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"Learning by doing" in pursuit of real-world goals has received much attention from education researchers but has been unevenly supported by mathematics education software at the elementary level, particularly as it involves arithmetic word problems. In this article, we give examples of doing-oriented tools that might promote children's ability to "see" significant abstract structures in mathematical situations. The reflection necessary for such seeing is motivated by activities and contexts that emphasize affective and social aspects. Natural language, as a representation already familiar to children, is key in these activities, both as a means of mathematical expression and as a link between situations and various abstract representations. These tools support children's ownership of a mathematical problem and its expression; remote sharing of problems and data; software interpretation of children's own word problems; play with dynamically linked representations with attention to children's prior connect...

In short, participants ranked the workshop a huge success toward helping them develop ideas for incorporating genomics into undergraduate curricula. Bioinformatics and genomics are new fields of research, and teaching in these areas is newer still. In many ways, this initial workshop began a dialogue between colleagues and uncovered issues and questions that we must address together so that we can design labs, collaborations, and programs to meet the needs of the next generation of students. These open questions include the following five: What are the right courses or tracks for students in bioinformatics/genomics? What concepts in computing and in particular what types of algorithms do biologists really need to know? What are the biological concepts that computer science students need to learn for them to be effective players? What are the differences in language between biology and computer science and what can we do pedagogically to educate our students to work with these differences? What are the different ways biologists and computer scientists solve problems (e.g., the scientific method vs. decomposition/encapsulation)? The pursuit of answers to these and other emerging questions is part of our relentless effort to bring genomics to undergraduate biology and computer science students.

The Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) introduced a new continuing professional development program in March to train pharmacists in ordering, monitoring and interpreting lab tests. “Lab Tests—Ordering, Monitoring and Interpreting Laboratory Tests to Optimize Medication Management” is a response to some provinces increasing pharmacist authority to order lab tests or access lab results. Interest from the Pharmacists’ Association of Saskatchewan (PAS) first indicated that CPhA was on the right track about 3 years ago. “We were getting signals that pharmacists were going to get the authority. We wanted to meet the demand when the changes happened,” says Phil Emberley, Director, Pharmacy Innovation. PAS was the leader in the creation of the new program (known as Lab Tests), Emberley says. “Given the other work we do with continuing professional development, they thought we could take this on.” CPhA started by working with the University of Waterloo to tailor a course it offered to meet the needs of practising pharmacists. Lab Tests was reviewed by practising pharmacists and academics to make sure the content was accurate and appropriate for pharmacists. Emberley is also going to take the program himself. “It’s really meeting a need,” he says. Currently pharmacists have more authority in Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, while other provinces are considering it to various degrees. “When you have access to lab test results, there’s a professional responsibility implied that you’ll know how to use them to improve the care of patients,” Emberley says. The new program is the solution for pharmacists who have access to lab values but aren’t confident in knowing how to use them. Pharmacists having access to lab values and the skills to interpret them will benefit their patients and other health care providers, as well as pharmacists themselves, says Jennifer Gibson, a hospital-based pharmacist in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Patients will benefit from having all their health care providers able to evaluate their care appropriately, while physicians will have more support from and confidence in pharmacists. Time will be saved from streamlined communications between prescriber and pharmacist once both have the same patient information, Gibson explains. She works with kidney transplant recipients and says lab values are completely integrated into everything she does. Hospital pharmacists already have access to lab values, and she sees the authority continuing to spread with expanded scope and legislation changing across the country. Gibson is also a moderator for CPhA’s ADAPT patient care skills development program, which has a lab values component that provides some basic information on common tests. A recent conversation between moderators and students highlighted the difference in authority between provinces and the need for a program like Lab Tests to give pharmacists a better understanding of lab values. Maryann Chmilar, another ADAPT moderator, is a hospital-based pharmacist in Alberta, where pharmacists have to register with their provincial association before they can order and access lab values. “Along with the privilege and efficiency comes increased responsibility for patient care,” she says. “There’s a responsibility to look at the results and come up with care recommendations. The responsibility is all the way through.” For almost every condition and most medications there is a relevant lab value that will tell you the status of the condition and the effects or side effects of the drug, Chmilar says. Knowing how to monitor and interpret lab values is key to assessing care and knowing whether adjustments are required. “You can’t fix what you don’t know about,” she says. She plans on taking the Lab Tests program as a refresher, adding that online courses are a convenient way to keep up with improvements in care. The 12.75 CEU online module course discusses pharmacist responsibility for lab tests and basic skills in interpretation. Electrolyte, kidney function, liver, endocrine, cholesterol and hematologic tests are covered. Participants can start as soon as they register and can learn at their own pace in their own time. ■

