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The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 resulted in significant loss of life, massive population displacement and significant damage to infrastructure, especially in the energy sector, business relocation, etc. The war also had a significant negative impact on the development of the economy of our country, as the real gross domestic product fell sharply, inflation increased, trade faced unprecedented obstacles, and most of the logistics chains were destroyed. Under the given conditions of the functioning of the economy of Ukraine, it must be recognized that the influence of the state on its viability is a matter of particular urgency and increased importance. It needs both deep and comprehensive economic and legal research, as well as adequate, effective and modern legal support. The purpose of the article is to determine the conceptual and legal foundations of the state's influence on the economy of Ukraine in the conditions of war (in particular, in such areas as public and defence procurement, trade). The article formulates the concept of "the economy of war (military economy, wartime economy)", highlights the mechanisms for the implementation of the wartime economy. The article presents a list of means that should be used for the effective implementation of the goals of wartime economy. It explores the legal framework for the development of the economy of war in Ukraine (wartime economy). It substantiates the concept of "economic war" and highlights the methods of waging economic war. It proves that in conditions of war both the influence of the state on the economy (by all means and mechanisms available to it, the range of which should be expanded at the legislative level) and the share of the state in the economy should increase. It highlights the influence of the state on the economy during the war in certain areas, in particular, in the field of public and defense procurement, trade. It analyzes changes in the legal regulation of the procedure for conducting public and defense procurement under martial law. It proves that the Prozorro electronic public procurement system is, without a doubt, the cornerstone of the transformation of the entire public procurement system in Ukraine and should remain an effective tool for preventing and combating corruption in this area during the legal martial law regime in Ukraine. The article deals with the prohibitions/restrictions on the sale of certain types of goods under martial law, pricing under martial law, the features of state supervision (control) over the implementation of trading activities by business entities under martial law. It highlights the prospects for the legal regulation of public and defense procurement in the post-war period (under predictable conditions), which should return to the mainstream of the Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement" and the Law of Ukraine "On Defense Procurement". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Navy and Newport News Shipbuilding have between them created an unusual – probably unique – monopoly-monopsony duet, in this case for construction and refueling of nuclear aircraft carriers. Monopoly-monopsony dynamics captured a modest amount of theoretical attention, beginning with Francis Y. Edgeworth in the late 19th century. These analyses generally agreed such markets required a kind of collaboration between buyer and seller unlike the usual dynamic of competitive or monopoly-multiple customer markets. This conclusion is tested and confirmed through a story of the history of the formation of the Navy-Newport News monopoly-monopsony duet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In critiques of the American Military Industrial Complex, social actors in the weapons industry are often depicted as wasteful. For many years, and across the political spectrum, it has been common to accuse those who profit from war of wasting government investment or building useless weapons. Based on interviews with engineers and accountants at a Lockheed Martin facility in Upstate New York, I argue that representing and avoiding waste is actually a central dimension of creating weapons. Through environmental testing and risk analysis, those involved in military procurement and production actually use representations of waste as a way to legitimise and enjoy their labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public procurement represents a complex and challenging professional field. Working as a specialist in public procurement within the Romanian defense sector involves managing and overseeing the procurement processes specific to defense related goods and services not only for the military personnel that perform during peace time but also for the forces participating in international missions. This role entails a deep understanding of regulatory compliance, security requirements, and specialized procedures. Moreover, it might involve ensuring transparency, competitive bidding, and adherence to stringent regulations. In this context, this paper analyzes the main challenges faced in the procurement process during the international missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the literature on military aircraft unit costs is based on US data. This article adds to our knowledge by using an original data set for UK military aircraft costs, profits and prices. A distinction is made between unit costs within a generation of aircraft and between generations. Four research questions are addressed. First, is the UK aircraft industry a decreasing cost industry; second, are new entrants higher cost suppliers; third, what is the evidence on profitability in war and peace and between new entrants and original developers; fourth, what is the UK evidence on Augustine-type cost escalation and on the efficiency of aircraft procurement in war and peace? The UK aircraft industry was found to be a decreasing cost industry reflecting both scale and learning economies. Typically, new entrants were higher cost suppliers and profit rates were higher in peace-time. There was substantial Augustine cost escalation for UK combat aircraft and doubts are raised about the efficiency of military aircraft procurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The willingness of defence departments to select the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) for their fifth-generation multirole fighter has frequently been analyzed as stemming from the close historical connections