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The demand for cloud enabled computing is rising which motivated the researchers to develop various computings such as mobile cloud computing, edge computing, transparent computing, fog computing, federated cloud etc. This paper discusses different distributed remote computing techniques and its related aspects. It proposes a new computing paradigm for distributed remote computing named as EVACON (Evaporation–Condensation)-Rainsnow Computing. As the name suggests the term EVACON-Rainsnow represents the environmental phenomena of evaporation, condensation, rain, and snow. How these distributed computing is related to this environmental phenomenon is discussed in detail in this manuscript. The proposed work represents the comparative analysis of new computing with the existing computing technologies. It also demonstrates the detailed architecture, feature, and benefits of EVACON-Rainsnow Computing. This paper explains principle, components, working architecture, functionality of different layers, advantages, applications, and challenges involved with proposed computing. In this work, existing SKYR framework for distributed computing of mobile cloudlet-based computing is improved further by incorporating proposed Task-Segregation () and Scalability () algorithms to accommodate federated cloud and dew computing which comprehensively make it best suited for the proposed computing. Working flow and architecture of this improved framework to execute proposed computing and its comparison with the different frameworks is also illustrated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most reliable areal precipitation estimation is usually generated via combinations of different measurements and devices by merging their individual advantages. Path-averaged rain rate can be derived from Commercial Microwave Links (CML), where attenuation of the emitted radiation is strongly related with rainfall rate. CMLs can be combined with data from other rainfall measurements or used individually. They are available almost worldwide and often represent the only opportunity of ground-based measurement in data scarce regions. Deriving rainfall estimates from CML data requires extensive data processing, though. The separation of the attenuation time series in rainy and dry periods (rain event detection) is the most important step in this processing and largely determines the quality of the resulting rainfall estimates. In this study, we investigate the suitability of Meteosat Second Generation Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (MSG SEVIRI) satellite data as an auxiliary-data-based (ADB) rain event detection method. We compare this method with two time series-based (TSB) rain event detection methods. The investigation uses data from 3901 CMLs in Germany for four months in summer 2021 and is carried out for the two SEVIRI-derived products PC and PC-Ph. We analyse all rain event detection methods for different precipitation intensity, differences between day and night, as well as their influence on the performance of rainfall estimates from individual CMLs. The radar product RADKLIM-YW is used for validation. The results show that both SEVIRI products are promising candidates for ADB rainfall detection methods and led to at least equivalent results as the TSB methods. The main uncertainty of all methods was found for light rain. Slightly better results were obtained during the day than at night, which is caused by dew formation on CML antennas and the reduced availability of SEVIRI channels at night. In general, the ADB methods lead to improvements for CMLs performing comparatively weakly using TSB methods. Based on these results, combinations of ADB and TSB methods were developed by emphasizing their specific advantages. Compared to basic and advanced TSB methods, these combinations were able to improve the Matthews Correlation Coefficient of the rain event detection from 0.53 (0.57 resp.) to 0.62 during the day and from 0.47 (0.55 resp.) to 0.6 during the night. Our results show that utilising MSG SEVIRI data in CML data processing significantly increases the quality of the rain event detection step, in particular for CMLs which are challenging to process with TSB methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Device-to-device (D2D) communication technology of 5G has brought significant advantages for short distance communication in wireless networks. Dew computing speeds up computing services across devices and allows data output to be generated very quickly. In this article, we have proposed an architecture based on dew computing and D2D communication technology with coalition formation game. In the proposed scheme, devices exchange data directly between themselves and each device computes data according to its capabilities and transfers that result to destination nodes. The devices are cooperatively connected to each other through D2D communication. Each device has a certain amount of dew computing storage, which increases depending on the amount of data in Internet of Things (IoT) devices. If the amount of data is low, then the amount of dew storage is less and when the amount of data increases, the amount of dew storage increases equally. So, there is no difficulty in computing any data. The proposed DewGame network has reduced delay and power consumption by about ∼ 28–66% and ∼ 12–70%, respectively, from other networks. In addition, the DewGame network has increased signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and spectral efficiency by about ∼ 2–10% and ∼ 4–12%, respectively, from other networks, proving that the proposed DewGame network is suitable for the IoT environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the traditional radiant cooling combined with a displacement ventilation air conditioning system, an air conditioning system of radiant cooling combined with an attached jet can not only effectively prevent dew on the surface of the radiant cooling plate, but also further improve the cooling capacity of the radiant air conditioning system; however, most scholars have installed the radiant cooling plate on the radiant roof and the ground, and there are fewer studies on installing the radiant cooling plate on the two sides of the wall. Based on this, this paper builds an experimental system of radiant air conditioning and conducts experiments on summer working conditions in June–October to experimentally study the indoor thermal and humid environments and thermal comfort under different water supply temperatures when radiant cold panels are installed in single-side-wall, symmetrical-wall, and top-panel positions. The experimental results show that the optimal water supply temperatures of single-side-wall radiation combined with an attached-jet air conditioning system, symmetrical-wall radiation combined with an attached-jet air conditioning system, and roof radiation combined with an attached-jet air conditioning system are 18 °C, 22 °C, and 16 °C, respectively, and at the same time, the temperatures of the human body's working area under the above water supply temperatures are 26 °C, 26.3 °C, and 26.4 °C, respectively. The average humidities in the working area are 58%, 53%, and 57%, which can meet the requirements of our country's level II comfort when the indoor heat and humidity environment is stable, the energy consumption amounts of the radiant end are 5.71 kW·h, 3.99 kW·h, and 10.81 kW·h, respectively, and the highest efficiency of cooling and dehumidification is achieved with the symmetric-wall radiation combined with the adherent-jet air conditioning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a smart city architecture with dew computing and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication for the Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed. IoT devices are directly connected to the machines and these machines contain a small amount of computing unit, called dew. The machines combine to form clusters based on distances through a coalition formation game and the machines within the cluster perform the tasks of the IoT nodes. The dew located within each machine can complete a maximum threshold amount of task. If the task exceeds that, then it is transferred to another machine connected to it via M2M communication. In DewCityGame, delay and power consumption of the proposed network are calculated. The delay and power consumption of the proposed optimized dew-enabled M2M communication network has been compared with other non-optimized dew-enabled M2M communication and non-M2M communication network. The proposed optimized dew-enabled M2M communication network has generated ∼15% to 42% less delay and ∼20% to 50% less power consumption than non-optimized