Given the highly carnivalized view of the world that informs the narrative structure of Envy (Zavist'. 1927), one should not be terribly surprised to find that Iurii Olesha's controversial novella contains gastronomic and alimentary motifs that function in a highly Rabelaisian way, with food imagery being called upon to celebrate what Mikhail Bakhtin calls the "material bodily principle" ("images of the human body itself, food, drink, defecation, and sexual life") and thus to express a joyful sense of satiety, abundance, and excess.! Indeed, Olesha's story fairly reverberates with images of gluttonous overeating, heavy drinking, and physical corpulence, all of which Bakhtin identifies with the "grotesque body" portrayed in works of carnivalized literature.2 From the tubby "aristocratic" torso of Andrei Babichev, the Soviet salami king, to the flaccid figure of Anechka Prokopovich, the cook for the barbers' artel (who goes about entangled in the entrails of animals), Envy quite deliberately foregrounds the essential corporeality of the human body and emphasizes many of its basic physiological functions: among them, mastication, ingestion, digestion, and elimination. The novella opens, appropriately enough, within the very "bowels" (nedra) of Andrei Babichev's apartment, his bathroom, where the effervescent food commissar can be

This microstructural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility study of the internal structures of the Hercynian Neouvielle granite pluton (100 km2) provides new data indicating that the pluton was emplaced during the main Hercynian tectonic event recognized in the Pyrenees. It also provides new data about the later Alpine deformation localized along narrow mylonitic bands. These bands acted as reverse faults and have not rotated the Hercynian structures that define the main part of the pluton. The pluton is composed of two structural domains: the northern half of the pluton displays a beak shape in map view, with subhorizontal E–W trending lineations of magmatic origin; the southern half is semi-circular and displays rather steeply northward plunging lineations corresponding to magmatic and high temperature (HT) solid-state microstructures. These features are associated with magma deformation during emplacement. Magma deformation corresponds, in the northern half of the pluton, to an E–W strike-slip deformation recognized in the enveloping pelitic metasediments of Carboniferous age and, in the southern half of the pluton, to southward overthrusting recognized in the enveloping quartzites of Devonian age. Juxtaposition in a single granite body of transcurrent and compressive domains is viewed as a strain partitioning in the magma. This strain partitioning is linked to both the transpressive character of the main regional deformation event and the rheological contrast between the pelitic country rocks and quartzose country rocks.

Recent advances involving high-throughput techniques for data generation and analysis have made familiarity with basic bioinformatics concepts and programs a necessity in the biological sciences. Undergraduate students increasingly need training in methods related to finding and retrieving information stored in vast databases. The rapid rise of bioinformatics as a new discipline has challenged many colleges and universities to keep current with their curricula, often in the face of static or dwindling resources. On the plus side, many bioinformatics modules and related databases and software programs are free and accessible online, and interdisciplinary partnerships between existing faculty members and their support staff have proved advantageous in such efforts. We present examples of strategies and methods that have been successfully used to incorporate bioinformatics content into undergraduate curricula.

La preference pour differents sucres chez les nectarivores et frugivores depend en general de la composition de leur nourriture. Nous avons determine les preferences individuelles chez Cynopterus brachyotis et Pteropus rodricensis, la preference du groupe dans un groupe de P. rodricensis, et dans deux groupes melanges P. rodricensis, P. pumilus, P. vampyrus et P. hypomelanus. La plupart des chauves-souris sont nees en captivitee et elevees avec un regime alimentaire compose de sucre (saccharose = glucose + fructose) pendant 1 a 6 annees avant l'experience. Nous avons teste l'hypothese que la composition du regime alimentaire des chauves-souris peut influencer leurs preferences alimentaires, que les chauves-souris ne discriminent pas entre saccharose et glucose, et qu'elles preferent le saccharose et le glucose au fructose. Les individus comme les groupes ont prefere le saccharose au glucose et au fructose, ou le fructose au glucose. Nous avons determine aussi les seuils gustatifs pour des solutions de saccharose, de glucose et de fructose dans trois groupes de chauves-souris. Le saccharose a eu un seuil gustatif inferieur (0.15 % poids/poids) a celui de fructose (> 0.5 %) ou du glucose (0.5 %). Les preferences alimentaires en general ne concordent pas avec la composition du regime alimentaire. Le seuil gustatif peut expliquer la preference pour le saccharose ou le glucose et le fructose, mais ne permet pas d'expliquer la preference pour le fructose sur le glucose.

