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Turpentine is a renewable and resourceful forest product. The deep processing and utilization of turpentine, particularly its primary component β-pinene, has garnered widespread attention. This study aimed to synthesize 40 derivatives of β-pinene, including nopinone, 3-cyanopyridines of nopinone, myrtanyl acid, myrtanyl acylthioureas, and myrtanyl amides. We assessed the antiviral activities of these β-pinene derivatives against influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) using the 3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The β-pinene derivatives were used before and after cellular infection with the influenza virus to evaluate their preventive and therapeutic effects against the H1N1 virus. The results showed that only compound 10o exhibited a preventive effect against the H1N1 virus with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 47.6 μmol/L. Among the compounds, 4e, 4i, and 4l demonstrated therapeutic effects against cellular infection, with compound 4e displaying the most potent therapeutic effect (IC50 = 17.5 μmol/L), comparable to the positive control ribavirin. These findings indicated that certain β-pinene derivatives exhibited in vitro antiviral activity against the H1N1 influenza A virus, warranting further investigation as potential anti-influenza agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomass Chemical Engineering is the property of Editorial Office of Biomass Chemical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An aurone derivative HJ-1, was isolated from Coreopsis tinctoria in our previous work, showed potential anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity. From it, seventy-five compounds were synthesized via bioisostere and scaffold hopping strategy, and then submitted to the inhibitory activities evaluation against four tumor cells (HELA, HT-29, A549 and HepG2) through MTT assays. These activities have been discussed in SAR. Based on the results, compounds, thirty compounds showed moderate to good antitumour activity. Among them, five compounds (A3: 3.41 ± 1.03 μM, E3: 5.11 ± 0.23 μM, E8: 4.14 ± 1.21 μM, F2: 5.40 ± 1.18 μM, F4: 7.37 ± 0.87 μM) had achieved a comparable efficiency to the positive control DOX (Doxorubicin) against HT-29 cell lines, Compound A3 and F4 were identified as potential leading compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable disease owing to drug resistance, requires safe and effective therapies. Norcantharidin (NCTD), an active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicines, possesses activity against different cancers. However, its toxicity and narrow treatment window limit its clinical application. In this study, we synthesized a series of derivatives of NCTD to address this. Among these compounds, DCZ5417 demonstrated the greatest anti-MM effect and fewest side effects. Its anti-myeloma effects and the mechanism were further tested. Methods Molecular docking, pull-down, surface plasmon resonance-binding, cellular thermal shift, and ATPase assays were used to study the targets of DCZ5417. Bioinformatic, genetic, and pharmacological approaches were used to elucidate the mechanisms associated with DCZ5417 activity. Results We confirmed a highly potent interaction between DCZ5417 and TRIP13. DCZ5417 inhibited the ATPase activity of TRIP13, and its anti-MM activity was found to depend on TRIP13. A mechanistic study verified that DCZ5417 suppressed cell proliferation by targeting TRIP13, disturbing the TRIP13/YWHAE complex and inhibiting the ERK/MAPK signaling axis. DCZ5417 also showed a combined lethal effect with traditional anti-MM drugs. Furthermore, the tumor growth-inhibitory effect of DCZ5417 was demonstrated using in vivo tumor xenograft models. Conclusions DCZ5417 suppresses MM progression in vitro, in vivo, and in primary cells from drug-resistant patients, affecting cell proliferation by targeting TRIP13, destroying the TRIP13/YWHAE complex, and inhibiting ERK/MAPK signaling. These results imply a new and effective therapeutic strategy for MM treatment.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of group changes at the third position of the benzene ring of ferulic acid （FA） on the bitterness inhibition effect of branched chain amino acids and their flavor characteristics. Methods: FA and its phenyl ring substituted derivatives were synthesized and their structures were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The electronic tongue test was used to evaluate the improvement in the bitter taste of branched-chain amino acids by FA and its derivatives, including bitterness inhibition rate, self-flavor, and the effect on other tastes. Results: The results showed that FA and its phenyl ring substituted derivatives exhibited certain bitterness inhibition effects on branched-chain amino acids, and the bitterness inhibition effect of FA was superior to that of other derivatives at different addition amounts except for the A4 （—F） derivative, which had a similar bitterness inhibition effect on valine as FA （—OCH3） did. Conclusion: The size of molecular groups and strong electronegativity might be the key factors affecting the bitter inhibition effect, —OCH3 at position 3 on the benzene ring showed the best bitter inhibition effect.