dew-enabled M2M communication and non-M2M communication network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dew is closely related to the micro‐use water of plants and the large‐scale hydrological processes, its formation on grassland plays a vital role especially in maintaining the eco‐hydrological cycle. We used structural equation modelling to investigate how environmental factors would affect dew formation on alpine graminoid‐Kobresia meadow in northern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. The stable isotope information of dew, ambient vapour, soil water, plant water, creek water and precipitation were tracked to explore the source of dew, the dew transport route of the six dominant species by Mix SIAR model. Our results showed that the frequency of dew on the graminoid‐Kobresia meadow in 2020 and 2021 was 42.86% and 45.83%, respectively. Both atmospheric pressure (r = 0.4) and temperature (r = 0.382) showed significant positive effects dew formation while wind speed (r = −0.309) had a negative effect. The contribution rates of soil water, plant water and ambient water vapour to dew were 48.20 ± 5.46%, 38.30 ± 5.07%, and 13.50 ± 1.82%, respectively. The proportion of dew utilization in the dominant species had no significant species differences. Our results provided an improved understanding of dew formation based on isotope technology on alpine meadow in northern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar radiation triggers atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis, producing OH radicals, thereby accelerating photochemical reactions, leading to severe secondary pollution formation. Missing daytime sources were detected in the extensive HONO budget studies carried out in the past. In the rural North China Plain, some studies attributed those to soil emissions and more recent studies to dew evaporation. To investigate the contributions of these two processes to HONO temporal variations and unknown production rates in rural areas, HONO and related field observations obtained at the Gucheng Agricultural and Ecological Meteorological Station during spring and autumn were thoroughly analyzed. Morning peaks in HONO frequently occurred simultaneously with those of ammonia (NH3) and water vapor both during spring and autumn, which were mostly caused by dew and guttation water evaporation. In spring, the unknown HONO production rate revealed pronounced afternoon peaks exceeding those in the morning. In autumn, however, the afternoon peak was barely detectable compared to the morning peak. The unknown afternoon HONO production rates were attributed to soil emissions due to their good relationship to soil temperatures, while NH3 soil emissions were not as distinctive as dew emissions. Overall, the relative daytime contribution of dew emissions was higher during autumn, while soil emissions dominated during spring. Nevertheless, dew emission remained the most dominant contributor to morning time HONO emissions in both seasons, thus being responsible for the initiation of daytime OH radical formation and activation of photochemical reactions, while soil emissions further maintained HONO and associated OH radial formation rates at a high level, especially during spring. Future studies need to thoroughly investigate the influencing factors of dew and soil emissions and establish their relationship to HONO emission rates, form reasonable parameterizations for regional and global models, and improve current underestimations in modeled atmospheric oxidation capacity.

Ammonia, as the only high-concentration alkaline gas in the atmosphere, plays an extremely important role in the initial nucleation process of aerosols. A rise in the concentration of NH3 after sunrise has been observed in many areas, known as the "morning peak phenomenon", which is likely related to the dew evaporation process because of the considerable amount of NH4+ present in dew. To investigate and compare the flux and rate of NH3 release from dew evaporation in downtown (WH) and suburban areas (SL), the dew amount and chemical makeup were measured and analyzed in Changchun, in northeastern China, from April to October 2021. The differences in the fraction of NH4+ released as NH3 gas and the NH3 emission flux and rate during the process of dew evaporation between SL and WH were identified. The results showed that the daily dew amount in WH (0.038 ± 0.017 mm) was lower than that in SL (0.065 ± 0.032 mm) (P < 0.01), and the pH in SL (6.58 ± 0.18) was approximately 1 pH unit higher than that in WH (5.60 ± 0.25). SO42−, NO3−, Ca2+ and NH4+ were the main ions in WH and SL. The ion concentration in WH was significantly higher than that in SL (P < 0.05), which was influenced by human activities and pollution sources. A total of 24%-48% NH4+ was released as NH3 gas during dew evaporation in WH, which was lower than the conversion fraction of SL dew (44%-57%). The evaporation rate of NH3 was 3.9–20.6 ng/m2·s (9.9 ± 5.7 ng/m2·s) in WH and 3.3–15.9 ng/m2·s (8.6 ± 4.2 ng/m2·s) in SL. The dew evaporation process makes an important contribution to the NH3 morning peak phenomenon, but it is not the only contributor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured materials have enabled new ways of controlling the light–matter interaction, opening new routes for exciting applications, in display technologies and colorimetric sensing, among others. In particular, metallic nanoparticles permit the production of color structures out of colorless materials. These plasmonic structural colors are sensitive to the environment and thus offer an interesting platform for sensing. Here, a self‐assembly of aluminum nanoparticles in close proximity of a mirror is spaced by an ultrathin poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) layer. Hybridizing the plasmonic system with the active polymer layer, a thermoresponsive gap‐plasmon architecture is formed that transduces changes in the temperature and relative humidity of the environment into color changes. By harnessing the environmentally induced structural changes of PNIPAM, it was estimated from the finite difference time domain simulation that the resonance can be tuned 7 nm per every 1 nm change in thickness, resulting in color variation. Importantly, these fully reversible changes can be used for reusable powerless humidity and temperature colorimetric sensing. Crucially if condensation on the structure happens, the polymer layer is deformed beyond recovery and the colors are washed away. We leverage this effect to produce tamper‐proof dew labels that a straightforward smartphone app can read by taking a picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop productivity prediction and recommendation is a significant research area of smart agriculture. This paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) framework based on dew computing, edge computing, and federated learning, where soil parameters, environmental parameters, and weather data are analysed to predict the crop productivity of a land, and then recommend suitable crop for the land. The dew layer pre-processes and accumulates the received sensor data, and forwards to the edge server. The edge server analyses the sensor data and the weather data, and then sends the result to the cloud along with the model characteristics and to the mobile device. The proposed framework is simulated in iFogSim. The theoretical analysis shows that the proposed framework has reduced the delay by 60–70% approximately and power consumption by 70–80% approximately than the conventional sensor-cloud framework. We also observe that the proposed framework has reduced the delay by 12–35% approximately and power consumption by 30–50% approximately than the edge-cloud framework. We compare four machine learning algorithms based on their performance in data analysis in terms of precision, recall, accuracy, and F-score. We observe that each classifier obtains more than 95% prediction accuracy. An Android application is also proposed for crop recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission lines in the desert are exposed to the desert environment, which includes sandstorms as one of its hallmarks. A conductive layer develops with prolonged sand deposition and the presence of moisture, ambient humidity, and dew. The ensuing leakage current causes surface discharge, which limits the life of the insulator and interrupting the power supply. The locations of power lines in the Egyptian Sinai desert, where sandstorms are known to occur frequently, are exposed to such a risk. In order to estimate the danger of insulator failure, this paper studies the flow of leakage current on porcelain insulators that have been contaminated with sand. This work relies on accurate data collected