The relationships between Hercynian deformation and contact metamorphism in the aureole of the Aneto unit, a constituent pluton of the Maladeta granite complex (Spanish Pyrenees), provide new data relevant to the controversy between the syn- and post-tectonic models of emplacement for the Pyrenean granites. The deformation in the Aneto aureole is related to two superimposed Hercynian episodes. The first was a ‘top to the SW’ thrusting which induced SW-verging recumbent folds. The second, which was essentially compressive in the Aneto area, is represented by E–W-trending subvertical cleavage and folds with subhorizontal axes. This second episode can be assigned to the D2 main Hercynian tectonic event of the Pyrenees. The contact metamorphic assemblages grew during the D2 event and were deformed by it close to the contact. The conclusion that the pluton was emplaced during D2 is strengthened by the structural and kinematic similarities between the magmatic deformation in the southern rim of the pluton and the D2 deformation in the country rocks. This syntectonic timing is supported by new geochronological data that conflict with an existing Rb–Sr post-tectonic Permian whole-rock age for the Maladeta granite. More generally, in accordance with some very recent structural and U–Pb zircon studies, our results contradict the geodynamical models of the Pyrenees which relate the granite intrusions to a late extensional event.

Thirteen commercial lipases in hexane and seventeen bacterial cell suspensions in aqueous media were screened for the production of ethyl valerate and ethyl butyrate. The highest esterifying activity was obtained with commercial Pancrealipase (Biozymes Inc.) and Candida rugosa lipase (Amano Enzyme Ltd) and with bacterial cell suspension from Pseudomonas fragi CRDA 446. Commercial enzymes gave molar conversion yield of 68% over 24 h as compared to 17% with whole cells in aqueous medium. However, a comparison of both sources of biocatalyst i.e. whole microbial cells and commercial lipases, based on the amount of ester produced per g of protein for a complete reaction, indicated similar activities. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998

Spin wave calculations demonstrate that the macroscopic continuous degeneracy associated with the two-dimensional kagome Heisenberg spin lattice persists in the case of the stacked fcc structure giving rise to zero energy modes in three dimensions. The addition of an effective local cubic anisotropy is shown to remove this continuous degeneracy and introduce a gap in the spectrum as well as modify the inelastic scattering function $S({\bf q},\omega)$. This scenario supports earlier Monte Carlo simulations which indicate that the phase transition to long range $q=0$ magnetic order is driven to be discontinuous by critical fluctuations associated with the large degeneracy in the absence of anisotropy, but becomes continuous with the addition of anisotropy. The results are relevant to Ir-Mn alloys which are widely used in the magnetic storage industry in thin film form as the antiferromagnetic pinning layer in spin-valve structures., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures

GC/MS/MS techniques to quantitate mixtures of acyclic stereoisomers are explored for a set of secondary n-alkyl phenyl ethers vicinally substituted with deuterium. Examination of a set of test compounds using a commercial quadrupole ion trap instrument (GC/QIT) reveals large differences between threo and erythro diastereomers when trapped molecular ions expel neutral alkene as a result of collisionally activated dissociation (CAD). All of the monodeuterated compounds give PhOH•+ (m/z 94) and PhOD•+ (m/z 95) as the principal fragments under GC/QIT/CAD conditions. The threo isomers give consistently larger values of the ion intensity ratio r = m/z 95/m/z 94 than do the corresponding erythro, with a ratio of ratios rt/re as high as 3. A nonlinear calibration curve shows that the threo decomposes to a lesser extent than the erythro in mixtures of the two stereoisomers; hence, the precision of quantitation is sensitive to experimental error. Sustained off-resonance irradiation experiments in an FT-ICR give vir...