allies such as Japan or Canada have with the United States. However, such an approach glosses over or ignores the operation of military procurement processes which are more idiosyncratic and subject to many pushes and pulls from different actors and directions. This article compares the experiences of Australia and Canada in procuring the JSF. Both countries are British Commonwealth members, with a long history of supporting western, and in particular, US alliances. But while Australia has secured its F-35 procurement and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) has already received its F-35s, Canada has only recently overcome a lengthy F-35 procurement battle that remains mired in controversy and will not deliver to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) an aircraft for several years yet. This comparative case study between Australian and Canadian defence priorities offers a new explanation for this disparity of procurement success based on the need to both create and maintain alignment between government strategic defence policy and military service doctrine if major platform purchasing decisions are to survive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale military platform procurement is an essential but understudied component of the policy studies of megaprojects. Procurement decisions in this area, from ships to aircraft, are examples of a specific type of often very expensive purchases which feature complex multi-actor and multiyear processes characterized by high degrees of conflict between actors over purchases and planning horizons. This study of military procurement efforts of this type demonstrates the importance of maintaining policy 'alignment' between governments and service providers for successful megaproject procurement to occur and suggests several strategies for accomplishing this that can be applied to similar large-scale but nondefense-related projects, ranging from hydroelectric dams to high-speed railway development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of the defense offset mechanism for the procurement of defense equipment has been going on since the early 1960s, although it was effectively only carried out when IPTN, PT. PAL, and PT. PINDAD established cooperation with the state of arms producers and strategic industries in the mid-1970s. The government's policy for cooperation with the United Arab Emirates in the field of defense industry will be very profitable and also equally build a defense economy and also this cooperation is centered on Joint Marketing for CN235 and N219 aircraft, as well as Joint Development for upgrading versions of N219 aircraft and MALE Black Eagle UAVs, along with Engineering, Design & Flight-Testing Work Package cooperation in each product development. This cooperation demonstrates the readiness of the domestic industry for the development of defense industry products, through three Defense Industry SOEs, in the form of Joint Marketing cooperation for CN235 multipurpose transport aircraft and N219 light passenger aircraft. The method used in this study is a qualitative method based on the study of in-depth understanding. Qualitative research is a method used to understand the phenomena experienced by the research subject by describing in the form of language, words, and special natural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of the information and analytical support for the State defense order in Ukraine. Research results. Theoretical approaches to defining the essence of the concepts of information and analytical activity and information and analytical support are considered, their role and purpose are revealed. Practical meaning. The author's definition of the term «information and analytical support of the state defense order in Ukraine» is proposed as a complex of organizational and legal systematic measures aimed at the collection, processing, analysis and generalization of information materials in order to ensure effective planning, coordination, monitoring and control of the execution of State defense orders, which includes the use of modern information technologies, analytical methods and expert assessments, promoting effective management within the defense sector of the state. Value/originality. It is proven that the role of the investigated institution is to protect territorial integrity and sovereignty, ensure informed decision-making, planning and coordination, monitoring and control, development of internal and external potentials, ensuring information security, development of the information base, ensuring effective communication, supporting scientific research, innovation and technological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: defence; Greece; military contracts EN defence Greece military contracts 154 157 4 07/19/23 20230401 NES 230401 I. Introduction The defence of each EU Member State is a sensitive and strongly national matter. Therefore, especially after the military invasion against Ukraine, Greece realizes that times require for strong defensive capacity[1] I . i From late 1990s crisis with Turkey until the late 2000s outbreak of financial crisis, Greece has concluded a series of military procurement contracts of approximately €35 billion. The aforementioned derogations demonstrate that EU laws consciously omitted to regulate in detail certain aspects of defence procurement; particular types of contracts which are concluded under exceptional circumstances reveal gaps in national legislation. [Extracted from the article]

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Public procurement is a large sector of the economy with most procurement going to the defense sector. Procurement by the defense sector includes purchases made through contracts to private businesses that manufacture durable goods. Manufacturing of these goods results in pollution production with toxic wastes being among the most dangerous pollutants for public health. Despite green purchasing policy goals, most transactions in the United States through defense contracts result in disproportionately high‐toxic pollution releases by manufacturers. We find that persistent exemptions granted defense agencies from following green purchasing policy result in a landscape where contractor environmental performance is unchanging with defense contractors persistently polluting in high amounts. Further, we find that defense contractors are linked to most toxic releases from procurement meaning that exemptions may be hindering potential advancements