and published in a prior study regarding Sinai, which mainly focused on contaminating sand's grain sizes. Porcelain insulator is simulated using finite element method to determine the leakage current that results on its contaminated surface. The probabilistic characteristics of the insulator's leakage current are derived using Monte Carlo technique, allowing for the risk assessment of insulator failure. This assessment can be used to justify the suitability of using this kind of insulator in Sinai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fog and dew computing represent relatively new computing paradigms in the literature. The main idea is to offload the computation processes from the device to a more nearby fog or dew server, who further forwards it to the central server. In the case of dew computing, the dew server is considered to lose connection with the central server and should be able to function autonomously most of the time. In the literature, several public-key-based tripartite schemes, offering a full set of security features, have been proposed that can serve the purpose. However, due to the large difference in performance between symmetric and public key-based cryptographic algorithms, this paper proposes a symmetric key-based authentication and key agreement protocol, consisting of a long and a short authentication process, addressing both fog and dew computing scenarios. Moreover, we conduct the informal and formal (ROR logic, GNY logic, and Scyther tool) security analysis to ensure that the scheme satisfies the most important security features described in the literature, in addition to offering protection against a semi-trusted third party. Furthermore, we assess the performance of the long and the short authentication phases in terms of computational, communication, storage costs, and energy consumption, revealing that it is less expensive than its competitors. Additionally, we show that when compared to its competitors, the long and the short authentication phases have less overhead when unknown attacks occur. We also use the NS2 network simulator tool to execute a real-time implementation of the long and the short authentication phase to ensure that it is realistic in practical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Microclimate determines lichens and cyanobacteria distribution in the Negev, with lichens and cyanobacteria inhabit dewy and dewless habitats, respectively. Lichens experiences more frequent and extensive environmental fluctuations than cyanobacteria. The spatial partitioning of chlorolichens (eukaryotes) and cyanobacteria (prokaryotes) are intriguing, especially following recent intense search for extraterrestrial life. This is especially relevant for deserts, where both lithobionts are thought to use rain and dew but may differ in their resilience to environmental extremes and fluctuations. Following the different spatial distribution of lithobionts in a south-facing slope of the Negev Highlands (with cyanobacteria-inhabiting rocks and chlorolichen-inhabiting cobbles), measurements of temperature, non-rainfall water (NRW) and biomass were carried out within the drainage basin aiming to test the hypotheses that (i) cobble-inhabiting lichens may access more water (through NRW) and may be subjected to more extensive environmental fluctuations of temperature and water than bedrock-inhabiting cyanobacteria, and (ii) will therefore have a greater contribution to the ecosystem productivity. In contrast to cyanobacteria, cobble-inhabiting chlorolichens were found to access NRW (up to 0.20 mm of daily amounts in comparison to < 0.04 mm of the cyanobacteria) and to experience higher fluctuations of temperatures (up to 4.1 °C higher and 5.3 °C lower). With lichens and cyanobacteria inhabiting dewy and dewless habitats, respectively, NRW was found responsible for contributing 6.8-fold higher organic carbon to the lithobiontic community. At this site, chlorolichens experience more extensive environmental fluctuations than cyanobacteria, possibly indicating a higher tolerance for environmental fluctuations. These observations may assist in the interpretation of the abiotic conditions responsible for past or present lithobiontic life on Mars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a smart parking system, the license plate recognition service controls the car's entry and exit and plays the core role in the parking lot system. When the Internet is interrupted, the parking lot's business will also be interrupted. Hence, we proposed an Edge-Cloud-Dew architecture for the mobile industry in order to tackle this critical problem. The architecture has an innovative design, including LAN-level deployment, Platform-as-a-Dew Service (PaaDS), the dew version of license plate recognition, and the dew type of machine learning model training. Based on these designs, the architecture presents many benefits, such as: (1) reduced maintenance and deployment issues and increased dew service reliability and sustainability; (2) effective release of the network constraint on cloud computing and increase in the horizontal and vertical scalability of the system; (3) enhancement of dew computing to resolve the heavy computing process problem; and (4) proposal of a dew type of machine learning training mechanism without requiring periodic retraining, but with acceptable accuracy. Finally, business owners can reduce their burdens when introducing machine learning technology. Our research goal is to make parking systems smarter in edge computing through the integration of cloud and dew architecture technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of defeating a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is of considerable importance to the modern warfighter. In recent studies high power radio frequency (HPRF) directed energy weapons (DEWs) have been shown to be suitable for this purpose. Hence there is a need to develop mathematical modelling frameworks to quantify HPRF DEW performance, especially when they are operating in a wideband or ultrawideband mode. Consequently, this paper introduces a novel mathematical model, based upon a new interpretation of UAV vulnerabilities to HPRF DEW, which permits performance assessment to be undertaken. The key to this is to view each UAV through its vulnerabilities to HPRF DEW energy at given frequencies and analyse its impact on the lifetime of each of the UAVs. This results in the definition of an appropriate stochastic process to count the number of UAVs still active in the swarm over a given time interval. Consequently, this permits the determination of minimum HPRF DEW power levels at given frequencies in order to guarantee likelihood of defeat of the swarm before it reaches the HPRF DEW source. Hence the results in this paper will provide a novel framework for determining the specifications of an HPRF DEW's required power distribution over target vulnerabilities to ensure a desired level of system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow & Ice / Seppyo is the property of Japanese Society of Snow & Ice and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several climatic variables like precipitation, temperature, fog, dew, humidity, and wind significantly impact agricultural production. While formulating policies for agriculture and other industrial sectors, precise knowledge regarding climatic variables is essential and helpful. The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) monitored various climatic variables at more than 226 meteorological stations in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. However, the placement of these monitoring stations was not systematic. As a result, predictions for unobserved sites turn out to be erroneous. Inadequate or poorly placed meteorological stations can lead to inaccurate weather forecasts, make it difficult to fully understand local and regional weather patterns, and, lastly, make it impossible to identify the early warnings for severe weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, and flash floods. Therefore, the study aims to optimize and suggest a monitoring network to minimize the prediction error of these climatic variables. The optimized monitoring network can be found by optimally adding new meteorological monitoring stations or withdrawing existing ones while still ensuring the reliability of weather data. In this study, the meteorological monitoring network of NSW, Australia was optimized using two stochastic search algorithms: Spatial Simulated Annealing (SSA) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). The Average Kriging Variance (AKV) is considered an accuracy measure for SSA and GA. Ordinary kriging (OK) and Universal Kriging (UK), two popular prediction methods, are used