A combination of Metropolis and modified Wolff cluster algorithms is used to examine the impact of uniaxial single-ion anisotropy on the phase transition to ferromagnetic order of Heisenberg macrospins on a 2D square lattice. This forms the basis of a model for granular perpendicular recording media where macrospins represent the magnetic moment of grains. The focus of this work is on the interplay between anisotropy D, intragrain exchange J' and intergrain exchange J on the ordering temperature T(C) and extends our previous reported analysis of the granular Ising model. The role of intragrain degrees of freedom in heat assisted magnetic recording is discussed.

A procedure is developed to study the evolution of high anisotropy magnetic recording media due to thermally activated grain reversal. It is assumed that the system is composed of single domain grains that evolves by passing through a sequence of relatively long-lived metastable states punctuated by abrupt reversals of individual grains. Solutions to the rate equations describing the sequence of metastable states are calculated using kinetic Monte Carlo. Transition rates are formulated from the Arrhenius-N\'eel expression in terms of the material parameters, temperature, and applied field. Results obtained from this method are shown to be in good agreement with those calculated from finite-temperature micromagnetics. The method is applied to study the rate dependence of finite-temperature $MH$ loops and the thermal degradation of a recorded bit pattern in perpendicular recording media. A significant advantage of the procedure is its ability to extend simulations over time intervals many orders of magnitude greater than is feasible using standard finite-temperature micromagnetics with relatively modest computational effort.

The Marine Analytical Chemistry Standards Program (MACSP) of the National Research Council of Canada produces certified reference materials for several analytes, including PAHs, in marine matrices. Four harbour sediment CRMs are available, HS-3,4,5, and 6. Stocks of HS-3 and 4 are depleted and require replacement. New sediment has been collected and processed. Design goals for the project included provision of certified values for an expanded range of PAHs, and reduction of the uncertainties in the certified values. Stocks of HS-5 and 6 have been re-examined with the same goals. The methods chosen for the certification analyses were GC-MS, HPLC-MS and HPLC-fluorescence. A MACSP certified solution of perdeutero-PAHs was used as surrogate internal standard, and a separate perdeutero-PAH was used as a volumetric internal standard for the chromatographic analyses. NIST standard solutions of perproteo-PAHs were used as external standards. Problems and successes of this strategy are discussed.

New structural data from both the Trois-Seigneurs granodiorite and its country rock lead to new conclusions about the Variscan tectonic history of this part of the Pyrenees. Sedimentary rocks of the massif, that increase in metamorphic grade from north to south, are imprinted by a single major deformation responsible for both the tight, upright, E-W-trending folds with vertical to steeply N-dipping foliations and the gently W-plunging stretching lineations. Syntectonic emplacement of the Pic des Trois-Seigneurs granodiorite is demonstrated by the parallelism between structures of the pluton, as determined by magnetic fabric measurements, and the foliations and lineations imprinted in the country rocks. Large deformation of the granodiorite magma during emplacement is indicated by strong anisotropy and ubiquitous magmatic microstructures. The high thermal gradients of regional metamorphism, which is also syntectonic, are attributed to a large thermal aureole provided by deep-seated magma reservoirs. Shear-sense criteria in XZ thin sections of the metasedimentary country rocks indicate a dextral sense of the non-coaxial component of strain throughout the massif and regardless of metamorphic grade. The overall structure of the massif is concluded to have derived from a major shearing event that is equated with the D 2 main phase observed in the entire Variscan Pyrenees. As the E-W-oriented stretch and dextral shear cannot be separated from compressive structures generally considered to be characteristic of D 2 , this phase is concluded as representing regional transpression.

In the southwestern Grenville Province (Quebec), 1090-1070 My old K-rich alkaline equidimensional plutons, such as the Kensington pluton, occur in marble-rich country rock, but coeval dykes bearing lower-crustal xenoliths are found only in a quartzofeldspathic gneiss complex. The sequential nesting of magmas, the various episodes of skarn formation and the progressively more mafic character of the intruding magmas of the Kensington pluton are interpreted in terms of magma ascent through a series of propagating fractures, cessation of upward fracturing and pooling of magma in marble-rich ductile crust, diapirism, radial shortening of wall rock, and in-situ pluton expansion. This suite provides evidence that at deep crustal levels, the country-rock rheology influences the mode of magma ascent and emplacement and that diapirism is a possible mechanism of magma transport through rocks behaving rheologically by a power-law model.