from green purchasing policy. Results can inform the design of new guidance about procurement and expand understanding of environmental inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper analyses public sector accounting and organisation reforms, focusing on the departments in charge of defence, military procurement and war between 1850 and 2000 in Britain. Over this period, three parliamentary acts, resulting from a power struggle between the Treasury and Parliament, produced the shift between two institutional logics: probity (spending properly) and performance (spending well). The purpose of this paper is to describe how the acts produced a shift between two institutional logics. Design/methodology/approach: The authors adopt Quattrone's (2015) procedural notion of institutional logics and the consequent concept of "unfolding rationality". Using documents from the National Archives, the authors analyse three reforms: The Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1866 (towards probity), The Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1921 (towards performance) and the National Audit Office Act of 1983 (towards performance and probity). Findings: For a long time, the actors narrated in this story argued and acted as if probity and performance were incompatible. The two are now treated as compatible and equally important. Before that, the "incompatibility" was a rhetorical, or "procedural", device. The authors argue that a procedural rather than substantive notion of institutional logics is more suitable to explain the trajectory that was the result of constant negotiation among actors. Practical implications: The study might contribute to the understanding of the increase in national defence-spending at continental level and the call for a common European Union (EU) military procurement strategy that followed the invasion of Ukraine. The war could produce changes in what is a traditional tension between two logics: sovereignty or efficiency. Originality/value: The originality of this paper stands in highlighting the link between the institutional logic of public-administration accounting and military history. This link emerges also thanks to a very long time-horizon. Additionally, from a theoretical viewpoint, the authors have put Quattrone's approach to the test in a context very different from the original one (the Jesuit order). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines problematic issues of the functioning of defense procurement and their impact on the state’s defense capability. The issue of improving the current norms of the Law of Ukraine «On Defense Procurement» was considered. It was emphasized that in the conditions of a full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, the prompt adjustment of state policy in the field of providing for the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the security and defense forces depends on the quality of the current legislation of Ukraine. In domestic science and practice, the issue of defense procurement is new and insufficiently studied, since the relevant legislative act, which regulates the specified sphere, – the Law of Ukraine “On Defense Procurement” – de jure entered into force only on January 1, 2021, and de facto – partially began to be applied from January 1, 2022, since with the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the russian federation on the territory of Ukraine, procurement procedures, stipulated by the specified legal document, were not applied. Inadequate and/or low-quality legislation in the field of defense procurement leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of the security and defense sector in performing its functional duties, and therefore decreases the level of the state’s defense capability. The full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine requires prompt adjustment of state policy in the field of logistical support of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the Armed Forces of Ukraine, territorial defense forces in their composition, the Security Service of Ukraine, other subjects of the security and defense sector, the introduction of non-standard approaches to the introduction of the latest technologies with the aim of increasing the capacities of these structures. In this regard, legislation in this area should be immaculate and meet modern requirements.

Interactions and power relations between the Malaysian Parliament and foreign affairs have long been neglected by academics. This article is an attempt to fill this gap. The Malaysian Parliament, being the highest legislative authority in the nation, is empowered to enact laws related to foreign and security affairs as well as hold the government to account. Drawing on Philip Norton's discourse on power relations between parliamentarians and the legislature, this article argues that Malaysian parliamentarians' check and balance over the executive's foreign authority is minimal due to a weak parliamentary institution compared with its British counterpart. The best the parliamentarians can achieve is to induce the government to pay attention to their concerns, while a second option is to make foreign issues the business of parliament through tabling adjournment motions to dictate the agenda. There was only one successful instance of a parliamentary intervention in stopping a military asset procurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the lessons identifi ed while analysing the confl ict in Ukraine and the major impact of the war on the regional and European security environment, NATO/EU countries decided to accelerate the process of strenghtening their national defense posture. Poland has assumed a leading role in consolidating the operational capabilities of its armed forces via revision of strategic planning in the area of defense and security, pledging to raise the defense expenditures in the next years and signing major military procurement deals. These developments raise the perspective of massive aquisition of new capabilites and a likely role for Poland as the main regional military power [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilising the analytical framework for defence innovation systems previously developed by the author, this article analyses the impact of geopolitical events on continued defence industrial reform efforts in China, Japan, and South Korea. The scope covers the period from late 2021 to March 2023, the changes in the organisational set-up of defence procurement