using covariation modeled by the Matheron variogram model. The results reveal that the time consumption for SSA and GA are relatively similar, but the SSA utilizing the UK gives a lower AKV than GA. The optimized meteorological monitoring will be useful for ensuring accurate weather forecasts, providing early warnings of severe weather events, and enabling scientific research to understand and mitigate the effects of climate change. Furthermore, this novel optimization strategy will not only be helpful for the government of Australia but will significantly improve prediction accuracy, providing more reliable information for various weather-related activities, such as agriculture, construction, and emergency management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water availability is the dominant driver of microbial community structure and function in desert soils. However, these habitats typically only receive very infrequent large-scale water inputs (e.g., from precipitation and/or run-off). In light of recent studies, the paradigm that desert soil microorganisms are largely dormant under xeric conditions is questionable. Gene expression profiling of microbial communities in desert soils suggests that many microbial taxa retain some metabolic functionality, even under severely xeric conditions. It, therefore, follows that other, less obvious sources of water may sustain the microbial cellular and community functionality in desert soil niches. Such sources include a range of precipitation and condensation processes, including rainfall, snow, dew, fog, and nocturnal distillation, all of which may vary quantitatively depending on the location and geomorphological characteristics of the desert ecosystem. Other more obscure sources of bioavailable water may include groundwater-derived water vapour, hydrated minerals, and metabolic hydro-genesis. Here, we explore the possible sources of bioavailable water in the context of microbial survival and function in xeric desert soils. With global climate change projected to have profound effects on both hot and cold deserts, we also explore the potential impacts of climate-induced changes in water availability on soil microbiomes in these extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Water availability is the key limiting factor for plant productivity in drylands covering ca. 40% of Earth's land surface. For such ecosystems to retain productivity and biodiversity under climatic change, it would be valuable to identify/promote keystone plant species that (i) have developed strategies to more efficiently utilize moisture resources not easily accessible and (ii) improve moisture conditions for neighboring plants. The very deep-rooted Ziziphus lotus, considered an ecosystem engineer, is one such example. However, it is not known which biotic traits: (a) canopy interception of moisture/rainfall, (b) hydraulic redistribution of deep ground moisture by roots, or non-biotic factors: (c) soil's volume, and (d) organic matter content, Z. lotus activates/modulates to play such a role. We, thus, selected dryland ecosystems where the plant dominates and measured for potential effects on the less deep-rooted Thymbra capitata. For assessing impacts on ecosystem productivity, we measured the spatial aggregation of ca. 3600 T. capitata plants. As a proxy for soil moisture availability and its spatial variability, we conducted a 7-year-long study using thymes' nighttime rehydration. Sampling extended up to 15 m away from Z. lotus. Results: The density of T. capitata plants growing up to 5 m around Z. lotus vs. thymes growing 10–15 m away was found significantly increased (2.5–4.5 times), while their stem/leaf moisture was ca. 10% higher at predawn compared to nightfall during the dry season. This suggests that ecosystem productivity is driven by a greater soil moisture availability around Z. lotus permitting more thyme daytime transpiration, in contrast to thymes growing further away. The phenomenon appeared only under dry topsoil (during the dry season; becoming stronger during dry years). Morning dew/rainfall interception from the canopy or soil depth/organic matter did not show significant effects, leaving only the hydraulic lift properties of Z. lotus as the most likely driver for soil moisture availability. Conclusions: The deep-rooting properties and hydraulic lift potential of Z. lotus may be the key in permitting it to boost ecosystem productivity. Such hydraulic plant traits require more attention as they may prove valuable in combating desertification and restoring ecosystems in arid/semiarid regions threatened by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil biocrusts abound in deserts, but yet little agreement exists regarding their water sources. Most researchers regard non‐rainfall water (NRW), particularly dew as an important water source for soil biocrusts, but nevertheless, evidence from the Negev suggests that following the nocturnal soil heat efflux, NRW is drastically reduced. The possible contribution of NRW to 3‐ to 5‐mm‐tall lichens, which are less impacted by the warm nocturnal surface temperatures, poses an additional challenge. For this end, NRW obtained by cloths attached to the soil surface and cloths located at a 5‐mm height above ground were measured, accompanied by periodic temperature measurements. As for the cyanobacteria and the 1‐mm‐tall lichens, NRW did not reach the necessary threshold required for the performance of net photosynthesis by cyanobacterial (0.1 mm) or chlorolichens (0.05 mm) but was occasionally reached at 5‐mm height above ground. Nevertheless, when the average amount obtained at 1‐mm intervals (mimicking the length of the lichen thallus) along the 5‐mm height was calculated, it either fell below the necessary threshold or was too low during daytime to compensate for the carbon loss during nighttime respiration. The apparent incapability of NRW to provide sufficient water to sustain the 3‐ to 5‐mm‐tall lichens in the Negev Highlands is supported by the confinement of these lichens to north‐facing rock terraces (ledges), where they may benefit from additional water through runoff. One may therefore conclude that NRW may not be regarded as a meaningful water source for the Negev biocrusts, whether composed of cyanobacteria or of 1‐ to 5‐mm‐tall lichens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dew is one of the important moisture sources in many arid and semiarid regions. The knowledge of moisture origin of dew under various climatic conditions is still lacking. Isotopic variations can preserve information about moisture origin and formation mechanisms. Therefore, the isotopic compositions of dew and precipitation (δ2H, δ18O, δ17O, d‐excess, lc‐excess and 17O‐excess) were investigated at three sites with different climatic conditions (i.e., Gobabeb with extremely dry climate, Nice with Mediterranean climate and Indianapolis with humid continental climate). The results showed that there were three types of dew at Gobabeb: advective dew, groundwater‐derived dew, and shallow soil water‐derived dew, accounting for 27.3%, 45.4% and 27.3% of the dew events, respectively. The ultimate moisture sources of advective dew and the other two types of dew at Gobabeb were from the South Atlantic Ocean and a mixture of the Indian and South Atlantic Oceans, respectively. Dew in Nice included ocean‐derived dew from the North Atlantic Ocean with local evapotranspiration replenishment, and local‐derived dew, mainly from the continental Europe and Mediterranean Sea, accounting for 39.1% and 60.9% of the dew events, respectively. All the Indianapolis dew were likely local‐derived dew. Based on the moisture origins, the future dew trends were speculated under global warming. Dew frequencies at Gobabeb and Indianapolis under future climates are uncertain due to the concurrent increases in atmospheric water vapour and temperature. The local‐derived dew in Nice would likely decrease due to the decreasing precipitation and increasing drought, and the ocean‐derived dew under future climates is uncertain. This study provides a practical method to distinguish dew moisture sources, and such information is useful for future prediction of dew trends under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With dew serving as an important water source for various small organisms and plants in deserts, knowledge regarding the spatial distribution of dew (which constitutes an important fraction of the non-rainfall water, NRW) is of prime importance. This is also the case for the Negev dew desert. According to the classical model, local nocturnal katabatic winds that descend down the slopes during the night to the wadi beds are responsible for the accumulation of cold air, subsequently triggering dew formation