Single crystals of CaNdAlO4 and SrLaGaO4 were used as seeds to grow large domains of YBa2Cu3Ox for levitation applications. These crystals have high melting temperatures (> 1500°C) and similar lattice structures to that of YBa2Cu3Ox. In a seeded melt-texturing method developed previously, the single crystals of CaNdAlO4, SrLaGaO4, and NdBa2Cu3Ox were used as seeds for comparison. After melt processing, scanning electron microscopy analysis did not reveal any major differences in all these seeded melt-textured samples. However, the levitation forces in the samples seeded with single crystals of CaNdAlO4 and SrLaGaO4 increased considerably compared to that of the sample seeded with NdBa2Cu3Ox. A model is proposed to describe the domain growth mechanism during seeded melt processing.

A lthough nostalgia was originally a term used to denote a medical pathology (in the seventeenth century, "homesickness" was diagnosed as a dangerous health disorder), it has subsequently become identified with a much less dangerous or pathological condition.1 It now tends to indicate a state of mind characterized by wistful regret or a sense of loss over a time and place now long gone, combined with a sentimental longing to escape back to what is remembered as being a much simpler world.2 That simpler world for which one

The results of micromagnetic simulations are presented which examine the impact of thermal fluctuations on sweep rate dependent coercivities of both single-layer and exchange-coupled-composite (ECC) perpendicular magnetic recording media. M-H loops are calculated at four temperatures and sweep rates spanning five decades with fields applied normal to the plane and at 45 degrees. The impact of interactions between grains is evaluated. The results indicate a significantly weaker sweep-rate dependence for ECC media suggesting more robustness to long-term thermal effects. Fitting the modeled results to Sharrock-like scaling proposed by Feng and Visscher [J. Appl. Phys. 95, 7043 (2004)] is successful only in the case of single-layer media with the field normal to the plane., Comment: 7 pages, 14 figures

The PT6 engine entered service in the mid-1960s. Since then, application of new technology has enabled low-cost development of engines approaching 1500 kW, the introduction of electronic controls, improved power-to-weight ratio, higher cycle temperature, and reduced specific fuel consumption. At the same time, PT6 field experience in business, commuter, helicopter, and trainer applications has resulted in engines with low Direct Operating Cost and a reputation for rugged design and a high standard of engine reliability. This paper will highlight some interesting examples of this technical evolution, including the development of electronic controls and the application of the latest three-dimensional aerodynamic and stress analysis to both compressor and turbine components.

At 75/25 concentration ratio, bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC)/styreneacrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) blend has poor impact resistance compared to PC/ABS. A rubber phase methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) of core/shell type was dispersed in PC/SAN blend. The morphology of the unmodified and modified blend was investigated. The influence of the acrylonitrile ratio in the SAN on the microstructure was studied. It clearly shows that core/shell resides at the interface between PC and SAN. It seems that core/shell particles enhance the adhesion between the different phases. Their presence influences the interface mobility; i.e., the coalescence of the dispersed phase observed in pure PC/SAN is considerably reduced when the MBS particles are added. The impact resistance of the samples was correlated with the morphology.

The Maladeta granitic complex (Spanish Central Pyrenees) has been subjected to a detailed magnetostructural study, through the systematic measurement of magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility at 253 regularly spaced sampling sites. Due to the dominant paramagnetic property of the granites, a first-order correlation can be derived between the susceptibility magnitude and the bulk-rock iron content, hence the petrographic nature of the rock. The Maladeta complex is shown to be composed of four principal juxtaposed plutons, each one being normally zoned, i.e. becoming more basic towards the periphery. The largest pluton, namely the Colomers unit, is itself made of a number of sub-plutons due to distinct but more-or-less coeval batches of magmas. The various magnetic data, complemented by field and microstructural observations, allow us to propose that the Maladeta polydiapir probably exploited NE- and SE-trending openings of the brittle crust for its emplacement, that accompanied or just preceded a SW-verging compressive event. A later N-S compression marked by inverse dextral, and E-W-trending shears, is preferably attributed to late Variscan rather than to Alpine tectonics.