Finans dünyası, geçmişten bugüne hızlı bir gelişim ve değişim göstermektedir. Bu gelişim ve değişimi etkileyen faktörlerin başında, insanlar ya da kurumların ilgili dönemlerdeki ihtiyaçları ve istekleri gelmektedir. Dolayısıyla günümüz finans sorunlarının daha iyi anlaşılması, geçmiş örnekler üzerinden değerlendirmeleri ve sorgulamaları kapsayan finans tarihinin özümsenmesine bağlıdır. İslamî finans anlayışının temeli, ticareti teşvik etmek ve üretim sürekliliğini sağlamaktır. Özellikle paranın ticari amaçlar doğrultusunda kullanımı ve faiz yasağı anlayışı, İslamî finans anlayışının temel çizgilerini oluşturur. İslamî finans ürünleri geçmişten günümüze çok çeşitli isimlerle var olagelmiştir. Örneğin sukuk, murabaha, mudaraba, müşareke, tekafül ve selem bunlardan ilk akla gelenlerdir. Bu çalışmada İslamî finans ürünlerinden selem akdi, Osmanlı dönemi âlimlerinden Darendeli Hamza Efendi tarafından kaleme alınan “Ticaret ya da Finans Risalesi” diyebileceğimiz eserinde selem ilkeleri kapsamında değerlendirilmiş ve günümüz türev piyasa ürünleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Böylece türev piyasaların geçmişten bugüne gelen amaç, kurum, kullanım, işlem ve ilkeler bazındaki değişimi ve gelişimi gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Günümüz dünyasında türev piyasa ürünleri; forward, futures, opsiyon ve swap olmak üzere dört temel finansal üründen oluşmaktadır. Özellikle 1980’li yıllardan sonra dünya genelinde kullanım yoğunluğu artan bu ürünler, çok farklı isim ve işlemlerle kendisine yer bulmaktadır. Bu ürünlerden daha çok selem akdi ile ilişkilendirilen forward sözleşmeler, sadece tezgâh üstü piyasalarda işlem görürken; futures sözleşmeleri sadece borsalarda; opsiyonlar hem borsalarda hem de tezgâh üstü piyasalarda ve swaplar ise sadece tezgâh üstü piyasalarda işlem görürler. Bu noktadan hareketle forward dışındaki ürünlerin İslamî finans alanındaki karşılığı “İstisna akdi” olarak da ifade edilebilir. Selem akitleri, Osmanlı dönemine dayanan ve kendi döneminde bazı âlimlerin eserlerine konu olan anlaşmalardır. İlgili dönemde yapılan diğer işlemlerde olduğu gibi Selem’in de amacı, ribâya düşmemek ve yapılan işlemin hukuken uygun olmasıdır. Darendeli Hamza Efendi’nin risalesini kaleme almasındaki asıl amacı ise Osmanlı dönemi ticaretin tabi olduğu dilsel uyuşmazlıkların ortadan kaldırılması, yapılan alış verişlerin sahih olmasının, dinen hoş görülmeyen işlerden uzak olmasının sağlanması ve ribâ’dan sakınılmasıdır. Türev piyasaların kullanım amaçları ise birçok kitapta günümüz anlayışıyla açıklanmıştır. Genel olarak türev piyasalar üç amaçla işlem görürler. Bunlar; hedging, spekülasyon ve arbitrajdır. İlk amaç olan hedging ya da korunma amaçlı sözleşmeler, aslında selem anlaşmalarının da temelidir. İkinci amaç spekülasyondur. Spekülasyon bir ürünün gelecekteki fiyatına göre girilen pozisyonla ilgilidir. Türev piyasalarda alım ve satım olmak üzere iki pozisyon alınır. Alım pozisyonları, gelecekteki fiyat artışlarından korunmak; satım pozisyonları ise gelecekteki fiyat düşüşlerine karşı korunmak amaçlıdır. Ancak spekülasyon amacı günümüzde daha çok kazanmak odaklı değerlendirilmiş ve türev piyasaları yoğun kaldıraç anlayışı ile eleştirel kılmıştır. Üçüncü amaç olarak arbitrajda ise daha farklı bir amaç izlenmiş olup, risksiz kazanç imkânı elde edilmektedir. Çünkü bu sözleşmelerde aynı anda farklı bölgelerdeki fiyat değişiklikleri dikkate alınarak pozisyon alınır. Böylece emtia ya da ticaret erbabı, aynı zamanda farklı bölgelerden daha düşük fiyattan aldıkları ürünleri, kendi piyasalarında belli bir kâr ile satarlar. İşlem aynı anda gerçekleştiğinden kâr da bugünden belirli olabilecektir. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı dönemi İstanbul ve Bap Mahkemesi örnekleri üzerinden selem akdi uyuşmazlıklarına ait orijinal karar metinlerinin transkripsiyonu ve Türkçeleştirilmiş içerikleri sunulmuştur. İlaveten bu metin örnekleri üzerinden günümüz katılım bankacılığı anlayışı dikkate alınarak yorumlamalar ve değerlendirmeler yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak selem akdi, geçmişten bugüne taşınan İslamî finans ürünlerinden birisidir. Ancak geçmiş dönemlerden farklı olarak günümüzde uygulama alanı, sadece katılım bankacılığı kapsamında yer almaktadır ve çok daha kısıtlı uygulanabilmektedir.