in the wadis. Nevertheless, NRW measurements that were conducted in a one-order drainage basin in the Negev during the dewy season (late summer and fall) yielded half the amount in the wadi bed in comparison to the hilltop, attributed to the sheltered position of the wadi from the cooling effect of the regional (sea-breeze) winds, which are not considered by the classical model. Hypothesizing that the classical model may however take place at wide wadi where the sea breeze winds are not sheltered, measurements of dew and temperatures were periodically carried out at the beds of a 5 m-wide narrow (NW) and a 200 m-wide (WW) wadi beds and at the hilltop (HT). The findings did not fully support our hypothesis. In comparison to the hilltop, and despite the mutual effect of the katabatic and the sea breeze winds on the wide wadi bed, also the wide wadi exhibited lower amounts of dew than that of the hilltop, with NRW following the pattern HT > WW > NW. The overwhelming effect of the sea-breeze winds was also supported indirectly by periodic NRW and temperature measurements during the winter during which the sea breeze does not commonly take place. Evidence suggests that whereas the classical model takes place during the winter during which the katabatic winds may play a central role in dew formation, the occurrence of the sea breeze (regional wind) during the late summer and fall overshadows the effect of the local katabatic winds. Our findings point to the possibility that the classical model may not adequately predict dew formation in regions subjected to sea-breeze winds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing frequencies of heatwaves combined with simultaneous drought stress in Europe threaten the ecosystem water and carbon budgets of alpine grasslands. Dew as an additional water source can promote ecosystem carbon assimilation. It is known that grassland ecosystems keep high evapotranspiration as long as soil water is available. However, it is rarely being investigated whether dew can mitigate the impact of such extreme climatic events on grassland ecosystem carbon and water exchange. Here we use stable isotopes in meteoric waters and leaf sugars, eddy covariance fluxes for H2O vapor and CO2, in combination with meteorological and plant physiological measurements, to investigate the combined effect of dew and heat-drought stress on plant water status and net ecosystem production (NEP) in an alpine grassland (2000 m elevation) during the June 2019 European heatwave. Before the heatwave, enhanced NEP in the early morning hours can be attributed to leaf wetting by dew. However, dew benefits on NEP were cancelled out by the heatwave, due to the minor contribution of dew in leaf water. Heat-induced reduction in NEP was intensified by the combined effect of drought stress. The recovery of NEP after the peak of the heatwave could be linked to the refilling of plant tissues during nighttime. Among-genera differences of plant water status affected by dew and heat-drought stress can be attributed to differences in their foliar dew water uptake, and their reliance on soil moisture or the impact of the atmospheric evaporative demand. Our results indicate that dew influence on alpine grassland ecosystems varies according to the environmental stress and plant physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many organisms use functional surfaces to collect water from the atmosphere. Salsola ferganica Drob. is one of the most abundant plants in desert regions and thrives in extreme environments with multiple but limited water resources, including dew and fog; however, its mechanisms of water harvesting remain unclear. We investigated trichome structural characteristics and their influence on the surface wettability of S. ferganica leaves using a variety of approaches (scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, immunolabelling staining, x‐ray diffractometry, and infrared spectroscopy). Microstructural observations revealed that the trichomes of S. ferganica presented a curved upper part, the 'spindle node'‐like structure in the middle, and the micro‐grooves structure in between; such unique structures may aid in capturing moisture from the air. The physicochemical characteristics of the trichome surface, including hydrophobic functional groups, hydrophilic pectins, and low crystallinity, may enhance the adhesion of water drops to trichomes. Furthermore, we discovered that the piliferous S. ferganica leaves were more effective in retaining water than the glabrous S. aralocaspica leaves, and the dense trichome layer exhibited a significantly unwettable surface (high contact angle with droplets), whereas the individual trichomes retained water effectively (more so under drought conditions). The combination of these two properties is consistent with the 'rose petal effect', which describes rough surfaces that are hydrophobic but exhibit high adhesion with water. These factors suggest that the evolutionary optimisation of water acquisition by coupling relevant microstructures with the physicochemical properties of trichomes enables S. ferganica to survive harsh conditions in the seedling stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microservice approach unlatched a new window of distributed service-oriented architecture over the computational horizon. Microservice coordination in a heterogeneous and distributed manner among different edge computing nodes with minimum delay is the challenge of interest. Service migration to vantage locations accompanying bulk data hinge on bandwidth and internet connectivity. This paper proposes a Dew Computing-based Microservice Execution (DoME) scheme using reinforcement learning to alleviate the comprehensive service delay and provide seamless and real-time responses with optimized costs. With internet connectivity, DoME elects the edge server for service migration in exigency. During deficient internet connection, the service execution comes to pass at the dew server of the novel dew-cloud framework. This study imitates the Q-learning method comprehending the dew-edge-cloud framework and develops the Dew-Q algorithm to execute microservices on the move without continuous internet connectivity. The Dew-Q algorithm uses an agent that intelligently assimilates from historical data to envisage the service migration-node selection with the uphold connectivity. The proposed scheme is compared with existing microservice execution policies like FWS and SDGA schemes. The performance evaluations exhibit that the DoME scheme excels 41% to 68% compared with FWS and 12% to 86% with SDGA in terms of execution and migration cost. The proposed scheme dynamically controls microservice execution from the perspective of migration and timeliness with intermittent internet connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed energy weapons (DEWs) have been identified as valuable assets in future land and joint combat. High-power radio frequency (HPRF) is a form of DEW which can neutralise robotic systems by discharging electromagnetic (EM) radiation over a region to couple system electronics. Its widespread effect enables the simultaneous disruption of groups of electronic systems, such as swarms of unmanned aerial systems (UASs). Since EM radiation is a distance-based effect, the arrangement of defensive HPRF systems with respect to their target is critical to understanding their utility and viability. Consequently, a mathematical model to assess the effectiveness of HPRF DEW positioned at a given location is formulated. Towards this, a combat scenario specialised to land operations is defined. The assumptions required to formulate the scenario geometrically and mathematically are also outlined. Provided with the position of an effector, it is then possible to quantify the vulnerability of a UAS swarm in terms of a disruption probability. This accounts for uncertainty stemming from UAS and swarm behaviour and assumes that UASs are independent and identically distributed. The model also draws upon the work previously conducted at Defence Science Technology Group (DSTG) which derived an HPRF disruption probability function. An optimisation of the disruption probability is undertaken in terms of the position of a single narrowband HPRF effector. Under a hypothesised set of HPRF and threat parameters, maximal swarm defeat probabilities are examined in different swarm deployment regions and HPRF beam widths. This led to the discovery of various tradeoffs between aforementioned features. In particular, under a fixed beam width, proximity to the swam provided an increased defeat probability but reduced the beam's coverage of the swarm. Hence, numerous UASs might not be affected by EM radiation throughout the engagement, reected in