To demonstrate that produce rinsates used for RT-qPCR detection of foodborne viruses may cause significant PCR inhibition and propose a means to reduce its impact on sensitivity.Here, it is shown that rinsing and concentration from spinach and precut lettuce have the potential to generate RNA extracts that are inhibitory to RT-qPCRs assembled from commercial kits for the detection of norovirus GII (NoV GII), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotavirus (RV) and feline calicivirus (FCV) as sample process control. It is further shown that the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to those reactions restored a positive signal in all cases. The effect of BSA was dependent upon the primer/probe combination. Moreover, two of the detection systems (FCV and HAV) strongly benefited from the addition of BSA even in the absence of PCR inhibitors.BSA was shown to restore positive signals in five different RT-qPCR systems that were otherwise completely inhibited by produce rinsate extracts. It is therefore suggested to consider the addition of BSA to RT-qPCRs for the detection of foodborne viruses when inhibition is observed.This study clearly demonstrates the potency of PCR inhibitors generated during routine virus concentration from produce and that it can be alleviated by the addition of BSA to the RT-qPCRs. Although used elsewhere, the addition of BSA to PCRs is not a common practice in this growing field of research.

A sample of 50 items in French and Italian from the Cornell University arrearage, all lacking catalog copy in the RLIN database, was searched on OCLC and in six OPACs available on the Internet: Harvard University, Indiana University, MELVYL, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Chicago, and the University of Toronto. Although catalog copy was found on OCLC for 34% of these items, searching the individual OPACs on the Internet yielded hit rates of only 2%-10%. Furthermore, the six OPACs all together provided catalog copy for only 2 of the items that did not turn up on either RLIN or OCLC.

In HIV infection, several arguments suggest a certain degree of CD4+ T cell activation which might contribute to lymphocyte dysfunctions. To investigate this possibility, we determined the phenotypes of circulating CD4+ T cells using monoclonal antibodies directed to activation markers and examined whether the defective in vitro interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by purified CD4+ T cells isolated from infected individuals was reversible in rested cultured T cells, a phenomenon suggestive of in vivo CD4+ T cell exhaustion. The number of CD4+ T cells expressing HLA-DR molecules was the same as that observed in controls, remained constant throughout the course of HIV infection, and constituted a major part of circulating CD4+ T cells. In CDC stage II group, the increased percentage of CD4+DR+ T cells was also associated with an increased expression of early activation markers. Defective IL-2 production in vitro was restored when CD4+ T cells were allowed to rest in culture. In addition, the number of circulating CD4+DR+ T cells correlated negatively with the in vitro IL-2 production induced by phytohemagglutinin and phorbol ester by freshly isolated CD4+ T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that in vivo activated CD4+ T cells may participate in the immune abnormalities of HIV infection.

Breeding experiments were conducted to combine the X-linked sparse-fur (spf) mutation with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and the autosomal recessive deficiency of short-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) in BALB/cByJ mice. We obtained spf/Y (scad/scad), spf/+ (scad/scad) and spf/spf (scad/scad) double mutants amongst the F2 progeny, which were tested and separated on the basis of urinary orotate and the GC/MS analysis of urinary butyrylglycine, methylsuccinate and ethylmalonate. The testing of the biochemical type was feasible both on the basis of a 24-h urine collection form adult mice kept in metabolic cages and on the basis of urine spots collected on filter paper from younger progeny. It is postulated that the spf/Y (scad/scad) double-mutant may serve as a useful animal model to study the ammonia: fatty acyl CoA synergism.

Monte Carlo simulations are performed on a stacked square lattice model of weakly interacting magnetic grains composed of Ising spins. The role of intragrain spin structure on thermal properties are investigated in this simple representation of granular recording media. Various thermodynamic quantities are calculated using a cluster-flip algorithm which exhibit anomalies corresponding to both intragrain and intergrain ordering. In the single-layer case, the intergrain transition temperature vs intergrain exchange coupling strength exhibits a crossover to a nonlinear regime where the intragrain spin structure becomes increasingly important. Corresponding results on multilayer systems are shown to be in good agreement with scaling theory. Preliminary magnetization vs applied field $(M\text{\ensuremath{-}}H)$ loops are also calculated as a function of temperature and indicate the possible effect of the grain spin structure.

