Org Country Off, Delhi, India Guilan Univ Med Sci, Rasht, Iran Inst Publ Hlth, Belgrade, Serbia Univ Opole, Opole, Poland Finnish Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland Gulu Univ, Gulu, Uganda Univ Crete, Iraklion, Greece Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst Med Sci & Technol, Trivandrum, Kerala, India Hellen Med Assoc Obes, Athens, Greece Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Athens, Greece Maharajgunj Med Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal Aarhus Univ, Aarhus, Denmark Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA USA Natl Inst Epidemiol, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Univ Munster, Munster, Germany Israel Ctr Dis Control, Ramat Gan, Israel Res Inst Primordial Prevent Noncommunicable Dis, Esfahan, Iran Amsterdam UMC Publ Hlth Res Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands South African Med Res Council, Cape Town, South Africa Kyrgyz State Med Acad, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Res Inst Child Nutr, Dortmund, Germany Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Tehran, Iran Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, England Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Sari, Iran Hypertens Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran Med Univ Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea Natl Canc Ctr, Goyang Si, South Korea Univ Coll South Denmark, Haderslev, Denmark Stat Austria, Vienna, Austria BP Koirala Inst Hlth Sci, Dharan, Nepal Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria Tartu Univ Clin, Tartu, Estonia Kansai Med Univ, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan Hungarian Sch Sport Federat, Budapest, Hungary Minist Hlth & Qual Life, Port Louis, Mauritius Univ Hosp Ulm, Ulm, Germany North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa Univ Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland Inst Publ Hlth, Podgorica, Montenegro Amrita Inst Med Sci, Cochin, Kerala, India Inst Endocrinol, Prague, Czech Republic All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya Hanoi Univ Publ Hlth, Hanoi, Vietnam Hassan First Univ Settat, Settat, Morocco Minist Hlth, Algiers, Algeria Harokopio Univ, Athens, Greece Sahlgrens Acad, Gothenburg, Sweden Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran Univ Publ Hlth, Yangon, Myanmar Int Food Policy Res Inst, Dakar, Senegal Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Tampere Univ Hosp, Tampere, Finland Univ Douala, Douala, Cameroon Univ Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Natl Inst Hlth Dev, Tallinn, Estonia West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA Oswaldo Cruz Fdn Rene Rachou Res Inst, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai, Peoples R China Uppsala Univ, Uppsala, Sweden Taipei Med Univ, Taipei, Taiwan Sports Med Ctr Minho, Braga, Portugal Univ San Martin Porres, Lima, Peru Consejeria Sanidad Junta Castilla & Leon, Valladolid, Spain Univ Fed Ciencias Saude Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Norrbotten Cty Council, Lulea, Sweden Ilembula Lutheran Hosp, Ilembula, Iran Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Coimbra Univ Hosp Ctr, Coimbra, Portugal Inst Neurosci Natl Res Council, Padua, Italy Baker Heart & Diabet Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Agr Univ Athens, Athens, Greece Hosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil SB RAS Fed Res Ctr Inst Cytol & Genet, Novosibirsk, Russia Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Univ Padua, Padua, Italy Hellen Mediterranean Univ, Siteia, Greece Loughborough Univ, Loughborough, Leics, England Minist Hlth, Nicosia, Cyprus Lausanne Univ Hosp, Lausanne, Switzerland Escola Nacl Saude Publ Sergio Arouca, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain Mary Immaculate Coll, Limerick, Ireland Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA Hungarian Soc Sports Med, Budapest, Hungary Paracelsus Med Univ, Salzburg, Austria Univ Estadual Centro Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil Sherikashmir Inst Med Sci, Srinagar, India UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Tromso, Norway ICMR Natl Ctr Dis Informat & Res, Bengaluru, India Cape Peninsula Univ Technol, Cape Town, South Africa Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London, England Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, Tehran, Iran Inst Natl Sante & Rech Med, Lille, France Robert Koch Inst, Berlin, Germany