The potential of neuromorphic (NM) solutions often lies in their low-SWaP (Size, Weight, and Power) capabilities, which often drive their application to domains that could benefit from this. Nevertheless, spiking neural networks (SNNs), with their inherent time-based nature, present an attractive alternative also for areas where data features are present in the time dimension, such as time series forecasting. Time series data, characterized by seasonality and trends, can benefit from the unique processing capabilities of SNNs, which offer a novel approach for this type of task. Additionally, time series data can serve as a benchmark for evaluating SNN performance, providing a valuable alternative to traditional datasets. However, the challenge lies in the real-valued nature of time series data, which is not inherently suited for SNN processing. In this work, we propose a novel spike-encoding mechanism and two loss functions to address this challenge. Our encoding system, inspired by NM event-based sensors, converts the derivative of a signal into spikes, enhancing interoperability with the NM technology and also making the data suitable for SNN processing. Our loss functions then optimize the learning of subsequent spikes by the SNN. We train a simple SNN using SLAYER as a learning rule and conduct experiments using two electricity load forecasting datasets. Our results demonstrate that SNNs can effectively learn from encoded data, and our proposed DecodingLoss function consistently outperforms SLAYER’s SpikeTime loss function. This underscores the potential of SNNs for time series forecasting and sets the stage for further research in this promising area of research.

Instruments are tool that used to collect research data. The instrument consists of two types, namely the main and supporting instruments. In this paper, we develop the supporting instruments which are used in qualitative research such as commognitive perspective. The instrument development aims to explore and reveal students' cognition in understanding derivative tasks that are valid and reliable. It means the instrument is needed in order to explore cognition and communication in an inseparable manner according to the theory used in this research. The two supporting instruments that developed in this study are the mathematical ability test (MAT) and the derivatives understanding task (TMT). Moreover, the developed MAT instrument is accompanied by source questions, grids and indicators. The MAT consists of 10 questions, and this was tested empirically in the category of valid and high reliability. Furthermore, TMT is developed as a reference for exploring student commognition. The TMT consists of 14 questions. The preparation and development of the instruments in this study are based on relevant theories and supported by empirical data. At the expert review step, validation is carried out in terms of content, construct and language by experts. Each step is tested for readability, then suggestions and comments are provided for improvement. The final results obtained show that the two supporting instruments (MAT and TMT) are feasible to use in exploring student commognition because these bring up keywords, visual mediators, endorsed narratives, and routines, as a commognition characterher.

Mathematics learning model using GeoGebra software has become a handy tool in teaching mathematical concepts and applications. Students can conduct experiments and explore mathematical concepts in an interactive and fun way with GeoGebra software. Using GeoGebra in learning mathematics of two-variable functions can increase students' understanding on the topic discussed, strengthen mathematical computational and visualization skills, and motivate them to know more and better complex mathematical concepts. From this perspective, this study aims to know the impact of using GeoGebra on students' understanding of the derivative of a function of two variables. Furthermore, this study was conducted on two groups of students, namely the control group (not using GeoGebra) of 53 students and the experimental group (using GeoGebra) consisting of 50 students. Based on these results descriptively students in the experimental group have higher scores on the assessment of skills in determining partial derivatives and their application. Statistically, there is a difference between the experimental and control groups in understanding the function of the derivative of the two variables.