a reduction to the swarm defeat probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite microwave remote sensing techniques can be used to monitor vegetation optical depth (VOD), a metric which is directly linked to vegetation biomass and water content. However, these large-scale measurements are still difficult to reference against either rare or not directly comparable field observations. So far, in situ estimates of canopy biomass or water status often rely on infrequent and time-consuming destructive samples, which are not necessarily representative of the canopy scale. Here, we present a simple technique based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) with the potential to bridge this persisting scale gap. Because GNSS microwave signals are attenuated and scattered by vegetation and liquid water, placing a GNSS sensor under a vegetated canopy and measuring changes in signal strength over time can provide continuous information about VOD and thus on vegetation biomass and water content. We test this technique at a forested site in southern California for a period of 8 months. We show that variations in GNSS signal-to-noise ratios reflect the overall distribution of biomass density in the canopy and can be monitored continuously. For the first time, we show that this technique can resolve diurnal variations in VOD and canopy water content at hourly to sub-hourly time steps. Using a model of canopy transmissivity to assess these diurnal signals, we find that temperature effects on the vegetation dielectric constant, and thus on VOD, may be non-negligible at the diurnal scale or during extreme events like heat waves. Sensitivity to rainfall and dew deposition events also suggests that canopy water interception can be monitored with this approach. The technique presented here has the potential to resolve two important knowledge gaps, namely the lack of ground truth observations for satellite-based VOD and the need for a reliable proxy to extrapolate isolated and labor-intensive in situ measurements of biomass, canopy water content, or leaf water potential. We provide recommendations for deploying such off-the-shelf and easy-to-use systems at existing ecohydrological monitoring networks such as FluxNet or SapfluxNet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dew is one of the most important supplementary water sources in arid and semi-arid regions. The influence of dew amount on the water balance can be evaluated for water management, ecosystem protection, and the optimization of agricultural practices. Moreover, the influencing factors of dew formation can provide some insights into how climate change may impact water availability and ecosystems. However, it is still unclear in the dew formation, due to the difficulty of observation without considering the dew in the water balance. This study aims to quantify the dew amount for a better understanding of dew formation. A series of lysimeter experiments were carried out to continuously observe the dew amount in the Mu Us desert from October 2020 to September 2021. Among them, the dew amount included the fog, dew, and hoar frost formation. In addition, the meteorological factors were monitored at the experimental site, including air temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, net radiation, and surface temperature. All data were recorded every ten minutes. The dew amount was evaluated for the water balance during formation. Boosted regression tree (BRT) model was used to investigate the influence of meteorological factors on dew formation. The results were as follows. 1) The dew amount was 47.1 mm in the experimental period, corresponding to 19.6% of the annual rainfall. The dew started to form at night when the air temperature was significantly higher than the soil surface temperature. The dew was mainly formed from October 2020 to January 2021 (cold months), with a maximum amount of 9.00 mm in December 2020, and a minimum of 0.55 mm in June 2021. The dew amount was larger in the colder months than that in the warmer ones. 2) The BRT model showed that the largest contribution (43.4%) was found in the relative humidity to the dew formation. It infers that relative humidity was a key factor in the formation of dew. The contribution rates of the net radiation at night and the wind speed to the dew formation were 21.7% and 15.2%, respectively. The much fewer contributions to the dew formation were the air temperature and vapor pressure deficit. The optimal combination of parameters was achieved in the dew formation, such as the relative humidity greater than 53%, net radiation at night less than -37 W/m², and wind speeds ranging from 0.5 to 1.8 m/s. 3) The surrounding air temperature and relative humidity of Artemisia ordosica posed the more significant influence on the dew formation, compared with bare ground. The errors of the water balance were reduced from 25.3% to 5.7%, considering the amount of dew in the semi-arid regions. The dew amount was quantified to improve the accuracy of the water balance. The finding can provide a strong reference to accurately evaluate the water resources and then better understand the formation process of dew amounts under the coverage of Artemisia ordosica. In addition, the Artemisia ordosica in the water cycle can be expected to protect the vegetation ecosystems in the arid and semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The query optimizer uses cost-based optimization to create an execution plan with the least cost, which also consumes the least amount of resources. The challenge of query optimization for relational database systems is a combinatorial optimization problem, which renders exhaustive search impossible as query sizes rise. Increases in CPU performance have surpassed main memory, and disk access speeds in recent decades, allowing data compression to be used--strategies for improving database performance systems. For performance enhancement, compression and query optimization are the two most factors. Compression reduces the volume of data, whereas query optimization minimizes execution time. Compressing the database reduces memory requirement, data takes less time to load into memory, fewer buffer missing occur, and the size of intermediate results is more diminutive. This paper performed query optimization on the graph database in a cloud dew environment by considering, which requires less time to execute a query. The factors compression and query optimization improve the performance of the databases. This research compares the performance of MySQL and Neo4j databases in terms of memory usage and execution time running on cloud dew servers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrophobic coating with dew suppression shows 50 ± 13 % reduction in soiling loss. • Hydrophobic coating without dew suppression shows 31 ± 15 % reduction in soiling loss. • Coating decreases the deposition of 10 to 30 μm particles by 60.0 ± 8.1% (mass) • Multiple dew events cause more milli-scale non-uniformity on the glass. The deposition of particulate matter (PM) on PV surfaces reduces energy generation, which results in huge losses to the PV industry. Hydrophobic coatings are known to reduce PM deposition on PV surfaces. Covering panels during the night is expected to reduce the PM deposition as well as suppress the dew formation on the surface. The objective of the present study is to compare the soiling on the hydrophobic coating with and without dew suppression. Uncoated and hydrophobic coated slides were kept for PM deposition in a 70-day field study. The dew formation was suppressed on some of the uncoated and coated slides by covering them from sunset to sunrise. The results show that the % reduction in soiling of coated slides under dew suppression is higher (50 ± 13%) compared to the coated slides without dew suppression (31 ± 15%) (statistically different; two-tailed p-value < 0.05). In addition, the particle size analysis using optical microscopy shows that the hydrophobic coating (under dew suppression) reduces the particles deposition by 60.0 ± 8.1% (mainly 10 to 30 μm range) compared to the uncoated slides (under dew suppression) over the entire sampling period. However, the dust potency (soiling loss per unit deposited mass loading) for uncoated and coated samples is found to be statistically similar (5 to 6 % g−1 m2; two-tailed p-values > 0.05). Overall, the present study advances the understanding of the impact of dew on hydrophobic coating, thereby adding to the existing knowledge of soiling mitigation approaches for solar PV industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dew is a part of the water cycle of ecosystems and is a source of water and humidity. The climate characteristics of the frost-free period in