In many learning situations, we need to determine to which cues to attend, particularly in cases when these cues conflict. These conflicts appear often in English orthography. In two experiments, we asked children to spell two-syllable words that varied on two dimensions: morphological and orthographic structure. In one set of these words, the two sources of information conflicted. Results of Experiment 1 suggest that seven- to nine-year-old children are sensitive to both orthographic and morphological dimensions of words, and that this dual sensitivity sometimes leads to correct spelling and sometimes to incorrect spelling. Results of Experiment 2 suggest that orthographic information dominates young (six-year-old) children's spelling, at least in a case when there is a strong orthographic regularity. Taken together, these experiments suggest that children are sensitive to the multiple dimensions of regularity in English orthography and that this sensitivity can lead to mistakes.

Preparing for the future housing needs of older adults is imperative in countries with an aging population, but little is known about these issues among vulnerable older adults. This study used a qualitative approach to identify key housing concerns in this group. A total of 84 vulnerable older adults including Aboriginal elders, those with various disabilities, and ethnic minorities participated in 10 focus groups. The Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation’s (CMHC’s) standards of core housing need provided a framework for data analysis, along with the identifi cation of additional key housing themes across and within groups of vulnerable older adults. The results provide insight into preferred housing characteristics, regardless of housing form. Additionally, the results provide insight into how to support vulnerable older adults who choose to remain in their homes and communities and how to help ensure that appropriate housing is developed that meets the needs of this diverse population. * The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada provided funding for this study. We thank the members of the Atlantic Seniors Housing Research Alliance focus group working group, moderators, graduate assistants, and focus group participants. Finally, we thank Lorraine Buck for providing editorial assistance.

Computer science holds a unique position to craft multidisciplinary curricula for the new generation of faculty and students across the academy who increasingly rely on computing for their scholarship. We propose that computer science programs cease curricula models that begin with a two-course sequence that emulates the natural sciences and mathematics. We report on an aggressive strategy to work with faculty from across the disciplines of arts, humanities, and the social and life sciences to help design and deliver sets of multidisciplinary, applied, and "connected" pairs of introductory courses. Preliminary results at our small liberal arts college include an increase in the percentage of women enrolling in our connected courses, more students taking an additional course in computing, a faculty energized with sharing their research early on, and new interdisciplinary research opportunities for computer science faculty and students.

Phosphorus (P) recovery from dairy manure has the potential to improve water quality and nutrient cycling, extend P reserves and generate additional revenue for livestock producers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a lime precipitation system without biological pre-treatment to remove phosphorus from dairy wastewater. Three dairy manure and wastewater management systems were investigated in South-central Idaho and Southeastern Louisiana, namely: separated parlor wastewater, separated flushed manure, and an anaerobic lagoon system receiving raw parlor water. Lime precipitation was found to remove 83 % of total phosphorus (TP) and 99.7 % of the dissolved P, with the addition of 4.17 %, by volume, of a 1:9 hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2)to water solution. Using the same lime solution, a 66 % reduction in dissolved and TP was observed with a 10 %, by volume, addition to separated flushed dairy manure with approximately 45 % total solids. Additions of 5 % of Ca(OH)2 solution, by volume, resulted in 63 % and 78 % reductions in dissolved and TP when tested on non-separated parlor wastewater. A 5 % lime slurry addition was found to have a 6-log reduction of fecal coliforms, from raw dairy parlor wastewater, and a 5.5-log reduction when added to the lagoon effluent. If the proposed lime precipitation system was implemented to treat lagoon effluent, it is anticipated that an 8-log reduction in fecal coliforms would be observed, greatly reducing the potential risk from pathogenic organisms during the application of treated manure.

Experimental infections of wild juvenile Penueus azrecus with Baculovinrs penuei (BP) demonstrate similar levels of prevalence as found in the natural environment. Moreover, neither postlarvae nor juveniles of P. setiferus, which rarely exhibit natural infections in the Gulf of Mexico, developed experimental patent infections using routine methods. Six other crustaceans, two of which were penaeids and none of which is a known host, did not develop experimental patent infections either.