AbstractPoets with style in every era have given their speech a kind of identity with innovation. One of these innovations is the creation of new compounds. Shafii‌ Kedakani is one of the poets who use compound words in his poetry with remarkable frequency. Some of these words are created by poets and some others have a history of use in ancient or contemporary Persian poetry. In this article, the attention and emphasis is on the derivative and compound words that the poet has made and used according to the language of his poetry. Considering the importance of word formation in poetry, it is necessary to analyze this feature in the poetry of prominent poets of Persian language. Shafii Kodkani is one of the selected poets of contemporary poetry, whose poems allow such an exploration. The basis of the upcoming research is the methods of composition in the two categories of nouns and adjectives and its effect in improving the poems of this poet. This research was done in a descriptive-analytical way. The scope of the study is the seventeen books of Shafi'i Kadkani's poetry, which were finally collected in three collections. The construction of compound and derivative nouns and adjectives in Shafi'i Kadkani's poetry is done in one of the following ways: the derivative noun or adjective is the result of adding a derivational verb to the base morpheme. The frequency and variety of compound and derivative nouns and adjectives used in Shafi'i Kadkani's poetry includes 85 nouns and 93 adjectives.

An onto-semiotic analysis of the mathematical connections established by one in-service mathematics teachers and university students when solving a problem about launching a projectile using the derivative was carried out. Theoretically, this research was based on the articulation between the Extended Theory of Mathematical Connections and the Onto-semiotic Approach. The methodology was qualitative-descriptive where data was collected through interviews based on a task. Subsequently, following the joint analysis method of both theories, the mathematical activity of the participants when they solved the task was analyzed. The results show that, teacher and students established a system of connections of feature type, different representations, meanings, part-whole, procedural and implications in terms of practices, processes, objects, and semiotic functions that relate them. However, some students presented difficulties caused by some incorrect mathematical connection such as stating that the maximum height of the projectile is the time obtained with the critical number, errors in performing arithmetic calculations when evaluating the function, graphically representing the quadratic function as a straight line and use the general formula in an inappropriate way that prevents the procedural connection from being made.

Information concerning barrier properties of materials used for production of personal protective equipment fundamentally not only affects their useful properties, but also supports the end users’ decisions. Data obtained from measurements by standardized methods have to be processed by appropriate statistical methods. The article deals with numerical and statistical methods of reconstruction of a continuous curve out of discretely measured data. These mathematical models are proposed as an extension to the manual measurement of a conductometric method. Behaviour of these models is demonstrated on two chemical warfare agent simulants, however, the proposed methodology is universal and can be applied also to chemicals which have no conductivity. The parametric and nonparametric models are studied in the curve reconstruction, as well as in the calculation of subsequent characteristics, for example, a lag-time. The nonparametric model shows the best results which are in accordance with an expert’s estimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two simple, sensitive, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the quantitative determination of Azithromycin (AZI), Fluconazole (FLU) and Secnidazole (SEC) in bulk and tablet dosage form. Method A is based on the first-order derivative (D1) and Method B is based on the second-order derivative (D2) spectrophotometric method. In Method A, absorbance was measured at 215nm, 275nm and 333nm being the zero crossing points for AZI, FLU and SEC respectively. In Method B, absorbance was measured at 220nm, 225nm and 211nm being the zero crossing points for AZI, FLU and SEC respectively. For Method A, all three drugs obey Beer's law in the concentration range 5-30µg/ml for AZI, 5-60 µg/ml for FLU and 5-40 µg/ml for SEC with correlation coefficients 0.995, 0.998 and 0.998 respectively. For Method B, all three drugs obey Beer's law in the concentration range 5-35 µg/ml for AZI, 5-40 µg/ml for FLU and 5-40 µg/ml for SEC with correlation coefficients 0.995, 0.999 and 0.998 respectively. Both methods can be used for routine analysis of these three drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage form. Results for analysis of both methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Soochow Journal of Economics & Business is the property of Soochow Journal of Economics & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable disease owing to drug resistance, requires safe and