Univ Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal Womens Social & Hlth Studies Fdn, Trivandrum, Kerala, India Democritus Univ, Alexandroupolis, Greece Grigore T Popa Univ Med & Pharm, Iasi, Romania Univ Firenze, Florence, Italy Ain Shams Univ, Cairo, Egypt Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran Univ Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Mulago Hosp, Kampala, Uganda Univ San Carlos, Guatemala City, Guatemala Univ Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa Univ Med Sci Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba Royal Coll Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland Trobe Univ, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland Inst Conmemorat Gorgas Estudios Salud, Panama City, Panama World Hlth Org Country Off, Lilongwe, Malawi Dept Publ Hlth, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Univ Brescia, Brescia, Italy Minist Hlth & Social Protect, Dushanbe, Tajikistan Univ Limerick, Limerick, Ireland Croatian Inst Publ Hlth, Zagreb, Croatia Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Bushehr Univ Med Sci, Bushehr, Iran Ulm Univ, Ulm, Germany Dept Stat, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India UNICEF, Yaounde, Cameroon Univ Med Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden Natl Inst Hyg & Epidemiol, Hanoi, Vietnam Univ Med & Pharm Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Hanoi Med Univ, Hanoi, Vietnam LifeDoc Hlth, Memphis, TN USA Heartfile, Islamabad, Pakistan Eastern Mediterranean Publ Hlth Network, Amman, Jordan Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England State Univ Med & Pharm, Kishinev, Moldova Tachikawa Gen Hosp, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan Korea Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cheongju, South Korea Japan Wildlife Res Ctr, Tokyo, Japan Istanbul Univ, Istanbul, Turkey Minist Hlth, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Univ Fed Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Univ Madeira, Funchal, Portugal Univ Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936 USA Ctr Clin Res & Prevent, Glostrup, Denmark MRC Lifecourse Epidemiol Unit, Southampton, Hants, England Kwame Nkrumah Univ Sci & Technol, Kumasi, Ghana UniSante, Lausanne, Switzerland Inst Canc Res, Prevent & Clin Network, Florence, Italy Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg, Germany IRCCS Ente Osped Specializzato Gastroenterol S de, Bari, Italy Zayed Univ, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates Catholic Univ Daegu, Daegu, South Korea Univ Med Pharm Sci & Technol Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania Jivandeep Hosp, Anand, Gujarat, India South African Med Res Council, Durban, South Africa Natl Dent Care Ctr Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Univ Malaga, Malaga, Spain Univ Hosp Varese, Varese, Italy Vietnam Natl Heart Inst, Hanoi, Vietnam Clin Med Avanzada Dr Abel Gonzalez, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep Leibniz Inst Prevent Res & Epidemiol BIPS, Bremen, Germany Univ Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herceg Cardiovasc Prevent Ctr Udine, Udine, Italy Pisa Univ Hosp, Pisa, Italy Minist Hlth & Med Serv, Honiara, Solomon Islands Publ Hlth Agcy Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain Inst Hosp del Mar Invest Med, Barcelona, Spain Ardabil Univ Med Sci, Ardebil, Iran Ctr Dis Prevent & Control, Riga, Latvia Alborz Univ Med Sci, Karaj, Iran Minist Hlth, Hanoi, Vietnam Pure Earth, Dhaka, Bangladesh Inst Epidemiol Dis Control & Res, Dhaka, Bangladesh Univ Turku, Turku, Finland Inst Univ Invest Atenc Primaria Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain Univ Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Univ Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Sotiria Hosp, Athens, Greece Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain Univ Philippines, Manila, Philippines Slovak Acad Sci, Bratislava, Slovakia Nutr Res Fdn, Barcelona, Spain Minas Gerais State Secretariat Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil CS S Agustin Ibsalut, Palma De Mallorca, Spain Amsterdam Inst Global Hlth & Dev, Amsterdam, Netherlands Natl Inst Hlth Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal Univ Nove Julho, Sao Paulo, Brazil Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Canarian Hlth Serv, Tenerife, Spain Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia Assoc Calabrese Epatol, Reggio Di Calabria, Italy Univ Minho, Braga, Portugal Fiji Natl