agencies, regulatory frameworks, networks, and the defence industrial policy portfolio. The three countries are assessed as separate case studies, followed by a comparative analysis. The analysis showcases that the trends identified by Steindl (2022) for the period 1991–2021 have continued and partially accelerated. The reform efforts implemented during the period provide the base for the South Korean defence export successes in 2022, and can enable China and Japan to follow suit if market opportunities are effectively utilised and administrative hurdles decreased. The shifting international system also presents new challenges to the three defence industrial bases, most notably in respect to semiconductor supply chain reliance and increasing polarisation of competing blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a comparison is provided of the alternative Australian and Canadian government procurement policies for military aircraft in the post-Second World War period. Procurement was used by both governments to maintain manufacturing capacity that was established in the Second World War. By undertaking this analysis, the differing characteristics of the two policies are highlighted. In both cases procurement policies promoted the maintenance of aircraft manufacturing industries, however, the resulting industries were quite different in nature, a result partly of the differing natures of the policies, and different to some degree to the results of the policy in other Western countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the "Zeitenwende" proclaimed in Spring 2022, there has been an increased focus on both internal and external security issues, such as the procurement of military goods and defense capabilities. The geopolitical dynamics towards more multipolarity are forcing Europe, and therefore Germany as well, to take greater control of its own destiny. Emancipation from former hegemons offers opportunities; at the same time, successful economic policy navigation requires the efficient use of scarce public funds. Fiscal policy and social debates are controversial. Just think of the budget proposals currently being discussed and the reintroduction of compulsory military service. This discussion explores the extent, direction and sustainable financing options for the necessary changes. What all contributions have in common is the recognition of the necessity and potential of effective coordination at the European level on the issue of military sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses linear methods and a sample of 2298 US counties to assess alternative explanations for patterns of military procurements to local law enforcement. The correlational evidence supports the following: metropolitan jurisdictions and areas where local agencies emphasized drug law enforcement were most likely to seek military surplus inventory. Jurisdictions with strong evidence of economic inequality and those with large young adult populations also were recipients of military surplus hardware. But in jurisdictions with a large ratio of African Americans or Hispanics to Whites, local law enforcement agencies were less likely to pursue military surplus inventory. Law enforcement receipt of US military surplus inventory is shown to exhibit patterns associated with enduring conditions of social inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twin challenges of grain procurement and military threat from the White armies in 1919 and 1920 and how they were handled by provincial soviet officials are essential to understanding the survival and nature of Soviet Russia. The purpose of this article is to use a local study to examine in detail how the 1919-20 Soviet procurement campaigns were conducted in the localities. The focus here is Penza, a central 'producing' province, located on the eastern edge of the central Black Earth region yet at a distance from the Volga and outlying provinces where ferocity, loyalty to the revolution, and personal power prevailed in procurement and government control was weak. The Bolsheviks routinely concentrated armed force and capable personnel in one crisis area after another for short-term military or procurement purposes. Yet, this study finds that for Penza resources such as armed food brigades and rank-and-file communists became scarce as these were mobilized for work in newly occupied regions where procurement burdens became more significant. Procurement officials in Penza faced the necessity of near constant pragmatic adjustments in their engagement with their subordinates as well as peasant producers as circumstances and access to resources changed frequently. By tracing the local apparatus's history, a clearer picture emerges of the obstacles and adjustments involved in administering the Soviet grain monopoly behind the lines of the Civil War. In this way, we add to our knowledge of the challenges that shaped the Bolsheviks' efforts to resolve the grain crisis and survive the Civil War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the potential risks and benefits for South Korea of entering into a Reciprocal Defense Procurement Memorandum of Understanding (RDP MOU) with the United States. The purpose of an RDP MOU is to promote rationalization, standardization, and interoperability of defense equipment with foreign allies. To achieve this purpose, an RDP MOU calls for a mutual commitment not to discriminate in the area of defense procurement (supplies, services, and R&D), primarily by waiving “buy national” laws that make it difficult for one party to participate in the defense procurement market of the other. First, as a background, the article examines the international agreements under which the two countries have made certain commitments to open their procurement markets. Second, the article examines the U.S. domestic preference laws (“Buy American” laws), which serve as institutional barriers to defense trade. Third, the overall purpose and functions of RDP MOUs are studied, including whether and to what extent they have benefited other U.S. allies. Lastly, the article examines how South Korea should weigh the risks and benefits of entering into an RDP MOU. While arguing that the defense MOU would greatly strengthen the ROK–U.S. alliance, the article nevertheless concludes that South Korea should conduct a proper prefeasibility study, including a cost-benefit analysis for each covered defense– related procurement, before opening up its defense industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]