effective therapies. Norcantharidin (NCTD), an active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicines, possesses activity against different cancers. However, its toxicity and narrow treatment window limit its clinical application. In this study, we synthesized a series of derivatives of NCTD to address this. Among these compounds, DCZ5417 demonstrated the greatest anti-MM effect and fewest side effects. Its anti-myeloma effects and the mechanism were further tested. Methods: Molecular docking, pull-down, surface plasmon resonance-binding, cellular thermal shift, and ATPase assays were used to study the targets of DCZ5417. Bioinformatic, genetic, and pharmacological approaches were used to elucidate the mechanisms associated with DCZ5417 activity. Results: We confirmed a highly potent interaction between DCZ5417 and TRIP13. DCZ5417 inhibited the ATPase activity of TRIP13, and its anti-MM activity was found to depend on TRIP13. A mechanistic study verified that DCZ5417 suppressed cell proliferation by targeting TRIP13, disturbing the TRIP13/YWHAE complex and inhibiting the ERK/MAPK signaling axis. DCZ5417 also showed a combined lethal effect with traditional anti-MM drugs. Furthermore, the tumor growth-inhibitory effect of DCZ5417 was demonstrated using in vivo tumor xenograft models. Conclusions: DCZ5417 suppresses MM progression in vitro, in vivo, and in primary cells from drug-resistant patients, affecting cell proliferation by targeting TRIP13, destroying the TRIP13/YWHAE complex, and inhibiting ERK/MAPK signaling. These results imply a new and effective therapeutic strategy for MM treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background We have previously demonstrated that ginsenoside compound K can attenuate the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, ginsenoside compound K has potential for atherosclerosis therapy. How to improve the druggability and enhance the antiatherosclerotic activity of ginsenoside compound K are the core problems in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. CKN is a ginsenoside compound K derivative that was previously reported to have excellent antiatherosclerotic activity in vitro, and we have applied for international patents for it. Methods Male C57BL/6 ApoE−/− mice were fed a high-fat and high-choline diet to induce atherosclerosis and were subjected to in vivo studies. In vitro, the CCK-8 method was applied to evaluate cytotoxicity in macrophages. Foam cells were utilized, and cellular lipid determination was performed for in vitro studies. The area of atherosclerotic plaque and fatty infiltration of the liver were measured by image analysis. Serum lipid and liver function were determined by a seralyzer. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis were conducted to explore the alterations in the expression levels of lipid efflux-related proteins. Molecular docking, reporter gene experiments and cellular thermal shift assays were used to verify the interaction between CKN and LXRα. Results After confirming the therapeutic effects of CKN, molecular docking, reporter gene experiments and cellular thermal shift assays were used to predict and investigate the antiatherosclerotic mechanisms of CKN. CKN exhibited the greatest potency, with a 60.9% and 48.1% reduction in en face atherosclerotic lesions on the thoracic aorta and brachiocephalic trunk, reduced plasma lipid levels and decreased foam cell levels in the vascular plaque content in HHD-fed ApoE−/− mice. Moreover, CKN in the present study may exert its antiatherosclerotic effects through activated ABCA1 by promoting LXRα nuclear translocation and reducing the adverse effects of LXRα activation. Conclusions Our results revealed that CKN prevented the formation of atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice by activating the LXRα pathway.

Two bisoprolol derivatives, N-acetyl bisoprolol and N-formyl bisoprolol, belonging to the beta-blocker class of antihypertensive drugs, were synthesized using acetylation and formylation reactions. The yields of the reactions were determined to be 32.40% for N-acetyl bisoprolol and 20.20% for N-formyl bisoprolol. In silico methods such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and SwissADME prediction were employed to evaluate the potential of these bisoprolol derivatives as antihypertensive drugs. These methods were used to assess the interaction between the bisoprolol derivatives and various receptors associated with hypertension, including human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (PDB ID: 1O8A), renin (PDB ID: 2V0Z), beta-1 adrenergic receptors (PDB ID: 4BVN, 7BVQ), voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S (PDB ID: 6JP5) and mineralocorticoid receptor (PDB ID: 6L88). Our results demonstrated the highest binding energy when bisoprolol and its derivatives bound to 4BVN, with binding energy values of 6.74 kcal mol−1, 7.03 kcal mol−1 and 7.63 kcal mol−1 for bisoprolol, N-acetyl bisoprolol and N-formyl bisoprolol, respectively. The stability of these complexes was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, with a root-mean-square deviation value of approximately 2. Furthermore, the SwissADME results indicated that both derivatives exhibited similar properties to the reference drug bisoprolol.