Univ, Suva, Fiji Spanish Nutr Fdn, Madrid, Spain Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden Inst Food Sci Natl Res Council, Avellino, Italy Sitaram Bhartia Inst Sci & Res, New Delhi, India Kindergarten Avlonari, Evia, Greece Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru Minist Hlth, Jakarta, Indonesia Catalan Dept Hlth, Barcelona, Spain Biodonostia Hlth Res Inst, San Sebastian, Spain Inst Saude Ambiental, Lisbon, Portugal South Karelia Social & Hlth Care Dist, Lappeenranta, Finland McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada Natl Canc Ctr, Tokyo, Japan Univ Sao Paulo Clin Hosp, Sao Paulo, Brazil Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Rigshosp, Copenhagen, Denmark Acad Med Ctr Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Ctr Oral Hlth Serv & Res Midnorway, Trondheim, Norway Lagos State Univ, Coll Med, Lagos, Nigeria Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain Comenius Univ, Bratislava, Slovakia Natl Ctr Dis Control & Publ Hlth, Tbilisi, Georgia Nippon Med Sch, Tokyo, Japan Sungkyunkwan Univ, Seoul, South Korea Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland Publ Hlth Promot & Dev Org, Kathmandu, Nepal St Vincents Hosp, Sydney, NSW, Australia Nes Municipal, Aarnes, Norway Hlth Polytech Jakarta II Inst, Jakarta, Indonesia Diponegoro Univ, Semarang, Indonesia Univ Bari, Bari, Italy Inst Reg Sante Publ, Ouidah, Benin Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Oslo, Norway Inst Publ Hlth, Skopje, North Macedonia Univ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Lamprecht & Stamm Sozialforsch & Beratung AG, Zurich, Switzerland Inst Natl Sante & Rech Med, Nancy, France Univ Bonn, Bonn, Germany Sotiria Hosp, Sotiria, Greece Kalina Malina Kindergarten, Pazardjik, Bulgaria Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan Fu Jen Catholic Univ, Taipei, Taiwan Natl Stat Off, Praia, Cape Verde Natl Inst Publ Hlth Natl Inst Hyg, Warsaw, Poland Deakin Univ, Sydney, NSW, Australia Sci Res Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan Univ Lincoln, Lincoln, England Minist Hlth, Amman, Jordan UNICEF, Niamey, Niger Cent Univ Kerala, Kasaragod, India Amsterdam Publ Hlth Res Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands Hlth Serv Murcia, Murcia, Spain Inst Invest Sanitaria Illes Balears, Menorca, Spain Univ Bologna, Bologna, Italy Hellen Hlth Fdn, Athens, Greece Govt Med Coll, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India Sefako Makgatho Hlth Sci Univ, Ga Rankuwa, South Africa Addis Ababa Univ, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Minist Hlth, Wellington, New Zealand Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela Meharry Med Coll, Nashville, TN 37208 USA Dokuz Eylul Univ, Izmir, Turkey Univ Tampere, Tays Eye Ctr, Tampere, Finland Sabiha Gokcen Ilkokulu, Ankara, Turkey Polytech Inst Porto, Porto, Portugal Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA Univ CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain CNR, Pisa, Italy Univ Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Sunflower Nursery Sch, Craiova, Romania North Karelia Ctr Publ Hlth, Joensuu, Finland Univ Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Med Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria Cork Inst Technol, Cork, Ireland Inst Med Res, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Xinjiang Med Univ, Urumqi, Peoples R China Shanghai Educ Dev Co Ltd, Shanghai, Peoples R China Minist Hlth, Auckland, New Zealand Rebro Univ, Rebro, Sweden St Georges Univ London, London, England Univ Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Minist Agr & Rural Affairs, Inst Food & Nutr Dev, Beijing, Peoples R China Fudan Univ, Childrens Hosp, Shanghai, Peoples R China Univ Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Niigata Univ, Niigata, Japan Int Med Univ, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Hellen Mediterranean Univ, Iraklion, Greece Iran Univ Med Sci, Tehran, Iran Ctr Diabet & Endocrine Care, Srinagar, India Peking Univ First Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China Jiangsu Prov Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nanjing, Peoples R China Sun Yat Sen Univ, Guangzhou, Peoples R China West Kazakhstan Med Univ, Aktobe, Kazakhstan Inner Mongolia Med Univ, Hohhot, Peoples R China Przedszkole 81, Warsaw, Poland Univ Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil

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2021

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