We present new evidence that a cross flow of sublattices of helical flux lines takes place when a current is induced with a component along the flux lines

Various concentrations and contact periods of total residual chlorine affected the infectivity of Baculovirus penaei (BP) to larval shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a bioassay. Test shrimp were sampled 46 and 96 h after exposure to calcium hypochlorite-treated BP and examined by light microscopy for patent infections. The virus was completely inactivated by chlorine concentrations of 200 mg/L when treated for 1 h and by 1,600 mg/L when treated for as short as 20 s. Other concentrations and periods of contact either reduced the prevalence of infection or extended the prepatency period, but they did not inactivate all virus.

Tolerance of Baculovirus penaei virus to desiccation, pH, heat, and ultraviolet irradiation (uv), as well as its survival in 32 ppt sea water, was investigated using larval Penaeus vannamei in a bioassay. Test shrimp were sampled from 36 to 264 hr after food-borne exposure to treated B. penaei and examined for patent infections (polyhedral inclusion bodies detectable in fresh preparations of hepatopancreas) with light microscopy. B. penaei was completely inactivated within 30 min after exposure to pH 3, whereas exposure to pH 11 extended the prepatency period (period before infection is apparent) but did not inactivate the virus. B. penaei was inactivated by 10-min exposures to temperatures of 60–90°C. Ultraviolet irradiation for 40 min at a wavelength of 254 nm when B. penaei was 5 cm from the light source inactivated the virus (measured as a cumulative uv dosage of 7.08 × 106 μW · sec/cm2). Desiccation for 48 hr also inactivated the virus, and that method is the most practical to halt or prevent infections in some aquaculture facilities. B. penaei free from its host survived 32 ppt sea water at 22°C for 7 days and at 5°C for at least 14 days.

Horace's dictum, Ut pictura poesis, might appear anachronistic today in light of modern literary theory, which has tended to view literature as a distinctly verbal form of art and has preferred lately (especially during the current craze for Mikhail Bakhtin) to examine such decidedly nongraphic aspects of prose fiction as narratology, dialogicality, and polyphony. Although neoclassicists throughout the eighteenth century treated poetry as a form of painting (the poem was considered a "speaking picture"), this interart analogy, M. H. Abrams argues, begins to disappear as early as the romantic period at the beginning of the nineteenth century. "In place of painting," he asserts, "music becomes the art frequently pointed to as having a profound affinity with poetry."' Nonetheless, modern literature over the past two centuries has given us "many descriptions at least suggesting the effects of painting and inciting us to visualize scenes in terms frequently evocative of contemporary paintings.") 2Moreover, critics themselves have for a long time viewed artistic literature largely according to the standards of the fine arts. Erich Auerbach's Mimesis (1946), for example, traces the development of western literature in part by examining

Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was applied to genome-wide tetranucleotide frequencies (genomic signatures) of 195 archaea and bacteria. Although genomic signatures have typically been used to classify evolutionary divergence, in this study, convergent evolution was the focus. Temperature optima for most of the organisms examined could be distinguished by CART analyses of tetranucleotide frequencies. This suggests that pervasive (nonlinear) qualities of genomes may reflect certain environmental conditions (such as temperature) in which those genomes evolved. The predominant use of GAGA and AGGA as the discriminating tetramers in CART models suggests that purine-loading and codon biases of thermophiles may explain some of the results.

The iconography of furious Black men in uniforms prevails in the public’s surface perception of the Black Panther Party (BPP). This article complicates this public image by uncovering the hidden story: one of nurturing male community workers. The authors excavate the lives of three rank-and-file members: Austin Allen, Reginald “Malik” Edwards, and Steve McCutchen, who were assigned to Survival Programs between 1968 and 1979. The authors utilize a range of primary and secondary sources, including interviews, to offer insight into their activism, BPP women’s impact on their intellectual growth, and the ways they confronted gender role stereotypes. The interviewees’ accounts are critical for providing multifaceted histories of their experiences and a nuanced perspective of their engagement with gender dynamics. Finally, connections are drawn between the BPP and the Black Lives Matter movement.

Fast-crystallizing poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and poly(ether ketone) (PEK) samples have been prepared by substitution of the F chain ends, leading to alkaline sulphonate groups. Ionic chain-end associations act as seeds for nucleation. The concept of chemical nucleation already demonstrated with poly(ethylene terephthalate) is shown to apply to PEEK and PEK.