The literature reports that students have difficulties connecting different meanings, multiple representations of the derivative, and performing reversibility processes between representations of f and f'. The research goal is to analyze the mathematical connections that university students establish when solving tasks that involve the graphs of f and f' when the two functions do not have associated symbolic expressions. Seven students from the first year of undergraduate studies in mathematics from a university in southern Mexico participated. For data collection, two tasks involving the graphical context of the derivative were applied. An analysis of the mathematical activity was carried out by the participants with the analysis model proposed by the onto-semiotic approach, and thematic analysis with types of mathematical connections from the extended theory of connections was carried out to infer the connections made in that mathematical activity, which allowed us to consider the reversibility connection between the graphs of f and f' as the encapsulation of a portion of the mathematical activity. Four students establish the reversibility relationship between the graph of f and the graph of f'. It has been concluded that some students can establish the reversibility connection between the graphs of f and f', but the complexity of the mathematical activity that encapsulates the connection explains (by showing everything that the student must do) why some students are not able to establish it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its effectiveness, ibuprofen is one of the most popular anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide. However, the poor water solubility of this active ingredient severely limits its spectrum of pharmaceutical formulations (and often results in severe adverse effects due to high administered doses). To overcome these limitations, in this work, we enzymatically synthesized more hydrophilic derivatives of ibuprofen through its covalent attachment to two biobased polyalcohols: erythritol and glycerol. Herein, we report the optimized reaction conditions to produce an IBU–erythritol ester (82% ± 4% of conversion) by using Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB). Furthermore, we also report the enantioselective solventless esterification of (S)-ibuprofen with glycerol (83% ± 5% of conversion), exploiting immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase as a biocatalyst. The full NMR characterizations of the prodrug esters were performed via 1H, 13C-NMR, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC-NMR. The approach reported in this work can be extended to a large variety of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating urgency to mitigate climate change and enhance energy security has prompted heightened exploration of hydrogen production via electrocatalysis as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Among the myriad of electrocatalysts under investigation, two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) stand out as a particularly appealing option. Their unique properties, including a large active specific surface area, distinctive pore structure, ample metal active sites, ultra-thin thickness, superior ion transport efficiency, fast electron transfer rate, and the ability to control the morphological synthesis, endow these frameworks with exceptional versatility and promising potential for electrocatalytic applications. In this review, we delineate the structural features and advantages of 2D MOFs and their derivatives. We proceed to summarize the latest advancements in the synthesis and utilization of these materials for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Finally, we scrutinize the potential and challenges inherent to 2D MOFs and their derivatives in practical applications, underscoring the imperative for continued research in this captivating field of electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the research on the discovery, synthesis, biological activities, mechanism of action, non-target toxicity and derivatives of hinokitiol was reviewed. Hinokitiol is a kind of plant secondary metabolite with antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and other biological activities. It can be synthsized from readily available raw materials in industry and has significant development value. The seven-membered ring and carbonyl group of hinokitiol are essential groups for its bioactivity, and the structure-activity relationship suggests that the modification of hydroxyl group position may be one of the important ways to discover the highly active hinokitiol derivatives. However, the action characters, non-target toxicity and structural stability of hinokitiol are still unclear, which greatly limits the application of hinokitiol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the evolution of prospective secondary teachers' knowledge (meanings for dy dt ) and beliefs (about teaching and learning mathematics) in a semester-long inquiry-oriented differential equations class. Students entered the course with limited, primarily procedural, meanings for dy dt . Throughout the semester, they engaged in collaborative mathematical inquiry using a research-based curriculum. As viewed through the emergent perspective, students' meanings for dy dt and their beliefs about teaching and learning mathematics co-evolved with community norms and practices through the classroom discourse. Students' end-of-term portfolios and portfolio presentations were analyzed for evidence of meanings for dy dt and beliefs about students' roles, instructors' roles, and the general nature of learning mathematics. In these, students expressed rich, multifaceted meanings for dy dt and beliefs about learning as an active process of meaning-making. While many prospective teachers do not see the relevance of advanced mathematics coursework to their career, these students reflected on their experiences in the course and volunteered ways in which their emerging knowledge and beliefs would influence their future practice. We