Northeast China are suitable for dew condensation, and dew is an important factor of water balance in this area. Northeast China is among the most significant warming areas in China, with an obvious "warm and dry" climate trend, which may affect dew condensation. To determine the dew amounts in different ecosystems in Northeast China and the influence of climate change on these amounts, dew condensation in farmland (corn), wetland (Carex lasiocarpa) and urban ecosystems (Syringa oblata Lindl.) was monitored during the growing period (May to October) from 2005 to 2021. The results showed that the annual average number of dew days was 132.8 in a wetland in Fujin, 122.9 in a farmland in Lishu and 118.1 in an urban area in Changchun. The daily dew intensity in the three ecosystems was lowest in May and highest in July and August. The average daily dew intensity was higher in the wetland (0.125 ± 0.069 mm) than the farmland (0.061 ± 0.026 mm) and urban area (0.028 ± 0.009 mm). The annual dew amount was also highest in the wetland (44.09 ± 7.51 mm) compared to the farmland (34.46 ± 3.54 mm) and much higher than that in the urban ecosystem (25.32 ± 3.29 mm). The annual dew in the farmland, wetland and urban ecosystems accounted for 7.92 ± 2.76%, 14.98 ± 5.93% and 6.71 ± 2.66% of the rainfall in the same period, respectively. The results indicated that dew was an important source of water and that wetlands had greater dew deposition than farmlands and urban areas. Considering the climate data during the dew condensation period from 1957 to 2021, the annual dew amount showed a decreasing trend of −0.40 mm/10a (p < 0.05) in Changchun. However, under the joint influence of relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (V), the impact of climate change on dew condensation was not obvious. This study further clarified the impact of climate change on the near-surface water cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a book review of "C.V. Raman's Student L.A. Ramdas: From Agricultural Meteorology to Discovery of Ramdas Layer" by Rajinder Singh. The book explores the achievements of L.A. Ramdas, a student of C.V. Raman and a pioneer in agricultural meteorology in India. It highlights Ramdas' research on light scattering, surface tension, and the impact of oil contamination on evaporation and rainfall. The review commends Singh for shedding light on the life and work of this lesser-known physicist and recognizes Ramdas as an innovative scientist in the field of agricultural meteorology. The article also discusses the significance of cis-regulatory elements in gene expression and development, using various techniques to study their role in transcriptional regulation. The study suggests that cis-regulatory regions are resilient to mutations and can maintain their functionality despite genetic and epigenetic variations. [Extracted from the article]

Background In arid and semi-arid areas, plants can directly absorb and use dew through their leaves, and some plants have the ability for hydraulic redistribution of their roots. Therefore, in arid areas, plants may redistribute dew to the soil, using the soil as a reservoir for short-term dry seasons, i.e. dew may participate in the hydraulic redistribution process of plants. This process plays an important role in plant survival and community stability. Methods To verify this hypothesis, we investigated the water use mechanism of Populus euphratica through a comprehensive observation of sap flow, water potential and soil water content using a heavy water tracer experiment under in situ field conditions. Results and Discussion Dewdrops contributed 28.3 % of soil moisture near the roots, and applying dew on leaves for several days significantly improved soil moisture status. Hydraulic redistribution in the roots mainly occurred from 2200 h at night to 800 h the following day and mainly occurred in the 20- to 80-cm soil layer. Water storage in the trunk is the intermediate link in the coupling process of foliar water uptake and hydraulic redistribution; water storage in the trunk is mainly replenished from May to July and consumed throughout the rest of the year. In conclusion, dew redistributes water into soil through the coupling process of foliar water uptake and hydraulic redistribution. Populus euphratica uses the trunk and soil for water storage to cope with water stress during short-term drought periods. Our findings provide a scientific basis for the restoration of different species in water-deficient areas, which is conducive to maintaining vegetation ecosystem stability in areas of desertification and improving the soil water balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dew computing aims to minimize the dependency on remote clouds by exploiting nearby nodes for solving non-trivial computational tasks, e.g., AI inferences. Nowadays, smartphones are good candidates for computing nodes; hence, smartphone clusters have been proposed to accomplish this task and load balancing is frequently a subject of research. Using the same real—i.e., in vivo—testbeds to evaluate different load balancing strategies based on energy utilization is challenging and time consuming. In principle, test repetition requires a platform to control battery charging periods between repetitions. Our Motrol hard-soft device has such a capability; however, it lacks a mechanism to assure and reduce the time in which all smartphone batteries reach the level required by the next test. We propose an evolutionary algorithm to execute smartphone battery (dis)charging plans to minimize test preparation time. Charging plans proposed by the algorithm include charging at different speeds, which is achieved by charging at maximum speed while exercising energy hungry components (the CPU and screen). To evaluate the algorithm, we use various charging/discharging battery traces of real smartphones and we compare the time-taken for our method to collectively prepare a set of smartphones versus that of individually (dis)charging all smartphones at maximum speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes methods for expanding the numbers and ranges of reproducible values and improving the functionality of the state primary standard of units of relative humidity of gases, molar (volume) fraction of moisture, and dew/frost point temperature (DPT) GET 151-2014. As a result of the studies, the state primary standard of the units of relative humidity of gases, molar (volume) fraction of moisture, DPT, and hydrocarbon condensation temperature (HCT) GET 151-2020 was developed and approved, which included a set of reference generators that reproduce the DPT and condensation temperature of hydrocarbons at high pressures of the working gas. The work presents the description of GET 151-2020 and the complex of reference generators included in it, which implement the reproduction of units of the DPT and HCT, taking into account the influencing factors on the working gas pressure. The metrological characteristics of GET 151-2020 are analyzed. A budget of the measurement uncertainty is compiled when reproducing the DPT and HCT. The state verification scheme of tools for the measurement of gas humidity and HCT was developed and approved. Topical issues of ensuring the uniformity of measurements in the field of hygrometry are resolved. The tasks of the metrological support of means for measuring the dew point temperature and condensation temperature of hydrocarbon gases at high pressures of the working gas are implemented. The results obtained can be useful in creating an experimental base for studying the physical properties of technical and natural gases and approving state reference data in a wide range of pressures and temperatures of the working gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, one of the first video artworks by and about Zainichi (ethnic Koreans living in Japan), Zainichi artist Soni Kum's three-channel video work Morning Dew (2020) is based on her interviews with sixteen Zainichi Koreans who went to North Korea during the repatriation project (1959–1984) and came back to Japan, and their descendants. I argue that Morning Dew , deliberately fails to give a coherent Zainichi representation, and in doing so, locates Zainichi experience in a context of the global diaspora, especially through the incongruent video montages on three screens, having animals lead the narrative, and filming the void. Queer imagination of failure helps explain the ways in which Kum's aesthetic choices and her lived experience intersect. Responsive to the bifurcated gender discourse that threatens the legibility of queer lives, queer failure helps to unveil the structural polarization in identity-based knowledge formation and explicate Kum's art of failing as a means to