emphasize that the classroom norms supported students in pursuing connections themselves, and conjecture that similar norms would support the development of reflective practitioners in other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two simple, sensitive, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the quantitative determination of Diflunisal (DIF) and Lignocaine (LIG) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Method A is based on the first-order derivative (D1), and Method B is based on the second-order derivative (D2) spectrophotometric method. In Method A, absorbance was measured at 224nm and 264nm being the zero crossing points for DIF and LIG, respectively. In Method B, absorbance was measured at 232nm and 273nm being the zero crossing points for DIF and LIG, respectively. For Method A, the two drugs obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 3-39µg/ml for DIF and 4-40 µg/ml for LIG with correlation coefficients 0.999 and 0.995, respectively. For Method B, the two drugs obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 3-30µg/ml for DIF and 4-48µg/ml for LIG with correlation coefficients 0.998 and 0.996, respectively. Both methods can be used for routine analysis of these two drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage form. Results for analysis of both methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the method proposed for solving the so-called -systems of linear equations, it is proved that the orders of homogeneous invariant differential operators of smooth real functions of one variable take values from to , and the dimension of the space of all such operators does not exceed . A classification of invariant differential operators of order is obtained for and for for all orders from 4 to 10. Homogeneous invariant differential operators of the smallest order and the largest order are given, respectively, by the product of the first differentials () and the Wronskian (). The existence of nonzero homogeneous invariant differential operators of order for is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federated learning is served as a novel distributed training framework that enables multiple clients of the internet of things to collaboratively train a global model while the data remains local. However, the implement of federated learning faces many problems in practice, such as the large number of training for convergence due to the size of model and the lack of adaptivity by the stochastic gradient-based update at the client side. Meanwhile, it is sensitive to noise during the optimization process that can affect the performance of the final model. For these reasons, we propose Federated Adaptive learning based on Derivative Term, called FedADT in this paper, which incorporates adaptive step size and difference of gradient in the update of local model. To further reduce the influence of noise on the derivative term that is estimated by difference of gradient, we use moving average decay on the derivative term. Moreover, we analyze the convergence performance of the proposed algorithm for non-convex objective function, i.e., the convergence rate of 1 / n T can be achieved by choosing appropriate hyper-parameters, where n is the number of clients and T is the number of iterations, respectively. Finally, various experiments for the image classification task are conducted by training widely used convolutional neural network on MNIST and Fashion MNIST datasets to verify the effectiveness of FedADT. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic curve is used to display the result of the proposed algorithm by predicting the categories of clothing on the Fashion MNIST dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The derivative is an important concept in mathematics and therefore understanding the derivative concept play an essential role. However, it has been found that students' understanding of derivative is still below expectation. The reason is that they cannot explain parts that has not been understood. They has just stated that they forgot or did not understand without any detail explanation. This shows that the provided explanation which is given by students does not support the cognitive process. To overcome this situation, we need to understand how the cognitive processes that lead to such understanding. One simple tool that allows for this purpose is the theory of commognition. Objectives: This study aims to describe how the fieldindependent students understand the derivative concept viewed from the perspective of commognition theory. Design: This type of research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. Setting and Participants: Three participants were selected from 41 students of an undergraduate mathematics education program in a state university through a cognitive style test. Data collection and analysis: Task-based interviews and a focused group discussion were used for data collection. Results: The analysis results show that not all commognitive were arising during the students' understanding process. The Keywords Subject arise in the use objective phase. Writing symbols, mentioning symbols and showing symbols with hand movements are all as the visual mediators. Definition and theorem of limit as well as definition and theorem of derivative are used in routine procedures. Students tend to use ritual routines instead of exploration routines discourse. On the other side, deeds routines do not appear. Furthermore, the forms of commognition, such as gestures and semiosis, are figured out. Conclusions: The exploring the subject's cognition and communication during the discussion is a challenge in this research. Further research is needed to develop this kind of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is the property of Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In connection to a conjecture of W. Lü, Q. Li and C. Yang (2014), we prove a result on small function sharing by a power of a meromorphic function with few poles with a derivative of the power. Our results improve a number of known results.

This study investigated the effect of structural modification of Curcumin (CU) combined with the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) drug delivery system on anti-tumor activity in vitro. A new structure of Curcumin derivative (CU1) was successfully synthesized by modifying the phenolic hydroxyl group of CU. CU1 was two times more stable than CU at 45 °C or constant light. The SLN containing CU1 (CU1-SLN) was prepared, and the particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and zeta potential of CU1-SLN were (104.1 ± 2.43) nm, 0.22 ± 0.008, (95.1 ± 0.38) %, (4.28 ± 0.02) %, and (28.3 ± 1.60) mV, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that CU1 is amorphous in SLN. CU1-SLN released the drug slowly for 48 h, while CU and CU1 were released rapidly within 8 h. In terms of cytotoxicity, CU1 exhibited a 1.5-fold higher inhibition than CU against A549 and SMMC-7721 cells, while CU1-SLN showed 2-fold higher inhibition than CU1. Both CU1 and CU1-SLN reduced the toxicity in normal hepatocytes compared with CU (2.6-fold and 12.9-fold, respectively). CU1-SLN showed a significant apoptotic effect (p

To develop a sensitive and specific ELISA for geosmin (GSM), the research of this study is focused on the design and synthesis of several GSM derivatives, which maintain the whole GSM structure as much as possible and contain a spacer arm with an active group at the end. To form the GSM backbone, tandem organic reaction strategies were used to replace the traditional Robinson cyclization reaction. Five GSM derivatives were synthesized and the formed GSM derivative-protein conjugates were used as the immunogens for the production of polyclonal antibodies against GSM, while four GSM derivatives were synthesized and the GSM derivative-protein conjugates were used as coating antigens for establishing ELISA. The relationship between the structures of GSM derivatives and the antibody properties was explored. Under optimal conditions, the LOD of the ELISA for GSM was found to be 0.16 ng mL−1, and the antiserum was able to specifically recognize the GSM backbone.

Background: We have previously demonstrated that ginsenoside compound K can attenuate the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, ginsenoside compound K has potential for atherosclerosis therapy. How to improve the druggability and enhance the antiatherosclerotic activity of ginsenoside compound K are the core problems in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. CKN is a ginsenoside compound K derivative that was previously reported to have excellent antiatherosclerotic activity in vitro, and we have applied for international patents for it. Methods: Male C57BL/6 ApoE−/− mice were fed a high-fat and high-choline diet to induce atherosclerosis and were subjected to in vivo studies. In vitro, the CCK-8 method was applied to evaluate cytotoxicity in macrophages. Foam cells were utilized, and cellular lipid determination was performed for in vitro studies. The area of atherosclerotic plaque and fatty infiltration of the liver were measured by image analysis. Serum lipid and liver function were determined by a seralyzer. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis were conducted to explore the alterations in the expression levels of lipid efflux-related proteins. Molecular docking, reporter gene experiments and cellular thermal shift assays were used to verify the interaction between CKN and LXRα. Results: After confirming the therapeutic effects of CKN, molecular docking, reporter gene experiments and cellular thermal shift assays were used to predict and investigate the antiatherosclerotic mechanisms of CKN. CKN exhibited the greatest potency, with a 60.9% and 48.1% reduction in en face atherosclerotic lesions on the thoracic aorta and brachiocephalic trunk, reduced plasma lipid levels and decreased foam cell levels in the vascular plaque content in HHD-fed ApoE−/− mice. Moreover, CKN in the present study may exert its antiatherosclerotic effects through activated ABCA1 by promoting LXRα nuclear translocation and reducing the adverse effects of LXRα activation. Conclusions: Our results revealed that CKN prevented the formation of atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice by activating the LXRα pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To approximate a function, some simpler functions are used: simpler as definitory structure (formula) and also as regularity, continuity and/or smoothness. Any Lipschitz function is a uniformly continuous function, but conversely it not always true. We add to the usual examples some other, especially of the class of differentiable functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explicit formulas are given for interpolating parabolic splines on a number line interval constructed by J. Favard in 1940. For approximations by these splines in the Sobolev class of twice differentiable functions, estimates for the norm of the second derivative and the approximation error in the uniform metric are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Cu-supported ZIF-67 derivative/TiO2 composite coating was synthesized to increase the conductivity and capacity of TiO2 and apply the ZIF-67 derivative with excellent electrochemical performance to the integrated anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate in air will produce TiO2; while the sintering of ZIF-67 in an inert atmosphere will form CoO/C composite. The Cu-supported ZIF-67 derivative/TiO2 composite coating can be directly employed as an integrated anode for LIBs. It delivers a capacity of 649 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a high current density of 1000 mA g−1. Even at a high current density of 2000 mA g−1, it still maintains a capacity of 445 mAh g−1. The good electrochemical performance of the Cu-supported ZIF-67 derivative/TiO2 composite coating is mainly attributed to the good conductivity and excellent electrochemical properties of ZIF-67, the inhibition of TiO2 on reduction of CoO, and the steric hindrance effect of TiO2 on ZIF-67 particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Paradigma is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)