convey a portrayal more faithful to the diasporic life of Zainichi Koreans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The input of liquid water to terrestrial ecosystems is composed of rain and non-rainfall water (NRW). The latter comprises dew, fog, and the adsorption of atmospheric vapor on soil particle surfaces. Although NRW inputs can be relevant to support ecosystem functioning in seasonally dry ecosystems, they are understudied, being relatively small, and therefore hard to measure. In this study, we apply a partitioning routine focusing on NRW inputs over 1 year of data from large, high-precision weighing lysimeters at a semi-arid Mediterranean site. NRW inputs occur for at least 3 h on 297 d (81 % of the year), with a mean diel duration of 6 h. They reflect a pronounced seasonality as modulated by environmental conditions (i.e., temperature and net radiation). During the wet season, both dew and fog dominate NRW, while during the dry season it is mostly the soil adsorption of atmospheric water vapor. Although NRW contributes only 7.4 % to the annual water input, NRW is the only water input to the ecosystem during 15 weeks, mainly in the dry season. Benefitting from the comprehensive set of measurements at our experimental site, we show that our findings are in line with (i) independent measurements and (ii) independent model simulations forced with (near-) surface energy and moisture measurements. Furthermore, we discuss the simultaneous occurrence of soil vapor adsorption and negative eddy-covariance-derived latent heat fluxes. This study shows that NRW inputs can be reliably detected through high-resolution weighing lysimeters and a few additional measurements. Their main occurrence during nighttime underlines the necessity to consider ecosystem water fluxes at a high temporal resolution and with 24 h coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dew is an important supplementary water source, and the dew evaporation duration and the amount absorbed by leaves differ significantly among species. To explore the dew evaporation duration and proportion of dew absorbed by leaves (Fu) of different plant leaves, seven potted plant species were selected to carry out laboratory experiments. The results showed that the dew evaporation duration of the seven plants ranged from 35'05" ± 1'23" to 69'50" ± 1'50". The order of dew evaporation duration was hydrophobic leaves > hydrophilic leaves with trichomes > hydrophilic leaves without trichomes. All the plants selected in the experiment could directly absorb water through the leaf surface. As a xerophytic plant, Crassula arborescens had the highest Fu (50.18 ± 8.51%), which was significantly higher than that of other plants. The Fu values of Chlorophytum comosum, Syringa oblata, Begonia obsolescens, Ardisia mamillata, Juniperus formosana and Oxalis corniculata were 19.29 ± 1.75%, 13.72 ± 1.98%, 10.07 ± 2.96%, 7.14 ± 1.09%, 5.17 ± 1.66%, and 1.08 ± 0.44%, respectively. The Fu was positively correlated with water content (Wa) and leaf mass per unit of leaf area (LMA) (P < 0.01). The water absorption capacity of leaves increased with increasing Wa and LMA. The leaf surface was covered with high-density, long and hydrophobic trichomes, which prevented dew droplets from contacting the leaf surface directly, and the conditions were not conducive to absorbing dew. Leaves with three-dimensional wax are generally weak in absorbing dew, while leaves with two-dimensional wax are usually strong in absorbing dew. The hydrophilic leaf surface of xerophytic plants allows them to absorb more dew, which is one of the survival strategies of plants in arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global warming and a reduction in fresh water availability, this study presents the evolution of dew, rain and evapotranspiration in the North-West (NW) of Africa. This study is followed by a chemical analysis of dew and rain data in a representative site. The time periods are concerned with the years 2005–2020 using existing data, and years 2020–2100 using the low and high emissions representative concentration pathway scenarios RCP 2.6/8.5 from the coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment database. A continuous decrease in rain precipitation is observed, on the order of −14 mm·decade−1 for the more credible scenario RCP 8.5. The amplitude is maximum on the coast and on the foothills of Atlas. A clear decrease in dew yields (up to 7%) is also observed along a NW/SE axis. It is strongly correlated with a corresponding decrease in relative humidity. Chemical dew and rain data in the representative site of Mirleft correspond to the major cations of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, similar to local spring water. The concentrations in rain are about two times less than in dew water. Ionic concentrations are compatible with the World Health Organization standards. The seasonal variations of the ionic concentrations in dew and rain follow a volume dilution dependence. In the future, the expected diminution in dew and rain volumes according to the RCPs 2.6 and 8.5 should increase the dew and rain ionic concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A benzoxazine monomer with intrinsic high emissivity and solar absorptivity was synthesized. • The laser-induced superhydrophilic porous graphene enables anti-gravity water transport. • The switchable mode could achieve solar-driven desalination and passive cooling dew collection. • A high desalination efficiency of 90.9 % and 68.36 g/m−2(−|-) day−1 dew collection was realized. The importance of clean water resources for human health and economic development cannot be overlooked. Providing a way for fully passive all-day freshwater harvesting presents a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a strategy for all-day freshwater harvesting passively through a freestanding Janus film which combining solar-driven interfacial desalination during day time and dew water generation driven by passive radiative cooling at night. Specifically, the core of the strategy was a new bio-based benzoxazine which containing high-infrared emittance in the atmospheric window and the resultant cured black freestanding film owns a steady high light absorbance in the whole range of the solar irradiation wavelength. The home-made device made by the Janus film achieved a drinkable freshwater collection efficiency of 90.9 % when desalinating seawater under 1 sun illumination and achieved a dew water collection rate of 68.36 g m−2 day−1 at night. Moreover, the film has an excellent antibacterial effect, which ensures the quality of water collection and enhances the service life. Combining the advantages of bio-based raw materials, a simple fabrication process and scalability of the film, the all-day freshwater collection system makes a promising solution to alleviate freshwater shortage in many arid regions, islands and even boats sailing on the sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planer 2D nanopore arrays of porous anodic alumina can be unfolded to designed 3D arrayed micro-nano hierarchical structures by a programmed anisotropic electrochemical anodization, which consists of programed polymer masking and stepped anodization. Arrayed symmetrical and asymmetrical V-shape tiered micro grooves with nanotip-capped nanopore structures are respectively custom tailored to obtain high-efficiency dew collection. It is found that symmetrical V-shape tiered micro grooves with nanotip-capped nanopore structures show collection efficiency (36.176 ± 3.832 mg cm−2 h−1) twice as much as that of pure nanostructured surface, where the environment temperature is ∼18 °C, the relative humidity is ∼86 % and the sample temperature is ∼5 °C. Owning to the larger dew nucleation area, low solid-liquid adhesion and faster dew growth rate, the jumping micro-dews quickly gather and growth to big dews at the bottom of the V-shape tiers as the samples horizontally placed, which can easily fall off as turn the samples to vertical. Due to the simple equipment, low cost and large-area fabrication ability, these arrayed micro-nano hierarchical structures not only have potential to become high efficiency dew collector but also could be a platform for the controlled preparation of 3D complicated micro-nano structures of various materials with advanced functions. [Display omitted] • Symmetrical microgroove with nanotip-capped nanopore show best dew collection property • Microgroove made of hight varied tiers enlarge the dew nucleation density and growth rate • Tiers made of vertical sited nanotip-capped nanopore ensure the superhydrophobicity • These hybrid structures can be controlled fabricated at one time in an easy way [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]